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<span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservative_phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conservative phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhoticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhoticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Rhoticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhoticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LOT–CLOTH_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LOT–CLOTH_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span><span>LOT</span>–<span>CLOTH</span> split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LOT–CLOTH_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_features_lost_in_British_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_features_lost_in_British_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Other features lost in British English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_features_lost_in_British_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovative_phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovative_phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Innovative phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovative_phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_followed_by_/r/" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_followed_by_/r/"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Vowels followed by /r/</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_followed_by_/r/-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_American_and_British_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_American_and_British_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Differences between American and British English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_American_and_British_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sub-varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sub-varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sub-varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sub-varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_accents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_accents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Regional accents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_accents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>General American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics_on_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_on_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Statistics on usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_on_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_American_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_American_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>History of American English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_American_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">American English</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanisches_Englisch" title="Amerikanisches Englisch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Amerikanisches Englisch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إنجليزية أمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجليزية أمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s_americano" title="Anglés americano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anglés americano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Inglés d'Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglés d'Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilis_dilinin_Amerika_variant%C4%B1" title="İngilis dilinin Amerika variantı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngilis dilinin Amerika variantı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آمریکا اینگیلیسجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکا اینگیلیسجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="মার্কিন ইংরেজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন ইংরেজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_Eng-g%C3%AD" title="Bí-kok Eng-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Eng-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Амерыканскі варыянт англійскай мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амерыканскі варыянт англійскай мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Американски английски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американски английски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saozneg_SUA" title="Saozneg SUA – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saozneg SUA" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s_dels_Estats_Units" title="Anglès dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anglès dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_angli%C4%8Dtina" title="Americká angličtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Americká angličtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglese_americanu" title="Inglese americanu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Inglese americanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saesneg_America" title="Saesneg America – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saesneg America" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanisches_Englisch" title="Amerikanisches Englisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amerikanisches Englisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_inglise_keel" title="Ameerika inglise keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika inglise keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Αμερικανικά Αγγλικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμερικανικά Αγγλικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_estadounidense" title="Inglés estadounidense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés estadounidense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_varia%C4%B5o_de_la_angla_lingvo" title="Usona variaĵo de la angla lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona variaĵo de la angla lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatubatuar_ingeles" title="Estatubatuar ingeles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatubatuar ingeles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanskt_enskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Amerikanskt enskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Amerikanskt enskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglais_am%C3%A9ricain" title="Anglais américain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglais américain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaansk-Ingelsk" title="Amerikaansk-Ingelsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amerikaansk-Ingelsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="미국 영어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_engleski_jezik" title="Američki engleski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američki engleski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Amerika_Serikat" title="Bahasa Inggris Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglese_american" title="Anglese american – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anglese american" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglese_americano" title="Inglese americano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inglese americano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אנגלית אמריקאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגלית אמריקאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ამერიკული ინგლისური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკული ინგლისური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglica_Americana" title="Lingua Anglica Americana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Anglica Americana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerik%C4%81%C5%86u_ang%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Amerikāņu angļu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikāņu angļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_angl%C5%B3_kalba" title="Amerikiečių anglų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amerikiečių anglų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_angol_nyelv" title="Amerikai angol nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai angol nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Американски англиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Американски англиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="انجليزى امريكانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجليزى امريكانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris_Amerika" title="Bahasa Inggeris Amerika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Inggeris Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81" title="ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Америкийн англи хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Америкийн англи хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaans-Engels" title="Amerikaans-Engels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amerikaans-Engels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="アメリカ英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk-engelsk" title="Amerikansk-engelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amerikansk-engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angloamerikansk" title="Angloamerikansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Angloamerikansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s_american" title="Anglés american – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anglés american" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="امریکی انگریزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امریکی انگریزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameryka%C5%84ska_odmiana_j%C4%99zyka_angielskiego" title="Amerykańska odmiana języka angielskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amerykańska odmiana języka angielskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_americano" title="Inglês americano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês americano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleza_american%C4%83" title="Engleza americană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Engleza americană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Американский вариант английского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американский вариант английского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Американ инглиш – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Американ инглиш" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbazu_inglesu_de_sos_Istados_Unidos" title="Limbazu inglesu de sos Istados Unidos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbazu inglesu de sos Istados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglishtja_amerikane" title="Anglishtja amerikane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anglishtja amerikane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="ඇමරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇමරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" title="American English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ئینگلیزیی ئەمریکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینگلیزیی ئەمریکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_engleski_jezik" title="Američki engleski jezik – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Američki engleski jezik" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanenglanti" title="Amerikanenglanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amerikanenglanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_engelska" title="Amerikansk engelska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amerikansk engelska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அமெரிக்க ஆங்கிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெரிக்க ஆங்கிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_%C4%B0ngilizcesi" title="Amerikan İngilizcesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerikan İngilizcesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Американська англійська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська англійська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="امریکی انگریزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Varieties of English native to the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"U.S. English" redirects here. For the political organization, see <a href="/wiki/U.S._English_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. English (organization)">U.S. English (organization)</a>. For the English language throughout North America, see <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/American_English_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="American English (disambiguation)">American English (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">American English</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:English_USC2000_PHS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/English_USC2000_PHS.svg/200px-English_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/English_USC2000_PHS.svg/300px-English_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/English_USC2000_PHS.svg/400px-English_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Distribution of American English by state in 2000</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">242 million, all varieties of English in the United States (2019)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />67.3 million <a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2 speakers</a> of English in the United States (2019)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo–Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>American English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Pittsburghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">Wisconsin-Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Delaware Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a><sup id="cite_ref-braille_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braille-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (main language, 32 U.S. states, five U.S. territories; see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States#Official_languages" title="Languages of the United States">article</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-US<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-db6aa4cd71e98871be7bb80f20a410240db4b647-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-db6aa4cd71e98871be7bb80f20a410240db4b647-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-3298c60607da76dd0e5d5af3f0165b02954fb1f8-v18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-3298c60607da76dd0e5d5af3f0165b02954fb1f8-v18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>American English</b>, sometimes called <b>United States English</b> or <b>U.S. English</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the set of <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> native to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">most widely spoken language in the United States</a>; the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> common language used in government, education, and commerce; and an official language in 32 of the 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WestVirginia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WestVirginia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 20th century, American English has become the most influential form of English worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varieties of American English include many patterns of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzchmar2004262–263_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzchmar2004262–263-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">American or Canadian</a> accent perceived as lacking noticeably local, ethnic, or cultural <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">markers</a> is known in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> as <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it covers a fairly uniform <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">accent continuum</a> native to certain regions of the U.S. but especially associated with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech. However, historical and present linguistic evidence does not support the notion of there being one single mainstream American <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov20121–2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov20121–2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzchmar2004262_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzchmar2004262-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sound of American English continues to evolve, with some local accents disappearing, but several larger regional accents having emerged in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of English in the United States is a result of <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a>. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the early 17th century, followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries, dialects from many different regions of England and the British Isles existed in every American colony, allowing a process of <a href="/wiki/Koineization" class="mw-redirect" title="Koineization">extensive dialect mixture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialect_leveling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect leveling">leveling</a> in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with the varieties in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzchmar2004258–9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzchmar2004258–9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongmore2007517,_520_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongmore2007517,_520-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century's first immigration of non-English speakers from Western Europe and Africa. Additionally, firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English (particularly in contrast to the diverse regional dialects of British English) became common after the mid-18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongmore2007537_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongmore2007537-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while at the same time speakers' identification with this new variety increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulsen2022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulsen2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 18th century, American English has developed into some new varieties, including regional dialects that retain minor influences from waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages, primarily European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickey_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickey-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some racial and regional variation in American English reflects these groups' geographic settlement, their <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> or <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> segregation, and patterns in their resettlement. This can be seen, for example, in the influence of 18th-century Protestant <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a> immigrants (known in the U.S. as the <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> developing <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a> and the 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> bringing <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a> urban centers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickey_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickey-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For all phonemes of American English, see <a href="/wiki/General_American#Phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American § Phonology</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the phonologies of regional American dialects, see <a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">North American English regional phonology</a>.</div> <p>Any phonologically <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">unmarked</a> North American accent falls under an umbrella known as General American. This section mostly refers to such General American features. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_phonology">Conservative phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conservative phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies on historical usage of English in both the United States and the United Kingdom suggest that, while spoken American English deviated away from <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">period British English</a> in many ways, it is <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">conservative</a> in a few other ways, preserving certain features 21st-century <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> has since lost.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhoticity">Rhoticity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rhoticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity in English</a></div> <p>Full rhoticity (or "R-fulness") is typical of American accents, pronouncing the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> (corresponding to the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>) in all environments, including in syllable-final position or before a consonant, such as in <i>pearl</i>, <i>car</i> and <i>fort</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plag_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plag-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2002178_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2002178-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-rhotic American accents, those that do not pronounce <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> except before a vowel, such as some accents of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Vernacular English">African-Americans</a>, and a specific few (often <a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">older</a> ones) spoken by <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southerners</a>, are often quickly noticed by General American listeners and perceived as sounding especially ethnic, regional, or antiquated.<sup id="cite_ref-Plag_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plag-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2002181,_306_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2002181,_306-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhoticity is common in most American accents despite being now rare in England because, during the 17th-century British colonization, nearly all dialects of English were rhotic, and most North American English simply remained that way.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preservation of rhoticity in North America was also supported by continuing waves of rhotic-accented <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a> immigrants, most intensely during the 18th century (and moderately during the following two centuries) when this ethnic group eventually made up one-seventh of the colonial population. Scotch-Irish settlers spread from Delaware and Pennsylvania throughout the larger Mid-Atlantic region, the inland regions of both the South and North, and throughout the West: American dialect areas that were all uninfluenced by upper-class non-rhoticity and that consequently have remained consistently rhotic.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While non-rhoticity spread on the East Coast (perhaps in imitation of 19th-century London speech), even the East Coast has gradually begun to restore rhoticity, due to it becoming nationally prestigious in the 20th century. The pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar approximant">postalveolar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar approximant">ɹ̠</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/33\/Postalveolar_approximant.ogg\/Postalveolar_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Postalveolar approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Postalveolar_approximant.ogg/Postalveolar_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Postalveolar_approximant.ogg" title="File:Postalveolar approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant">retroflex approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d2\/Retroflex_approximant.ogg\/Retroflex_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Retroflex approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Retroflex_approximant.ogg/Retroflex_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Retroflex_approximant.ogg" title="File:Retroflex approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalléBestLevitt1999283_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalléBestLevitt1999283-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a unique "bunched tongue" variant of the approximant <i>r</i> sound is also associated with the United States, perhaps mostly in the Midwest and the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortmannSchneider2004317_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortmannSchneider2004317-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LOT–CLOTH_split"><span id="LOT.E2.80.93CLOTH_split"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CLOTH</span> split</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: LOT–CLOTH split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American accents that have not undergone the <a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger"><i>cot–caught</i> merger</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical sets</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span>) have instead retained a <a href="/wiki/Lot-cloth_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot-cloth split"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CLOTH</span> split</a>: a 17th-century distinction in which certain words (labeled as the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CLOTH</span> <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical set</a>) separated away from the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> set. The split, which has now reversed in most British English, simultaneously shifts this relatively recent <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CLOTH</span> set into a merger with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span> (<i>caught</i>) set. Having taken place prior to the unrounding of the <i>cot</i> vowel, it results in lengthening and perhaps raising, merging the more recently separated vowel into the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span> vowel in the following environments: before many instances of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>, and particularly <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> (as in <i>Austria, cloth, cost, loss, off, often,</i> etc.), a few instances before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> (as in <i>strong, long, wrong</i>), and variably by region or speaker in <i>gone</i>, <i>on</i>, and certain other words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982136–7,_203–4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982136–7,_203–4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_features_lost_in_British_English">Other features lost in British English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other features lost in British English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike American accents, the traditional standard accent of (southern) England, <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP), has evolved a <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split"><i> trap–bath</i> split</a>. Moreover, American accents preserve <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> at the start of syllables, while perhaps a majority of the regional dialects of England participate in <a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping">/h/ dropping</a>, particularly in informal contexts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovative_phonology">Innovative phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Innovative phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, General American is also innovative in a number of its own ways: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_the_low_back_vowels#Father–bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological history of the low back vowels">Unrounded <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span></a>: The American phenomenon of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> vowel (often spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> in words like <i>box, don, clock, notch, pot,</i> etc.) being produced without <a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded lips</a>, like the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span> vowel, allows <i>father</i> and <i>bother</i> to rhyme, the two vowels now unified as the single <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>. The <i>father–bother</i> vowel merger is in a transitional or completed stage in nearly all North American English. Exceptions are in northeastern <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England English</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston accent</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Pittsburgh accent</a>, and variably in some older <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accents</a>, which may retain a rounded articulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982136–37,_203–6,_234,_245–47,_339–40,_400,_419,_443,_576_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982136–37,_203–6,_234,_245–47,_339–40,_400,_419,_443,_576-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006171_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006171-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger"><i>Cot–caught</i> merger</a> in transition: There is no single American way to pronounce the vowels in words like <i>cot</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> (the <i>ah</i> vowel) versus <i>caught</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> (the <i>aw</i> vowel), largely because of a merger occurring between the two sounds in some parts of North America, but not others. American speakers with a completed merger pronounce the two historically separate vowels with the same sound (especially in the <a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> region, northern <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">western Pennsylvania</a>), but other speakers have no trace of a merger at all (especially in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">South</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>, southern New England, and the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic United States">Mid-Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan areas</a>) and so pronounce each vowel with distinct sounds <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e6\/Cot-caught_distinction.ogg\/Cot-caught_distinction.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cot-caught distinction.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Cot-caught_distinction.ogg/Cot-caught_distinction.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cot-caught_distinction.ogg" title="File:Cot-caught distinction.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200661_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200661-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among speakers who distinguish between the two, the vowel of <i>cot</i> (usually transcribed in American English as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>), is often a <a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ɑ̈</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/50\/Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Open central unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Open central unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or advanced <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̟]</span>, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> is pronounced with more rounded lips and phonetically higher in the mouth, close to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/31\/PR-open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/PR-open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"PR-open back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/PR-open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/PR-open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:PR-open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:PR-open back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"PR-open-mid back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:PR-open-mid back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, but with only slight rounding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982476_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982476-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among speakers who do not distinguish between them, thus producing a <i>cot–caught</i> merger, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> usually remains a back vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Open back unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Open back unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, sometimes showing lip rounding as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒ]</span>. Therefore, even mainstream Americans vary greatly with this speech feature, with possibilities ranging from a full merger to no merger at all. A transitional stage of the merger is also common in scatterings throughout the United States, most consistently in the <a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">American Midlands</a> lying between the historical dialect regions of the North and the South, while younger Americans, in general, tend to be transitioning toward the merger. According to a 2003 dialect survey carried out across the United States, about 61% of participants perceive themselves as keeping the two vowels distinct and 39% do not.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 follow-up survey put the percentages at 58% non-merging speakers and 41% merging.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span> in special words: The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span> vowel, rather than the one in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> (as in Britain), is used in <a href="/wiki/Function_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Function words">function words</a> and certain other words like <i>was, of, from, what, everybody, nobody, somebody, anybody</i>, and, for many speakers <i>because</i> and rarely even <i>want</i>, when stressed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">Weak vowel merger</a>: The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> in unstressed syllables generally merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> and so <i>effect</i> is pronounced like <i>affect</i>, and <i>abbot</i> and <i>rabbit</i> rhyme. The quality of the merged vowel varies considerably based on the environment but is typically more open, like [ə], in word-initial or word-final position, but more close, like [ɪ~ɨ], elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008xxi_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008xxi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_(sound_change)" title="Raising (sound change)">Raising</a> of pre-voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span>: Many speakers split the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> based on whether it occurs before a voiceless consonant and so in <i>rider</i>, it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äɪ]</span>, but in <i>writer</i>, it is raised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌɪ]</span> (because <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> is a voiceless consonant while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> is not). Thus, words like <i>bright, hike, price, wipe,</i> etc. with a following voiceless consonant (such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k,<span class="wrap"> </span>θ,<span class="wrap"> </span>s/</span>) use a more raised vowel sound compared to <i>bride, high, prize, wide</i>, etc. Because of this sound change, the words <i>rider</i> and <i>writer</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/70\/En-us-rider-writer.ogg\/En-us-rider-writer.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-rider-writer.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/En-us-rider-writer.ogg/En-us-rider-writer.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-rider-writer.ogg" title="File:En-us-rider-writer.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)</span>, for instance, remain distinct from one another by virtue of their difference in height (and length) of the diphthong's starting point (unrelated to both the letters <i>d</i> and <i>t</i> being pronounced in these words as alveolar flaps <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>). The sound change also applies across word boundaries, though the position of a word or phrase's stress may prevent the raising from taking place. For instance, a <i>high school</i> in the sense of "secondary school" is generally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈhɐɪskuɫ]</span>; however, a <i>high school</i> in the literal sense of "a tall school" would be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˌhaɪˈskuɫ]</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> began in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic American English">Mid-Atlantic</a> regions of the country,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006p._114:_"where_Canadian_raising_has_traditionally_been_reported:_Canada,_Eastern_New_England,_Philadelphia,_and_the_North"_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006p._114:_"where_Canadian_raising_has_traditionally_been_reported:_Canada,_Eastern_New_England,_Philadelphia,_and_the_North"-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is becoming more common across the nation. <ul><li>Many speakers in the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Central_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="North Central American English">Upper Midwestern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia dialect areas</a> raise <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> before voiced consonants in certain words as well, particularly <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[g]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>. Hence, words like <i>tiny</i>, <i>spider</i>, <i>cider</i>, <i>tiger</i>, <i>dinosaur</i>, <i>beside</i>, <i>idle</i> (but sometimes not <i>idol</i>), and <i>fire</i> may contain a raised nucleus. The use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌɪ]</span>, rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɪ]</span>, in such words is unpredictable from the phonetic environment alone, but it may have to do with their acoustic similarity to other words with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌɪ]</span> before a voiceless consonant, per the traditional Canadian-raising system. Some researchers have argued that there has been a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic split">phonemic split</a> in those dialects, and the distribution of the two sounds is becoming more unpredictable among younger speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Many speakers from <a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western states</a> including those in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">Upper Midwest</a> realize final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪŋ/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[in]</span> when <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> ("short <i>i</i>") is raised to become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> ("long <i>ee</i>") before the underlying <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> is converted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, so that <i>coding</i>, for example, is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkoʊdin]</span>, homophonous with <i>codeine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Conditioned <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_raising" title="/æ/ raising">/æ/ raising</a> (especially before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>): The raising of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> vowel occurs in specific environments that vary widely from region to region but most commonly before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>. With most American speakers for whom the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> operates under a somewhat-continuous system, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> has both a tense and a lax <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> (with a kind of "continuum" of possible sounds between both extremes, rather than a definitive split). In those accents, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> is overall realized before <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal stops</a> as tenser (approximately <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eə̯]</span>), while other environments are laxer (approximately the standard <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>); for example, note the vowel sound in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mæs]</span> for <i>mass</i>, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[meə̯n]</span> for <i>man</i>). In the following audio clip, the first pronunciation is the tensed one for the word <i>camp</i>, much more common in American English than the second <span style="font-size:85%;">(<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/11\/En-US_camp_%28raised_vs._unraised%29.ogg\/En-US_camp_%28raised_vs._unraised%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-US camp (raised vs. unraised).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/En-US_camp_%28raised_vs._unraised%29.ogg/En-US_camp_%28raised_vs._unraised%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-US_camp_(raised_vs._unraised).ogg" title="File:En-US camp (raised vs. unraised).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)</span>. <ul><li>In some American accents, however, specifically those from <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eə̯]</span> are indeed entirely separate (or "split") phonemes, for example, in <i>planet</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰlænɨʔ]</span> vs. <i>plan it</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰleənɨʔ]</span>. They are called Mid-Atlantic <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/#Phonemic_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="/æ/">split-<i>a</i></a> systems. The vowels move in the opposite direction (high and forward) in the mouth compared to the backed Standard British "<a href="/wiki/Broad_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad a">broad <i>a</i></a>", but both <i>a</i> systems are probably related phonologically, if not phonetically since a British-like phenomenon occurs among some older speakers of the eastern New England (Boston) area for whom <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> changes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/s/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/θ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ð/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/z/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/v/</span> alone or when preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> nasal.</li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:/%C3%A6/_raising_in_North_American_English" title="Template:/æ/ raising in North American English"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:/%C3%A6/_raising_in_North_American_English" title="Template talk:/æ/ raising in North American English"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:/%C3%A6/_raising_in_North_American_English" title="Special:EditPage/Template:/æ/ raising in North American English"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_raising" title="/æ/ raising"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> raising</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006182_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006182-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Following <br />consonant </th> <th>Example <br />words<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York City</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_260–261_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_260–261-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_238–239_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_238–239-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland US</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Pittsburgh</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western US</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern <br />US</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a>, Northern <br />Mountain US </th> <th><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">Minnesota, <br />Wisconsin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Great Lakes <br />US</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Non-prevocalic <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m,<span class="wrap"> </span>n/</span> </td> <td><i>fan, lamb, stand</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-split-a_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split-a-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə~ɛjə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="8"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2LabovAshBoberg2006175–177_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2LabovAshBoberg2006175–177-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prevocalic <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m,<span class="wrap"> </span>n/</span> </td> <td><i>animal, planet, <br />Spanish</i> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006183_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006183-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>frank, language</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>~eɪ~<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerMielkeArchangeli2008_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerMielkeArchangeli2008-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="6"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>~æɛə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>~ɛj]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>~ej]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006181–182_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006181–182-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-prevocalic <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td><i>bag, drag</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-split-a_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split-a-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lbms_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbms-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prevocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td><i>dragon, magazine</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-prevocalic <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span> </td> <td><i>grab, flash, sad</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-split-a_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split-a-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-lbms_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lbms-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-prevocalic <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>θ,<span class="wrap"> </span>s/</span> </td> <td><i>ask, bath, half, <br />glass</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span><sup id="cite_ref-split-a_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split-a-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Otherwise </td> <td><i>as, back, happy, <br />locality</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" class="wrap" style="width: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-split-a-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-split-a_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-split-a_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-split-a_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-split-a_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (<i>am, can, had</i>, etc.) and some learned or less common words (<i>alas, carafe, lad</i>, etc.) have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs <i>began, ran,</i> and <i>swam</i> have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006238_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006238-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Philadelphia, <i>bad, mad</i>, and <i>glad</i> alone in this context have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lbms-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lbms_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lbms_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The untensed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> may be lowered and retracted as much as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span> in varieties affected by the <a href="/wiki/Low_Back_Merger_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Back Merger Shift">Low Back Merger Shift</a>, mainly predominant in Canada and the American West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008130,_136–137_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008130,_136–137-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like <i>avenue</i> being tense) and variability is common before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> as in <i>imagine</i>, <i>magic</i>, and <i>jazz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov2007359_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2007359-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />In New Orleans, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span> additionally occurs before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov2007373_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2007373-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels_followed_by_/r/"><span id="Vowels_followed_by_.2Fr.2F"></span>Vowels followed by /r/</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels followed by /r/"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_r" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language vowel changes before historic r">Vowel mergers</a> before intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>: The mergers of certain vowels before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> are typical throughout North America, the only exceptions existing primarily along the East Coast: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary-marry-merry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary-marry-merry merger"><i>Mary–marry–merry</i> merger</a> in transition: According to the 2003 dialect survey, nearly 57% of participants from around the country self-identified as merging the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ær/</span> (as in the first syllable of <i>parish</i>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛr/</span> (as in the first syllable of <i>perish</i>), and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛər/</span> (as in <i>pear</i> or <i>pair</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merger is largely complete in most regions of the country, the major exceptions being much of the Atlantic Coast and southern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortmannSchneider2004295_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortmannSchneider2004295-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurry-furry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurry-furry merger"><i>Hurry–furry</i> merger</a>: The pre-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> vowels in words like <i>hurry</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> and <i>furry</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɜ/</span> are merged in most American accents to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span> or a syllabic consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̩</span>. Roughly only 10% of American English speakers acknowledge the distinct <i>hurry</i> vowel before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, according to the same dialect survey aforementioned.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror%E2%80%93nearer_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror–nearer merger"><i>Mirror–nearer</i> merger</a> in transition: The pre-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> vowels in words like <i>mirror</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> and <i>nearer</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> are merged or very similar in most American accents. The quality of the historic <i>mirror</i> vowel in the word <i>miracle</i> is quite variable.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Americans vary slightly in their pronunciations of <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel#Rhotacization" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored vowels</a> such as those in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛər/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪər/</span>, which sometimes monophthongizes towards <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛɹ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪɹ]</span> or <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tensing</a> towards <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɪɹ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i(ə)ɹ]</span> respectively. That causes pronunciations like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰeɪɹ]</span> for <i>pair</i>/<i>pear</i> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰiəɹ]</span> for <i>peer</i>/<i>pier</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982481–482_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982481–482-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jʊər/</span> is often reduced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɚ]</span>, so that <i>cure</i>, <i>pure</i>, and <i>mature</i> may all end with the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɚ]</span>, thus rhyming with <i>blur</i> and <i>sir</i>. The word <i>sure</i> is also part of the rhyming set as it is commonly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɚ]</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger"><i>Horse–hoarse</i> merger</a>: This merger makes the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> homophones, with homophonous pairs like <i>horse/hoarse, corps/core, for/four, morning/mourning, war/wore,</i> etc. homophones. Many older varieties of American English still keep the sets of words distinct, particularly in the extreme Northeast, the South (especially along the Gulf Coast), and the central Midlands,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200652_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200652-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the merger is evidently spreading and younger Americans rarely show the distinction. This merger is also found in most modern varieties of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_of_/%C9%92r-/_and_/%C9%94%CB%90r-/" class="mw-redirect" title="Mergers of /ɒr-/ and /ɔːr-/">"Short <i>o</i>" before <i>r</i> before a vowel</a>: In typical North American accents (both U.S. and Canada), the historical sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒr/</span> (a short <i>o</i> sound followed by <i>r</i> and then another vowel, as in <i>orange</i>, <i>forest</i>, <i>moral</i>, and <i>warrant</i>) is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oɹ~ɔɹ]</span>, thus further merging with the already-merged <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔr/–/oʊr/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger"><i>horse</i>–<i>hoarse</i></a>) set. In the U.S., a small number of words (namely, <i>tom<span style="text-decoration: underline;">orr</span>ow, s<span style="text-decoration: underline;">orr</span>y, s<span style="text-decoration: underline;">orr</span>ow, b<span style="text-decoration: underline;">orr</span>ow,</i> and <i>m<span style="text-decoration: underline;">orr</span>ow</i>) usually contain the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑɹ]</span> instead and thus merge with the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑr/</span> set (thus, <i>sorry</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a></i> become homophones, both rhyming with <i>starry</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982476_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982476-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_-or-_table" title="Template:English -or- table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_-or-_table" title="Template talk:English -or- table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_-or-_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English -or- table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div>General American <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑr/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔr/</span> followed by a vowel, compared with other dialects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 12em;"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received <br />Pronunciation</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General <br />American</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">Metropolitan New <br />York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a>, <br />some <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern US</a>, <br />some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">New England</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Only <i>borrow, sorrow, sorry, (to)morrow</i> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Forest, Florida, historic, moral, porridge</i>, etc. </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Forum, memorial, oral, storage, story</i>, etc. </th> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">Yod-dropping</a>: Dropping of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> after a consonant is much more extensive than in most of England. In most North American accents, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> is "dropped" or "deleted" after all <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> and interdental consonants (that is: everywhere except after /p/, /b/, /f/, /h/, /k/, and /m/) and so <i>new, duke, Tuesday, assume</i> are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nu]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[duk]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtʰuzdeɪ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əˈsum]</span> (compare with Standard British <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nju/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/djuk/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtjuzdeɪ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əˈsjum/</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982247_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982247-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-plain listen-noimage" style="float: right; border: 1px solid lightgray;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><i>T</i>-glottalization and flapping</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-mountain.ogg" title="File:En-us-mountain.ogg"><i>mountain</i> (glottalized <i>t</i>)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="En-us-mountain.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/En-us-mountain.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/En-us-mountain.ogg/En-us-mountain.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmaʊnʔn̩]</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-partner.ogg" title="File:En-us-partner.ogg"><i>partner</i> (glottalized <i>t</i>)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="En-us-partner.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/En-us-partner.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/En-us-partner.ogg/En-us-partner.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpʰɑɹʔnɚ]</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-leader.ogg" title="File:En-us-leader.ogg"><i>leader</i> (<i>d</i>-flapping)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="En-us-leader.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/En-us-leader.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/En-us-leader.ogg/En-us-leader.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɫiɾɚ]</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-cattle.ogg" title="File:En-us-cattle.ogg"><i>cattle</i> (<i>t</i>-flapping)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="En-us-cattle.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/En-us-cattle.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/En-us-cattle.ogg/En-us-cattle.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkʰæɾɫ̩]</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-party.ogg" title="File:En-us-party.ogg"><i>party</i> (<i>t</i>-flapping)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="En-us-party.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/En-us-party.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/En-us-party.ogg/En-us-party.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpʰɑɹɾi]</span></div></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-plain listen-noimage" style="float: right; border: 1px solid lightgray;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Optional flapping in certain contexts</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-US_relatively.ogg" title="File:En-US relatively.ogg"><i>relatively</i> without flapping</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="En-US_relatively.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-US_relatively.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-US_relatively.ogg/En-US_relatively.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɹɛɫɨtʰɪvɫi]</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-US_relatively_(flapped).ogg" title="File:En-US relatively (flapped).ogg"><i>relatively</i> with flapping</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="En-US_relatively_(flapped).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/En-US_relatively_%28flapped%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/En-US_relatively_%28flapped%29.ogg/En-US_relatively_%28flapped%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɹɛɫɨɾɪvɫi]</span></div></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">T-glottalization</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> is normally pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> when both after a vowel or a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid</a> and before a <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̩]</span> or any non-syllabic consonant, as in <i>button</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈbʌʔn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/74\/En-us-button.ogg\/En-us-button.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-button.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/En-us-button.ogg/En-us-button.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-button.ogg" title="File:En-us-button.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or <i>fruitcake</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈfɹuʔkʰeɪk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/En-us-fruitcake.ogg\/En-us-fruitcake.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-fruitcake.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/En-us-fruitcake.ogg/En-us-fruitcake.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-fruitcake.ogg" title="File:En-us-fruitcake.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>. In absolute final position after a vowel or liquid, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> is also replaced by, or simultaneously articulated with, glottal constriction:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus, <i>what</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wʌʔ]</span> or <i>fruit</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fɹuʔ]</span>. (This innovation of <a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">/t/ glottal stopping</a> may occur in British English as well.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">Flapping</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> becomes a <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a0\/Alveolar_tap.ogg\/Alveolar_tap.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Alveolar tap.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Alveolar_tap.ogg/Alveolar_tap.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_tap.ogg" title="File:Alveolar tap.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> both after a vowel or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and before an unstressed vowel or a syllabic consonant other than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̩]</span>, including <i>water</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈwɑɾɚ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bd\/En-us-water.ogg\/En-us-water.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-water.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-us-water.ogg/En-us-water.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-water.ogg" title="File:En-us-water.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <i>party</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpʰɑɹɾi]</span> and <i>model</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɑɾɫ̩]</span>. This results in pairs such as <i>ladder/latter, metal/medal,</i> and <i>coating/coding</i> being pronounced the same. Flapping of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> before a full stressed vowel is also possible but only if that vowel begins a new word or morpheme, as in <i>what is it?</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wʌɾˈɪzɨʔ]</span> and twice in <i>not at all</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nɑɾɨɾˈɔɫ]</span>. Other rules apply to flapping to such a complex degree in fact that flapping has been analyzed as being required in certain contexts, prohibited in others, and optional in still others.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, flapping is prohibited in words like <i>seduce</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɨˈdus]</span>, <i>retail</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɹitʰeɪɫ]</span>, and <i>monotone</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɑnɨtʰoʊn]</span>, yet optional in <i>impotence</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɪmpɨɾɨns,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɪmpɨtʰɨns]</span>.</li> <li>Both intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nt/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> may commonly be realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal tap">ɾ̃</a>]</span> (a nasalized <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">alveolar flap</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">flapping</a>) or simply <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, making <i>winter</i> and <i>winner</i> homophones in fast or informal speech.</li> <li>L-velarization: England's typical distinction between a "clear L" (i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg\/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) and a "dark L" (i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d3\/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg\/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Velarized alveolar lateral approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Velarized alveolar lateral approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is much less noticeable in nearly all dialects of American English; it is often altogether absent,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with all "L" sounds tending to be "dark", meaning having some degree of <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982490_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982490-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps even as dark as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a>]</span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d3\/Velar_lateral_approximant.ogg\/Velar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Velar lateral approximant.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Velar_lateral_approximant.ogg/Velar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Velar_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Velar lateral approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> (though in the initial position, perhaps less dark than elsewhere among some speakers).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRoachHartman2006xi_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRoachHartman2006xi-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only notable exceptions to this velarization are in some Spanish-influenced American English varieties (such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">East Coast Latino English</a>, which typically shows a clear "L" in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">syllable onsets</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">older, moribund Southern speech</a>, where "L" is clear in an <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant" title="Intervocalic consonant">intervocalic</a> environment between <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger"><i>Wine–whine</i> merger</a>: This produces pairs like <i>wine/whine, wet/whet, Wales/whales, wear/where,</i> etc. homophones, in most cases eliminating <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʍ/</span>, also transcribed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hw/</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiovelar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless labiovelar fricative">voiceless labiovelar fricative</a>. However, scatterings of older speakers who do not merge these pairs still exist nationwide, perhaps most strongly in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200652_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200652-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This merger is also found in most modern varieties of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_English_vocabulary" title="American English vocabulary">American English vocabulary</a></div> <p>The process of coining new lexical items started as soon as English-speaking British-American colonists began borrowing names for unfamiliar flora, fauna, and topography from the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">Native American languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skeat_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skeat-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such names are <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">opossum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squash_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (fruit)">squash</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Skeat_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skeat-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wigwam</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Moccasin" title="Moccasin">moccasin</a></i>. American English speakers have integrated traditionally non-English terms and expressions into the mainstream cultural lexicon; for instance, <i><a href="/wiki/En_masse" class="mw-redirect" title="En masse">en masse</a></i>, from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookie</a></i>, from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Language">Dutch</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landscape features are often loanwords from French or Spanish, and the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/corn" class="extiw" title="wikt:corn">corn</a></i>, used in England to refer to wheat (or any cereal), came to denote the <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> plant, the <a href="/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States" title="Corn production in the United States">most important crop</a> in the U.S. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> contributions came after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, with the opening of the West, like <i><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranch</a></i> (now a common <a href="/wiki/Ranch_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranch house">house style</a>). Due to Mexican culinary influence, many Spanish words are incorporated in general use when talking about certain popular dishes: cilantro (instead of coriander), queso, tacos, quesadillas, enchiladas, tostadas, fajitas, burritos, and guacamole. These words usually lack an English equivalent and are found in popular restaurants. New forms of dwelling created new terms <i>(<a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">lot</a>, waterfront)</i> and types of homes like <i><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a></i> in the 18th century; <i><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartment</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shanty" class="extiw" title="wikt:shanty">shanty</a></i> in the 19th century; <i>project, <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_home" title="Mobile home">mobile home</a></i> in the 20th century; and parts thereof <i>(<a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">driveway</a>, breezeway, <a href="/wiki/Backyard" title="Backyard">backyard</a>)</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Industry and material innovations from the 19th century onwards provide distinctive new words, phrases, and idioms through <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroading</a> (see further at <a href="/wiki/Rail_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail terminology">rail terminology</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a> terminology, ranging from types of roads (<i>dirt roads</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeways</a></i>) to infrastructure <i>(<a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">overpass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">rest area</a>),</i> to automotive terminology often now standard in English internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already existing English words—such as <i><a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">store</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">shop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></i>—underwent shifts in meaning; others remained in the U.S. while changing in Britain. Science, urbanization, and democracy have been important factors in bringing about changes in the written and spoken language of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the world of business and finance came new terms (<i><a href="/wiki/Merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger">merger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">downsize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">bottom line</a></i>), from sports and gambling terminology came, specific jargon aside, common everyday American idioms, including <a href="/wiki/English_language_idioms_derived_from_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="English language idioms derived from baseball">many idioms related to baseball</a>. The names of some American inventions remained largely confined to North America (<i><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevator</a></i> [except <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">in the aeronautical sense</a>], <i><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a></i>) as did certain automotive terms (<i><a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">truck</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">trunk</a></i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>New foreign loanwords came with 19th and early 20th century European immigration to the U.S.; notably, from <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Chutzpah" title="Chutzpah">chutzpah</a>, schmooze, bupkis, <a href="/wiki/Glitch" title="Glitch">glitch</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">wiener</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill2004_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of English colloquialisms from various periods are American in origin; some have lost their American flavor (from <i><a href="/wiki/OK" title="OK">OK</a></i> and <i>cool</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">nerd</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/24/7" class="mw-redirect" title="24/7">24/7</a>),</i> while others have not <i>(<a href="/wiki/Have_a_nice_day" title="Have a nice day">have a nice day</a>, for sure);</i><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many are now distinctly old-fashioned <i>(swell, groovy).</i> Some English words now in general use, such as <i>hijacking, <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a>, boost, bulldoze</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>,</i> originated as American slang. </p><p>American English has always shown a marked tendency to <a href="/wiki/Anthimeria" title="Anthimeria">use words in different parts of speech</a> and nouns are <a href="/wiki/Functional_shift" title="Functional shift">often used as verbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill200469_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill200469-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of nouns that are now also verbs are <i>interview, advocate, vacuum, lobby, pressure, rear-end, transition, feature, profile, hashtag, head, divorce, loan, estimate, X-ray, spearhead, skyrocket, showcase, bad-mouth, <a href="/wiki/Vacation" title="Vacation">vacation</a>, major,</i> and many others. <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">Compounds</a> coined in the U.S. are for instance <i><a href="/wiki/Foothill" class="mw-redirect" title="Foothill">foothill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a></i> (in all senses), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/backdrop" class="extiw" title="wikt:backdrop">backdrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teenager" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenager">teenager</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">brainstorm</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bandwagon" class="extiw" title="wikt:bandwagon">bandwagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitchhike" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitchhike">hitchhike</a>, smalltime,</i> and a huge number of others. Other compound words have been founded based on industrialization and the wave of the automobile: five-passenger car, four-door sedan, two-door sedan, and station-wagon (called an estate car in British English).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are euphemistic <i>(<a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Correctional_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Correctional facility">correctional facility</a>).</i> Many compound nouns have the verb-and-preposition combination: <i>stopover, lineup, tryout, spin-off, <a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">shootout</a>, holdup, hideout, comeback, <a href="/wiki/Makeover" title="Makeover">makeover</a>,</i> and many more. Some prepositional and <a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">phrasal verbs</a> are in fact of American origin (<i>win out, hold up, back up/off/down/out, face up to</i> and many others).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noun endings such as <i>-ee (retiree), -ery (bakery), -ster (gangster)</i> and <i>-cian (beautician)</i> are also particularly productive in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill200469_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill200469-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several verbs ending in <i>-ize</i> are of U.S. origin; for example, <i>fetishize, prioritize, burglarize, accessorize, <a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">weatherize</a>,</i> etc.; and so are some <a href="/wiki/Back-formation" title="Back-formation">back-formations</a> <i>(locate, fine-tune, curate, donate, emote, upholster</i> and <i>enthuse).</i> Among syntactic constructions that arose are <i>outside of, headed for, meet up with, back of,</i> etc. Americanisms formed by alteration of some existing words include notably <i>pesky, phony, rambunctious, buddy, <a href="/wiki/Sundae" title="Sundae">sundae</a>, skeeter, sashay</i> and <i>kitty-corner.</i> Adjectives that arose in the U.S. are, for example, <i>lengthy, bossy, <a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">cute</a></i> and <i>cutesy, punk</i> (in all senses), <i>sticky</i> (of the weather), <i>through</i> (as in "finished"), and many colloquial forms such as <i>peppy</i> or <i>wacky</i>. </p><p>A number of words and meanings that originated in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> or <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> and that have been in everyday use in the United States have since disappeared in most varieties of British English; some of these have cognates in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowland Scots</a>. Terms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">fall</a></i> ("autumn"), <i><a href="/wiki/Faucet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faucet">faucet</a></i> ("tap"), <i><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diaper</a></i> ("nappy"; itself unused in the U.S.), <i><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a></i> ("sweets"), <i><a href="/wiki/Frying_pan" title="Frying pan">skillet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eyeglasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglasses">eyeglasses</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Obligate" title="Obligate">obligate</a></i> are often regarded as Americanisms. <i>Fall</i> for example came to denote the season in 16th century England, a contraction of Middle English expressions like "fall of the leaf" and "fall of the year."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Gotten</i> (<a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> of <i>get</i>) is often considered to be largely an Americanism.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other words and meanings were brought back to Britain from the U.S., especially in the second half of the 20th century; these include <i>hire</i> ("to employ"), <i>I guess</i> (famously criticized by <a href="/wiki/H._W._Fowler" title="H. W. Fowler">H. W. Fowler</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">baggage</a></i>, <i>hit</i> (a place), and the adverbs <i>overly</i> and <i>presently</i> ("currently"). Some of these, for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_wrench" title="Monkey wrench">monkey wrench</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wastebasket" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastebasket">wastebasket</a></i>, originated in 19th century Britain. The adjectives <i>mad</i> meaning "angry", <i>smart</i> meaning "intelligent", and <i>sick</i> meaning "ill" are also more frequent in American (and Irish) English than British English.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguist <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vaux" title="Bert Vaux">Bert Vaux</a> created a survey, completed in 2003, polling English speakers across the United States about their specific everyday word choices, hoping to identify regionalisms.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that most Americans prefer the term <i>sub</i> for a long sandwich, <i>soda</i> (but <i>pop</i> in the Great Lakes region and generic <i>coke</i> in the South) for a sweet and bubbly <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drink</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>you</i> or <i>you guys</i> for the plural of <i>you</i> (but <i>y'all</i> in the South), <i><a href="/wiki/Sneakers#Names_and_etymology" title="Sneakers">sneakers</a></i> for athletic shoes (but often <i>tennis shoes</i> outside the Northeast), and <i><a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">shopping cart</a></i> for a cart used for carrying supermarket goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_American_and_British_English">Differences between American and British English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Differences between American and British English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of<br />American and<br />British English</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff; border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/British_and_American_keyboards" title="British and American keyboards">Keyboards</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff; border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_grammatical_differences" title="American and British English grammatical differences">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff; border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"> Speech</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_General_American_and_Received_Pronunciation" title="Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation">Standard accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_pronunciation_differences" title="American and British English pronunciation differences">Word pronunciations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff; border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">Spelling</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff; border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English_(vocabulary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of American and British English (vocabulary)">Vocabulary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_terms_not_widely_used_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Glossary of American terms not widely used in the United Kingdom">Glossary of American terms not widely<br />used in the United Kingdom</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_British_terms_not_widely_used_in_the_United_States" title="Glossary of British terms not widely used in the United States">Glossary of British terms not widely<br />used in the United States</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garments_having_different_names_in_American_and_British_English" title="List of garments having different names in American and British English">List of garments having different names<br />in American and British English</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;">Lists of words having different meanings<br />in American and British English: <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_words_having_different_meanings_in_American_and_British_English_(A%E2%80%93L)" title="List of words having different meanings in American and British English (A–L)">A–L</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_words_having_different_meanings_in_American_and_British_English_(M%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of words having different meanings in American and British English (M–Z)">M–Z</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff; border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"> Works</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_with_different_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_United_States" title="List of works with different titles in the United Kingdom and United States">Works with different titles<br />in the UK and US</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_and_British_English_differences" title="Template:American and British English differences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_and_British_English_differences" title="Template talk:American and British English differences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_and_British_English_differences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American and British English differences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>American English and <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> (BrE) often differ at the levels of phonology, phonetics, vocabulary, and, to a much lesser extent, grammar and orthography. The first large American dictionary, <i>An American Dictionary of the English Language</i>, known as <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a>, was written by <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a> in 1828, codifying several of these spellings. </p><p>Differences in grammar are relatively minor, and do not normally affect mutual intelligibility; these include: typically a lack of differentiation between adjectives and adverbs, employing the equivalent adjectives as adverbs <i>he ran quick</i>/<i>he ran quickly</i>; different use of some <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a>; formal (rather than notional) agreement with <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective nouns</a>; different preferences for the past forms of a few verbs (for example, AmE/BrE: <i>learned</i>/<i>learnt</i>, <i>burned</i>/<i>burnt</i>, <i>snuck/sneaked</i>, <i>dove/dived</i>) although the purportedly "British" forms can occasionally be seen in American English writing as well; different prepositions and adverbs in certain contexts (for example, AmE <i>in school,</i> BrE <i>at school</i>); and whether or not a definite article is used, in very few cases (AmE <i>to the hospital</i>, BrE <i>to hospital</i>; contrast, however, AmE <i>actress Elizabeth Taylor</i>, BrE <i>the actress Elizabeth Taylor</i>). Often, these differences are a matter of relative preferences rather than absolute rules; and most are not stable since the two varieties are constantly influencing each other,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American English is not a standardized set of dialects. </p><p>Differences in <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> are also minor. The main differences are that American English usually uses spellings such as <i>flavor</i> for British <i>flavour</i>, <i>fiber</i> for <i>fibre</i>, <i>defense</i> for <i>defence</i>, <i>analyze</i> for <i>analyse</i>, <i>license</i> for <i>licence</i>, <i>catalog</i> for <i>catalogue</i> and <i>traveling</i> for <i>travelling</i>. <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a> popularized such spellings in America, but he did not invent most of them. Rather, "he chose already existing options on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other differences are due to the <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">francophile</a> tastes of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> Britain (for example they preferred <i>programme</i> for <i>program</i>, <i>manoeuvre</i> for <i>maneuver</i>, <i>cheque</i> for <i>check</i>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AmE almost always uses <i>-ize</i> in words like <i>realize</i>. BrE prefers <i>-ise</i>, but also uses <i>-ize</i> on occasion (see: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_spelling" title="Oxford spelling">Oxford spelling</a>). </p><p>There are a few differences in punctuation rules. British English is more tolerant of <a href="/wiki/Run-on_sentences" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-on sentences">run-on sentences</a>, called "<a href="/wiki/Comma_splice" title="Comma splice">comma splices</a>" in American English, and American English prefers that periods and commas be placed inside closing quotation marks even in cases in which British rules would place them outside. American English also favors the double quotation mark ("like this") over the single ('as here').<sup id="cite_ref-APA_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vocabulary differences vary by region. For example, <i>autumn</i> is used more commonly in the United Kingdom, whereas <i>fall</i> is more common in American English. Some other differences include: aerial (United Kingdom) vs. antenna, biscuit (United Kingdom) vs. cookie/cracker, car park (United Kingdom) vs. parking lot, caravan (United Kingdom) vs. trailer, city centre (United Kingdom) vs. downtown, flat (United Kingdom) vs. apartment, fringe (United Kingdom) vs. bangs, and holiday (United Kingdom) vs. vacation.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AmE sometimes favors words that are <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphologically</a> more complex, whereas BrE uses clipped forms, such as AmE <i>transportation</i> and BrE <i>transport</i> or where the British form is a <a href="/wiki/Back-formation" title="Back-formation">back-formation</a>, such as AmE <i>burglarize</i> and BrE <i>burgle</i> (from <i>burglar</i>). However, while individuals usually use one or the other, both forms will be widely understood and mostly used alongside each other within the two systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-varieties">Sub-varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sub-varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:638px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 600px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/USA_location_map.svg/600px-USA_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/USA_location_map.svg/900px-USA_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/USA_location_map.svg/1200px-USA_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="968" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:67px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English"><span style="font-size:120%;color:#008080;"><b>ENE</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:519px; top:80.8px"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English"><span style="color:purple"><span style="font-size:120%">WNE</span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:519.9px; top:107.2px"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English"><span style="color:gray"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>NYC</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:495px; top:121px"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English"><span style="color:navy"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>PHILA.</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North"><span style="font-size:150%;color:#e80000;"><b>INLAND NORTH</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:450px; top:115.6px"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh English"><span style="font-size:120%"><span style="color: Maroon;"><b>WPA</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186px; top:40px"><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English"><span style="font-size:180%;color:#f39;"><b>NORTH CENTRAL</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:84px; top:88px"><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English"><span style="font-size:370%;"><span style="color:green;"><b>WEST</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:282px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English"><span style="font-size:275%;"><span style="color:#964B00"><b>MIDLAND</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:312px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English"><span style="font-size:320%;color:#c70;"><b>SOUTH</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:252px; top:208px"><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English"><span style="color:#c70;">Texas</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:48px; top:169px"><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English"><span style="color:green;">California</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:407px; top:161.33px"><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English"><span style="color:#c70;">Appalachia</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:85px"><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent"><span style="color:#008080;">Boston</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:21px; top:42.4px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English"><span style="color:green;">Pacific <br />Northwest</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:501px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider"><span style="color:olive">Chesapeake &<br /> Outer Banks</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:55px"><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent"><span style="color:#008080;">Maine</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:242.8px"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English"><span style="color:gray">New <br />Orleans</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:498px; top:133px"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English"><span style="color:navy">Baltimore</span></a></div> </div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The map above shows the major regional dialects of American English (in <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a>) plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by Labov et al.'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_North_American_English" title="The Atlas of North American English">The Atlas of North American English</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006148_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006148-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the related Telsur Project's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html#regional">regional maps</a>. Any region may also contain speakers of a "General American" accent that resists the marked features of their region. Furthermore, this map does not account for speakers of ethnic or cultural varieties (such as <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a>, etc.).</div></div></div> <p>While written American English is largely standardized across the country and spoken American English dialects are highly mutually intelligible, there are still several recognizable regional and ethnic accents and lexical distinctions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_accents">Regional accents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regional accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regional_vocabularies_of_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional vocabularies of American English">Regional vocabularies of American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">North American English regional phonology</a></div> <p>The regional sounds of present-day American English are reportedly engaged in a complex phenomenon of "both convergence and divergence": some accents are homogenizing and <a href="/wiki/Accent_leveling" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent leveling">leveling</a>, while others are diversifying and deviating further away from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov2012_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2012-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been settled longer than the American West Coast, the East Coast has had more time to develop unique accents, and it currently comprises three or four linguistically significant regions, each of which possesses English varieties both different from each other as well as quite internally diverse: <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic states</a> (including a <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accent</a> as well as a unique <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic American English">Philadelphia–Baltimore accent</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. As of the 20th century, the middle and eastern <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes area">Great Lakes area</a>, Chicago being the largest city with these speakers, also ushered in certain unique features, including the <a href="/wiki/Fronting_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronting (phonetics)">fronting</a> of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> vowel in the mouth toward <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tensing</a> of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> vowel wholesale to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eə]</span>. These sound changes have triggered a series of other <a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">vowel shifts</a> in the same region, known by linguists as the "<a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North">Inland North</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006190_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006190-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Inland North shares with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern New England dialect</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston accents</a>) a <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">backer tongue positioning</a> of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> vowel (to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span>) and the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MOUTH</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> vowel (to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑʊ~äʊ]</span>) in comparison to the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006230_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006230-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranging from northern New England across the Great Lakes to Minnesota, another Northern regional marker is the variable fronting of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006111_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006111-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, appearing four times in the stereotypical Boston <a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">shibboleth</a> <i>Park the car in Harvard Yard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Non-RhoticityUSA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Non-RhoticityUSA.png/250px-Non-RhoticityUSA.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Non-RhoticityUSA.png/375px-Non-RhoticityUSA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Non-RhoticityUSA.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>The red dots show every U.S. metropolitan area where over 50% non-rhotic speech was documented among some of that area's white speakers in the 1990s. Non-rhoticity may be heard among <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">black speakers</a> throughout the whole country.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Several other phenomena serve to distinguish regional U.S. accents. <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">Upper Midwestern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western U.S. accents</a> have fully completed a merger of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> vowel with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span> vowel (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>, respectively):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200660_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200660-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger"><i>cot–caught</i> merger</a>, which is rapidly spreading throughout the whole country. However, the South, Inland North, and a Northeastern coastal corridor passing through Rhode Island, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore typically preserve an older <i>cot–caught</i> distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006190_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006190-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For that Northeastern corridor, the realization of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span> vowel is particularly <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">marked</a>, as depicted in humorous spellings, like in <i>tawk</i> and <i>cawfee</i> (<i>talk</i> and <i>coffee</i>), which intend to represent it being <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongal</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oə]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/%C3%86_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Æ tensing">split of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span></a> into two separate <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, using different <i>a</i> pronunciations for example in <i>gap</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> versus <i>gas</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eə]</span>, further defines New York City as well as Philadelphia–Baltimore accents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Americans preserve all historical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> sounds, using what is known as a <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhotic accent</a>. The only traditional <i>r</i>-dropping (or non-rhoticity) in regional U.S. accents variably appears today in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">eastern New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a>, and some of the <a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">former plantation South</a> primarily among older speakers (and, relatedly, some <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a> across the country), though the vowel-consonant cluster found in "bird", "work", "hurt", "learn", etc. usually retains its <i>r</i> pronunciation, even in these non-rhotic American accents. Non-rhoticity among such speakers is presumed to have arisen from their upper classes' close historical contact with England, imitating London's <i>r</i>-dropping, a feature that has continued to gain prestige throughout England from the late 18th century onwards,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill200446–47_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill200446–47-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but which has conversely lost prestige in the U.S. since at least the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg20065,_47_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg20065,_47-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-rhoticity makes a word like <i>car</i> sound like <i>cah</i> or <i>source</i> like <i>sauce</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006137,_141_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006137,_141-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York City and <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern accents</a> are the most prominent regional accents of the country, as well as the most stigmatized and socially disfavored.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern speech, strongest in southern Appalachia and certain areas of Texas, is often identified by Americans as a "country" accent,<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes,_2013,_p._51_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes,_2013,_p._51-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is defined by the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> vowel losing its <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">gliding quality</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span>, the initiation event for a complicated Southern vowel shift, including a "<a href="/wiki/Southern_drawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern drawl">Southern drawl</a>" that makes short <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> into distinct-sounding <a href="/wiki/Gliding_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliding vowel">gliding vowels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006125_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006125-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fronting of the vowels of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MOUTH</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span> tends to also define Southern accents as well as the accents spoken in the "<a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a>": a vast band of the country that constitutes an intermediate dialect region between the traditional North and South. Western U.S. accents mostly fall under the General American spectrum. </p><p>Below, ten major American English accents are defined by their particular combinations of certain vowel sounds: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Accent name</th> <th>Most populous city</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑr/</span> fronting</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger"><i>Cot–caught</i> merger</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pin%E2%80%93pen_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin–pen merger"><i>Pin–pen</i> merger</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="/æ/ tensing">/æ/ raising system</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a></b></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North">Inland Northern</a></b></td> <td>Chicago</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>general </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></b></td> <td>Indianapolis</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td>pre-nasal </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York City</a></b></td> <td>New York City</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006101,_103_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006101,_103-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>split </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central (Upper Midwestern)</a></b></td> <td>Minneapolis</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal & pre-velar </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English"><span class="nowrap">Northeastern New England</span></a></b></td> <td>Boston</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic American English">Philadelphia/Baltimore</a></b></td> <td>Philadelphia</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>split </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern</a></b></td> <td>San Antonio</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>Southern </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western</a></b></td> <td>Los Angeles</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></b></td> <td>Pittsburgh</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td>pre-nasal </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_American">General American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a></div> <p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> noted that Great Lakes, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and West Coast accents have undergone "vigorous new sound changes" since the mid-nineteenth century onwards, so they "are now more different from each other than they were 50 or 100 years ago", while other accents, like of New York City and Boston, have remained stable in that same time-frame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov2012_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2012-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a General American sound system also has some debated degree of influence nationwide, for example, gradually beginning to oust the regional accent in urban areas of the South and at least some in the Inland North. Rather than one particular accent, General American is best defined as an umbrella covering an American accent that does not incorporate features associated with some particular region, ethnicity, or socioeconomic group. Typical General American features include <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–bother merger"><i>father–bother</i> merger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary%E2%80%93marry%E2%80%93merry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary–marry–merry merger"><i>Mary–marry–merry</i> merger</a>, <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="/æ/ tensing">pre-nasal "short <i>a</i>" tensing</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/General_American#Phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">particular vowel sounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn3_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn3-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General American features are embraced most by Americans who are highly educated or in the most formal contexts, and regional accents with the most General American native features include North Midland, Western New England, and Western accents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_varieties">Other varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although no longer region-specific,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill200442_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill200442-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>, which remains the native variety of most working- and middle-class <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, has a close relationship to Southern dialects and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans, including <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop culture">hip hop culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> have also developed native-speaker varieties of English. The best-studied Latino Englishes are <a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a>, spoken in the West and Midwest, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a>, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>. Additionally, ethnic varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshiva English</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>" are spoken by some <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jew">Orthodox Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun Vernacular English</a> by some <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajuns</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch English</a> by some <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> people. <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian Englishes</a> have been documented among diverse Indian tribes. The island state of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, though primarily English-speaking, is also home to a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> known commonly as <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Hawaiian Pidgin</a>, and some Hawaii residents speak English with a Pidgin-influenced accent. American English also gave rise to some dialects outside the country, for example, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>, beginning during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">American occupation of the Philippines</a> and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomasites" title="Thomasites">Thomasites</a> first established a variation of American English in these islands.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics_on_usage">Statistics on usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Statistics on usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_speaking_English_at_home_by_PUMA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Population_speaking_English_at_home_by_PUMA.png/460px-Population_speaking_English_at_home_by_PUMA.png" decoding="async" width="460" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Population_speaking_English_at_home_by_PUMA.png/690px-Population_speaking_English_at_home_by_PUMA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Population_speaking_English_at_home_by_PUMA.png/920px-Population_speaking_English_at_home_by_PUMA.png 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Public Usage Microdata Area (PUMA) of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico according to the 2016–2021 five-year American Community Survey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_states_english_official_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of United States Official Language Status By State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_states_english_official_language.svg/300px-USA_states_english_official_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_states_english_official_language.svg/450px-USA_states_english_official_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/USA_states_english_official_language.svg/600px-USA_states_english_official_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Map of U.S. official language status by state. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000081; color:white;"> </span> English declared the official language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8181ff; color:black;"> </span> Multiple official languages, including English (Alaska, Hawaii, South Dakota), or languages with special status (New Mexico)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d4d4d4; color:black;"> </span> No official language specified.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2021, about 245 million Americans, aged 5 or above, spoke English at home: a majority of the United States total population of roughly 330 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS2021_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS2021-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has never had an official language at the federal level,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but English is commonly used at the federal level and in states without an official language. 32 of the 50 states, in some cases as part of what has been called the <a href="/wiki/English-only_movement" title="English-only movement">English-only movement</a>, have adopted legislation granting official or co-official status to English.<sup id="cite_ref-WestVirginia_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WestVirginia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically only "English" is specified, not a particular variety like American English. (From 1923 to 1969, the state of Illinois recognized its official language as "American", meaning American English.)<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> is the largest example of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territory">United States territory</a> in which another language – Spanish – is the common language at home, in public, and in government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British English spelling differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Regional_English" title="Dictionary of American Regional English">Dictionary of American Regional English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_correspondences_between_English_accents" title="Sound correspondences between English accents">Sound correspondences between English accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">International Phonetic Alphabet chart for the English Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_from_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas">List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">Phonological history of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">Regional accents of English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><code>en-US</code> is the <a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">language code</a> for <i>U.S. English</i>, as defined by <a href="/wiki/ISO_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standard">ISO standards</a> (see <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Internet_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet standard">Internet standards</a> (see <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American English is variously abbreviated <b>AmE</b>, <b>AE</b>, <b>AmEng</b>, <b>USEng</b>, and <b>en-US</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn3-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn3_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dialects are considered "<a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhotic</a>" if they pronounce the <i>r</i> sound in all historical environments, without ever "dropping" this sound. The <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–bother merger"><i>father–bother</i> merger</a> is the pronunciation of the unrounded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɒ/</span> vowel variant (as in <i>cot, lot, bother</i>, etc.) the same as the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> vowel (as in <i>spa, haha, Ma</i>), causing words like <i>con</i> and <i>Kahn</i> and like <i>sob</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">sound identical</a>, with the vowel usually realized in the back or middle of the mouth as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ~ɑ̈]</span>. Finally, most of the U.S. participates in a continuous nasal system of the "short <i>a</i>" vowel (in <i>cat, trap, bath</i>, etc.), causing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> to be pronounced with the tongue raised and with a glide quality (typically sounding like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛə]</span>) particularly when before a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonant</a>; thus, <i>mad</i> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mæd]</span>, but <i>man</i> is more like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɛən]</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-braille-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-braille_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123220211/http://www.brailleauthority.org/ueb.html">"Unified English Braille (UEB)"</a>. Braille Authority of North America (BANA). November 2, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/ueb.html">the original</a> on November 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unified+English+Braille+%28UEB%29&rft.pub=Braille+Authority+of+North+America+%28BANA%29&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brailleauthority.org%2Fueb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-db6aa4cd71e98871be7bb80f20a410240db4b647-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-db6aa4cd71e98871be7bb80f20a410240db4b647-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"English"</a>. <i>IANA language subtag registry</i>. October 16, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA+language+subtag+registry&rft.atitle=English&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-3298c60607da76dd0e5d5af3f0165b02954fb1f8-v18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-3298c60607da76dd0e5d5af3f0165b02954fb1f8-v18_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"United States"</a>. <i>IANA language subtag registry</i>. October 16, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA+language+subtag+registry&rft.atitle=United+States&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">Crystal, David</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishasgloball0000crys_j7o0"><i>English as a Global Language</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53032-3"><bdi>978-0-521-53032-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+as+a+Global+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53032-3&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishasgloball0000crys_j7o0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WestVirginia-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WestVirginia_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WestVirginia_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401151700/http://us-english.org/view/1034">"U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language"</a>. U.S. English. March 5, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us-english.org/view/1034">the original</a> on April 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+English+Efforts+Lead+West+Virginia+to+Become+32nd+State+to+Recognize+English+as+Official+Language&rft.pub=U.S.+English&rft.date=2016-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us-english.org%2Fview%2F1034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2017" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Matthew (2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thatswayitcrumbl0000enge"><i>That's the Way It Crumbles: The American Conquest of English</i></a></span>. London: Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782832621" title="Special:BookSources/9781782832621"><bdi>9781782832621</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/989790918">989790918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That%27s+the+Way+It+Crumbles%3A+The+American+Conquest+of+English&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F989790918&rft.isbn=9781782832621&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthatswayitcrumbl0000enge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2017/07/20/fears-of-british-englishs-disappearance-are-overblown">"Fears of British English's disappearance are overblown"</a></span>. <i>The Economist</i>. July 20, 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Fears+of+British+English%27s+disappearance+are+overblown&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F2017%2F07%2F20%2Ffears-of-british-englishs-disappearance-are-overblown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbeck2015" class="citation web cs1">Harbeck, James (July 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150715-why-isnt-american-a-language">"Why isn't 'American' a language?"</a>. BBC Culture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+isn%27t+%27American%27+a+language%3F&rft.pub=BBC+Culture&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft.aulast=Harbeck&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20150715-why-isnt-american-a-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2017" class="citation web cs1">Reddy, C Rammanohar (August 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/846112/the-readers-editor-writes-why-is-american-english-becoming-part-of-everyday-usage-in-india">"The Readers' Editor writes: Why Is American English Becoming Part of Everyday Usage in India?"</a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_28.html">Do you pronounce 'cot' and 'çaught' the same?</a>" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaux, Bert; Jøhndal, Marius L. (2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://survey.johndal.com/results/268/">Do you pronounce "cot" and "caught" the same?</a>" <i>Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <i>Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.infoplease.com/want">"Want: meaning and definitions"</a>. Dictionary.infoplease.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Want+%E2%80%93+Definition+and+More+from+the+Free+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=M-w.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008xxi-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008xxi_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells (2008)</a>, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006p._114:_"where_Canadian_raising_has_traditionally_been_reported:_Canada,_Eastern_New_England,_Philadelphia,_and_the_North"-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006p._114:_"where_Canadian_raising_has_traditionally_been_reported:_Canada,_Eastern_New_England,_Philadelphia,_and_the_North"_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006</a>, p. 114: "where Canadian raising has traditionally been reported: Canada, Eastern New England, Philadelphia, and the North".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreuhwald2007" class="citation web cs1">Freuhwald, Josef T. (November 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=curej">"The Spread of Raising: Opacity, lexicalization, and diffusion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Raising%3A+Opacity%2C+lexicalization%2C+and+diffusion&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2007-11-11&rft.aulast=Freuhwald&rft.aufirst=Josef+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1087%26context%3Dcurej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2019" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Patrick Joseph (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/97604/3/Murphy_Patrick_J_201911_PhD_thesis.pdf">"Listening to Writers and Riders: Partial Contrast and the Perception of Canadian Raising"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Toronto PhD Dissertation</i>: 116–117<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto+PhD+Dissertation&rft.atitle=Listening+to+Writers+and+Riders%3A+Partial+Contrast+and+the+Perception+of+Canadian+Raising&rft.pages=116-117&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F97604%2F3%2FMurphy_Patrick_J_201911_PhD_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2000" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Allan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsMUCl5j8X4C&pg=PA143">"The Far West and beyond"</a>. <i>How We Talk: American Regional English Today</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618043624" title="Special:BookSources/0618043624"><bdi>0618043624</bdi></a>. <q>Another pronunciation even more widely heard among older teens and adults in California and throughout the West is 'een' for -<i>ing</i>, as in 'I'm think-een of go-een camp-een.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Far+West+and+beyond&rft.btitle=How+We+Talk%3A+American+Regional+English+Today&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0618043624&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsMUCl5j8X4C%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Marsha; Johnson, Brian K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OQDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">"Articulators and Articulation"</a>. <i>The Articulate Advocate: New Techniques of Persuasion for Trial Attorneys</i>. Crown King Books. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780979689505" title="Special:BookSources/9780979689505"><bdi>9780979689505</bdi></a>. <q>Regional Accents ... A distinguishing characteristic of the Upper Midwestern accent is the tendency to turn the 'ing' sound into 'een,' with a cheerful 'Good morneen!'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Articulators+and+Articulation&rft.btitle=The+Articulate+Advocate%3A+New+Techniques+of+Persuasion+for+Trial+Attorneys&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Crown+King+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780979689505&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Marsha&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Brian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OQDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006182-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006182_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_260–261-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_260–261_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 173–174, 260–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_238–239-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173–174,_238–239_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 173–174, 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncan2016">Duncan (2016)</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006173_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006238-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006238_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006178,_180_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 178, 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008145_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoberg2008">Boberg (2008)</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2LabovAshBoberg2006175–177-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan20161–2LabovAshBoberg2006175–177_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncan2016">Duncan (2016)</a>, pp. 1–2; <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 175–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006183-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006183_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerMielkeArchangeli2008-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerMielkeArchangeli2008_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakerMielkeArchangeli2008">Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006181–182-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006181–182_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008130,_136–137-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoberg2008130,_136–137_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoberg2008">Boberg (2008)</a>, pp. 130, 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200682,_123,_177,_179_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2007359-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov2007359_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabov2007">Labov (2007)</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov2007373-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov2007373_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabov2007">Labov (2007)</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_15.html">How do you pronounce Mary / merry / marry?</a>" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortmannSchneider2004295-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortmannSchneider2004295_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKortmannSchneider2004">Kortmann & Schneider (2004)</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialect.redlog.net/staticmaps/q_12.html">fl<i>ou</i>rish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711123931/http://dialect.redlog.net/staticmaps/q_12.html">Archived</a> 2015-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_17.html">the first vowel in "m<i>i</i>racle"</a>". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982481–482-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982481–482_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells 1982</a>, pp. 481–482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200652-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200652_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200652_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982247-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982247_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seyfarth, Scott; <a href="/wiki/Marc_Garellek" title="Marc Garellek">Garellek, Marc</a> (2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.ucsd.edu/~mgarellek/files/Seyfarth_Garellek_2015_ICPhS.pdf">Coda glottalization in American English</a>". In ICPhS. University of California, San Diego, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaux, Bert (2000_. "Flapping in English." <i>Linguistic Society of America</i>, Chicago, IL. p .6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrzegorz_DogilSusanne_Maria_ReitererWalter_de_Gruyter2009" class="citation book cs1">Grzegorz Dogil; Susanne Maria Reiterer; Walter de Gruyter, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>. <q>moose etymology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+English+etymology%3A+The+native+element+%E2%80%93+Walter+William+Skeat&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=At+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=Walter+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_M7kCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607060111/http://german.about.com/library/blvoc_gerloan2.htm">"You Already Know Some German Words!"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22The+history+of+Mexican+folk+foodways+of+South+Texas%3A+Street+vendors%2C+o%22&rft.inst=Repository.upenn.edu&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.aulast=Montano&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fdissertations%2FAAI9308630%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorrell2001" class="citation book cs1">Gorrell, Robert M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROmDu-bYMRYC&q=rodeo&pg=PA1"><i>What's in a Word?: Etymological Gossip about Some Interesting English Words – Robert M. Gorrell</i></a>. University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874173673" title="Special:BookSources/9780874173673"><bdi>9780874173673</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+in+a+Word%3F%3A+Etymological+Gossip+about+Some+Interesting+English+Words+%E2%80%93+Robert+M.+Gorrell&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780874173673&rft.aulast=Gorrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROmDu-bYMRYC%26q%3Drodeo%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1895" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Vernon (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1krAAAAYAAJ&q=gaufre%20&pg=PA9"><i>The Pocket Gophers of the United States</i></a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pocket+Gophers+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Division+of+Ornithology+and+Mammalogy&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1krAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dgaufre%2520%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMencken2010" class="citation book cs1">Mencken, H. L. (January 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osQAtpUtDvkC&q=stoop&pg=PR7"><i>The American Language: A Preliminary Inquiry Into the Development of English ... – H. L. Mencken</i></a>. Cosimo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616402594" title="Special:BookSources/9781616402594"><bdi>9781616402594</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Language%3A+A+Preliminary+Inquiry+Into+the+Development+of+English+...+%E2%80%93+H.+L.+Mencken&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=9781616402594&rft.aulast=Mencken&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosQAtpUtDvkC%26q%3Dstoop%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A few of these are now chiefly found, or have been more productive, outside the U.S.; for example, <i>jump,</i> "to drive past a traffic signal"; <i>block</i> meaning "building", and <i>center,</i> "central point in a town" or "main area for a particular activity" (cf. Oxford English Dictionary).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Ball_Carr1954" class="citation thesis cs1">Elizabeth Ball Carr (August 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9117&context=gradschool_disstheses"><i>Trends in Word Compounding in American Speech</i></a> (Thesis). Louisiana State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Trends+in+Word+Compounding+in+American+Speech&rft.inst=Louisiana+State+University&rft.date=1954-08&rft.au=Elizabeth+Ball+Carr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D9117%26context%3Dgradschool_disstheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19970923">"The Maven's Word of the Day: gesundheit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oup.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+sure+adjective+from+the+Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oup.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Foald-bin%2Fweb_getald7index1a.pl%3Fnav%3Don%26which_entry%3D036903%2523x1%2523x1%2523sure%26selected_word%3Dsure%26search_word%3Dsure%23sure_adv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill200469-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill200469_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill200469_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudgill2004">Trudgill 2004</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theword.cz/inotherwords/american-vs-british-smackdown-station-wagon-vs-estate-car/">"The Word » American vs. British Smackdown: Station wagon vs. estate car"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Word+%C2%BB+American+vs.+British+Smackdown%3A+Station+wagon+vs.+estate+car&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theword.cz%2Finotherwords%2Famerican-vs-british-smackdown-station-wagon-vs-estate-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British author <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> (in <i>English People</i>, 1947, cited in OED s.v. <i>lose)</i> criticized an alleged "American tendency" to "burden every verb with a preposition that adds nothing to its meaning (<i>win out</i>, <i>lose out</i>, <i>face up to</i>, etc.)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=fall">"fall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=fall&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dfall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Handbook of Varieties of English</i>, Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider, Walter de Gruyter, 2004, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309172328/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/images/elt/oald7/synald7_angry.gif">"angry"</a>. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/images/elt/oald7/synald7_angry.gif">the original</a> on March 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=angry&rft.pub=Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffds.oup.com%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fimages%2Felt%2Foald7%2Fsynald7_angry.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309172334/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/images/elt/oald7/synald7_intelligent.gif">"intelligent"</a>. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/images/elt/oald7/synald7_intelligent.gif">the original</a> on March 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/ill">the original</a> on May 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+ill+adjective+from+the+Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdictionary%2Fill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialect.redlog.net/">The Harvard Dialect Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430083828/http://dialect.redlog.net/">Archived</a> April 30, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, Joshua (2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.ncsu.edu/~jakatz2/files/dialectposter.png">Beyond 'Soda, Pop, or Coke</a>.' North Carolina State University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Algeo, John (2006). <i>British or American English?</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37993-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37993-8">0-521-37993-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Algeo, John. "The Effects of the Revolution on Language", in <i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i>. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. p.599</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, Pam (2004). <i>The Cambridge Guide to English Usage</i>. 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(1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asel.udel.edu/icslp/cdrom/vol3/216/a216.pdf">"Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>101</b> (6): 3741–3753. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ASAJ..101.3741B">1997ASAJ..101.3741B</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.16.4174">10.1.1.16.4174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.418333">10.1121/1.418333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9193061">9193061</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.asel.udel.edu/icslp/cdrom/vol3/216/a216.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Coarticulatory+stability+in+American+English+%2Fr%2F&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3741-3753&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.16.4174%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9193061&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.418333&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ASAJ..101.3741B&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Espy-Wilson%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asel.udel.edu%2Ficslp%2Fcdrom%2Fvol3%2F216%2Fa216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2002" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68086-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68086-8"><bdi>978-0-521-68086-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68086-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Roach%2C+Peter&rft.au=Hartman%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGSXwqTCwpkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortmannSchneider2004" class="citation book cs1">Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. 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Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Mouton_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouton de Gruyter">Mouton de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016746-7"><bdi>978-3-11-016746-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+North+American+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016746-7&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ash%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Boberg%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmore2007" class="citation journal cs1">Longmore, Paul K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjinh.2007.37.4.513">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech"</a>. <i>The Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i>. <b>37</b> (4). MIT: 513–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjinh.2007.37.4.513">10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4139476">4139476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143910740">143910740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=%27Good+English+without+Idiom+or+Tone%27%3A+The+Colonial+Origins+of+American+Speech&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=513-542&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143910740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4139476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjinh.2007.37.4.513&rft.aulast=Longmore&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252Fjinh.2007.37.4.513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a> (2004). <i>New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New-Dialect+Formation%3A+The+Inevitability+of+Colonial+Englishes&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKIV967F1n4C"><i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i></a>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKIV967F1n4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). <i>Accents of English</i>. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611766">10.1017/CBO9780511611766</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2">0-52129719-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=1%3A+An+Introduction&rft.isbn=0-52129719-2"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2">0-52128540-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128540-2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0">0-52128541-0</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=3%3A+Beyond+the+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128541-0&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawadzkiKuehn1980" class="citation journal cs1">Zawadzki, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980). "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/". <i>Phonetica</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 253–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000259995">10.1159/000259995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7443796">7443796</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46760239">46760239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonetica&rft.atitle=A+cineradiographic+study+of+static+and+dynamic+aspects+of+American+English+%2Fr%2F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=253-266&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46760239%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7443796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000259995&rft.aulast=Zawadzki&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rft.au=Kuehn%2C+D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Bailey" title="Richard W. Bailey">Bailey, Richard W.</a> (2012). <i>Speaking American: A History of English in the United States</i> 20th–21st-century usage in different cities</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Bartlett" title="John Russell Bartlett">Bartlett, John R.</a> (1848). <i>Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded As Peculiar to the United States</i>. New York: Bartlett and Welford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Americanisms%3A+A+Glossary+of+Words+and+Phrases+Usually+Regarded+As+Peculiar+to+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bartlett+and+Welford&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a> (2003). <i>Garner's Modern American Usage</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMencken1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken, H. L.</a> (1977) [1921]. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Language:_An_Inquiry_into_the_Development_of_English_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States"><i>The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States</i></a> (4th ed.). New York: Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Language%3A+An+Inquiry+into+the+Development+of+English+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Mencken&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_American_English">History of American English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History of American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bailey, Richard W. (2004). "American English: Its origins and history". In E. Finegan & J. R. Rickford (Eds.), <i>Language in the USA: Themes for the twenty-first century</i> (pp. 3–17). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Finegan, Edward. (2006). "English in North America". In R. Hogg & D. Denison (Eds.), <i>A history of the English language</i> (pp. 384–419). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/American_English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:American English">American English</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Americanisms" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Americanisms">Americanisms</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/American_English" class="extiw" title="v:American English">American English</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/speak/">Do You Speak American</a>: PBS special</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/maps.html">Dialect Survey</a> of the United States, by Bert Vaux <i>et al.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713193617/http://us.english.uga.edu/cgi-bin/lapsite.fcgi/">Linguistic Atlas Projects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html">Phonological Atlas of North America</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821121056/http://classweb.gmu.edu/accent/">Speech Accent Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.wisc.edu">Dictionary of American Regional English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aschmann.net/AmEng/">Dialect maps based on pronunciation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_Related_to_American_English" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_Related_to_American_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles Related to American English</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Languages in <i>italics</i> are extinct.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dialects_of_American_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">American English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston English">Boston English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England Englishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_English" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican English">New Mexican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Transatlantic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yooper_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Yooper English">Upper Michigan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Mormon_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Mormon English">Utah Mormon English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshiva English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loup_language" title="Loup language">Loup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahican_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican language">Mahican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan-Pequot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Pamlico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Refaluwasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitsai_language" title="Kitsai language">Kitsai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathlamet_language" title="Kathlamet language">Kathlamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chinook" title="Lower Chinook"> Tsinúk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené(–<br />Yeniseian?)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina language">Dena'ina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Tututni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit language">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevak_Cup%E2%80%99ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevak Cup’ik language">Chevak Cup’ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_language" title="Erie language">Erie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Huron_language" title="Neutral Huron language">Neutral Huron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_language" title="Nottoway language">Nottoway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenrohronon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenrohronon language">Wenrohronon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalapuya_language" title="Central Kalapuya language">Central Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kalapuya_language" title="Northern Kalapuya language">Northern Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoncalla_language" title="Yoncalla language">Yoncalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keresan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan languages">Keresan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cochiti Pueblo</li> <li>San Felipe–Santo Domingo</li> <li>Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos</li> <li>Western Keres</li> <li>Acoma Pueblo</li> <li>Laguna Pueblo</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achumawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d'Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish-Spokane-Kalispel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa_language" title="Hidatsa language">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan_language" title="Mandan language">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Omaha–Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Winnebago</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_language" title="Biloxi language">Biloxi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catawba_language" title="Catawba language">Catawba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchigamea_language" title="Mitchigamea language">Mitchigamea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moneton_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moneton language">Moneton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofo_language" title="Ofo language">Ofo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutelo_language" title="Tutelo language">Tutelo-Saponi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woccon_language" title="Woccon language">Woccon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jemez_language" title="Jemez language">Jemez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picuris_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris dialect">Picuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Southern Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Taos dialect">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Piro_Pueblo_language" title="Piro Pueblo language">Piro Pueblo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Ivilyuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27odham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O'odham language">O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Ute-Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makah_language" title="Makah language">Makah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yuk-Utian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sierra Miwok language">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule-Kaweah_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule-Kaweah Yokuts">Tule-Kaweah Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palewyami language">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–<br />Cochimí</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai%E2%80%93Hualapai_language" title="Havasupai–Hualapai language">Havasupai–Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipai_language" title="Ipai language">Ipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiipai_language" title="Tiipai language">Tiipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed or trade<br />Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li> <li>Blackfoot Sign Language</li> <li>Cheyenne Sign Language</li> <li>Cree Sign Language</li> <li>Navajo Sign Language</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></i> <ul><li>Ktunaxa Sign Language</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawai'i Sign Language</a> <ul><li>Creole Hawai'i Sign Language</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Family_Sign" title="Navajo Family Sign">Navajo Family Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oral settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Puerto Rican Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages<br />(number of speakers<br />in 2021 in millions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a> (41.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese</a> (3.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog language in the United States">Tagalog</a> (1.7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">Vietnamese</a> (1.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</a> (1.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a> (1.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans#Languages" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> (1.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</a> (1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese language in the United States">Portuguese</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian American">Haitian</a> (0.9)</li> <li>Hindi (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish language in the United States">Polish</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a> (0.5)</li> <li>Urdu (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in the United States">Persian</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu language in the United States">Telugu</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali American">Bengali</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil American">Tamil</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi American">Punjabi</a> (0.3)</li> <li>Serbo-Croatian (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian language in the United States">Armenian</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language in the United States">Greek</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong language in the United States">Hmong</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Hebrew</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Khmer</a> (0.2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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