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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Mark+Jerman" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Reformasi_mata_uang_Juni_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformasi_mata_uang_Juni_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Reformasi mata uang Juni 1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformasi_mata_uang_Juni_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Jerman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 67 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsche Mark" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مارك ألماني – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارك ألماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="مارك المانى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارك المانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_markas%C4%B1" title="Alman markası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alman markası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margl" title="Margl – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Margl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая марка – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нямецкая марка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Германска марка – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германска марка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka_marka" title="Njemačka marka – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačka marka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_alemany" title="Marc alemany – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marc alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A1_marka" title="Německá marka – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německá marka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-mark" title="D-mark – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="D-mark" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Mark" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Γερμανικό μάρκο – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανικό μάρκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Deutsche Mark" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_marko" title="Germana marko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana marko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_alem%C3%A1n" title="Marco alemán – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marco alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_mark" title="Saksa mark – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa mark" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniar_marko" title="Alemaniar marko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniar marko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مارک آلمان – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارک آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_markka" title="Saksan markka – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan markka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deutsche Mark" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Mark" title="D-Mark – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="D-Mark" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtske_mark" title="Dútske mark – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútske mark" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Deutsche Mark" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_alem%C3%A1n" title="Marco alemán – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marco alemán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מארק גרמני – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארק גרמני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka_marka" title="Njemačka marka – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka marka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_m%C3%A1rka" title="Német márka – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német márka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Գերմանական մարկ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանական մարկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskt_mark" title="Þýskt mark – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýskt mark" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_tedesco" title="Marco tedesco – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marco tedesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ドイツマルク – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツマルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გერმანული მარკა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანული მარკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="독일 마르크 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 마르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itsch_Mark" title="Däitsch Mark – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsch Mark" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_mark%C4%97" title="Vokietijos markė – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos markė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cijas_marka" title="Vācijas marka – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācijas marka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Германска марка – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германска марка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="जर्मन मार्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मन मार्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Deutsche Mark" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="آلمونء مارک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمونء مارک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_mark" title="Duitse mark – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitse mark" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_mark" title="Tysk mark – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tysk mark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_mark" title="Tysk mark – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk mark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_niemiecka" title="Marka niemiecka – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marka niemiecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_alem%C3%A3o" title="Marco alemão – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marco alemão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%C4%83_german%C4%83" title="Marcă germană – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcă germană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Немецкая марка – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немецкая марка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нїмецька марка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецька марка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka_marka" title="Njemačka marka – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačka marka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deutsche Mark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeck%C3%A1_marka" title="Nemecká marka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecká marka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka_DM" title="Jarmalka DM – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jarmalka DM" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_gjermane" title="Marka gjermane – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marka gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Немачка марка – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачка марка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-mark" title="D-mark – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="D-mark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="มาร์คเยอรมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์คเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_mark%C4%B1" title="Alman markı – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alman markı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Німецька марка – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька марка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%88%D8%A6%DA%86%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="ڈوئچے مارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈوئچے مارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_(pul_birligi)" title="Marka (pul birligi) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marka (pul birligi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_todesco" title="Marco todesco – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Marco todesco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Mác Đức – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mác Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" title="德国马克 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国马克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B" title="德國馬克 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德國馬克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok_mark" title="Tek-kok mark – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok mark" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B" title="德國馬克 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國馬克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16068#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Dialihkan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Mark&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Deutsche Mark</b> (DM, DEM) atau <b>Mark Jerman</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang">mata uang</a> resmi <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a> dari <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Penyatuan_Jerman" title="Penyatuan Jerman">penyatuan Jerman</a> pada <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> dan mata uang resmi <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> sejak saat itu hingga diperkenalkannya <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> pada <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>. Deutsche Mark pertama kali dikeluarkan pada tahun 1948 saat <a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Sekutu_di_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Sekutu di Jerman">pendudukan sekutu</a> menggantikan <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a>. Tahun 1999, ketika mark digantikan euro, koin dan uang kertas mark masih beredar hingga awal 2002. </p><p>Peralihan dari mata uang resmi yang lama ke euro di Jerman berbeda dengan negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Zona_Euro" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona Euro">Zona Euro</a> lainnya. Di negara-negara lain, saat peralihan mata uang resmi lama dan euro beredar berdampingan selama dua bulan. Tetapi, di Jerman, koin dan uang kertas mark masih diterima sebagai pembayaran yang sah hingga 28 Februari 2002. Dan pihak <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a> menjamin bahwa semua uang mark tunai dapat diganti ke <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> tanpa batas waktu dan dapat dilakukan di semua cabang Bundesbank di Jerman. Uang kertas bahkan dapat dikirim ke bank melalui pos.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada 31 Desember 1998, <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Uni_Eropa" title="Dewan Uni Eropa">Dewan Uni Eropa</a> telah menetapkan nilai tukar akhir, efekif 1 Januari 1999, untuk Deutsche Mark, satu <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> dihitung sama dengan DEM 1.95583.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 <i>Mark</i> = 100 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfennig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pfennig (halaman belum tersedia)">Pfennig</a></i> (sen). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformasi_mata_uang_Juni_1948">Reformasi mata uang Juni 1948</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Jerman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Reformasi mata uang Juni 1948" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Jerman&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reformasi mata uang Juni 1948"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deutsche Mark diperkenalkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> pada hari Minggu, 20 Juni 1948. Reichsmark ditukar dengan mata uang baru pada nilai DM 1 = RM 1 untuk nilai-nilai mata uang penting yang mendasar, seperti gaji/upah, sewa, dsb dan DM 1 = RM 10 untuk sisa saldo kredit swasta bukan bank, dengan setengahnya dibekukan. Sejumlah besar penukaran dinilai dengan RM 10 sampai 65 Pfennig. Selain itu, setiap orang menerima tunjangan per kapita sebesar DM 60 dalam dua bagian, pertama DM 40 dan kedua DM 20.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa minggu kemudian, Erhard bertindak melawan peraturan, mengeluarkan dekret menghapuskan banyak kontrol ekonomi yang awalnya dilaksanakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> dan belum dihapuskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sekutu" class="mw-disambig" title="Sekutu">Sekutu</a>. Sebagaimana yang sering diakuinya, ia melakukan hal tersebut pada hari Minggu karena kantor otoritas pendudukan Amerika, Inggris, dan Prancis tutup pada hari itu. Ia yakin jika ia melakukannya pada hari kerja, mereka akan melarangnya.<sup id="cite_ref-cowen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cowen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengenalan mata uang baru itu dimaksudkan untuk melindungi Jerman bagian barat dari gelombang kedua <a href="/wiki/Hiperinflasi" title="Hiperinflasi">hiperinflasi</a> serta menghentikan <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> dan perdagangan <a href="/wiki/Pasar_gelap" title="Pasar gelap">pasar gelap</a> yang merajalela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Jerman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Jerman&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deutsche_Mark" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deutsche Mark"><b><i>Deutsche Mark</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103205121/http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Standardartikel/Tasks/Cash_management/free_exchange_dm_euro.html">"Exchanging DM for euro"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Deutsche Bundesbank. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Standardartikel/Tasks/Cash_management/free_exchange_dm_euro.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2015-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exchanging+DM+for+euro&rft.pub=Deutsche+Bundesbank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesbank.de%2FRedaktion%2FEN%2FStandardartikel%2FTasks%2FCash_management%2Ffree_exchange_dm_euro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Jerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/press/pr/date/1998/html/pr981231_2.en.html">"Determination of the euro conversion rates"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Frankfurt: <a href="/wiki/Bank_Sentral_Eropa" title="Bank Sentral Eropa">European Central Bank</a>. 1998-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Determination+of+the+euro+conversion+rates&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft.date=1998-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.int%2Fpress%2Fpr%2Fdate%2F1998%2Fhtml%2Fpr981231_2.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Jerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204095636/http://www.bundesbank.de/download/volkswirtschaft/mba/2002/200203_en_dmark.pdf">"Circulation of the Deutsche Mark - from currency reform to European monetary union"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Deutsche Bundesbank. 2002-03. hlm. 19–20. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesbank.de/download/volkswirtschaft/mba/2002/200203_en_dmark.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>)</span> tanggal 2012-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circulation+of+the+Deutsche+Mark+-+from+currency+reform+to+European+monetary+union&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Deutsche+Bundesbank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesbank.de%2Fdownload%2Fvolkswirtschaft%2Fmba%2F2002%2F200203_en_dmark.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Jerman" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cowen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cowen_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowen, Tyler. "The Marshall Plan: myths and realities" dalam <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmu.edu/centers/publicchoice/faculty%20pages/Tyler/Marshall_Plan.pdf">U.S. Aid to the Developing World, A Free Market Agenda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122232515/http://www.gmu.edu/centers/publicchoice/faculty%20pages/Tyler/Marshall_Plan.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-01-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (dalam bahasa Inggris). Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation. hlm.65. Diakses 2014-06-25.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Jerman&oldid=26086767">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Jerman&oldid=26086767</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Mata_uang_Eropa" title="Kategori:Mata uang Eropa">Mata uang Eropa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Jerman" title="Kategori:Jerman">Jerman</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pranala_kategori_Commons_dari_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Pranala kategori Commons dari Wikidata">Pranala kategori Commons dari Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 26 Juli 2024, pukul 07.23.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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