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</button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sale_of_the_Public_Interest_Registry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sale_of_the_Public_Interest_Registry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sale of the Public Interest Registry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sale_of_the_Public_Interest_Registry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial_of_participation_of_Iranians_in_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial_of_participation_of_Iranians_in_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Denial of participation of Iranians in activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial_of_participation_of_Iranians_in_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جمعية الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_c%C9%99miyy%C9%99ti" title="İnternet cəmiyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnternet cəmiyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Интернет общество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интернет общество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreta_Societo" title="Interreta Societo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interreta Societo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Sozietate" title="Internet Sozietate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Internet Sozietate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جامعه اینترنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه اینترنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="인터넷 협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터넷 협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISOC" title="ISOC – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ISOC" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISOC" title="ISOC – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ISOC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="איגוד האינטרנט העולמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגוד האינטרנט העולמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ინტერნეტის საზოგადოება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტერნეტის საზოგადოება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISOC" title="ISOC – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ISOC" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="इन्टरनेट सोसाइटी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्टरनेट सोसाइटी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="インターネットソサエティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターネットソサエティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Общество Интернета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общество Интернета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کۆمەڵگەی ئینتەرنێتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵگەی ئینتەرنێتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இணையக் கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணையக் கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISOC" title="ISOC – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ISOC" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Internet Society" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Society">The Internet Society</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Internet development organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points. 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(February 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Internet Society</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Society_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Internet_Society_logo.svg/220px-Internet_Society_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Internet_Society_logo.svg/330px-Internet_Society_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Internet_Society_logo.svg/440px-Internet_Society_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="183" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ISOC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">December 11, 1992; 31 years ago (1992-12-11)<a href="#cite_note-history-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">54-1650477<a href="#cite_note-990-2016-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a><a href="#cite_note-990-2016-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Internet development, infrastructure, accessibility and standards</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">U.S.</a><a href="#cite_note-2018Form990-1-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Global</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="President (corporation)">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer">Chief Executive Officer</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Sally Wentworth<a href="#cite_note-leadership-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Trustees">Board of Trustees</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ted Hardie<a href="#cite_note-leadership-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">Public Interest Registry</a> (<a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a>)</li><li>Internet Society Asia Limited (<a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</li><li>Internet Society Foundation<a href="#cite_note-2018Form990-78-6">[6]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2018) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">US$56,762,624<a href="#cite_note-2018Form990-1-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data">US$45,104,865<a href="#cite_note-2018Form990-1-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">110 (in 2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Volunteers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,099 (IETF, IESG, IAB, IRTF)<a href="#cite_note-2018Form990-1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-990-FAQ-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internetsociety.org">internetsociety.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749257#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">An <a href="/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_activism" title="Data activism">Data activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry#Number_Resource_Organization" title="Regional Internet registry">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ISOC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Services</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">Oldest domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Guides</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/16px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/24px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/32px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet" title="Template:Internet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" title="Template talk:Internet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;">Internet history timeline </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fff;"> Early research and development: <ul><li>1960–4 (1960–4): <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</li> <li>1962–4 (1962–4): <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</li> <li>1965 (1965): <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</li> <li>1966 (1966): <a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></li> <li>1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</li> <li>1970 (1970): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</li> <li>1971 (1971): <a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</li> <li>1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</li> <li>1972 (1972): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</li> <li>1974 (1974): <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</li> <li>1975 (1975): <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</li> <li>1976 (1976): <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></li> <li>1978 (1978): <a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</li> <li>1979 (1979): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</li> <li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</li></ul> Merging the networks and creating the Internet: <ul><li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</li> <li>1984 (1984): <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</li> <li>1985 (1985): <a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</li> <li>1987 (1987): <a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></li> <li>1988 (1988): Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</li> <li>1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</li></ul> Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet: <ul><li>1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></li> <li>2013 (2013): <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></li> <li>2014 (2014): <a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></li> <li>2016 (2016): <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</li></ul> Examples of Internet services: <ul><li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</li> <li>2016 (2016): <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Internet Society (ISOC) is an American nonprofit advocacy organization founded in 1992 with local chapters around the world. Its mission is "to promote the open development, evolution, and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world". It has offices in <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>, U.S., and <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> The Internet Society has regional bureaus worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-Marsan12-8">[8]</a> composed of chapters, organizational members,<a href="#cite_note-Higgins17-9">[9]</a> and, as of July 2020, more than 70,000 individual members.<a href="#cite_note-InternetSociety-Home-10">[10]</a> The Internet Society has a staff of more than 100 and was governed by a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_trustees" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of trustees">board of trustees</a>, whose members are appointed or elected by the society's chapters, organization members, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF).<a href="#cite_note-Team-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The IETF comprised the Internet Society's volunteer base.<a href="#cite_note-Volunteers-13">[13]</a> Its leadership includes Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Ted Hardie; and President and CEO, Sally Wentworth.<a href="#cite_note-OnPoint-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finley20-15">[15]</a> The Internet Society created the <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">Public Interest Registry</a> (PIR),<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy19-16">[16]</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Asmelash19-17">[17]</a> and served as the organizational home of the IETF.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins17-9">[9]</a> The Internet Society Foundation was created in 2017 as its independent philanthropic arm,<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy19-Opportunity-18">[18]</a> which awarded grants to organizations.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF) contract with the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_National_Research_Initiatives" title="Corporation for National Research Initiatives">Corporation for National Research Initiatives</a> (CNRI) to operate the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) expired. The then <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB) sought to create a non-profit institution that could take over the role. In 1992 <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> and Lyman Chapin announced the formation of the Internet Society as "a professional society to facilitate, support, and promote the evolution and growth of the Internet as a global research communications infrastructure", which would incorporate the IAB, the IETF, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Task_Force" title="Internet Research Task Force">Internet Research Task Force</a> (IRTF), plus the organization of the annual INET meetings.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This arrangement was formalized in <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a>1602 in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1999, after <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a>'s death, ISOC established the <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_B._Postel_Service_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan B. Postel Service Award">Jonathan B. Postel Service Award</a>. The award has been presented every year since 1999 by the Internet Society to "honor a person who has made outstanding contributions in service to the data communications community". By mid-2000, the Internet Society's finances became precarious, and several individuals and organizations stepped forward to fill the gap. Until 2001, there were also trustees elected by individual members of the Internet Society. Those elections were "suspended" in 2001. This was ostensibly done as a fiscal measure due to the perception that the elections were too expensive for the precarious financial state of the organization. In later Bylaw revisions, the concept of individual member-selected trustees went from "suspended" to being deleted altogether. In late 2001, leaders from <a href="/wiki/Afilias" title="Afilias">Afilias</a> (a domain name registry) approached the Internet Society CEO Lynn St.Amour, to propose a novel partnership to jointly bid for the .org registry. In this model, the Internet Society would become the new home of .org, and all technical and service functions would be managed by Afilias. Afilias would pay for all bid expenses and would contribute towards the Internet Society payroll while the bid was under consideration by ICANN. The Internet Society Board approved this proposal at their Board meeting in 2001. In 2002 ISOC successfully bid for the <a href="/wiki/.org" title=".org">.org</a> registry and formed the <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">Public Interest Registry</a> (PIR), to manage and operate it. In 2010, ISOC launched its first <a href="/wiki/Community_network" title="Community network">community network</a> initiative to deploy five wireless mesh-based networks in rural locations across India.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 2012, on ISOC's 20th anniversary, it established the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a>, an award to "publicly recognize a distinguished and select group of visionaries, leaders, and luminaries who have made significant contributions to the development and advancement of the global Internet". On June 8, 2011, ISOC mounted <a href="/wiki/World_IPv6_Day_and_World_IPv6_Launch_Day" title="World IPv6 Day and World IPv6 Launch Day">World IPv6 Day</a> to test <a href="/wiki/IPv6_deployment" title="IPv6 deployment">IPv6 deployment</a>. In 2012 ISOC launched Deploy360, a portal and training program to promote <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNSSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSSEC">DNSSEC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> On June 6, 2012, ISOC organized the <a href="/wiki/World_IPv6_Day_and_World_IPv6_Launch_Day" title="World IPv6 Day and World IPv6 Launch Day">World IPv6 Launch</a>, this time with the intention of leaving IPv6 permanently enabled on all participating sites. In 2016 Deploy 360 extended its campaigns to include <a href="/wiki/Mutually_Agreed_Norms_for_Routing_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security">Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security</a> (MANRS) and <a href="/wiki/DNS-based_Authentication_of_Named_Entities" title="DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities">DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities</a> (DANE). In 2017 ISOC's North America Region launched an annual Indigenous Connectivity Summit with an event in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In subsequent years the event has been held in <a href="/wiki/Inuvik" title="Inuvik">Inuvik</a>, NWT,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo, Hawaii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In December 2017 ISOC absorbed the standards body Online Trust Alliance (OTA) which produces an annual Online Trust Audit, a Cyber Incident Response Guide, and an <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a> (IoT) Trust Framework.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In August 2018 the Internet Society organized the IETF more formally as the IETF Administration LLC (IETF LLC) underneath ISOC.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The IETF LLC continues to be closely associated with ISOC and is significantly funded by ISOC. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_of_United_Nations_Internet_Governance_Initiative">Support of United Nations Internet Governance Initiative</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Support of United Nations Internet Governance Initiative">edit</a>]</div> The ubiquity of the Internet in modern-day society has prompted <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/UNSG" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSG">Secretary-General</a> to convene a panel of professional experts to discuss the future of the Internet and the role of the Internet in globalized digital cooperation. Three models were proposed after several rounds of discussion, i.e. a Digital Commons Architecture (DCA), a Distributed Co-Governance Architecture (CoGov), and a reformed Internet Governance Forum (IGF+). As of October 2020, the ISOC is leading and facilitating multi-round meetings for Stakeholders' Dialogue to collect, compile, and submit the inputs of worldwide professionals and experts for future governance of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Activities">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1990s, the Internet Society established the <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_B._Postel_Service_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan B. Postel Service Award">Jonathan B. Postel Service Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> It was presented every year to honor a person who has made outstanding contributions in service to the data communications community. The Internet Society's activities included <a href="/wiki/MANRS" title="MANRS">MANRS</a> (Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security) – which was launched in 2014 to provide crucial fixes to reduce the most common threats to the Internet's routing infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins19-31">[31]</a> The society organized the Africa Peering and Interconnection Forum (AfPIF) to help grow the Internet infrastructure in Africa and hosts Internet development conferences in developing markets.<a href="#cite_note-Batambuze16-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aptantech20-33">[33]</a> The society offered Deploy360, an information hub, portal and training program to promote <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNSSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSSEC">DNSSEC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> In 2017 it launched an annual Indigenous Connectivity Summit to connect tribal communities, starting with an event in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>. In subsequent years the event was held in <a href="/wiki/Inuvik" title="Inuvik">Inuvik</a>, NWT, and <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo, Hawaii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valleau-35">[35]</a> The society also publishes reports on global Internet issues,<a href="#cite_note-Deb19-36">[36]</a> and created tools, surveys, codes, and policy recommendations to improve Internet use.<a href="#cite_note-Feldstein19-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Molla19-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zurier19-39">[39]</a> The society supports projects to build community networks and infrastructure, secure routing protocols, and advocate for end-to-end encryption.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert20-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Higgins17-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh20-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sale_of_the_Public_Interest_Registry">Sale of the Public Interest Registry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sale of the Public Interest Registry">edit</a>]</div> In 2019 the Internet Society agreed to the sale of the Public Interest Registry (PIR) to <a href="/wiki/Ethos_Capital" title="Ethos Capital">Ethos Capital</a> for $1.135 billion, a transaction initially expected to be completed in early 2020. The Internet Society said it planned to use the proceeds to fund an <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The Public Interest Registry is a non-profit subsidiary of the Internet Society which operates three top-level domain names (.ORG, .NGO, and .ONG), all of which have traditionally focused on serving the non-profit and non-governmental organization communities. The sale was met with significant opposition due to involving the transfer of what is viewed as a public asset to a <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> investment firm.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In late January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> halted its final approval of the sale after the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California" title="Attorney General of California">Attorney General of California</a> requested detailed documentation from all parties, citing concerns that both ICANN and the Internet Society had potentially violated their public interest missions as registered charities subject to the laws of California.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In February, the Internet Society's Chapter Advisory Council (which represents its membership) began the process to adopt a motion rejecting the sale if certain conditions were not complied with.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On April 30, 2020, ICANN rejected the proposal to sell the PIR to Ethos Capital.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denial_of_participation_of_Iranians_in_activities">Denial of participation of Iranians in activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Denial of participation of Iranians in activities">edit</a>]</div> In September 2016, the Internet Society indicated that it would not seek to obtain a license from the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> (OFAC) of the US Department of the Treasury that would allow it to fund the activities of Iranian nationals.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> This caused considerable distress to ISOC members in Iran, who were thus unable to launch an Internet Society chapter in Iran, and saw a fellowship revoked that the Internet Society had awarded to fund the travel of Iranian student to visit the Internet Governance Forum in Mexico.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-history-1"><a href="#cite_ref-history_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org/history/">"The Internet Society and Internet History"</a>. internetsociety.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911153409/https://www.internetsociety.org/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-11. 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Retrieved March 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=The+Internet+%40+30%3A+Big+hope+to+big+bother&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.aulast=Deb&rft.aufirst=Sandipan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Ftechnology%2Ftech-news%2Fthe-internet-30-big-hope-to-big-bother-1554156689591.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldstein19-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Feldstein19_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldstein2019" class="citation news cs1">Feldstein, Steven (June 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/06/13/end-mass-protests-sudan-has-cut-off-internet-access-nationwide-heres-why/">"To end mass protests, Sudan has cut off Internet access nationwide. Here's why"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108003421/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/06/13/end-mass-protests-sudan-has-cut-off-internet-access-nationwide-heres-why/">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=To+end+mass+protests%2C+Sudan+has+cut+off+Internet+access+nationwide.+Here%27s+why.&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft.aulast=Feldstein&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F06%2F13%2Fend-mass-protests-sudan-has-cut-off-internet-access-nationwide-heres-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molla19-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Molla19_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolla2019" class="citation news cs1">Molla, Rani (May 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/5/13/18547235/trust-smart-devices-privacy-security">"People say they care about privacy but they continue to buy devices that can spy on them"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313215938/https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/5/13/18547235/trust-smart-devices-privacy-security">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox+Media&rft.atitle=People+say+they+care+about+privacy+but+they+continue+to+buy+devices+that+can+spy+on+them&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft.aulast=Molla&rft.aufirst=Rani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Frecode%2F2019%2F5%2F13%2F18547235%2Ftrust-smart-devices-privacy-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zurier19-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Zurier19_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurier2019" class="citation news cs1">Zurier, Steve (January 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darkreading.com/endpoint/privacy/internet-society-to-issue-privacy-code-of-conduct/d/d-id/1333739">"Internet Society to Issue Privacy Code of Conduct"</a>. Dark Reading. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603104800/https://www.darkreading.com/endpoint/privacy/internet-society-to-issue-privacy-code-of-conduct/d/d-id/1333739">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dark+Reading&rft.atitle=Internet+Society+to+Issue+Privacy+Code+of+Conduct&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Zurier&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darkreading.com%2Fendpoint%2Fprivacy%2Finternet-society-to-issue-privacy-code-of-conduct%2Fd%2Fd-id%2F1333739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert20-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert20_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2020" class="citation news cs1">Gilbert, David (January 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wxenaz/3-billionaire-republican-families-are-about-to-buy-the-dot-org-domain-thats-terrifying-nonprofits">"3 Billionaire Republican Families Are About to Buy the Dot-Org Domain. That's Terrifying Nonprofits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125150352/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wxenaz/3-billionaire-republican-families-are-about-to-buy-the-dot-org-domain-thats-terrifying-nonprofits">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+Media&rft.atitle=3+Billionaire+Republican+Families+Are+About+to+Buy+the+Dot-Org+Domain.+That%27s+Terrifying+Nonprofits.&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fwxenaz%2F3-billionaire-republican-families-are-about-to-buy-the-dot-org-domain-thats-terrifying-nonprofits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh20-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh20_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2020" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Manish (January 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/09/over-two-dozen-encryption-experts-call-on-india-to-rethink-changes-to-its-intermediary-liability-rules/">"Over two dozen encryption experts call on India to rethink changes to its intermediary liability rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210064559/https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/09/over-two-dozen-encryption-experts-call-on-india-to-rethink-changes-to-its-intermediary-liability-rules/">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Over+two+dozen+encryption+experts+call+on+India+to+rethink+changes+to+its+intermediary+liability+rules&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Manish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2020%2F01%2F09%2Fover-two-dozen-encryption-experts-call-on-india-to-rethink-changes-to-its-intermediary-liability-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Sullivan2019" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Sullivan (29 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216030906/https://www.keypointsabout.org/blog/advancing-the-internet-societys-mission-into-the-future">"Advancing the Internet Society's Mission Into the Future"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keypointsabout.org/blog/advancing-the-internet-societys-mission-into-the-future">the original</a> on 2019-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Advancing+the+Internet+Society%27s+Mission+Into+the+Future&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.au=Andrew+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keypointsabout.org%2Fblog%2Fadvancing-the-internet-societys-mission-into-the-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieren_McCarthy" class="citation web cs1">Kieren McCarthy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/11/26/org_selloff_internet/">"As pressure builds over .org sell-off, internet governance bodies fall back into familiar pattern: Silence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128201846/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/11/26/org_selloff_internet/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2019-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+pressure+builds+over+.org+sell-off%2C+internet+governance+bodies+fall+back+into+familiar+pattern%3A+Silence&rft.pub=The+Register&rft.au=Kieren+McCarthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2019%2F11%2F26%2Forg_selloff_internet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFat_21:24" class="citation web cs1">at 21:24, Thomas Claburn in San Francisco 31 Jan 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2020/01/31/icann_dot_org_sale/">"ICANN't approve the sale of .org to private equity – because California's Attorney General has... concerns"</a>. www.theregister.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211214858/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2020/01/31/icann_dot_org_sale/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-02-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theregister.co.uk&rft.atitle=ICANN%27t+approve+the+sale+of+.org+to+private+equity+%E2%80%93+because+California%27s+Attorney+General+has...+concerns&rft.aulast=at+21%3A24&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Claburn+in+San+Francisco+31+Jan+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2020%2F01%2F31%2Ficann_dot_org_sale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFat_07:12" class="citation web cs1">at 07:12, Kieren McCarthy in San Francisco 19 Feb 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2020/02/19/dot_org_sale_isoc_advice/">"Now Internet Society told to halt controversial .org sale… by its own advisory council: 'You misread the community mindset around dot-org'"</a>. www.theregister.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221010413/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2020/02/19/dot_org_sale_isoc_advice/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-21. Retrieved 2020-02-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theregister.co.uk&rft.atitle=Now+Internet+Society+told+to+halt+controversial+.org+sale%E2%80%A6+by+its+own+advisory+council%3A+%27You+misread+the+community+mindset+around+dot-org%27&rft.aulast=at+07%3A12&rft.aufirst=Kieren+McCarthy+in+San+Francisco+19+Feb+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2020%2F02%2F19%2Fdot_org_sale_isoc_advice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/blog/icann-board-withholds-consent-for-a-change-of-control-of-the-public-interest-registry-pir">"ICANN Board Withholds Consent for a Change of Control of the Public Interest Registry (PIR)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501025304/https://www.icann.org/news/blog/icann-board-withholds-consent-for-a-change-of-control-of-the-public-interest-registry-pir">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2020-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN+Board+Withholds+Consent+for+a+Change+of+Control+of+the+Public+Interest+Registry+%28PIR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fblog%2Ficann-board-withholds-consent-for-a-change-of-control-of-the-public-interest-registry-pir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-icann-org-sale-idUSKBN22D4FV">"ICANN rejects sale of .org to for-profit investor group"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502093615/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-icann-org-sale-idUSKBN22D4FV">Archived</a> 2020-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Joseph Menn, Reuters, May 1, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2016" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Hill, Richard (16 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elists.isoc.org/pipermail/chapter-delegates/2016-September/017954.html">"FW: [Internet Policy] Internet Society is denying Iranians for participation in Internet Governance Forum"</a>. Chapter-delegates (Mailing list).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FW%3A+%5BInternet+Policy%5D+Internet+Society+is+denying+Iranians+for+participation+in+Internet+Governance+Forum&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felists.isoc.org%2Fpipermail%2Fchapter-delegates%2F2016-September%2F017954.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Society" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org/history/oral-history-of-the-internet-societys-founding/">An Oral History of the Internet Society's Founding</a> (2013)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120340975">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133976499">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16223182-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92010807">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36013991">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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