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href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/prc-icon-library/build/icons/sprites/solid.svg#up-from-bracket"></use></svg></i></a></div></ul> </div> </div> <h1 aria-level="1" data-post-type="decoded" class="wp-block-post-title">Small changes in survey scales can matter when measuring political ideology in Europe</h1> <div class="wp-elements-7c395dc40b5ec716100c54c91f6a8253 wp-block-prc-block-bylines-display has-small-label-font-size is-layout-flex wp-container-prc-block-bylines-display-is-layout-1 wp-block-prc-block-bylines-display-is-layout-flex" class="wp-block-prc-block-bylines-display__bylines"><span class="wp-block-prc-block-bylines-display__prefix">By</span> <a rel="author" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/martha-mcroy/" aria-label="View author archive for Martha McRoy">Martha McRoy</a> <span class="prc-platform-staff-bylines__and-separator">and</span> <a rel="author" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/stacy-pancratz/" aria-label="View author archive for Stacy Pancratz">Stacy Pancratz</a></div> <div class="entry-content wp-block-post-content has-medium-font-size is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow"> <p></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-640-wide"><a rel="attachment wp-att-125910" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded///small-changes-in-survey-scales-can-matter-when-measuring-political-ideology-in-europe/2020-09-01_decoded_featured-png/"><img data-dominant-color="e9e9df" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #e9e9df;" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1400" height="788" src="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?w=640" alt="" class="wp-image-125910 not-transparent" srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png 1400w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=300,169 300w, 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https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=740,416 740w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=160,90 160w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=320,180 320w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=540,304 540w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=564,317 564w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=1128,634 1128w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=690,388 690w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=1380,776 1380w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=268,151 268w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=536,302 536w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=194,110 194w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=148,84 148w, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/08/2020.09.01_decoded_featured.png?resize=296,168 296w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">(Pew Research Center illustration/<a href="https://github.com/propublica/weepeople" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wee People</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p id="b2ac"><em>(Related post: </em><a href="https://medium.com/pew-research-center-decoded/how-much-do-the-numbers-used-in-survey-scales-really-matter-227d84ab2a13"><em>On a scale from 1 to 10, how much do the numbers used in survey scales really matter?</em></a><em>)</em></p> <p id="d890">At Pew Research Center, survey questions about respondents’ political ideology are among the most important measures in our <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">comparative, cross-national surveys</a>. Our recent research in Europe, for instance, explored how <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/07/12/in-western-europe-populist-parties-tap-anti-establishment-frustration-but-have-little-appeal-across-ideological-divide/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">political polarization</a> in the region shapes long-standing debates about domestic, social and economic policies.</p> <p id="37ac">To measure political ideology, our international questionnaires typically ask respondents to place themselves on a 7-point scale with two labeled endpoints (or anchors) — “extreme left” and “extreme right” — along with numbers for all of the points in between. However, <a href="https://pprg.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/1991-Response-strategies-for-coping-with-the-cognitive-demands-of-attitude-measures-in-surveys.pdf" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">some research</a> suggests that it’s easier for respondents to understand a fully labeled scale, one that includes descriptions for the interior points as well, such as “leaning left,” “leaning right,” or “center.” In this post, we’ll describe a survey experiment we conducted to find out if two approaches to measuring the same concept align with — or diverge from — each other.</p> <h3 data-is-chapter="true" data-wp-context="{"id":"55dd"}" data-wp-interactive="{"namespace":"prc-block\/table-of-contents"}" data-wp-on-document--scroll="callbacks.watchForChapterScroll" class="wp-block-heading" id="55dd">Findings at a glance</h3> <p id="31f3">Our survey experiment was part of nationally representative telephone surveys we fielded in France, Spain and the United Kingdom in the spring of 2018. (You can read about an earlier experiment related to survey scales <a href="https://medium.com/pew-research-center-decoded/how-much-do-the-numbers-used-in-survey-scales-really-matter-227d84ab2a13">in this Decoded post</a>.)</p> <p id="c95a">The 2018 surveys asked about political ideology in two ways. First, midway through each interview, respondents were asked the Center’s standard ideology question using a 7-point numeric response scale with only the endpoints labeled. Then, after several more questions, respondents were asked to describe themselves using a fully labeled, 5-point scale.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*JAGxdVgyG5eaA8Q_dfCrsw.png" alt="" width="420" /></figure> <p id="e1d4">Here are some of the trends we observed across all three countries:</p> <ul style="--block-gap: inherit;" class="wp-block-list"> <li>The most common response option for both scales was the midpoint, though a greater share of respondents chose the midpoint on the 7-point scale (“3”) than on the 5-point scale (“center”).<br></li> <li>More respondents identified as right of center on the 7-point scale but left of center on the 5-point scale.<br></li> <li>Respondents were more likely to choose the endpoints on the 5-point scale than on the 7-point scale, and this was especially true for those on the ideological left.<br></li> <li>Levels of item nonresponse (either “don’t know” or refusal to answer) were similar using both approaches.</li> </ul> <h3 data-is-chapter="true" data-wp-context="{"id":"a7cd"}" data-wp-interactive="{"namespace":"prc-block\/table-of-contents"}" data-wp-on-document--scroll="callbacks.watchForChapterScroll" class="wp-block-heading" id="a7cd">A closer look at France using Sankey diagrams</h3> <p id="f189">These aggregate numbers don’t tell the whole story. Fortunately, we can go a step further with our experimental data. By asking all respondents to answer both versions of our ideology question, we can also see how each respondent answered — or “moved” — from one question to the other.</p> <p id="9531">To illustrate these patterns, we created Sankey diagrams for each country using the R package <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggalluvial/vignettes/ggalluvial.html" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>ggalluvial</em></a>. These graphs are a type of flow diagram that illustrate the movement from one category to the next — in this case, from the 7-point scale to the 5-point version. The band thickness in Sankey diagrams indicates the number of people taking a particular path, with thicker bands showing the more common pathways between two points on our different scales. (We should note at the outset that this part of our analysis does not include respondents who answered “don’t know” or refused to respond. It is limited to the 2,625 respondents who answered both ideology questions, including 846 in France, 935 in Spain and 844 in the UK.)</p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*Ooqr4FFH7n2wqu2zHSlxCw.png" alt="" width="420" /></figure> <p id="d702">In the graph on the left, we’ll focus on French respondents who answered “0 — Extreme left” on the ideology question using the 7-point scale. Of the 55 French respondents who reported “0 — Extreme left,” most of them (31) chose “left” when later asked to identify their political ideology using the 5-point scale. These respondents are represented by the highlighted horizontal line straight across the top of the chart.</p> <p id="eb78">But what about the 24 other people in France who chose the “0 — Extreme left” option? These respondents are represented by three narrower bands that start at “0 — Extreme left” and then slide down and to the right in the chart. Overall, most of these respondents (18) chose “leaning left.” Far fewer moved to “center” (five respondents) or “right” (one respondent). None of the respondents who answered “0 — Extreme left” on the 7-point scale reported “leaning right” on the 5-point scale.</p> <p id="9ea2">The full range of patterns between the two scales in France is provided in the next Sankey diagram, with the path of each combination of responses illustrated by a different color.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*_yJ4Ow-H5SFdfnX1i3igsA.png" alt="" width="420" /></figure> <p id="f61c">A few trends emerge in this graph:</p> <ul style="--block-gap: inherit;" class="wp-block-list"> <li>About half of the respondents (53%) who selected the midpoint on the 7-point scale also chose “center” on the 5-point scale, as illustrated by the thickest yellow band connecting “3” to “center.” Among those who chose the midpoint on the 7-point scale but did <em>not </em>choose “center” on the 5-point scale, roughly twice as many placed themselves left of center than right of center: 31% versus 17%.<br></li> <li>Nine-in-ten (90%) of those on the left of the 7-point scale identified as left of center on the 5-point scale as well, as illustrated by nearly all of the blue bands above the midpoint moving to either “left” or “leaning left.” Overall, 7% of those who characterized their ideology as left of center on the 7-point scale moved to “center” on the 5-point scale, while 3% moved to “leaning right” or “right.”<br></li> <li>Around two-thirds of respondents (66%) who placed themselves on the right of the 7-point scale also chose “right” or “leaning right” on the 5-point scale. Surprisingly, more of those who identified as right of center on the 7-point scale identified as “left” or “leaning left” on the 5-point scale (21%) than moved to the center (13%). This is shown by the similarly sized orange and red paths heading to “left,” “leaning left,” and “center.”<br></li> <li>Of the 35 possible response combinations between questions, no respondents in France answered “0 — Extreme left” on the 7-point scale and later identified as “leaning right” on the 5-point scale, or answered “1” and then identified as “center” or “leaning right.”</li> </ul> <h3 data-is-chapter="true" data-wp-context="{"id":"dd43"}" data-wp-interactive="{"namespace":"prc-block\/table-of-contents"}" data-wp-on-document--scroll="callbacks.watchForChapterScroll" class="wp-block-heading" id="dd43">Cross-national results from the experiment</h3> <p id="b6df">Sankey diagrams can also be helpful to illustrate and better understand cross-national patterns in our three selected countries. As the next chart shows, several of the broad trends we observed in France are apparent in Spain and the UK as well:</p> <figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*CHwuozU1brbiOOEmMqqbOA.png" alt="" width="640" /></figure> <p id="8617">Here’s a closer look at what’s happening in this chart:</p> <ul style="--block-gap: inherit;" class="wp-block-list"> <li>Across all three countries, most respondents who chose the midpoint on the 7-point scale also chose “center” on the 5-point scale (53% in France, 52% in Spain and 59% in the UK). And just as in France, more people moved from the midpoint of the 7-point scale to <em>left </em>of center on the 5-point scale than moved to the <em>right</em> on the 5-point scale.<br></li> <li>In all three countries, the overwhelming majority of those who placed themselves on the left of the 7-point scale also identified as left of center on the 5-point scale (90% in France, 94% in Spain and 89% in the UK).<br></li> <li>There is more variability among those who placed themselves on the right of the 7-point scale. While 66% of those on the ideological right in France also placed themselves on the right of the 5-point scale, the share who did so was lower in both Spain (52%) and the UK (61%). Respondents on the ideological right of the 7-point scale in Spain and the UK were more likely than their counterparts in France to move to the <em>center</em> on the 5-point scale (26% in Spain and 25% in the UK versus 13% in France).<br></li> <li>As was the case in France, a few combinations of responses were not found in Spain and the UK. No respondents in Spain answered “0 — Extreme left” and then “center” or “leaning right,” or, in another combination, “1” and then a right-of-center response. Similarly, in the UK, no respondents first answered “0 — Extreme left” or “1” and then “right.”</li> </ul> <p id="35c8">As illustrated in the Sankey diagrams, there is general ideological consistency at the individual respondent level between the two survey questions, with only a limited share of people in each country providing apparently contradictory answers. In fact, only 11 of our 2,625 respondents provided the opposite extremes to the two scales (“0-Extreme left” and <em>right</em> or “6-Extreme right” and <em>left</em>). The robustness of these measures across countries suggests that both items can be useful in estimating political ideology. Across countries, our respondents behaved similarly, but not exactly the same. This is reflected in the subtle variability in responses to these two questions that are seemingly measuring the same thing.</p> <h3 data-is-chapter="true" data-wp-context="{"id":"ec65"}" data-wp-interactive="{"namespace":"prc-block\/table-of-contents"}" data-wp-on-document--scroll="callbacks.watchForChapterScroll" class="wp-block-heading" id="ec65">Concluding thoughts</h3> <p id="84e0">Both scales have benefits. A 5-point, fully labeled scale allows respondents to identify with a qualitative description of their political leaning, while a 7-point, endpoint labeled scale provides respondents with more choices to select a position closest to their political ideology. While the two survey questions are different in scale size and wording, respondents across countries answered them in similar patterns, giving us confidence in both when conducting cross-country comparisons.</p> <p id="17d2">There are several caveats, however. The experiment relied on relatively small samples that limited our findings in a few ways. For example, we could not conduct robust analyses across all possible answer combinations because some were too infrequent and others nonexistent. And while some respondents answered with “don’t know” or refused to answer at all, the number of people who did so was relatively small, limiting our ability to draw inferences about this group.</p> <p id="093a">Aside from sample size, there are a few other issues we would consider expanding upon in future experiments. For instance, we did not rotate question order to examine whether replying to the first ideology question affected respondents’ answers to the second question or subsequent items. Also, we tested only two response scales, which means we could not assess the merits of other permutations, such as the results of a fully labeled, 7-point scale or a numeric, endpoint-labeled 5-point scale.</p> <p id="3361">Finally, the questions we tested weren’t equivalent. The Center’s standard political ideology question includes the words “extreme” (in the 7-point scale itself) and “center” (in the question stem), but this is not the case in the alternative 5-point scale and associated question. Additional experimental conditions — say, keeping the scale length the same but testing different wordings, or vice versa — would allow us to disentangle these effects.</p> <p id="02bd">To dig deeper, it might be useful to look beyond the survey results. It’s possible some respondents were confused when we asked for their political ideology twice, so one way to explore the issue would be to incorporate <a href="https://www.hkr.se/contentassets/9ed7b1b3997e4bf4baa8d4eceed5cd87/gordonwillis.pdf" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">cognitive interviewing</a> in future experiments. This may help researchers better understand the meaning of survey questions, including questions that ask about the same underlying concept, from a respondent’s point of view.</p> <p id="d8e2">In the meantime, we plan to use the data from this experiment to further study whether one of these ideology questions is a more accurate or valid measure than the other. Comparing each question with other items asked in our surveys — such as respondents’ political party affiliation or their opinions on highly politicized topics — would provide additional insights, with the help of Sankey diagrams to visualize the results.</p> </div></article> <div class="wp-block-template-part"> <div data-hide-on-desktop="true" class="wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="border-top-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ui-gray-light);border-top-width:1px;margin-top:1.25rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;padding-top:0.67rem;padding-bottom:0.67rem"> <p class="has-small-label-font-size">Categories:</p> <div style="--separator: ","" class="has-separator wp-elements-13a0efea1c8321989e91eb6ceb7384a7 wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms has-small-label-font-size is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms-is-layout-2 wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms-is-layout-flex"><ul class="wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms__list"><li class="wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms__list-item"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded-category/international-surveys/">International Surveys</a></li><li class="wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms__list-item"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded-category/survey-methods/">Survey Methods</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div data-hide-on-desktop="true" data-hide-on-mobile="true" data-hide-on-tablet="true" class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-section-header" id="more-from-decoded">More from Decoded</h2> <div style="gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);" class="wp-block-prc-block-related-posts-query"> <article style="border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ui-gray-light); padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:1.25rem;" class="left aligned wp-block-prc-block-story-item has-sans-serif-font-family" id="post-9761" data-image-size="A3"><div class="meta"><span class="label">short reads</span><time class="date" datetime="2024-08-28T00:00:00+00:00">Aug 28, 2024</time></div> <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/08/28/key-things-to-know-about-us-election-polling-in-2024/" class="image jetpack-lazy-image A3"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/SR_24.08.28_facts-about-polling_feature.jpg?w=194&h=110&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/SR_24.08.28_facts-about-polling_feature.jpg?w=388&h=220&crop=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="194" height="110"> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/SR_24.08.28_facts-about-polling_feature.jpg?w=148&h=84&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/SR_24.08.28_facts-about-polling_feature.jpg?w=296&h=168&crop=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" width="148" height="84"> <img srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/08/SR_24.08.28_facts-about-polling_feature.jpg?w=194&h=110&crop=1" width="194" height="110" alt="Conceptual image of an oversized voting ballot box in a large crowd of people with shallow depth of field"> </picture> </a> <h2 class="header medium"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/08/28/key-things-to-know-about-us-election-polling-in-2024/">Key things to know about U.S. election polling in 2024</a></h2> <div class="description"> <p>Polls are more useful to the public if people have realistic expectations about what surveys can do well – and what they cannot. </p> </div> </article> <article style="border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ui-gray-light); padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:1.25rem;" class="left aligned wp-block-prc-block-story-item has-sans-serif-font-family" id="post-8972" data-image-size="A3"><div class="meta"><span class="label">short reads</span><time class="date" datetime="2024-06-26T00:00:00+00:00">Jun 26, 2024</time></div> <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/06/26/how-do-people-in-the-us-take-pew-research-center-surveys-anyway/" class="image jetpack-lazy-image A3"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/09/FT_21.09.02_HowPRCPolls_feature2.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/09/FT_21.09.02_HowPRCPolls_feature2.png?w=388&h=220&crop=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="194" height="110"> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/09/FT_21.09.02_HowPRCPolls_feature2.png?w=148&h=84&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/09/FT_21.09.02_HowPRCPolls_feature2.png?w=296&h=168&crop=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" width="148" height="84"> <img srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/09/FT_21.09.02_HowPRCPolls_feature2.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1" width="194" height="110" alt="An illustration of a sample invitation to complete a Pew Research Center survey via the American Trends Panel."> </picture> </a> <h2 class="header medium"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/06/26/how-do-people-in-the-us-take-pew-research-center-surveys-anyway/">How do people in the U.S. take Pew Research Center surveys, anyway?</a></h2> <div class="description"> <p>Here, we address some of the most common questions we receive about the nuts and bolts of taking a U.S.-focused Pew Research Center poll.</p> </div> </article> <article style="border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ui-gray-light); padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:1.25rem;" class="left aligned wp-block-prc-block-story-item has-sans-serif-font-family" id="post-101133" data-image-size="A3"><div class="meta"><span class="label">report</span><time class="date" datetime="2023-04-19T00:00:00+00:00">Apr 19, 2023</time></div> <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2023/04/19/how-public-polling-has-changed-in-the-21st-century/" class="image jetpack-lazy-image A3 bordered"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2023/04/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org-.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2023/04/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org-.png?w=388&h=220&crop=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="194" height="110"> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2023/04/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org-.png?w=148&h=84&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2023/04/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org-.png?w=296&h=168&crop=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" width="148" height="84"> <img srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2023/04/Chart-art-image-for-pewresearch.org-.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1" width="194" height="110" alt=""> </picture> </a> <h2 class="header medium"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2023/04/19/how-public-polling-has-changed-in-the-21st-century/">How Public Polling Has Changed in the 21st Century</a></h2> <div class="description"> <p>A new study found that 61% of national pollsters used different methods in 2022 than in 2016. And last year, 17% of pollsters used multiple methods to sample or interview people – up from 2% in 2016.</p> </div> </article> <article style="border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ui-gray-light); padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:1.25rem;" class="left aligned wp-block-prc-block-story-item has-sans-serif-font-family" id="post-101217" data-image-size="A3"><div class="meta"><span class="label">report</span><time class="date" datetime="2021-03-02T00:00:00+00:00">Mar 2, 2021</time></div> <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2021/03/02/what-2020s-election-poll-errors-tell-us-about-the-accuracy-of-issue-polling/" class="image jetpack-lazy-image A3"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/02/PM_21.03.02_IssuePolling_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/02/PM_21.03.02_IssuePolling_featured.png?w=388&h=220&crop=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="194" height="110"> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/02/PM_21.03.02_IssuePolling_featured.png?w=148&h=84&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/02/PM_21.03.02_IssuePolling_featured.png?w=296&h=168&crop=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" width="148" height="84"> <img srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/02/PM_21.03.02_IssuePolling_featured.png?w=194&h=110&crop=1" width="194" height="110" alt=""> </picture> </a> <h2 class="header medium"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2021/03/02/what-2020s-election-poll-errors-tell-us-about-the-accuracy-of-issue-polling/">What 2020’s Election Poll Errors Tell Us About the Accuracy of Issue Polling</a></h2> <div class="description"> <p>Given the errors in 2016 and 2020 election polling, how much should we trust polls that attempt to measure opinions on issues?</p> </div> </article> <article style="border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--wp--preset--color--ui-gray-light); padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:1.25rem;" class="left aligned wp-block-prc-block-story-item has-sans-serif-font-family" id="post-101348" data-image-size="A3"><div class="meta"><span class="label">report</span><time class="date" datetime="2019-11-19T00:00:00+00:00">Nov 19, 2019</time></div> <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2019/11/19/a-field-guide-to-polling-election-2020-edition/" class="image jetpack-lazy-image A3"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2019/11/PM_19.11.19_fieldGuidePolls_featured_photo-3.jpg?w=194&h=110&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2019/11/PM_19.11.19_fieldGuidePolls_featured_photo-3.jpg?w=388&h=220&crop=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="194" height="110"> <source srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2019/11/PM_19.11.19_fieldGuidePolls_featured_photo-3.jpg?w=148&h=84&crop=1 1x, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2019/11/PM_19.11.19_fieldGuidePolls_featured_photo-3.jpg?w=296&h=168&crop=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" width="148" height="84"> <img srcset="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2019/11/PM_19.11.19_fieldGuidePolls_featured_photo-3.jpg?w=194&h=110&crop=1" width="194" height="110" alt=""> </picture> </a> <h2 class="header medium"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2019/11/19/a-field-guide-to-polling-election-2020-edition/">A Field Guide to Polling: Election 2020 Edition</a></h2> <div class="description"> <p>While survey research in the United States is a year-round undertaking, the public’s focus on polling is never more intense than during the run-up to a presidential election.</p> </div> </article> </div></div> </div> <div style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;" class="is-vertically-aligned-top column2-desktop-grid__span-4 column2-tablet-grid__span-4 column2-mobile-grid__span-4 wp-block-prc-block-grid-column is-layout-flow wp-container-prc-block-grid-column-is-layout-2 wp-block-prc-block-grid-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-template-part"> <div data-hide-on-mobile="true" class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-group is-style-baseball-card align-to__column-divider is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading baseball-card__heading has-ui-white-color has-ui-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-sans-serif-font-family" id="more-from-decoded" style="font-size:14px">MORe from decoded</h3> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:0.6rem;padding-right:0.87rem;padding-bottom:0.6rem;padding-left:0.87rem"> <div class="wp-block-query is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow"><ul class="wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow"><li class="wp-block-post post-186923 decoded type-decoded status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry bylines-katherine-schaeffer bylines-scott-keeter decoded-category-communicating-findings formats-decoded regions-countries-united-states"> <article class="in-query-loop wp-block-prc-block-story-item" id="post-186923"><div class="meta"><span class="label">report</span><time class="date" datetime="2024-09-11T00:00:00+00:00">Sep 11, 2024</time></div> <h2 class="header medium light"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded/2024/09/11/pew-research-centers-tips-for-journalists-covering-polls-during-election-season-and-beyond/">Pew Research Center’s tips for journalists covering polls – during election season and beyond</a></h2> </article> </li><li class="wp-block-post post-185495 decoded type-decoded status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry bylines-claudia-deane decoded-category-data-science formats-decoded research-teams-decoded"> <article class="in-query-loop wp-block-prc-block-story-item" id="post-185495"><div class="meta"><span class="label">decoded</span><time class="date" datetime="2024-08-27T00:00:00+00:00">Aug 27, 2024</time></div> <h2 class="header medium light"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded/2024/08/27/how-pew-research-center-is-and-is-not-using-large-language-models-in-our-work/">How Pew Research Center is – and is not – using large language models in our work</a></h2> </article> </li><li class="wp-block-post post-183279 decoded type-decoded status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry bylines-kirsten-lesage bylines-laura-silver decoded-category-international-surveys formats-decoded regions-countries-asia-pacific regions-countries-international research-teams-decoded"> <article class="in-query-loop wp-block-prc-block-story-item" id="post-183279"><div class="meta"><span class="label">decoded</span><time class="date" datetime="2024-07-29T00:00:00+00:00">Jul 29, 2024</time></div> <h2 class="header medium light"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded/2024/07/29/what-a-survey-experiment-tells-us-about-measuring-religious-tolerance-in-australia/">What a survey experiment tells us about measuring religious tolerance in Australia</a></h2> </article> </li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div data-hide-on-mobile="true" data-hide-on-tablet="true" class="wp-block-group is-style-baseball-card align-to__column-divider is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow" style="margin-top:2rem"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading baseball-card__heading has-ui-white-color has-ui-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-sans-serif-font-family" id="catgeories" style="font-size:14px">Catgeories</h3> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"><div class="wp-elements-c37f471ba3717714821e79887d721898 wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms has-text-color has-ui-text-color-color is-layout-flex wp-container-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms-is-layout-3 wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms-is-layout-flex"><ul class="wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms__list"><li class="wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms__list-item"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded-category/international-surveys/">International Surveys</a></li><li class="wp-block-prc-block-post-taxonomy-terms__list-item"><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded-category/survey-methods/">Survey Methods</a></li></ul></div> <p style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);font-size:0.95em">To browse all of Pew Research Center findings and data by topic, visit <a href="http://pewresearch.org/">pewresearch.org</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-content-justification-center is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-13 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:0px;padding-right:1rem;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:1rem"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-left is-style-section-header" id="about-decoded" style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700">About Decoded</h4> <p class="has-ui-gray-very-dark-color has-text-color has-link-color has-sans-serif-font-family wp-elements-34c2f5b4f3cdaee7dc873d62f34d191b">This is a blog about research methods and behind-the-scenes technical matters at Pew Research Center. To get our latest findings, visit <a href="http://www.pewresearch.org">pewresearch.org</a>.</p> <p class="has-ui-gray-very-dark-color has-text-color has-link-color has-sans-serif-font-family wp-elements-a8a8ac248f7aeb7d1499b91156cff97e">Copyright 2024 <a href="http://www.pewresearch.org">Pew Research Center</a></p> </div> </div></div> <style type="text/css">@media screen and (max-width:642px) {.wp-block-newsletterglue-optin.is-landscape .ngl-form-wrap { flex-direction: column !important; align-items: initial !important; }.wp-block-newsletterglue-sections.is-stacked-on-mobile td.wp-block-newsletterglue-section { display: block !important; float: none !important; width: 100% !important; clear: both !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; }table.wp-block-newsletterglue-text.ng-block td.ng-block-td { padding: 8px 20px 10px 20px !important; }table.wp-block-newsletterglue-text.ng-block td.ng-block-td { line-height: 1.5 !important; }table.wp-block-newsletterglue-meta-data.ng-block td.ng-block-td { padding: 10px !important; 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