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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Parts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Outer layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Insulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Drainage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drainage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_roofs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_roofs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Solar roofs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_roofs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_roof_shapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_roof_shapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery of roof shapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_roof_shapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_significant_roofs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_significant_roofs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery of significant roofs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_significant_roofs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roof</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89" title="سطح مبنى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سطح مبنى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellau" title="Tellau – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tellau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܐܓܪܐ ܕܒܢܝܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܓܪܐ ܕܒܢܝܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citii" title="Citii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Citii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam" title="Dam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raab" title="Raab – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Raab" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ছাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%B9-t%C3%A9ng" title="Chhù-téng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhù-téng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дах – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atop" title="Atop – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Atop" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Покрив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Покрив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toenn" title="Toenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Toenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coberta_(arquitectura)" title="Coberta (arquitectura) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coberta (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Тăрă (архитектура) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăрă (архитектура)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99echa" title="Střecha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Střecha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denga_remba" title="Denga remba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Denga remba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag" title="Tag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dach" title="Dach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B" title="ཁྱིམ་ཐོག་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཁྱིམ་ཐོག་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katus" title="Katus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B7" title="Στέγη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στέγη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8%C7%B5" title="Tèǵ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tèǵ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubierta_(construcci%C3%B3n)" title="Cubierta (construcción) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cubierta (construcción)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegmento" title="Tegmento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tegmento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilatu" title="Teilatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teilatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toit" title="Toit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dak" title="Dak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADon" title="Díon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Díon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuberta" title="Cuberta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cuberta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%B6%95" title="지붕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지붕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Տանիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տանիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4" title="छत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99%C4%9Bcha" title="Třěcha – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Třěcha" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krov" title="Krov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekto" title="Tekto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tekto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atap" title="Atap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eak" title="Þak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetto" title="Tetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%92" title="גג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendh%C3%A8ng" title="Gendhèng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gendhèng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಚಾವಣಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾವಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paa" title="Paa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twati" title="Twati – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Twati" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectum" title="Tectum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tectum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumts" title="Jumts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jumts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daach" title="Daach – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Daach" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stogas" title="Stogas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stogas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teto" title="Teto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Teto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecc" title="Tecc – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tecc" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C5%91" title="Tető – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tető" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Кров – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кров" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbung" title="Bumbung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bumbung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dak" title="Dak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="छाना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="छाना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E6%A0%B9" title="屋根 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="屋根" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Беда – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Беда" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak" title="Tak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak" title="Tak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teit" title="Teit – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Teit" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom" title="Tom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਛੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਛੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="چھت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چھت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dach" title="Dach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telhado" title="Telhado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telhado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoperi%C8%99" title="Acoperiș – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acoperiș" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasi_qata" title="Wasi qata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wasi qata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Крыша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крыша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BF%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Түптүр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түптүр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/badahung" title="badahung – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="badahung" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruif" title="Ruif – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ruif" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atia" title="Çatia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çatia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettu" title="Tettu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tettu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof" title="Roof – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roof" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%87%D8%AA" title="ڇت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڇت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strecha" title="Strecha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Strecha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streha" title="Streha – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Streha" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Кров – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кров" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krov" title="Krov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hateup" title="Hateup – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hateup" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katto" title="Katto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttertak" title="Yttertak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yttertak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubong" title="Bubong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bubong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="கூரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B1%D3%99_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Түбә (архитектура) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Түбә (архитектура)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81" title="పైకప్పు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పైకప్పు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="หลังคา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลังคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бом – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87at%C4%B1" title="Çatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1kup_(nyuo)" title="A̱kup (nyuo) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱kup (nyuo)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1i_nh%C3%A0" title="Mái nhà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mái nhà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katus" title="Katus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Katus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toet" title="Toet – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Toet" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E9%A1%B6" title="屋顶 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="屋顶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r%C3%B9l%C3%A9" title="Òrùlé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òrùlé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E9%A0%82" title="屋頂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="屋頂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuogs" title="Stuogs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stuogs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E9%A1%B6" title="屋顶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="屋顶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atap" title="Atap – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Atap" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83180#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Top covering of a building</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rooftop" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rooftop (disambiguation)">Rooftop (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roof_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roof (disambiguation)">Roof (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roof" title="Special:EditPage/Roof">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Roof%22">"Roof"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Roof%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Roof%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Roof%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Roof%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Roof%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>roof</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>roofs</b> or <b>rooves</b>) is the top covering of a <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a>, including all materials and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights, providing protection against <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, extremes of <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A roof is part of the <a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">building envelope</a>. </p><p>The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> and wider concepts of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural design">architectural design</a> and practice, and may also be governed by local or national <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>. In most countries, a roof protects primarily against rain. A <a href="/wiki/Verandah" class="mw-redirect" title="Verandah">verandah</a> may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of a <a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">garden conservatory</a> protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light. </p><p>A roof may also provide additional living space, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">roof garden</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hrof</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'roof, <a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">ceiling</a>, top, summit; heaven, sky', also figuratively, 'highest point of something', from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">khrofam</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">roef</i></span> 'deckhouse, cabin, coffin-lid', <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">rof</i></span> 'penthouse', Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hrof</i></span> 'boat shed'). There are no apparent connections outside the Germanic family. "English alone has retained the word in a general sense, for which the other languages use forms corresponding to OE. <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þæc</i></span> thatch".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_elements">Design elements</h2></div> <p>The elements in the design of a roof are: </p> <ul><li>the material</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_roof_construction" title="Domestic roof construction">construction</a></li> <li>the durability</li></ul> <p>The <b>material</b> of a roof may range from <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> leaves, wheaten <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a> to <a href="/wiki/Architectural_glass" title="Architectural glass">laminated glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <i>(see: <a href="/wiki/Copper_in_architecture#Roofing" title="Copper in architecture">copper roofing</a>)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> sheeting and <a href="/wiki/Pre-cast_concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-cast concrete">pre-cast concrete</a>. In many parts of the world <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roof_tiles" title="Roof tiles">roof tiles</a> have been the predominant roofing material for centuries, if not millennia. Other roofing materials include <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar pitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/EPDM_rubber" title="EPDM rubber">EPDM rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypalon" title="Hypalon">Hypalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_polyurethane_applications" title="List of polyurethane applications">polyurethane foam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Teflon fabric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic_olefin" title="Thermoplastic olefin">TPO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">wood shakes and shingles</a>. </p><p>The <b>construction</b> of a roof is determined by its method of support and how the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the roof is <i>pitched</i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Roof_pitch" title="Roof pitch">pitch</a></i> is the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest to its highest point. Most US <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">domestic architecture</a>, except in very dry regions, has roofs that are sloped, or <i>pitched</i>. Although modern construction elements such as drainpipes may remove the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of tradition and aesthetics. So the pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, and partially to do with practicalities. </p><p>Some types of roofing, for example <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatch</a>, require a steep pitch in order to be waterproof and durable. Other types of roofing, for example <a href="/wiki/Pantile_(roof_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantile (roof material)">pantiles</a>, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In regions where there is little rain, an almost flat roof with a slight run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes also remove the need for a sloping roof. </p><p>A person that specializes in roof construction is called a <a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">roofer</a>. </p><p>The <b>durability</b> of a roof is a matter of concern because the roof is often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or destruction can have serious effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roof_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Roof_diagram.jpg/250px-Roof_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Roof_diagram.jpg/375px-Roof_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Roof_diagram.jpg/500px-Roof_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Terminology of some parts of a Western roof</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_roof_shapes" title="List of roof shapes">List of roof shapes</a></div> <p>The <b>shape of roofs</b> differs greatly from region to region. The main factors which influence the shape of roofs are the climate and the materials available for roof structure and the outer covering.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic shapes of roofs are <a href="/wiki/Flat_roof" title="Flat roof">flat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mono-pitched_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono-pitched roof">mono-pitched</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gabled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansard_roof" title="Mansard roof">mansard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_roof" title="Hip roof">hipped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_roof" title="Butterfly roof">butterfly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arched</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domed</a>. There are many variations on these types. Roofs constructed of flat sections that are sloped are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pitched_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitched roof">pitched roofs</a> (generally if the angle exceeds 10 degrees).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitched roofs, including gabled, hipped and skillion roofs, make up the greatest number of domestic roofs. Some roofs follow organic shapes, either by architectural design or because a flexible material such as thatch has been used in the construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts">Parts</h2></div> <p>There are two parts to a roof: its supporting structure and its outer skin, or uppermost weatherproof layer. In a minority of buildings, the outer layer is also a self-supporting structure. </p><p>The roof structure is generally supported upon walls, although some building styles, for example, <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">geodesic</a> and <a href="/wiki/A-frame_house" class="mw-redirect" title="A-frame house">A-frame</a>, blur the distinction between wall and roof. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_roof_construction" title="Domestic roof construction">Domestic roof construction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linkopings_stadsbibliotek_roof2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Linkopings_stadsbibliotek_roof2.jpg/220px-Linkopings_stadsbibliotek_roof2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Linkopings_stadsbibliotek_roof2.jpg/330px-Linkopings_stadsbibliotek_roof2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Linkopings_stadsbibliotek_roof2.jpg/440px-Linkopings_stadsbibliotek_roof2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>The roof of a library in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tak_-_Ystad-2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tak_-_Ystad-2022.jpg/220px-Tak_-_Ystad-2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tak_-_Ystad-2022.jpg/330px-Tak_-_Ystad-2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tak_-_Ystad-2022.jpg/440px-Tak_-_Ystad-2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Roofs in the central district of <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a> 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>The supporting structure of a roof usually comprises beams that are long and of strong, fairly rigid material such as <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, and since the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. In countries that use <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> extensively, the flexibility of the material causes a distinctive curving line to the roof, characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Oriental architecture</a>. </p><p>Timber lends itself to a great variety of roof shapes. The timber structure can fulfil an aesthetic as well as practical function, when left exposed to view. </p><p>Stone <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">lintels</a> have been used to support roofs since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric times</a>, but cannot bridge large distances. The stone arch came into extensive use in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> period and in variant forms could be used to span spaces up to 45 m (140 ft) across. The stone arch or <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vault</a>, with or without ribs, dominated the roof structures of major architectural works for about 2,000 years, only giving way to iron beams with the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the designing of such buildings as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paxton" title="Joseph Paxton">Paxton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace</a>, completed 1851. </p><p>With continual improvements in <a href="/wiki/Steel_girder" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel girder">steel girders</a>, these became the major structural support for large roofs, and eventually for ordinary houses as well. Another form of <a href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girder</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> beam, in which metal rods are encased in concrete, giving it greater strength under <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a>. </p><p>Roof support can also serve as living spaces as can be seen in roof decking. Roof decking are spaces within the roof structure that is converted into a room of some sort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_layer">Outer layer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_available_roofing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commercially available roofing material">List of commercially available roofing material</a></div> <p>This part of the roof shows great variation dependent upon availability of material. In <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a>, roofing material is often vegetation, such as <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatches</a>, the most durable being <a href="/wiki/Sea_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea grass">sea grass</a> with a life of perhaps 40 years. In many Asian countries bamboo is used both for the supporting structure and the outer layer where split bamboo stems are laid turned alternately and overlapped. In areas with an abundance of timber, wooden <a href="/wiki/Roof_shingle" title="Roof shingle">shingles</a>, shakes and <a href="/wiki/Board_roof" title="Board roof">boards</a> are used, while in some countries the <a href="/wiki/Birch-bark_roof" title="Birch-bark roof">bark</a> of certain trees can be peeled off in thick, heavy sheets and used for roofing. </p><p>The 20th century saw the manufacture of composition <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_shingle" title="Asphalt shingle">asphalt shingles</a> which can last from a thin 20-year shingle to the thickest which are limited lifetime shingles, the cost depending on the thickness and durability of the shingle. When a layer of shingles wears out, they are usually stripped, along with the underlay and roofing nails, allowing a new layer to be installed. An alternative method is to install another layer directly over the worn layer. While this method is faster, it does not allow the roof sheathing to be inspected and water damage, often associated with worn shingles, to be repaired. Having multiple layers of old shingles under a new layer causes roofing nails to be located further from the sheathing, weakening their hold. The greatest concern with this method is that the weight of the extra material could exceed the dead load capacity of the roof structure and cause collapse. Because of this, jurisdictions which use the <a href="/wiki/International_Building_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Building Code">International Building Code</a> prohibit the installation of new roofing on top of an existing roof that has two or more applications of any type of roof covering; the existing roofing material must be removed before installing a new roof.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a> is an ideal, and durable material, while in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a> roofs are made from huge slabs of stone, several inches thick. The slate roof is often considered the best type of roofing. A slate roof may last 75 to 150 years, and even longer. However, slate roofs are often expensive to install – in the US, for example, a slate roof may have the same cost as the rest of the house. Often, the first part of a slate roof to fail is the fixing nails; they corrode, allowing the slates to slip. In the UK, this condition is known as "nail sickness". Because of this problem, fixing nails made of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> are recommended, and even these must be protected from the weather.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a>, usually in bonded corrugated panels, has been used widely in the 20th century as an inexpensive, non-flammable roofing material with excellent insulating properties. <a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asbestos_and_the_law" title="Asbestos and the law">legal issues</a> involved in the mining and handling of asbestos products means that it is no longer used as a new roofing material. However, many asbestos roofs continue to exist, particularly in South America and Asia. </p><p>Roofs made of cut turf (modern ones known as <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roofs</a>, traditional ones as <a href="/wiki/Sod_roof" title="Sod roof">sod roofs</a>) have good insulating properties and are increasingly encouraged as a way of "greening" the Earth. The soil and vegetation function as living insulation, moderating building temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adobe roofs are roofs of clay, mixed with binding material such as straw or animal hair, and plastered on lathes to form a flat or gently sloped roof, usually in areas of low rainfall. </p><p>In areas where clay is plentiful, roofs of baked <a href="/wiki/Roof_tiles" title="Roof tiles">tiles</a> have been the major form of roofing. The casting and firing of roof tiles is an industry that is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">brickworks</a>. While the shape and colour of tiles was once regionally distinctive, now tiles of many shapes and colours are produced commercially, to suit the taste and pocketbook of the purchaser. Concrete roof tiles are also a common choice, being available in many different styles and shapes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Architectural_metals" title="Architectural metals">Sheet metal</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> has also been used for many hundreds of years. Both are expensive but durable, the vast copper roof of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, oxidised to a pale green colour, having been in place for hundreds of years. Lead, which is sometimes used for church roofs, was most commonly used as <a href="/wiki/Flashing_(weatherproofing)" title="Flashing (weatherproofing)">flashing</a> in valleys and around chimneys on domestic roofs, particularly those of slate. Copper was used for the same purpose. </p><p>In the 19th century, iron, electroplated with <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> to improve its resistance to rust, became a light-weight, easily transported, waterproofing material. Its low cost and easy application made it the most accessible commercial roofing, worldwide. Since then, many types of <a href="/wiki/Metal_roof" title="Metal roof">metal roofing</a> have been developed. Steel shingle or standing-seam roofs last about 50 years or more depending on both the method of installation and the moisture barrier (underlayment) used and are between the cost of shingle roofs and slate roofs. In the 20th century, a large number of roofing materials were developed, including roofs based on bitumen (already used in previous centuries), on rubber and on a range of synthetics such as <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Outer layer</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Elms_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Slate, Jersey"><img alt="Slate, Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_Elms_Jersey.jpg/259px-The_Elms_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_Elms_Jersey.jpg/388px-The_Elms_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_Elms_Jersey.jpg/518px-The_Elms_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1075" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Slate, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miskolc_omassa_peasant_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracotta tiles, Hungary"><img alt="Terracotta tiles, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Miskolc_omassa_peasant_house.jpg/241px-Miskolc_omassa_peasant_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Miskolc_omassa_peasant_house.jpg/361px-Miskolc_omassa_peasant_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Miskolc_omassa_peasant_house.jpg/481px-Miskolc_omassa_peasant_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terracotta tiles, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niigata_NCM_Peasant_Rice_Farmers_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thatch, using rice straw, Japan"><img alt="Thatch, using rice straw, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Niigata_NCM_Peasant_Rice_Farmers_House.jpg/265px-Niigata_NCM_Peasant_Rice_Farmers_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Niigata_NCM_Peasant_Rice_Farmers_House.jpg/398px-Niigata_NCM_Peasant_Rice_Farmers_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Niigata_NCM_Peasant_Rice_Farmers_House.jpg/531px-Niigata_NCM_Peasant_Rice_Farmers_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thatch, using rice straw, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Njem_house_in_Cameroon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banana leaves, Cameroon"><img alt="Banana leaves, Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Njem_house_in_Cameroon.jpg/252px-Njem_house_in_Cameroon.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Njem_house_in_Cameroon.jpg/377px-Njem_house_in_Cameroon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Njem_house_in_Cameroon.jpg/503px-Njem_house_in_Cameroon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banana leaves, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neot_smadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Date palm branches, Neot Semadar, Israel"><img alt="Date palm branches, Neot Semadar, Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Neot_smadar.jpg/320px-Neot_smadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Neot_smadar.jpg/479px-Neot_smadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Neot_smadar.jpg/639px-Neot_smadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a> branches, <a href="/wiki/Neot_Semadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Neot Semadar">Neot Semadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minenverwalter_Kolmannskuppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metal sheeting, Namibia"><img alt="Metal sheeting, Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Minenverwalter_Kolmannskuppe.jpg/240px-Minenverwalter_Kolmannskuppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Minenverwalter_Kolmannskuppe.jpg/360px-Minenverwalter_Kolmannskuppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Minenverwalter_Kolmannskuppe.jpg/480px-Minenverwalter_Kolmannskuppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metal sheeting, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Repairing thatch, Gassho-zukuri farmhouse, Japan"><img alt="Repairing thatch, Gassho-zukuri farmhouse, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg/248px-Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg/372px-Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg/496px-Gassho-zukuri_farmhouse-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1881" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Repairing thatch, Gassho-zukuri farmhouse, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_Roofing_House_-_Palchan_-_Kullu_2014-05-10_2507.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone used as roofing material in Himachal Pradesh, India"><img alt="Stone used as roofing material in Himachal Pradesh, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stone_Roofing_House_-_Palchan_-_Kullu_2014-05-10_2507.JPG/271px-Stone_Roofing_House_-_Palchan_-_Kullu_2014-05-10_2507.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stone_Roofing_House_-_Palchan_-_Kullu_2014-05-10_2507.JPG/406px-Stone_Roofing_House_-_Palchan_-_Kullu_2014-05-10_2507.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stone_Roofing_House_-_Palchan_-_Kullu_2014-05-10_2507.JPG/542px-Stone_Roofing_House_-_Palchan_-_Kullu_2014-05-10_2507.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5420" data-file-height="3603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone used as roofing material in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Roof_in_Norway.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Turf roof in Norway"><img alt="Turf roof in Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Green_Roof_in_Norway.png/240px-Green_Roof_in_Norway.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Green_Roof_in_Norway.png/359px-Green_Roof_in_Norway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Green_Roof_in_Norway.png/479px-Green_Roof_in_Norway.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turf roof in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2></div> <p>A roof assembly has more than one function. It may provide any or all of the following functions:<br /> 1. To shed water i.e., prevent water from standing on the roof surface. Water standing on the roof surface increases the live load on the roof structure, which is a safety issue. Standing water also contributes to premature deterioration of most roofing materials. Some roofing manufacturers' warranties are rendered void due to standing water.<br /> 2. To protect the building interior from the effects of weather elements such as rain, wind, sun, heat and snow.<br /> 3. To provide thermal insulation. Most modern commercial/industrial roof assemblies incorporate insulation boards or batt insulation. In most cases, the International Building Code and International Residential Code establish the minimum R-value required within the roof assembly.<br /> 4. To perform for the expected service life. All standard roofing materials have established histories of their respective longevity, based on anecdotal evidence. Most roof materials will last long after the manufacturer's warranty has expired, given adequate ongoing maintenance, and absent storm damage. Metal and tile roofs may last fifty years or more. Asphalt shingles may last 30–50 years. Coal tar built-up roofs may last forty or more years. Single-ply roofs may last twenty or more years.<br /> 5. Provide a desired, unblemished appearance. Some roofs are selected not only for the above functions, but also for aesthetics, similar to wall cladding. Premium prices are often paid for certain systems because of their attractive appearance and "curb appeal." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insulation">Insulation</h3></div> <p>Because the purpose of a roof is to secure people and their possessions from climatic elements, the insulating properties of a roof are a consideration in its structure and the choice of roofing material. </p><p>Some roofing materials, particularly those of natural fibrous material, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For those that do not, extra <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a> is often installed under the outer layer. In developed countries, the majority of dwellings have a <a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">ceiling</a> installed under the structural members of the roof. The purpose of a ceiling is to insulate against heat and cold, noise, dirt and often from the droppings and lice of birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places. </p><p>Concrete tiles can be used as insulation. When installed leaving a space between the tiles and the roof surface, it can reduce heating caused by the sun. </p><p>Forms of insulation are felt or plastic sheeting, sometimes with a reflective surface, installed directly below the tiles or other material; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities. <a href="/wiki/Cool_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool roof">Cool roofs</a> are becoming increasingly popular,<sup id="cite_ref-10.3390/su13094665_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3390/su13094665-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are defined as roofs with both high <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> and high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_emittance" title="Thermal emittance">thermal emittance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10.3390/su13094665_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.3390/su13094665-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poorly insulated and ventilated roofing can suffer from problems such as the formation of <a href="/wiki/Ice_dam_(roof)" title="Ice dam (roof)">ice dams</a> around the overhanging eaves in cold weather, causing water from melted snow on upper parts of the roof to penetrate the roofing material. Ice dams occur when heat escapes through the uppermost part of the roof, and the snow at those points melts, refreezing as it drips along the shingles, and collecting in the form of ice at the lower points. This can result in structural damage from stress, including the destruction of gutter and drainage systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drainage">Drainage</h3></div> <p>The primary job of most roofs is to keep out water. The large area of a roof repels a lot of water, which must be directed in some suitable way, so that it does not cause damage or inconvenience. </p><p>Flat roof of adobe dwellings generally have a very slight slope. In a Middle Eastern country, where the roof may be used for recreation, it is often walled, and drainage holes must be provided to stop water from pooling and seeping through the porous roofing material. </p><p>While flat roofs are more prone to drainage issues, poorly designed or textured sloping roofs can face similar problems.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standing water on a roof can lead to <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mold</a> growth, which is highly damaging to both the building’s structure and the health of its occupants. Repairing drainage issues is significantly less costly than fixing the damage caused by <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar problems, although on a very much larger scale, confront the builders of modern commercial properties which often have flat roofs. Because of the very large nature of such roofs, it is essential that the outer skin be of a highly impermeable material. Most industrial and commercial structures have conventional roofs of low pitch. </p><p>In general, the pitch of the roof is proportional to the amount of precipitation. Houses in areas of low rainfall frequently have roofs of low pitch while those in areas of high rainfall and snow, have steep roofs. The <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, for example, being roof-dominated architecture, the high roofs sweeping almost to the ground. The high steeply-pitched roofs of Germany and Holland are typical in regions of snowfall. In parts of North America such as <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, United States, or <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada, there is a required minimum slope of 6 in 12 (1:2, a pitch of 30°). </p><p>There are regional building styles which contradict this trend, the stone roofs of the Alpine chalets being usually of gentler incline. These buildings tend to accumulate a large amount of snow on them, which is seen as a factor in their insulation. The pitch of the roof is in part determined by the roofing material available, a pitch of 3 in 12 (1:4) or greater slope generally being covered with asphalt shingles, wood shake, corrugated steel, slate or tile. </p><p>The water repelled by the roof during a rainstorm is potentially damaging to the building that the roof protects. If it runs down the walls, it may seep into the mortar or through panels. If it lies around the foundations it may cause seepage to the interior, <a href="/wiki/Rising_damp_(structural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising damp (structural)">rising damp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dry_rot" title="Dry rot">dry rot</a>. For this reason most buildings have a system in place to protect the walls of a building from most of the roof water. Overhanging <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">eaves</a> are commonly employed for this purpose. Most modern roofs and many old ones have systems of valleys, gutters, waterspouts, waterheads and <a href="/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">drainpipes</a> to remove the water from the vicinity of the building. In many parts of the world, roofwater is collected and stored for domestic use. </p><p>Areas prone to heavy snow benefit from a metal roof because their smooth surfaces shed the weight of snow more easily and resist the force of wind better than a wood shingle or a concrete tile roof. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Insulation, drainage and solar roofing</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_on_the_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Snow on the roofs of houses in Poland"><img alt="Snow on the roofs of houses in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Snow_on_the_roof.jpg/240px-Snow_on_the_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Snow_on_the_roof.jpg/360px-Snow_on_the_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Snow_on_the_roof.jpg/480px-Snow_on_the_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> on the roofs of houses in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashdod_2005,_rooftop_view_p2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The flat roofs of the Middle East, Israel"><img alt="The flat roofs of the Middle East, Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ashdod_2005%2C_rooftop_view_p2.JPG/243px-Ashdod_2005%2C_rooftop_view_p2.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ashdod_2005%2C_rooftop_view_p2.JPG/365px-Ashdod_2005%2C_rooftop_view_p2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ashdod_2005%2C_rooftop_view_p2.JPG/486px-Ashdod_2005%2C_rooftop_view_p2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1653" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The flat roofs of the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakriborg,_juni_2005_x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steeply pitched, gabled roofs in Northern Europe"><img alt="Steeply pitched, gabled roofs in Northern Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jakriborg%2C_juni_2005_x.jpg/240px-Jakriborg%2C_juni_2005_x.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jakriborg%2C_juni_2005_x.jpg/360px-Jakriborg%2C_juni_2005_x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jakriborg%2C_juni_2005_x.jpg/480px-Jakriborg%2C_juni_2005_x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Steeply pitched, gabled roofs in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%9B%AA%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The overhanging eaves of China"><img alt="The overhanging eaves of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%E9%9B%AA%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E_7.jpg/268px-%E9%9B%AA%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%E9%9B%AA%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E_7.jpg/403px-%E9%9B%AA%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%E9%9B%AA%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E_7.jpg/537px-%E9%9B%AA%E4%B8%AD%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The overhanging eaves of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PA120016.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Green roof with solar panels, Findhorn, Scotland"><img alt="Green roof with solar panels, Findhorn, Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PA120016.JPG/240px-PA120016.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PA120016.JPG/360px-PA120016.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PA120016.JPG/480px-PA120016.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a> with solar panels, <a href="/wiki/Findhorn" title="Findhorn">Findhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_roofs">Solar roofs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roof" title="Special:EditPage/Roof">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Newer systems include <a href="/wiki/Solar_shingle" title="Solar shingle">solar shingles</a> which generate <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> as well as cover the roof. There are also solar systems available that generate hot water or hot air and which can also act as a roof covering. More complex systems may carry out all of these functions: generate electricity, recover thermal energy, and also act as a roof covering. </p><p>Solar systems can be integrated with roofs by: </p> <dl><dd>integration in the covering of pitched roofs, e.g. solar shingles,</dd> <dd>mounting on an existing roof, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">solar panel</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> roof,</dd> <dd>integration in a flat roof membrane using heat welding (e.g. PVC) or</dd> <dd>mounting on a flat roof with a construction and additional weight to prevent uplift from wind.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_roof_shapes">Gallery of roof shapes</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Roof shapes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_roofs_of_Toji-ji,_Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five roofs of Toji-ji, Kyoto"><img alt="Five roofs of Toji-ji, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Five_roofs_of_Toji-ji%2C_Kyoto.jpg/135px-Five_roofs_of_Toji-ji%2C_Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Five_roofs_of_Toji-ji%2C_Kyoto.jpg/202px-Five_roofs_of_Toji-ji%2C_Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Five_roofs_of_Toji-ji%2C_Kyoto.jpg/270px-Five_roofs_of_Toji-ji%2C_Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Five roofs of Toji-ji, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pitched roof with decorated gable, Chiang Mai, Thailand"><img alt="Pitched roof with decorated gable, Chiang Mai, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Thai-roof.jpg/240px-Thai-roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Thai-roof.jpg/360px-Thai-roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Thai-roof.jpg/480px-Thai-roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pitched roof with decorated gable, Chiang Mai, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valsta_s%C3%A4teri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Säteri roof (with vertical break in pitch), Sweden"><img alt="Säteri roof (with vertical break in pitch), Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Valsta_s%C3%A4teri.jpg/265px-Valsta_s%C3%A4teri.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Valsta_s%C3%A4teri.jpg/397px-Valsta_s%C3%A4teri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Valsta_s%C3%A4teri.jpg/529px-Valsta_s%C3%A4teri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="2239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Säteri roof (with vertical break in pitch), Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount-gilead-ohio-jail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mansard roof, county jail, Mount Gilead, Ohio"><img alt="Mansard roof, county jail, Mount Gilead, Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mount-gilead-ohio-jail.jpg/232px-Mount-gilead-ohio-jail.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mount-gilead-ohio-jail.jpg/348px-Mount-gilead-ohio-jail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mount-gilead-ohio-jail.jpg/464px-Mount-gilead-ohio-jail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1941" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mansard roof, county jail, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilead,_Ohio" title="Mount Gilead, Ohio">Mount Gilead, Ohio</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Taiwan_Science_Education_Center_Chinese_Roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Conical roof, Nanhai Academy in Taipei"><img alt="Conical roof, Nanhai Academy in Taipei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/National_Taiwan_Science_Education_Center_Chinese_Roof.jpg/238px-National_Taiwan_Science_Education_Center_Chinese_Roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/National_Taiwan_Science_Education_Center_Chinese_Roof.jpg/357px-National_Taiwan_Science_Education_Center_Chinese_Roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/National_Taiwan_Science_Education_Center_Chinese_Roof.jpg/475px-National_Taiwan_Science_Education_Center_Chinese_Roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Conical_roof" title="Conical roof">Conical roof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanhai_Academy" title="Nanhai Academy">Nanhai Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concrete_roof_insulation_in_Haikou,_Hainan,_China_-_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Flat roofs, Haikou City, Hainan, China"><img alt="Flat roofs, Haikou City, Hainan, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Concrete_roof_insulation_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_-_04.JPG/178px-Concrete_roof_insulation_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_-_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Concrete_roof_insulation_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_-_04.JPG/267px-Concrete_roof_insulation_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_-_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Concrete_roof_insulation_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_-_04.JPG/356px-Concrete_roof_insulation_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_-_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="2864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flat roofs, <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a> City, Hainan, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandurah_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sloped flat roof, house, Western Australia"><img alt="Sloped flat roof, house, Western Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mandurah_house.jpg/253px-Mandurah_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mandurah_house.jpg/379px-Mandurah_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mandurah_house.jpg/505px-Mandurah_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sloped flat roof, house, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Krisel_butterfly_roof_home_in_Paradise_Palms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Butterfly roof in Paradise Palms in the southwestern United States"><img alt="Butterfly roof in Paradise Palms in the southwestern United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/William_Krisel_butterfly_roof_home_in_Paradise_Palms.jpg/240px-William_Krisel_butterfly_roof_home_in_Paradise_Palms.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/William_Krisel_butterfly_roof_home_in_Paradise_Palms.jpg/360px-William_Krisel_butterfly_roof_home_in_Paradise_Palms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/William_Krisel_butterfly_roof_home_in_Paradise_Palms.jpg/480px-William_Krisel_butterfly_roof_home_in_Paradise_Palms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_roof" title="Butterfly roof">Butterfly roof</a> in Paradise Palms in the southwestern United States</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_significant_roofs">Gallery of significant roofs</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The polychrome tiles of the Hospices de Beaune, France."><img alt="The polychrome tiles of the Hospices de Beaune, France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg/240px-Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg/360px-Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg/480px-Hospices_de_beaune_toit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The polychrome tiles of the <a href="/wiki/Hospices_de_Beaune" title="Hospices de Beaune">Hospices de Beaune</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SydneyOperaHouse6_gobeirne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The glazed ceramic tiles of the Sydney Opera House."><img alt="The glazed ceramic tiles of the Sydney Opera House." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SydneyOperaHouse6_gobeirne.jpg/240px-SydneyOperaHouse6_gobeirne.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SydneyOperaHouse6_gobeirne.jpg/360px-SydneyOperaHouse6_gobeirne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SydneyOperaHouse6_gobeirne.jpg/480px-SydneyOperaHouse6_gobeirne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The glazed ceramic tiles of the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupole_du_mihrab,_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ashlar masonry dome of the Great Mosque of Kairoun, Tunisia"><img alt="Ashlar masonry dome of the Great Mosque of Kairoun, Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coupole_du_mihrab%2C_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan.jpg/240px-Coupole_du_mihrab%2C_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coupole_du_mihrab%2C_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan.jpg/360px-Coupole_du_mihrab%2C_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coupole_du_mihrab%2C_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan.jpg/480px-Coupole_du_mihrab%2C_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ashlar_masonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashlar masonry">Ashlar masonry</a> dome of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Uqba">Great Mosque of Kairoun</a>, Tunisia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cupola_santamariadelfiore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imbrex and tegula tiles on the dome of Florence Cathedral."><img alt="Imbrex and tegula tiles on the dome of Florence Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cupola_santamariadelfiore.jpg/240px-Cupola_santamariadelfiore.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cupola_santamariadelfiore.jpg/360px-Cupola_santamariadelfiore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cupola_santamariadelfiore.jpg/480px-Cupola_santamariadelfiore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Imbrex_and_tegula" title="Imbrex and tegula">Imbrex and tegula</a> tiles on the dome of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_gumbad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The marble dome of the Taj Mahal."><img alt="The marble dome of the Taj Mahal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Taj_gumbad.jpg/130px-Taj_gumbad.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Taj_gumbad.jpg/195px-Taj_gumbad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Taj_gumbad.jpg/261px-Taj_gumbad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The marble dome of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speyerer_Dom_Dach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The copper roof of Speyer Cathedral, Germany."><img alt="The copper roof of Speyer Cathedral, Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Speyerer_Dom_Dach.jpg/240px-Speyerer_Dom_Dach.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Speyerer_Dom_Dach.jpg/360px-Speyerer_Dom_Dach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Speyerer_Dom_Dach.jpg/480px-Speyerer_Dom_Dach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The copper roof of <a href="/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral" title="Speyer Cathedral">Speyer Cathedral</a>, Germany.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_chapel_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The lead roof of King's College Chapel, England."><img alt="The lead roof of King's College Chapel, England." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kings_chapel_roof.jpg/240px-Kings_chapel_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kings_chapel_roof.jpg/360px-Kings_chapel_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kings_chapel_roof.jpg/480px-Kings_chapel_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The lead roof of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Chapel">King's College Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palaais_501590_fh000033.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The glass roof of the Grand Palais, Paris."><img alt="The glass roof of the Grand Palais, Paris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Grand_Palaais_501590_fh000033.jpg/270px-Grand_Palaais_501590_fh000033.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Grand_Palaais_501590_fh000033.jpg/405px-Grand_Palaais_501590_fh000033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Grand_Palaais_501590_fh000033.jpg/540px-Grand_Palaais_501590_fh000033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The glass roof of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics" title="Building-integrated photovoltaics">Building-integrated photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_roof_construction" title="Domestic roof construction">Domestic roof construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greco-Roman_roofs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greco-Roman roofs">List of Greco-Roman roofs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roof_shapes" title="List of roof shapes">List of roof shapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_cleaning" title="Roof cleaning">Roof cleaning</a></li> <li>Rubber shingle roof</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_shingle" title="Solar shingle">Solar shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensile_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile architecture">Tensile architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-shell_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-shell structure">Thin-shell structure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span 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Online Etymology Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Roof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Froof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoof" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-roof,_n." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=roof%2C+n.">"roof, n."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=roof%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Droof%252C%2Bn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoof" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/roofing-materials-to-prot_b_8959516">"Roofing Materials to Protect You From the Elements"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 12 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Roofing+Materials+to+Protect+You+From+the+Elements&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Froofing-materials-to-prot_b_8959516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoof" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. M. Harris, <i>Dictionary of Architecture & Construction</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903034500/http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/irc/2012/icod_irc_2012_9_par135.htm">"Chapter 9 - Roof Assemblies"</a>. <i>publicecodes.cyberregs.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/irc/2012/icod_irc_2012_9_par135.htm">the original</a> on 2015-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publicecodes.cyberregs.com&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+-+Roof+Assemblies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicecodes.cyberregs.com%2Ficod%2Firc%2F2012%2Ficod_irc_2012_9_par135.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoof" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818184240/https://kocaeliwebtasarim.medium.com/six-steps-to-building-a-150-year-roof-4624749b33c2">"Six Steps to Building a 150 Year Roof"</a>. <i>kocaeliwebtasarim.medium.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kocaeliwebtasarim.medium.com/six-steps-to-building-a-150-year-roof-4624749b33c2">the original</a> on 2021-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kocaeliwebtasarim.medium.com&rft.atitle=Six+Steps+to+Building+a+150+Year+Roof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkocaeliwebtasarim.medium.com%2Fsix-steps-to-building-a-150-year-roof-4624749b33c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoof" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drawdown.org/solutions/green-and-cool-roofs">"Green and Cool Roofs"</a>. <i>Project Drawdown</i>. 2020-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Drawdown&rft.atitle=Green+and+Cool+Roofs&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrawdown.org%2Fsolutions%2Fgreen-and-cool-roofs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoof" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.3390/su13094665-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.3390/su13094665_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.3390/su13094665_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhanIsmailKiwanShafiq2021" class="citation journal cs1">Farhan, Syed Ahmad; Ismail, Fouad Ismail; Kiwan, Osamah; Shafiq, Nasir; Zain-Ahmed, Azni; Husna, Nadzhratul; Hamid, Afif Izwan Abd (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13094665">"Effect of Roof Tile Colour on Heat Conduction Transfer, Roof-Top Surface Temperature and Cooling Load in Modern Residential Buildings under the Tropical Climate of Malaysia"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>13</b> (9): 4665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu13094665">10.3390/su13094665</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Roof+Tile+Colour+on+Heat+Conduction+Transfer%2C+Roof-Top+Surface+Temperature+and+Cooling+Load+in+Modern+Residential+Buildings+under+the+Tropical+Climate+of+Malaysia&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=4665&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu13094665&rft.aulast=Farhan&rft.aufirst=Syed+Ahmad&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Fouad+Ismail&rft.au=Kiwan%2C+Osamah&rft.au=Shafiq%2C+Nasir&rft.au=Zain-Ahmed%2C+Azni&rft.au=Husna%2C+Nadzhratul&rft.au=Hamid%2C+Afif+Izwan+Abd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu13094665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoof" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://platinumroofingandconstruction.com/how-can-a-bad-roof-impact-your-overall-house/">"How Can A Bad Roof Impact Your Overall House?"</a>. <i>Platinum Roofing & Construction</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Roofing+%26+Construction&rft.atitle=How+Can+A+Bad+Roof+Impact+Your+Overall+House%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplatinumroofingandconstruction.com%2Fhow-can-a-bad-roof-impact-your-overall-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoof" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengZhang2023" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Jianwei; Zhang, Guanghul (2023). "Analysis of the runoff and seepage drainage effects of prefabricated roof double-layer drainage system". <i>Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures Volume 1</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">241–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003336631" title="Special:BookSources/9781003336631"><bdi>9781003336631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+runoff+and+seepage+drainage+effects+of+prefabricated+roof+double-layer+drainage+system&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Frontier+Research+on+Engineering+Structures+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781003336631&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Jianwei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Guanghul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoof" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner" title="Cleaner">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br />elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_shingle" title="Roof shingle">shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard" title="Backyard">Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Garden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">roof garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">Home improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_repair" title="Home repair">Home repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_house" title="Tree house">Tree house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rooms" title="Category:Rooms">Category: Rooms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roofs57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roofs" title="Template:Roofs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roofs" title="Template talk:Roofs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roofs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roofs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roofs57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roofs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_roof_shapes" title="List of roof shapes">Roof shapes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arched_roof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arched roof (page does not exist)">Arched roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_roof" title="Barrel roof">Barrel roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_roof" title="Board roof">Board roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochka_roof" title="Bochka roof">Bochka roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow roof">Bow roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_roof" title="Butterfly roof">Butterfly roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">Clerestory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_roof" title="Conical roof">Conical roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_roof" title="Flat roof">Flat roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable_roof" title="Gable roof">Gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gablet_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Gablet roof">Gablet roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrel" title="Gambrel">Gambrel roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-hipped_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-hipped roof">Half-hipped roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_roof" title="Hip roof">Hip roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansard_roof" title="Mansard roof">Mansard roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavilion roof">Pavilion roof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhombic_roof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhombic roof (page does not exist)">Rhombic roof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ridged_roof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ridged roof (page does not exist)">Ridged roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_roof" title="Saddle roof">Saddle roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw-tooth_roof" title="Saw-tooth roof">Sawtooth roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-pitched_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono-pitched roof">Shed roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tented_roof" title="Tented roof">Tented roof</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steekdak.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-gabled roof"><img alt="Cross-gabled roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steekdak.PNG/50px-Steekdak.PNG" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steekdak.PNG/75px-Steekdak.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steekdak.PNG/100px-Steekdak.PNG 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roof elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_roof" title="Shed roof">Catslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_beam" title="Collar beam">Collar beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormer" title="Dormer">Dormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashing_(weatherproofing)" title="Flashing (weatherproofing)">Flashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">Gutter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging_beam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanging beam (page does not exist)">Hanging beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_vent" title="Ridge vent">Ridge vent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roof_batten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roof batten (page does not exist)">Roof batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof garden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roofline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roofline (page does not exist)">Roofline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roof ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roof_sheeting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roof sheeting (page does not exist)">Roof sheeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_tiles" title="Roof tiles">Roof tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Roof truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_window" title="Roof window">Roof window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_shingle" title="Roof shingle">Shingles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soffit" title="Soffit">Soffit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">Solar panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_vane" title="Weather vane">Weathervane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_brace" title="Wind brace">Wind brace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1815" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1815" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1100315/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dach"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010843-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roofs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115332">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Toits"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933612v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Toits"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933612v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574234">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="střechy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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