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For information on formatting images on Wikipedia, see <a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Help:Pictures</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia information page</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097619167">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220823150008im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220823150008im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220823150008im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This is an <a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#How-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">information page</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It is not one of <a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, but rather intends to describe some aspect(s) of Wikipedia's norms, customs, technicalities, or practices. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Reader_help&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> uses a variety of <b><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a></b> files to enhance content and explain concepts that are difficult to convey via text alone. The multimedia files may be images (photographs or diagrams), audio or video. Many files are stored on the sister project <a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>, though files being used under fair use provisions must be stored on Wikipedia. </p><p>All files are paired with a <a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:File_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:File page">file description page</a> which consists of five parts: </p> <ul><li>The file itself</li> <li>Description of the file</li> <li>"File history" – when a new version of a file is uploaded with the same name, the existing file is replaced and becomes available via file history.</li> <li>"File links" – a list of pages that embed the file.</li> <li>"Metadata" (images only) – technical information about the file and the equipment used to create it (camera model etc.)</li></ul> <p>Most images in Wikipedia articles are scaled down thumbnails. A reader of an article can click on the thumbnail, or on the small double-rectangle icon <img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220823150008im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="11"/> (if present) next to the caption, to see the corresponding file page and the image at a larger size. From the file description page, click the image again to see it at maximum size. </p><p>Most audio and video files on Wikipedia are Ogg Vorbis (audio) or Ogg Theora (video). The <a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823150008/http://www.getfirefox.com/">Mozilla Firefox</a> (version 3.5 and higher) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823150008/http://www.google.com/chrome">Google Chrome</a> (version 3 and higher) can play these files automatically. Users on other platforms might experience suboptimal playback results, because they rely on a resource intensive, client side emulation to do playback. </p> <h2 class="ext-discussiontools-init-section"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" data-mw-comment="{"type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-See_also","replies":[],"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-"}"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_image_syntax" title="Wikipedia:Extended image syntax">Wikipedia:Extended image syntax</a> for technical details of displaying images</li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Help:Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Help:Files</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Options_to_not_see_an_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Options to not see an image">Help:Options to not see an image</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help_(Ogg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help (Ogg)">Wikipedia:Media help (Ogg)</a> for help playing these files.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823150008/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="commons:">Wikimedia Commons</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Basic_information_on_Wikipedia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Basic_information" title="Template:Basic information"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_information" title="Template talk:Basic information"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Basic_information&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Basic_information_on_Wikipedia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220823150008im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Black_W_for_promotion.png/20px-Black_W_for_promotion.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220823150008im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Black_W_for_promotion.png/30px-Black_W_for_promotion.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220823150008im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Black_W_for_promotion.png/40px-Black_W_for_promotion.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="480"/> <a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_basic_information" title="Category:Wikipedia basic information">Basic information</a> on <a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="*_Help_**directory_**menu_*_Teahouse_(interactive_help_for_new_editors)"> <ul><li><b><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Help</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Menu" title="Help:Menu">menu</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></b> (interactive help for new editors)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Readers' index to Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Statistics" title="Wikipedia:Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Formal_organization" title="Wikipedia:Formal organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Censorship" title="Help:Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_brief" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in brief">In brief</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">General disclaimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">Readers' FAQ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Student help</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viewing media</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">Help</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">Parental advice</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia">Researching with Wikipedia</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Introductions<br/>to contributing </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Main introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">List of tutorials and introductions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_answer_to_life,_the_universe,_and_everything" title="Wikipedia:The answer to life, the universe, and everything">The answer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Learning_the_ropes" title="Wikipedia:Learning the ropes">Learning the ropes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:A_primer_for_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:A primer for newcomers">Newcomer primer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified ruleset</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikipedia:_The_Missing_Manual" title="Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual">The "Missing Manual"</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">Wizard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Young Wikipedians</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Adventure" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Adventure">The Adventure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Accounts <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">Toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">Conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">User guide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies<br/> and guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Expectations_and_norms_of_the_Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia:Expectations and norms of the Wikipedia community">Expectations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editorial_oversight_and_control" title="Wikipedia:Editorial oversight and control">Oversight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">The rules are principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Core content policies">Core content policies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Questions" title="Wikipedia:Questions">Getting help</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Menu" title="Help:Menu">Help menu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_Desk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Reference Desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Requests for help</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_requests" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution requests">Disputes resolution requests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC" title="Wikipedia:IRC">IRC live chat</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">Tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="Wikipedia:Contact us">Contact us</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Department_directory" title="Wikipedia:Department directory">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup" title="Wikipedia:Meetup">Meetups</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProjects" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProjects">WikiProjects</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide#What_is_a_WikiProject?" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2013-04-01/WikiProject_report" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2013-04-01/WikiProject report">FAQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)">policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)">proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(idea_lab)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab)">idea lab</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(WMF)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (WMF)">wikimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(miscellaneous)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous)">misc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:News" title="Wikipedia:News">Newsletters</a>: <ul><li><i><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost">Signpost</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823150008/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter" class="extiw" title="metawiki:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter">Library Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823150008/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Newsletter" class="extiw" title="meta:GLAM/Newsletter"> GLAM Newsletter</a></li></ul></li> <li><u>Informational:</u></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="Wikipedia:Community portal">Community portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dashboard" title="Wikipedia:Dashboard">Dashboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Task_Center" title="Wikipedia:Task Center">Task Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays" title="Wikipedia:Essays">Essays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Sourcing</a> <br/>and <a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">referencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u>Research:</u></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Research_desk" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library/Research desk">Research desk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Request Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Free_resources" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library/Free resources">Free resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823150008/https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">Request access to major databases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange">WikiProject Resource Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Shared_Resources" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources">Shared resources</a></li></ul></li> <li><u>Guidelines:</u></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Finding sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays_in_a_nutshell/Article_writing" title="Wikipedia:Essays in a nutshell/Article writing">Writing articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_development" title="Wikipedia:Article development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Better writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Images" title="Wikipedia:Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" title="Help:Creation and usage of media files">Media files</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Uploading_images" title="Wikipedia:Uploading images">Uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion">Deletion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contribution pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diffs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace" title="Wikipedia:Namespace">Namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">Requests</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirecting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Vandalism cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">Archiving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Wiki markup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Magic_words_for_beginners" title="Help:Magic words for beginners">For beginners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Special Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation" title="Wikipedia:Template documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index" title="Wikipedia:Template index">Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Image and video markup</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> and glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_directories" title="Category:Wikipedia directories">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_summary_legend" title="Wikipedia:Edit summary legend">Edit summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut_directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut directory">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tips" title="Wikipedia:Tips">Tips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20220823150008im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript> <div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823150008/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Viewing_media&oldid=1060138119">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Viewing_media&oldid=1060138119</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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