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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preceding_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preceding_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Preceding discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preceding_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>First devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Further development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operating_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Operating principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Control system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Control_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Control system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Control_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wireless_remote_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_remote_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wireless remote control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_remote_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wired_controller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wired_controller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wired controller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wired_controller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mini-split_and_multi-split_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mini-split_and_multi-split_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mini-split and multi-split systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mini-split_and_multi-split_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ducted_central_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ducted_central_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ducted central systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ducted_central_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_plant_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_plant_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Central plant cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_plant_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portable_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portable_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Portable units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portable_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Window_unit_and_packaged_terminal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Window_unit_and_packaged_terminal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Window unit and packaged terminal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Window_unit_and_packaged_terminal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaged_air_conditioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaged_air_conditioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Packaged air conditioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaged_air_conditioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_compressors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_compressors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of compressors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_compressors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of compressors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_compressors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reciprocating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciprocating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reciprocating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciprocating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scroll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scroll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Scroll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scroll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Screw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity_modulation_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity_modulation_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Capacity modulation technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capacity_modulation_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capacity modulation technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capacity_modulation_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hot_gas_bypass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hot_gas_bypass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hot gas bypass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hot_gas_bypass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manifold_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manifold_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Manifold configurations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manifold_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanically_modulated_compressor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanically_modulated_compressor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Mechanically modulated compressor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanically_modulated_compressor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable-speed_compressor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable-speed_compressor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Variable-speed compressor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable-speed_compressor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Economic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Social effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passive_ventilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_ventilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Passive ventilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_ventilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Passive cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daytime_radiative_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daytime_radiative_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Daytime radiative cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daytime_radiative_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Fans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_buffering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_buffering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Thermal buffering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_buffering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaporative_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaporative_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Evaporative cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaporative_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Air conditioning</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugversorging" title="Lugversorging – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lugversorging" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="تكييف الهواء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكييف الهواء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_acondicionao" title="Aire acondicionao – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aire acondicionao" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="শীতাতপ নিয়ন্ত্রণ ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শীতাতপ নিয়ন্ত্রণ ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Климатизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Климатизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རླུང་དྲོད་སྙོམ་ཆས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རླུང་དྲོད་སྙོམ་ཆས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_condicionat" title="Aire condicionat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aire condicionat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatizace" title="Klimatizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klimatizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftkonditionering" title="Luftkonditionering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luftkonditionering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konditsioneer" title="Konditsioneer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konditsioneer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κλιματισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλιματισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acondicionamiento_de_aire" title="Acondicionamiento de aire – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acondicionamiento de aire" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatizilo" title="Klimatizilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klimatizilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_girotze" title="Aire girotze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aire girotze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9" title="تهویه مطبوع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تهویه مطبوع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatisation" title="Climatisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Climatisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerch%C3%B3iri%C3%BA" title="Aerchóiriú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aerchóiriú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_acondicionado" title="Aire acondicionado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aire acondicionado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0%EC%A1%B0%ED%99%94" title="공기조화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공기조화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Օդափոխում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդափոխում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="वातानुकूलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वातानुकूलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatizacija" title="Klimatizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klimatizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatizilo" title="Klimatizilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klimatizilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengondisi_udara" title="Pengondisi udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengondisi udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niglanaaq" title="Niglanaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Niglanaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מיזוג אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיזוג אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2_(%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3)" title="ವಾತಾನುಕೂಲ (ಉಪಕರಣ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾತಾನುಕೂಲ (ಉಪಕರಣ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Ауа кондициялау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ауа кондициялау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Абаны кондициялоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Абаны кондициялоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaisa_kondicion%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Gaisa kondicionēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaisa kondicionēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_kondicionierius" title="Oro kondicionierius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oro kondicionierius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gkondicion%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Légkondicionálás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légkondicionálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Климатизација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Климатизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BC" title="എയർ കണ്ടീഷണർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എയർ കണ്ടീഷണർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="वातानुकूलक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वातानुकूलक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyaman_udara" title="Penyaman udara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyaman udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ADng-di%C3%A8u" title="Kŭng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kŭng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လေညှိခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေညှိခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airconditioning" title="Airconditioning – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Airconditioning" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="एयर कन्डिसनिङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एयर कन्डिसनिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%97%E8%AA%BF%E5%92%8C" title="空気調和 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空気調和" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaanlegg" title="Klimaanlegg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klimaanlegg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havoni_konditsirlash" title="Havoni konditsirlash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Havoni konditsirlash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਏਅਰ ਕੰਡੀਸ਼ਨਿੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਅਰ ਕੰਡੀਸ਼ਨਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ایئر کنڈیشننگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایئر کنڈیشننگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="ម៉ាស៊ីនត្រជាក់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ាស៊ីនត្រជាក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatyzacja" title="Klimatyzacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klimatyzacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condicionamento_de_ar" title="Condicionamento de ar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Condicionamento de ar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer_condi%C8%9Bionat" title="Aer condiționat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aer condiționat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Кондиционирование воздуха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кондиционирование воздуха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80era_cunditzionada" title="Àera cunditzionada – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àera cunditzionada" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_condeetionin" title="Air condeetionin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Air condeetionin" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see <a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning_(album)" title="Air Conditioning (album)">Air Conditioning (album)</a>. For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see <a href="/wiki/Account_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Account (disambiguation)">Account (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/AC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="AC (disambiguation)">AC</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mevrouw_Klaasesz_controleert_de_airconditioning_in_het_koninklijk_vertrek,_Bestanddeelnr_252-2507.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mevrouw_Klaasesz_controleert_de_airconditioning_in_het_koninklijk_vertrek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-2507.jpg/131px-Mevrouw_Klaasesz_controleert_de_airconditioning_in_het_koninklijk_vertrek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-2507.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mevrouw_Klaasesz_controleert_de_airconditioning_in_het_koninklijk_vertrek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-2507.jpg/197px-Mevrouw_Klaasesz_controleert_de_airconditioning_in_het_koninklijk_vertrek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-2507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mevrouw_Klaasesz_controleert_de_airconditioning_in_het_koninklijk_vertrek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-2507.jpg/262px-Mevrouw_Klaasesz_controleert_de_airconditioning_in_het_koninklijk_vertrek%2C_Bestanddeelnr_252-2507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="2590" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HITACHI_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HITACHI_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT_%282%29.jpg/203px-HITACHI_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HITACHI_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT_%282%29.jpg/305px-HITACHI_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HITACHI_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT_%282%29.jpg/406px-HITACHI_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6135" data-file-height="3886" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:71px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daikin_2014_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daikin_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/162px-Daikin_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daikin_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/243px-Daikin_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daikin_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/324px-Daikin_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:71px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DAIKIN_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DAIKIN_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT.jpg/172px-DAIKIN_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DAIKIN_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT.jpg/258px-DAIKIN_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DAIKIN_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT.jpg/344px-DAIKIN_AIR_CONDITIONER_INDOOR_UNIT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7895" data-file-height="3269" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Condizionatore_portatile_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Condizionatore_portatile_3.jpg/338px-Condizionatore_portatile_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Condizionatore_portatile_3.jpg/507px-Condizionatore_portatile_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Condizionatore_portatile_3.jpg/676px-Condizionatore_portatile_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (<a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, 1955); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, 2018).</div></div></div></div> <p><br /> </p><p><b>Air conditioning</b>, often abbreviated as <b>A/C</b> (US) or <b>air con</b> (UK),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the process of removing <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature (sometimes referred to as 'comfort cooling') and in some cases also strictly controlling the <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or by other methods, including <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">passive cooling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventilative_cooling" title="Ventilative cooling">ventilative cooling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide <a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heat_pumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat pumps">Heat pumps</a> are similar in many ways to air conditioners, but use a <a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">reversing valve</a> to allow them both to heat and to cool an enclosed space.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air conditioners, which typically use <a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">vapor-compression refrigeration</a>, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pumps</a>, which can be used for heating as well as <a href="/wiki/Cooling" title="Cooling">cooling</a>, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates. </p><p>Air conditioners can reduce <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rates</a> due to higher temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Barreca_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barreca-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> called for the technology to be made more <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate climate change</a> and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">evaporative cooling</a>, selective shading, <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">windcatchers</a>, and better <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a>, in modern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These became widespread from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-PDEC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDEC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.<sup id="cite_ref-shady_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shady-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PDEC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDEC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACFujitsu2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/ACFujitsu2.jpg/220px-ACFujitsu2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/ACFujitsu2.jpg/330px-ACFujitsu2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/ACFujitsu2.jpg/440px-ACFujitsu2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>An array of air conditioner condenser units outside a commercial office building</figcaption></figure> <p>Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable <a href="/wiki/Deep_plan" title="Deep plan">deep plan</a> buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preceding_discoveries">Preceding discoveries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preceding discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1558, <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_della_Porta" title="Giambattista della Porta">Giambattista della Porta</a> described a method of chilling ice to <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a> far below its <a href="/wiki/Freezing-point_depression" title="Freezing-point depression">freezing point</a> by mixing it with <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> (then called "nitre") in his <a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">popular science</a> book <i><a href="/wiki/Magia_Naturalis" title="Magia Naturalis">Natural Magic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-conquest_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conquest-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1620, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Drebbel" title="Cornelis Drebbel">Cornelis Drebbel</a> demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I of England</a>, chilling part of the Great Hall of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> with an apparatus of troughs and vats.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drebbel's contemporary <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, like della Porta a believer in <a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">science communication</a>, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."<sup id="cite_ref-conquest_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conquest-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1758, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(chemist)" title="John Hadley (chemist)">John Hadley</a>, a chemistry professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile liquids</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a>) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a <a href="/wiki/Mercury-in-glass_thermometer" title="Mercury-in-glass thermometer">mercury-in-glass thermometer</a> as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>6 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> discovered that compressing and liquefying <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.<sup id="cite_ref-Green-2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1842, Florida physician <a href="/wiki/John_Gorrie" title="John Gorrie">John Gorrie</a> used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola,_Florida" title="Apalachicola, Florida">Apalachicola, Florida</a>. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Green-2015_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1851, <a href="/wiki/James_Harrison_(engineer)" title="James Harrison (engineer)">James Harrison</a> created the first mechanical ice-making machine in <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong, Australia</a>, and was granted a patent for an ether <a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">vapor-compression refrigeration</a> system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_devices">First devices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willis_Carrier_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Willis_Carrier_1915.jpg/170px-Willis_Carrier_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Willis_Carrier_1915.jpg/255px-Willis_Carrier_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Willis_Carrier_1915.jpg/340px-Willis_Carrier_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a>, who is credited with building the first modern electrical air conditioning unit</figcaption></figure> <p>Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor <a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis H. Carrier</a> built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed <a href="/wiki/Carrier_Global" title="Carrier Global">The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America</a>, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_W._Cramer" title="Stuart W. Cramer">Stuart W. Cramer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, was exploring ways to add <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> in the home of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gilbert_Gates" title="Charles Gilbert Gates">Charles Gilbert Gates</a>. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited<sup id="cite_ref-Green-2015_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Gates had already died in October 1913.) </p><p>In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,100,000 in 2023.)<sup id="cite_ref-Green-2015_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, the first <a href="/wiki/Automotive_air_conditioning" title="Automotive air conditioning">air conditioning systems for cars</a> were offered for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler Motors</a> introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Packard" title="Packard">Packard</a> became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_development">Further development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of <a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn, Massachusetts</a>, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#GDP_growth" title="Gross domestic product">GDP growth</a> explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a>, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> to 62% in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_principles">Operating principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operating principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heatpump.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Heatpump.svg/220px-Heatpump.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Heatpump.svg/330px-Heatpump.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Heatpump.svg/440px-Heatpump.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) <a href="/wiki/Condensing_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensing coil">condensing coil</a>, 2) <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">expansion valve</a>, 3) <a href="/wiki/Evaporator_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporator coil">evaporator coil</a>, 4) <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase change</a> between gas and <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> to transfer heat.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An <a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">air source heat pump</a> shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a <a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">reversing valve</a>, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A <a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">dehumidifier</a> uses the same <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">refrigeration cycle</a> but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a> can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_storage" title="Seasonal thermal energy storage">seasonal thermal energy storage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heating">Heating</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></div> <p>Some air conditioning systems can reverse the <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigeration cycle">refrigeration cycle</a> and act as an <a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">air source heat pump</a>, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than <a href="/wiki/Electric_resistance_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric resistance heating">electric resistance heating</a>, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air). </p><p>Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.<sup id="cite_ref-MDC-2022_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDC-2022-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil <i>back</i> to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter. </p><p>Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MDC-2022_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDC-2022-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed. </p><p>The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a>, or wood-burning <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a>, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_performance" title="Coefficient of performance">coefficient of performance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_energy_efficiency_ratio" title="Seasonal energy efficiency ratio">Seasonal energy efficiency ratio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_seasonal_energy_efficiency_ratio" title="European seasonal energy efficiency ratio">European seasonal energy efficiency ratio</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_performance" title="Coefficient of performance">coefficient of performance</a> (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "<a href="/wiki/Ton_of_refrigeration" title="Ton of refrigeration">tons of refrigeration</a>", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short ton</a> (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">BTU<sub>IT</sub></a> per hour, or 3,517 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_energy_efficiency_ratio" title="Seasonal energy efficiency ratio">seasonal energy efficiency ratio</a> (SEER), which is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute</a> in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, <i>Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar standard is the <a href="/wiki/European_seasonal_energy_efficiency_ratio" title="European seasonal energy efficiency ratio">European seasonal energy efficiency ratio</a> (ESEER).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. <a href="/wiki/Dehumidifying" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehumidifying">Dehumidifying</a> the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_system">Control system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Control system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_remote_control">Wireless remote control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wireless remote control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">Remote control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrared_blaster" title="Infrared blaster">Infrared blaster</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:68px;max-width:68px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daikin_ARC480A48_remote_control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Daikin_ARC480A48_remote_control.jpg/66px-Daikin_ARC480A48_remote_control.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Daikin_ARC480A48_remote_control.jpg/99px-Daikin_ARC480A48_remote_control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Daikin_ARC480A48_remote_control.jpg/132px-Daikin_ARC480A48_remote_control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A wireless remote controller</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daikin_ARC480A48_IR_transmitter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Daikin_ARC480A48_IR_transmitter.jpg/118px-Daikin_ARC480A48_IR_transmitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Daikin_ARC480A48_IR_transmitter.jpg/177px-Daikin_ARC480A48_IR_transmitter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Daikin_ARC480A48_IR_transmitter.jpg/236px-Daikin_ARC480A48_IR_transmitter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The infrared transmitting LED on the remote</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_receiver_on_the_aircon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_receiver_on_the_aircon.jpg/92px-The_receiver_on_the_aircon.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_receiver_on_the_aircon.jpg/138px-The_receiver_on_the_aircon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_receiver_on_the_aircon.jpg/184px-The_receiver_on_the_aircon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IR_receiver_sensor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/IR_receiver_sensor.jpg/92px-IR_receiver_sensor.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/IR_receiver_sensor.jpg/138px-IR_receiver_sensor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/IR_receiver_sensor.jpg/184px-IR_receiver_sensor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The infrared receiver on the air conditioner</div></div></div></div> <p>This type of controller uses an <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wired_controller">Wired controller</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wired controller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daikin_wired_controller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Daikin_wired_controller.jpg/170px-Daikin_wired_controller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Daikin_wired_controller.jpg/255px-Daikin_wired_controller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Daikin_wired_controller.jpg/340px-Daikin_wired_controller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="1673" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeywell_wired_thermostat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Honeywell_wired_thermostat.jpg/114px-Honeywell_wired_thermostat.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Honeywell_wired_thermostat.jpg/171px-Honeywell_wired_thermostat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Honeywell_wired_thermostat.jpg/228px-Honeywell_wired_thermostat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2085" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fujiaire_wired_thermostat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fujiaire_wired_thermostat.jpg/74px-Fujiaire_wired_thermostat.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fujiaire_wired_thermostat.jpg/111px-Fujiaire_wired_thermostat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fujiaire_wired_thermostat.jpg/148px-Fujiaire_wired_thermostat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Midea_wired_controller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Midea_wired_controller.jpg/210px-Midea_wired_controller.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Midea_wired_controller.jpg/315px-Midea_wired_controller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Midea_wired_controller.jpg/420px-Midea_wired_controller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Several wired controllers (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, 2024)</div></div></div></div> <p>A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use <a href="/wiki/Bimetallic_strip" title="Bimetallic strip">bimetallic strips</a>, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistor</a> or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner. </p><p>These controllers are usually used in <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a> rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Types </th> <th>Typical Capacity* </th> <th>Air supply </th> <th>Mounting </th> <th>Typical application </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mini-split </td> <td>small – large </td> <td>Direct </td> <td>Wall </td> <td>Residential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Window </td> <td>very small – small </td> <td>Direct </td> <td>Window </td> <td>Residential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portable </td> <td>very small – small </td> <td>Direct / Ducted </td> <td>Floor </td> <td>Residential, remote areas </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ducted (individual) </td> <td>small – very large </td> <td>Ducted </td> <td>Ceiling </td> <td>Residential, commercial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ducted (central) </td> <td>medium – very large </td> <td>Ducted </td> <td>Ceiling </td> <td>Residential, commercial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ceiling suspended </td> <td>medium – large </td> <td>Direct </td> <td>Ceiling </td> <td>Commercial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cassette </td> <td>medium – large </td> <td>Direct / Ducted </td> <td>Ceiling </td> <td>Commercial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Floor standing </td> <td>medium – large </td> <td>Direct / Ducted </td> <td>Floor </td> <td>Commercial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Packaged </td> <td>very large </td> <td>Direct / Ducted </td> <td>Floor </td> <td>Commercial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit) </td> <td>very large </td> <td>Ducted </td> <td>Rooftop </td> <td>Commercial </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows: </p> <ul><li>very small: <1.5 kW</li> <li>small: 1.5–3.5 kW</li> <li>medium: 4.2–7.1 kW</li> <li>large: 7.2–14 kW</li> <li>very large: >14 kW</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mini-split_and_multi-split_systems">Mini-split and multi-split systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mini-split and multi-split systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galanz_Air_Conditioner_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Galanz_Air_Conditioner_2.jpg/220px-Galanz_Air_Conditioner_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Galanz_Air_Conditioner_2.jpg/330px-Galanz_Air_Conditioner_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Galanz_Air_Conditioner_2.jpg/440px-Galanz_Air_Conditioner_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Evaporator, indoor unit, or terminal, side of a ductless split-type air conditioner</figcaption></figure> <p>Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit. </p><p>The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a>, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a <a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-flow fan">cross-flow fan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by <a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a> in 1973, and <a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">variable refrigerant flow systems</a> (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an <a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">air handler</a>, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above <a href="/wiki/Dropped_ceiling" title="Dropped ceiling">dropped ceilings</a> and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF <a href="/wiki/Solar_air_conditioning" title="Solar air conditioning">solar-powered heat pumps</a> to be run using DC-providing solar panels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ducted_central_systems">Ducted central systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ducted central systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Split-system central air conditioners consist of two <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchangers</a>, an outside unit (the <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a>) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the <a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">evaporator</a>, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by <a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">ventilation ducts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_plant_cooling">Central plant cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Central plant cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrial_air_conditioning_unit_(DFdB).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Industrial_air_conditioning_unit_%28DFdB%29.JPG/220px-Industrial_air_conditioning_unit_%28DFdB%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Industrial_air_conditioning_unit_%28DFdB%29.JPG/330px-Industrial_air_conditioning_unit_%28DFdB%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Industrial_air_conditioning_unit_%28DFdB%29.JPG/440px-Industrial_air_conditioning_unit_%28DFdB%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Industrial air conditioners on top of the shopping mall <i>Passage</i> in Linz, Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>Large central cooling plants may use intermediate <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">chilled water</a> pumped into <a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">air handlers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">fan coil units</a> near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">heat capacity</a> of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">chillers</a> in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a>. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portable_units">Portable units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portable units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner). </p><p>Hose systems, which can be <i>monoblock</i> or <i>air-to-air</i>, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The <i>monoblock</i> type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The <i>air-to-air</i> type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency. </p><p>Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Window_unit_and_packaged_terminal">Window unit and packaged terminal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Window unit and packaged terminal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A649,_University_Motor_Inn,_Schuylkill_River,_Philadelphia,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A649%2C_University_Motor_Inn%2C_Schuylkill_River%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2018.jpg/220px-A649%2C_University_Motor_Inn%2C_Schuylkill_River%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A649%2C_University_Motor_Inn%2C_Schuylkill_River%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2018.jpg/330px-A649%2C_University_Motor_Inn%2C_Schuylkill_River%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A649%2C_University_Motor_Inn%2C_Schuylkill_River%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2018.jpg/440px-A649%2C_University_Motor_Inn%2C_Schuylkill_River%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Through-the-wall PTAC units, University Motor Inn, Philadelphia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">packaged terminal air conditioner</a> (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a>. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaged_air_conditioner">Packaged air conditioner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Packaged air conditioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (<a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">rooftop units</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_compressors">Types of compressors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Types of compressors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compressor types </th> <th>Common applications </th> <th>Typical capacity </th> <th>Efficiency </th> <th>Durability </th> <th>Repairability </th></tr> <tr> <td>Reciprocating </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walk-in_freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk-in freezer">Walk-in freezer</a>, portable air conditioners </td> <td>small – large </td> <td>very low (small capacity) <p>medium (large capacity) </p> </td> <td>very low </td> <td>medium </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rotary vane </td> <td>Residential mini splits </td> <td>small </td> <td>low </td> <td>low </td> <td>easy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scroll </td> <td>Commercial and central systems, <a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">VRF</a> </td> <td>medium </td> <td>medium </td> <td>medium </td> <td>easy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rotary screw </td> <td>Commercial chiller </td> <td>medium – large </td> <td>medium </td> <td>medium </td> <td>hard </td></tr> <tr> <td>Centrifugal </td> <td>Commercial chiller </td> <td>very large </td> <td>medium </td> <td>high </td> <td>hard </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">Maglev</a> Centrifugal </td> <td>Commercial chiller </td> <td>very large </td> <td>high </td> <td>very high </td> <td>very hard </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reciprocating">Reciprocating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reciprocating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_compressor" title="Reciprocating compressor">Reciprocating compressor</a></div></dd></dl> <p>This compressor consists of a <a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">crankcase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piston_rod" title="Piston rod">piston rod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">piston ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a> and valves. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scroll">Scroll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scroll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></div></dd></dl> <p>This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screw">Screw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Screw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotary-screw_compressor" title="Rotary-screw compressor">Rotary-screw compressor</a></div> <p>This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capacity_modulation_technologies">Capacity modulation technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Capacity modulation technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and <a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">heating systems</a>. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, <a href="/wiki/Digital_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital modulation">mechanical modulation</a> (also called digital), and inverter technology. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hot_gas_bypass">Hot gas bypass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hot gas bypass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerant</a> mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manifold_configurations">Manifold configurations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Manifold configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanically_modulated_compressor">Mechanically modulated compressor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mechanically modulated compressor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a <a href="/wiki/Control_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Control valves">control valve</a>, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent <a href="/wiki/Turndown_ratio" title="Turndown ratio">turndown ratio</a> – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a> as the motor continuously runs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable-speed_compressor">Variable-speed compressor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Variable-speed compressor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></div></dd></dl> <p>This system uses a <a href="/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive" title="Variable-frequency drive">variable-frequency drive</a> (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Municipal_Subway_10_series_EMU_021.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Osaka_Municipal_Subway_10_series_EMU_021.JPG/220px-Osaka_Municipal_Subway_10_series_EMU_021.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Osaka_Municipal_Subway_10_series_EMU_021.JPG/330px-Osaka_Municipal_Subway_10_series_EMU_021.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Osaka_Municipal_Subway_10_series_EMU_021.JPG/440px-Osaka_Municipal_Subway_10_series_EMU_021.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Rooftop <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a> unit fitted on top of an <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Subway_10_series" title="Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series">Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series</a> <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">subway</a> carriage. Air conditioning has become increasingly prevalent on <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> vehicles as a form of <a href="/wiki/Climate_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate control">climate control</a>, and to ensure passenger comfort and drivers' <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational safety and health</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> due to excessive <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">electrolyte imbalance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, and other issues due to <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat waves</a> are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamarro2020_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamarro2020-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heatwave" title="2003 European heatwave">August 2003 France heatwave</a> resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">hypoallergenic</a> atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a></i>, the infectious agent responsible for <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a>. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against <a href="/wiki/Legionella" title="Legionella">Legionella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the summer <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.<sup id="cite_ref-Barreca_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barreca-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2018 report from the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:External_units_of_air_conditioners_in_Singapore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/External_units_of_air_conditioners_in_Singapore.jpg/220px-External_units_of_air_conditioners_in_Singapore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/External_units_of_air_conditioners_in_Singapore.jpg/330px-External_units_of_air_conditioners_in_Singapore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/External_units_of_air_conditioners_in_Singapore.jpg/440px-External_units_of_air_conditioners_in_Singapore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3909" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption>Air conditioner farm in the facade of a building in Singapore</figcaption></figure> <p>Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that with the progress currently seen, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</a> and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP2020_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2020-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon">hydrofluorocarbons</a>, better building <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a>, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP2020_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP2020-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, as several countries have not yet ratified the <a href="/wiki/Kigali_Amendment" title="Kigali Amendment">Kigali Amendment</a> to reduce the consumption and production of <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon">hydrofluorocarbons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">CFCs and HCFCs</a> <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane" title="Dichlorodifluoromethane">R-12</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethane" title="Chlorodifluoromethane">R-22</a>, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as <a href="/wiki/R-410A" title="R-410A">R-410A</a> and <a href="/wiki/R-404A" class="mw-redirect" title="R-404A">R-404A</a>, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoroolefin" title="Hydrofluoroolefin">HFO</a> refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the <a href="/wiki/Kigali_Amendment" title="Kigali Amendment">Kigali Amendment</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Kigali_Amendment" title="Kigali Amendment">Kigali Amendment</a>, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatives to continual air conditioning include <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">passive cooling</a>, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce <a href="/wiki/Solar_gain" title="Solar gain">solar gain</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_effects">Social effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Social effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a> groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which worsens heat-related mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Barreca_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barreca-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamarro2020_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamarro2020-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamarro2020_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamarro2020-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong,<sup id="cite_ref-Chan2012_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan2012-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China,<sup id="cite_ref-Chan2012_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan2012-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gronlund2014_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gronlund2014-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-Gronlund2014_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gronlund2014-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disparities in <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> and access to air conditioning are connected by some to <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutionalized racism</a>, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.<sup id="cite_ref-Gronlund2014_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gronlund2014-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in cities, Redlining creates <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">heat islands</a>, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Gronlund2014_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gronlund2014-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-Sampson2013_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sampson2013-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public <a href="/wiki/Cooling_center" title="Cooling center">cooling spaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2018_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sampson2013_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sampson2013-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_techniques">Other techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional <a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">HVAC</a> systems with lower energy demands.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> must be taken into account, complicating <a href="/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">building design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PDEC_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDEC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, <a href="/wiki/Convection_(heat_transfer)" title="Convection (heat transfer)">thermal convection</a>, and heat storage.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_ventilation">Passive ventilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Passive ventilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_ventilation&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthship-ventilation-cooling-tube-schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Earthship-ventilation-cooling-tube-schematic.svg/250px-Earthship-ventilation-cooling-tube-schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Earthship-ventilation-cooling-tube-schematic.svg/375px-Earthship-ventilation-cooling-tube-schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Earthship-ventilation-cooling-tube-schematic.svg/500px-Earthship-ventilation-cooling-tube-schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>The ventilation system of a regular <a href="/wiki/Earthship" title="Earthship">earthship</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Looney_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Looney_House.jpg/250px-John_Looney_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Looney_House.jpg/375px-John_Looney_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/John_Looney_House.jpg/500px-John_Looney_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dogtrot_house" title="Dogtrot house">Dogtrot houses</a> are designed to maximise natural ventilation.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roof_Turbine_Ventilator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roof_Turbine_Ventilator.jpg/250px-Roof_Turbine_Ventilator.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roof_Turbine_Ventilator.jpg/375px-Roof_Turbine_Ventilator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roof_Turbine_Ventilator.jpg/500px-Roof_Turbine_Ventilator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A roof turbine ventilator, colloquially known as a 'Whirly Bird' is an application of wind driven ventilation.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a> is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">mechanical systems</a>. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> differences arising from natural forces. </p><p>There are two types of natural <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> occurring in buildings: <i><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">wind driven ventilation</a></i> and <i>buoyancy-driven ventilation</i>. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.<sup id="cite_ref-Passive_ventilation_Linden_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passive_ventilation_Linden-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_cooling">Passive cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Passive cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_cooling&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg/220px-Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg/330px-Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg/440px-Wind-Tower-and-Qanat-Cooling-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Iranian solar cooling design using a <a href="/wiki/Wind_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind tower">wind tower</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a> is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor <a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">thermal comfort</a> with low or no energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Passive_cooling_santamouris_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passive_cooling_santamouris-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Passive_cooling_samuel_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passive_cooling_samuel-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">building envelope</a>), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.<sup id="cite_ref-Passive_cooling_niles_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passive_cooling_niles-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as <a href="/wiki/Thermal_reservoir" title="Thermal reservoir">heat sinks</a> (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil. </p> Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malqaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malqaf.svg/440px-Malqaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malqaf.svg/660px-Malqaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malqaf.svg/880px-Malqaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A pair of short <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">windcatchers</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">malqaf</i></span>) used in traditional architecture; wind is forced down on the <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> side and leaves on the <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> side (<i>cross-ventilation</i>). In the absence of wind, the circulation can be driven with evaporative cooling in the inlet (which is also designed to catch dust). In the center, a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shuksheika</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">roof lantern</a> vent), used to shade the <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">qa'a</a> below while allowing hot air rise out of it (<i><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">stack effect</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daytime_radiative_cooling">Daytime radiative cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Daytime radiative cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling_diagram.jpg/170px-Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling_diagram.jpg/255px-Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling_diagram.jpg/340px-Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces are high in solar reflectance and heat emittance, cooling with zero energy use or pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen-2022a_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2022a-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a> (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_window" title="Infrared window">infrared window</a> for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">solar heating</a> using <a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">photonic structures</a>, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in <a href="/wiki/Solar_reflectance" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar reflectance">solar reflectance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_emittance" title="Thermal emittance">thermal emittance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen-2022a_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2022a-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bijarniya-2020_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bijarniya-2020-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PDRC applications on building roofs and <a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">envelopes</a> have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bijarniya-2020_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bijarniya-2020-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">suburban</a> <a href="/wiki/Single_family_residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Single family residence">single-family residential areas</a>, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.<sup id="cite_ref-Mokharti-2022_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mokharti-2022-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang-2020_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-2020-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fans">Fans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Fans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ceiling_fan" title="Ceiling fan">Ceiling fan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">Hand fans</a> have existed since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Punkah" title="Punkah">punkah</a>. </p><p>The 2nd-century Chinese inventor <a href="/wiki/Ding_Huan" title="Ding Huan">Ding Huan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> invented a <a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">rotary fan</a> for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham-1991_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-1991-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99, 151, 233">: 99, 151, 233 </span></sup> In 747, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a> (r. 712–762) of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) had the Cool Hall (<i>Liang Dian</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">涼殿</span></span>) built in the imperial palace, which the <i>Tang Yulin</i> describes as having <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">water-powered</a> fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet streams</a> of water from fountains. During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham-1991_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-1991-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134, 151">: 134, 151 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_buffering">Thermal buffering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Thermal buffering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In areas that are <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">cold at night</a> or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.<sup id="cite_ref-shady_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shady-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in <a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">ice houses</a> for later use in cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-shady_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shady-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,<sup id="cite_ref-conquest_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conquest-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle <a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">icemakers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaporative_cooling">Evaporative cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Evaporative cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evaporative_cooler,_CO,_IMG_5681.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Evaporative_cooler%2C_CO%2C_IMG_5681.JPG/220px-Evaporative_cooler%2C_CO%2C_IMG_5681.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Evaporative_cooler%2C_CO%2C_IMG_5681.JPG/330px-Evaporative_cooler%2C_CO%2C_IMG_5681.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Evaporative_cooler%2C_CO%2C_IMG_5681.JPG/440px-Evaporative_cooler%2C_CO%2C_IMG_5681.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An evaporative cooler</figcaption></figure> <p>In dry, hot climates, the <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">evaporative cooling</a> effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom" title="Cleanroom">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_heater" title="Crankcase heater">Crankcase heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/air-con?topic=vents-and-ventilation">"Air Con"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503095434/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/air-con?topic=vents-and-ventilation">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Con&rft.pub=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fair-con%3Ftopic%3Dvents-and-ventilation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=440vAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Air+conditioning%22+can+be+achieved+using+a+mechanical+'air+conditioner'+or+by+other+methods,+including+passive+cooling+and+ventilative+cooling."><i>Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. A</i></a>. University Microfilms. 2005. p. 3600.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissertation+Abstracts+International%3A+The+humanities+and+social+sciences.+A&rft.pages=3600&rft.pub=University+Microfilms&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D440vAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Air%2Bconditioning%2522%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bachieved%2Busing%2Ba%2Bmechanical%2B%27air%2Bconditioner%27%2Bor%2Bby%2Bother%2Bmethods%2C%2Bincluding%2Bpassive%2Bcooling%2Band%2Bventilative%2Bcooling.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQJFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Air+conditioning%22+can+be+achieved+using+a+mechanical+'air+conditioner'+or+by+other+methods,+including+passive+cooling+and+ventilative+cooling."><i>1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals</i></a>. ASHRAE. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910110-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910110-97-6"><bdi>978-0-910110-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1993+ASHRAE+Handbook%3A+Fundamentals&rft.pub=ASHRAE&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-910110-97-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQJFAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Air%2Bconditioning%2522%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bachieved%2Busing%2Ba%2Bmechanical%2B%27air%2Bconditioner%27%2Bor%2Bby%2Bother%2Bmethods%2C%2Bincluding%2Bpassive%2Bcooling%2Band%2Bventilative%2Bcooling.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnteriaSawachiSaito2023" class="citation book cs1">Enteria, Napoleon; Sawachi, Takao; Saito, Kiyoshi (January 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRKrEAAAQBAJ&dq=Air+conditioning+is+a+member+of+a+family+of+systems+and+techniques+that+provide+heating,+ventilation,+and+air+conditioning+(HVAC).&pg=PA46"><i>Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems: Advances and Applications of VRF</i></a>. Springer Nature. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-6833-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-6833-4"><bdi>978-981-19-6833-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variable+Refrigerant+Flow+Systems%3A+Advances+and+Applications+of+VRF&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft.isbn=978-981-19-6833-4&rft.aulast=Enteria&rft.aufirst=Napoleon&rft.au=Sawachi%2C+Takao&rft.au=Saito%2C+Kiyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRKrEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAir%2Bconditioning%2Bis%2Ba%2Bmember%2Bof%2Ba%2Bfamily%2Bof%2Bsystems%2Band%2Btechniques%2Bthat%2Bprovide%2Bheating%2C%2Bventilation%2C%2Band%2Bair%2Bconditioning%2B%28HVAC%29.%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgencies1988" class="citation book cs1">Agencies, United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Dept of the Interior and Related (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hQdAAAAMAAJ&dq=Heat+pumps+are+similar+in+many+ways+to+air+conditioners&pg=PA629"><i>Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989: Testimony of public witnesses, energy programs, Institute of Museum Services, National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities</i></a>. 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Quebec City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513150322/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242550698_Designing_the_Malqaf_for_Summer_Cooling_in_Low-Rise_Housing_an_Experimental_Study">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Designing+the+Malqaf+for+Summer+Cooling+in+Low-Rise+Housing%2C+an+Experimental+Study&rft.place=Quebec+City&rft.date=2009-06-22%2F2009-06-24&rft.aulast=Attia&rft.aufirst=Shady&rft.au=Herde%2C+Andr%C3%A9+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F242550698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2014" class="citation web cs1">US EPA, OAR (October 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning-systems-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools">"Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools"</a>. <i>epa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191247/https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning-systems-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395938881" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395938881"><bdi>978-0395938881</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/421754998">421754998</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513150237/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8PvAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Winter+in+Summer&rft.btitle=Absolute+zero+and+the+conquest+of+cold&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F421754998&rft.isbn=978-0395938881&rft.aulast=Shachtman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fs%2Fshachtman-zero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorta1584" class="citation book cs1">Porta, Giambattista Della (1584). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/rbc/rbc0001/2009/2009pre23451/2009pre23451.pdf"><i>Magiae naturalis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/09023451">09023451</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513150230/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/rbc/rbc0001/2009/2009pre23451/2009pre23451.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>. <q>In our method I shall observe what our ancestors have said; then I shall show by my own experience, whether they be true or false</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magiae+naturalis&rft.place=London&rft.date=1584&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F09023451&rft.aulast=Porta&rft.aufirst=Giambattista+Della&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fservice%2Frbc%2Frbc0001%2F2009%2F2009pre23451%2F2009pre23451.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1974" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Leonard D. (October 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/pdf/thingsmagical.pdf">"Things Magical in the collections of the Rare Book and Special Collections Division"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Library of Congress Quarterly Journal</i>. <b>31</b>: 208–234. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324072531/https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/pdf/thingsmagical.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Quarterly+Journal&rft.atitle=Things+Magical+in+the+collections+of+the+Rare+Book+and+Special+Collections+Division&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=208-234&rft.date=1974-10&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Leonard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Frarebook%2Fpdf%2Fthingsmagical.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaszlo2001" class="citation book cs1">Laszlo, Pierre (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saltgrainoflife00laszrich"><i>Salt: Grain of Life</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saltgrainoflife00laszrich/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231121989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231121989"><bdi>978-0231121989</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/785781471">785781471</a>. <q>Cornelius Drebbel air conditioning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salt%3A+Grain+of+Life&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F785781471&rft.isbn=978-0231121989&rft.aulast=Laszlo&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaltgrainoflife00laszrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1758" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Franklin, Benjamin (June 17, 1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waughfamily.ca/Montgomery/benfranklin1758.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Letter to John Lining. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225102815/http://www.waughfamily.ca/Montgomery/benfranklin1758.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft.date=1758-06-17&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waughfamily.ca%2FMontgomery%2Fbenfranklin1758.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-2015-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green-2015_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green-2015_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green-2015_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green-2015_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Green, Amanda (January 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/a7951/history-of-air-conditioning/">"The Cool History of the Air Conditioner"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032417/https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/a7951/history-of-air-conditioning/">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=The+Cool+History+of+the+Air+Conditioner&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Fhome%2Fa7951%2Fhistory-of-air-conditioning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Gorrie">"John Gorrie"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. September 29, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313143440/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Gorrie">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Gorrie&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Gorrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorrie, John <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/0008080">"Improved process for the artificial production of ice"</a> U.S. Patent no. 8080 (Issued: May 6, 1851).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright2009-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright2009_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2009" class="citation book cs1">Wright, E. Lynne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqKU1t8Js4cC&pg=PA13"><i>It Happened in Florida: Remarkable Events That Shaped History</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0762761692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0762761692"><bdi>978-0762761692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Happened+in+Florida%3A+Remarkable+Events+That+Shaped+History&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0762761692&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=E.+Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqKU1t8Js4cC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adb-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adb_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce-Wallace1966" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bruce-Wallace, L. G. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/harrison-james-2165">"Harrison, James (1816–1893)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harrison%2C+James+%281816%E2%80%931893%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Bruce-Wallace&rft.aufirst=L.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fharrison-james-2165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalermo2014" class="citation web cs1">Palermo, Elizabeth (May 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/45268-who-invented-air-conditioning.html">"Who Invented Air Conditioning?"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116122721/https://www.livescience.com/45268-who-invented-air-conditioning.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+Air+Conditioning%3F&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.aulast=Palermo&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F45268-who-invented-air-conditioning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarrasi2011" class="citation web cs1">Varrasi, John (June 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/global-cooling-the-history-of-air-conditioning">"Global Cooling: The History of Air Conditioning"</a>. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223349/https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/global-cooling-the-history-of-air-conditioning">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Cooling%3A+The+History+of+Air+Conditioning&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.aulast=Varrasi&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asme.org%2Ftopics-resources%2Fcontent%2Fglobal-cooling-the-history-of-air-conditioning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimha2012" class="citation journal cs1">Simha, R. V. (February 2012). "Willis H Carrier". <i>Resonance</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 117–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12045-012-0014-y">10.1007/s12045-012-0014-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8044">0971-8044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116582893">116582893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resonance&rft.atitle=Willis+H+Carrier&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-138&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A116582893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0971-8044&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12045-012-0014-y&rft.aulast=Simha&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulledge_IIIKnight2016" class="citation web cs1">Gulledge III, Charles; Knight, Dennis (February 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbdg.org/design-disciplines/hvac-refrigerating-engineering">"Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, And Refrigerating Engineering"</a>. National Institute of Building Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420233536/https://www.wbdg.org/design-disciplines/hvac-refrigerating-engineering">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Though he did not actually invent air-conditioning nor did he take the first documented scientific approach to applying it, Willis Carrier is credited with integrating the scientific method, engineering, and business of this developing technology and creating the industry we know today as air-conditioning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heating%2C+Ventilating%2C+Air-Conditioning%2C+And+Refrigerating+Engineering&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Building+Sciences&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Gulledge+III&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Knight%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbdg.org%2Fdesign-disciplines%2Fhvac-refrigerating-engineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williscarrier.com/m/1876-1902.php">"Willis Carrier – 1876–1902"</a>. <i>Carrier Global</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227041543/http://www.williscarrier.com/m/1876-1902.php">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 8, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124002914/https://www.corporate.carrier.com/news/news-articles/carrier_reports_first_quarter_2020_earnings.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Cooling Station: Combining hydronic radiant cooling and daytime radiative cooling for urban shelters". <i>Applied Thermal Engineering</i>. <b>211</b>: 118493. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022AppTE.21118493M">2022AppTE.21118493M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2022.118493">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Thermal+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+Cooling+Station%3A+Combining+hydronic+radiant+cooling+and+daytime+radiative+cooling+for+urban+shelters&rft.volume=211&rft.pages=118493&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.applthermaleng.2022.118493&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022AppTE.21118493M&rft.aulast=Mokhtari&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft.au=Ulpiani%2C+Giulia&rft.au=Ghasempour%2C+Roghayeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang-2020-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yang-2020_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangZhang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Yuan; Zhang, Yifan (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fmre.2020.18">"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Principle, application, and economic analysis"</a>. <i>MRS Energy & Sustainability</i>. <b>7</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fmre.2020.18">10.1557/mre.2020.18</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MRS+Energy+%26+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Passive+daytime+radiative+cooling%3A+Principle%2C+application%2C+and+economic+analysis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1557%2Fmre.2020.18&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Yuan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yifan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1557%252Fmre.2020.18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirandaRenaldiKhoslaMcCulloch2021" class="citation journal cs1">Miranda, Nicole D.; Renaldi, Renaldi; Khosla, Radhika; McCulloch, Malcolm D. (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2266ea3e-4463-4554-9272-6a041888b60b">"Bibliometric analysis and landscape of actors in passive cooling research"</a>. <i>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</i>. <b>149</b>: 111406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021RSERv.14911406M">2021RSERv.14911406M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2021.111406">10.1016/j.rser.2021.111406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+and+Sustainable+Energy+Reviews&rft.atitle=Bibliometric+analysis+and+landscape+of+actors+in+passive+cooling+research&rft.volume=149&rft.pages=111406&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rser.2021.111406&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021RSERv.14911406M&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Nicole+D.&rft.au=Renaldi%2C+Renaldi&rft.au=Khosla%2C+Radhika&rft.au=McCulloch%2C+Malcolm+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A2266ea3e-4463-4554-9272-6a041888b60b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham-1991-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Needham-1991_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham-1991_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamWang1991" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling (1991). <i>Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521058032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521058032"><bdi>978-0521058032</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468144152">468144152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Volume+4%3A+Physics+and+Physical+Technology%2C+Part+2%2C+Mechanical+Engineering&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468144152&rft.isbn=978-0521058032&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe41vgAACAAJ"><i>Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities</i></a> (2nd ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1931956024" title="Special:BookSources/978-1931956024"><bdi>978-1931956024</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961899663">961899663</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129171612/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe41vgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mari+and+Karana%3A+Two+Old+Babylonian+Cities&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F961899663&rft.isbn=978-1931956024&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQe41vgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagengast1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nagengast, Bernard (February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/About/Mission%20and%20Vision/ASHRAE%20and%20Industry%20History/A-History-of-Comfort-Cooling-Using-Ice.pdf">"Comfort from a Block of Ice: A History of Comfort Cooling Using Ice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ASHRAE Journal</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-2491">0001-2491</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513150238/https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/About/Mission%20and%20Vision/ASHRAE%20and%20Industry%20History/A-History-of-Comfort-Cooling-Using-Ice.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASHRAE+Journal&rft.atitle=Comfort+from+a+Block+of+Ice%3A+A+History+of+Comfort+Cooling+Using+Ice&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1999-02&rft.issn=0001-2491&rft.aulast=Nagengast&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashrae.org%2FFile%2520Library%2FAbout%2FMission%2520and%2520Vision%2FASHRAE%2520and%2520Industry%2520History%2FA-History-of-Comfort-Cooling-Using-Ice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadori1978" class="citation journal cs1">Bahadori, Mehdi N. (February 1978). "Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>238</b> (2): 144–154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978SciAm.238b.144B">1978SciAm.238b.144B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FSCIENTIFICAMERICAN0278-144">10.1038/SCIENTIFICAMERICAN0278-144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Passive+Cooling+Systems+in+Iranian+Architecture&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-154&rft.date=1978-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FSCIENTIFICAMERICAN0278-144&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978SciAm.238b.144B&rft.aulast=Bahadori&rft.aufirst=Mehdi+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Shane (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Onv60-c6iEIC"><i>Greenhouse Gardener's Companion: Growing Food and Flowers in Your Greenhouse Or Sunspace</i></a>. Illustrated by Marjorie C. Leggitt (illustrated, revised ed.). Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555914509" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555914509"><bdi>978-1555914509</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905564174">905564174</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513150323/https://books.google.com/books?id=Onv60-c6iEIC">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenhouse+Gardener%27s+Companion%3A+Growing+Food+and+Flowers+in+Your+Greenhouse+Or+Sunspace&rft.place=Golden%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=62&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+revised&rft.pub=Fulcrum+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905564174&rft.isbn=978-1555914509&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOnv60-c6iEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+conditioning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Air_conditioners" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Air conditioners">Air conditioners</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cassette_air_conditioner" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Cassette air conditioner">Cassette air conditioner</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Refrigeration_and_air_conditioning" class="extiw" title="v:Refrigeration and air conditioning">Refrigeration and air conditioning</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US808897">U.S. patent 808,897</a></span> Carrier's original patent</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1172429">U.S. patent 1,172,429</a></span></li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2363294">U.S. patent 2,363,294</a></span></li> <li><i>Scientific American</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ok9AQAAIAAJ">Artificial Cold</a>", 28 August 1880, p. 138</li> <li><i>Scientific American</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIE9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA84">The Presidential Cold Air Machine</a>", 6 August 1881, p. 84</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Home_appliances" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_appliances" title="Template:Home appliances"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_appliances" title="Template talk:Home appliances"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_appliances" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home appliances"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Home_appliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliances</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ioniser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_grill" title="Barbecue grill">Barbecue grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blender" title="Blender">Blender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_blender" title="Immersion blender">Immersion blender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_machine" title="Bread machine">Bread machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_zapper" title="Bug zapper">Bug zapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Coffee percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washer-dryer" title="Washer-dryer">combo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_iron" title="Clothes iron">Clothes iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dish_drying_cabinet" title="Dish drying cabinet">drying cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_domestic_robots" title="Comparison of domestic robots">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_fryer" title="Deep fryer">Deep fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blanket" title="Electric blanket">Electric blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric drill">Electric drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kettle">Electric kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_knife" title="Electric knife">Electric knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_shaver" title="Electric shaver">Electric shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_toothbrush" title="Electric toothbrush">Electric toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilator" title="Epilator">Epilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processor" title="Food processor">Food processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladeless_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladeless fan">bladeless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling_fan" title="Ceiling fan">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_fan" title="Window fan">window</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_dryer" title="Hair dryer">Hair dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_iron" title="Hair iron">Hair iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_maker" title="Ice cream maker">Ice cream maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_cooking" title="Induction cooking">Induction cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicer" title="Juicer">Juicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_hood" title="Kitchen hood">Kitchen hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Kitchen stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry-folding_machine" title="Laundry-folding machine">Laundry-folding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">Lawn mower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riding_mower" title="Riding mower">Riding mower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_lawn_mower" title="Robotic lawn mower">Robotic lawn mower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_blower" title="Leaf blower">Leaf blower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(appliance)" title="Mixer (appliance)">Mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">Oven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convection_oven" title="Convection oven">Convection oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_iron" title="Pie iron">Pie iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisper_drawer" title="Crisper drawer">Crisper drawer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_refrigerator" title="Smart refrigerator">smart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cooker" title="Rice cooker">Rice cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">Sewing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">Television set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toaster" title="Toaster">Toaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">Vacuum cleaner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_vacuum_cleaner" title="Central vacuum cleaner">central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_vacuum_cleaner" title="Manual vacuum cleaner">manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">robotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_iron" title="Waffle iron">Waffle iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_plug" title="Appliance plug">Appliance plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliance recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roofs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roofs" title="Template:Roofs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roofs" title="Template talk:Roofs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roofs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roofs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roofs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roofs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_roof_shapes" title="List of roof shapes">Roof shapes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arched_roof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arched roof (page does not exist)">Arched roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_roof" title="Barrel roof">Barrel roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_roof" title="Board roof">Board roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochka_roof" title="Bochka roof">Bochka roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow roof">Bow roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_roof" title="Butterfly roof">Butterfly roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">Clerestory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_roof" title="Conical roof">Conical roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_roof" title="Flat roof">Flat roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable_roof" title="Gable roof">Gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gablet_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Gablet roof">Gablet roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrel" title="Gambrel">Gambrel roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-hipped_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-hipped roof">Half-hipped roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_roof" title="Hip roof">Hip roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansard_roof" title="Mansard roof">Mansard roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavilion roof">Pavilion roof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhombic_roof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhombic roof (page does not exist)">Rhombic roof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ridged_roof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ridged roof (page does not exist)">Ridged roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_roof" title="Saddle roof">Saddle roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw-tooth_roof" title="Saw-tooth roof">Sawtooth roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-pitched_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono-pitched roof">Shed roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tented_roof" title="Tented roof">Tented roof</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steekdak.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-gabled roof"><img alt="Cross-gabled roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steekdak.PNG/50px-Steekdak.PNG" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steekdak.PNG/75px-Steekdak.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steekdak.PNG/100px-Steekdak.PNG 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roof elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air conditioning unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_roof" title="Shed roof">Catslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_beam" title="Collar beam">Collar beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormer" title="Dormer">Dormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashing_(weatherproofing)" title="Flashing (weatherproofing)">Flashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">Gutter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging_beam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanging beam (page does not exist)">Hanging beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_vent" title="Ridge vent">Ridge vent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roof_batten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roof batten (page does not exist)">Roof batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof garden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roofline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roofline (page does not exist)">Roofline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roof_sheeting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roof sheeting (page does not exist)">Roof sheeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_tiles" title="Roof tiles">Roof tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Roof truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_window" title="Roof window">Roof window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soffit" title="Soffit">Soffit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">Solar panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_vane" title="Weather vane">Weathervane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_brace" title="Wind brace">Wind brace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_systems" title="Template talk:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analogue electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic_capture" title="Schematic capture">Schematic capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_management_(electronics)" title="Thermal management (electronics)">Thermal management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s in computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectronics" title="Bioelectronics">Bioelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies#Electronics" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_of_electronic_components" title="Failure of electronic components">Failure of electronic components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-power_electronics" title="Low-power electronics">Low-power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">Molecular electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezotronics" title="Piezotronics">Piezotronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Home robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">Home theater PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Networking hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heating" title="Tankless water heating">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">Automotive electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">e-health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">Major appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_appliance" title="Small appliance">Small appliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">Marine electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electronics" title="Nuclear electronics">Nuclear electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">Radio navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">Terahertz technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a> Communications</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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