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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_intervals_other_than_half-time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_intervals_other_than_half-time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>With intervals other than half-time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_intervals_other_than_half-time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_half-time_or_equivalent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_half-time_or_equivalent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>No half-time or equivalent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_half-time_or_equivalent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Time when half of the regular playing time has expired</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Half_time_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Half time (disambiguation)">Half time (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In several <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">matches</a> are played in two halves. <b>Half-time</b> (also written <b>halftime</b> or <b>half time</b>) is the name given to the interval between the two halves of the match. Typically, after half-time, teams swap ends of the field of play in order to reduce any advantage that may be gained from wind or a slope to the playing surface, for example. </p><p>While it exists mainly to allow competitors to rest briefly and recover from the play of the first half, half-time also serves a number of other purposes. It also serves as an <a href="/wiki/Intermission" title="Intermission">intermission</a> for spectators, and, especially in North America, often features <a href="/wiki/Halftime_show" title="Halftime show">entertainment</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cheerleading" title="Cheerleading">cheerleading performances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tifo" title="Tifo">tifos</a>, performances by school <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a> (particularly in high school and <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiate sports">collegiate sports</a> in North America), or concerts featuring popular music acts (particularly in major events such as the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_halftime_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Bowl halftime shows">Super Bowl</a>). On games that are broadcast on television and radio, it also provides broadcasters with an opportunity to give a recap of the first half of the game, air highlights of other games in progress, air <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">commercials and other advertisements</a>, provide analysis on the game, or air game-related festivities (such as an aforementioned half-time performance). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-time&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of changing ends at half-time lies in the early <a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">English public school football games</a>. One early use of a <i>fixed</i> half-time (as suggested by Adrian Harvey in his book, Football, The First Hundred Years: The Untold Story) is that the origin of the practice was to allow for two football teams each used to a different set of rules to play half of the game by familiar rules, and half by the opposition rules. This was practised notably between followers of <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>-rules football (closer to modern association football) and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby</a>-rules football (closer to modern rugby <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>). This particular use of half-time could be seen as unnecessary after the standardisation of football rules (and indeed, the first set of FA Laws in 1863 did not provide for a half time interval) but is still used for the now-rare contests between teams playing different codes of football. Provision for a half time interval in FA Laws was introduced in 1870 and has been part of those Laws (and later, IFAB Laws) ever since (see <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)#History_and_development" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Laws of the Game</a>). Changing ends at half-time (if no goals had been scored) was part of the following schools' codes: Brighton, Eton, Rossall, Sheffield, and Winchester. Other schools changed every time that side scored (Cheltenham, FA, Harrow, Marlborough, Rugby, Shrewsbury, Uppingham schools)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1863 <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Rules">Cambridge Rules</a> state: "In a match when half the time agreed upon has elapsed, the side shall change goals when the ball is next out of play". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-time&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One benefit of half-time in a field game is to allow teams to swap their positions on the field in order that the effects of the natural conditions such as sunlight and wind direction are experienced fairly by both teams. In some sports this is achieved without the need for half-time: for example, in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> fielding positions of players are rotated after a set passage of play. In other sports no such provision is necessary, for example in <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, where playing positions do not change and both teams occupy the same locations on the field of play, though there is frequent rotation of players in the ordinary course of play. </p><p>Half-time for spectators offers the opportunity to visit the toilet, get some food or drink, or just exercise <a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">cramped</a> <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a>, without the fear of missing any of the action. A <a href="/wiki/Half-time_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-time show">half-time show</a> may be put on for the spectators to keep their attention, most famously in the case of the <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>. As many spectators at the ground may be otherwise occupied using stadium facilities it might be inferred<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the scale and spectacle of half-time entertainment is more directly related to the size of the potential television audience. </p><p>In many sports that are <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televised</a>, half-time offers the opportunity to advertise, a valuable source of <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> <a href="/wiki/Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies">companies</a>. In addition, it allows analysis of the game so far by pundits; controversial incidents or exceptional play may be highlighted at this time. It also allows viewers to catch up with any action that they may have missed. Half-time has spawned one of the most enduring <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Clichés">clichés</a> to describe football: that "it's a game of two halves."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_team_sports">List of team sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-time&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of team sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_half-time">With half-time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-time&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: With half-time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sport</th> <th>Length of half-time</th> <th>Length of a half </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a></td> <td>13 (professional)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 20 (college) minutes<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Two 15 minute quarters. In <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">IFAF</a>, two 12-minute quarters. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a></td> <td>15 minutes</td> <td>45 minutes plus stoppage time </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a></td> <td>20 minutes</td> <td>Two periods (quarters) of 20 minutes plus stoppage time (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">AFL</a>) and 15 minutes plus stoppage time (<a href="/wiki/AFL_Women%27s" title="AFL Women's">AFL Women's</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a></td> <td>≤20 minutes<sup id="cite_ref-bandyrules_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandyrules-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>45 minutes plus injury time, replacement time etc.<sup id="cite_ref-bandyrules_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandyrules-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a></td> <td>15 minutes</td> <td>Two periods (quarters) of 10 (<a href="/wiki/FIBA" title="FIBA">FIBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/WNBA" class="mw-redirect" title="WNBA">WNBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League" title="Women's National Basketball League">WNBL</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">NBL</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_basketball#Women's" title="College basketball">NCAAW</a>) or 12 (<a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a>) minutes each or one period (half) of 20 minutes (<a href="/wiki/College_basketball#Men's" title="College basketball">NCAAM</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoe Polo">Canoe Polo</a></td> <td>1–3 minutes</td> <td>7–10 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a></td> <td>15 minutes</td> <td>Two 15 minute quarters (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_football#Game_timing" title="Canadian football">CFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">Canadian university football</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limited_overs_cricket" title="Limited overs cricket">Limited overs cricket</a></td> <td>10 minutes<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>About 3.5 hours in <a href="/wiki/ODI_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="ODI cricket">ODI cricket</a>, and 90 minutes in <a href="/wiki/T20_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="T20 cricket">T20 cricket</a> (though times can significantly vary, as weather can interrupt a game, teams may play slowly in violation of <a href="/wiki/Over_rate#Minimum_levels" title="Over rate">regulations</a>, or a half can <a href="/wiki/End_of_an_innings" title="End of an innings">end</a> early because a team is all out.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></td> <td>15 minutes</td> <td>Two 15-minute periods </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></td> <td>12 minutes</td> <td>30 or 35 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></td> <td>15 minutes</td> <td>30 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></td> <td>12 minutes</td> <td>30 or 35 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a> </td> <td>5 minutes </td> <td>20 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kho-kho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kho-kho">Kho-kho</a> </td> <td>6 minutes (3 minutes in <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Kho_Kho" title="Ultimate Kho Kho">UKK</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Two turns (quarters) of 9 minutes each (7 minutes each in <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Kho_Kho" title="Ultimate Kho Kho">Ultimate Kho Kho</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">Korfball</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korfbal_League" title="Korfbal League">Korfbal League</a>) </td> <td>10 minutes </td> <td>25 minutes (real playing time) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></td> <td>12 minutes in <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">NLL</a> only</td> <td>Two periods (quarters) of 15 minutes each in NLL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></td> <td>5 minutes</td> <td>Two periods (quarters) of 15 minutes each </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a></td> <td>10 minutes</td> <td>40 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a></td> <td>10-15 minutes</td> <td>40 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a> (union)</td> <td>1 minute</td> <td>7 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> </td> <td>3 minutes </td> <td>15 minutes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_intervals_other_than_half-time">With intervals other than half-time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-time&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: With intervals other than half-time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> is played in three periods of twenty minutes with eighteen-minute intermissions between regulation periods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_lacrosse" title="Box lacrosse">Box lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> matches typically take three minutes between sets 1 and 2 and any sets after the 3rd (if played). The interval between sets 2 and 3 is sometimes longer and sometimes the same.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_half-time_or_equivalent">No half-time or equivalent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-time&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: No half-time or equivalent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(other than to allow movement of players in the natural course of play and/or TV commercials) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> (although there is a <a href="/wiki/Seventh-inning_stretch" title="Seventh-inning stretch">seventh-inning stretch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Half-time&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Football, The First Hundred Years: The Untold Story</i>. Adrian Harvey. Routledge, Abingdon, 2005 p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/sport-on-tv-its-a-game-of-two-halves-and-this-is-how-the-other-half-lived-765630.html">It's a Game of Two Halves</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (newspaper)">Independent</a></i>, 16 December 2007, accessed 19 September 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110158/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/sport-on-tv-its-a-game-of-two-halves-and-this-is-how-the-other-half-lived-765630.html">Archived</a> 4 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operations.nfl.com/media/5kvgzyss/2022-nfl-rulebook-final.pdf">"2022 Official Playing Rules of the National Football League"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+Official+Playing+Rules+of+the+National+Football+League&rft.pub=National+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foperations.nfl.com%2Fmedia%2F5kvgzyss%2F2022-nfl-rulebook-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalf-time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-05-30-replay_x.htm">College football gets uniform instant replay system</a> <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>, 5 May 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109030031/https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-05-30-replay_x.htm">Archived</a> 9 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bandyrules-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bandyrules_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandyrules_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511181936/http://www.worldbandy.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Rules/Bandyrules_FIB_Sept2011.pdf">"Bandy Playing Rules: Rule 4. Playing time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federation of International Bandy. 1 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbandy.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Rules/Bandyrules_FIB_Sept2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bandy+Playing+Rules%3A+Rule+4.+Playing+time&rft.pub=Federation+of+International+Bandy&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbandy.com%2Fckfinder%2Fuserfiles%2Ffiles%2FRules%2FBandyrules_FIB_Sept2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalf-time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/intervals">"{% DocumentName %} Law | MCC"</a>. <i>www.lords.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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