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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%B0%BD%E5%88%B0&returnto=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" title="唔係是必要簽到，但建議你噉做。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>簽到</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目錄" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-鴉片嘅提煉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鴉片戰爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鴉片戰爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>鴉片戰爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鴉片戰爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-抗日戰爭同國共內戰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#抗日戰爭同國共內戰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>抗日戰爭同國共內戰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-抗日戰爭同國共內戰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衍生品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衍生品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>衍生品</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衍生品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">鴉片</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有91種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أفيون – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="افيون – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiu" title="Opiu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Opiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiry%C9%99k" title="Tiryək – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tiryək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опіум – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Опіум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Опіюм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Опіюм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опиум – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Опиум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ယာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ယာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="আফিম – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijum" title="Opijum – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Opijum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opi" title="Opi – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Opi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82-pi%C3%A9ng" title="Ă-piéng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ă-piéng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiwm" title="Opiwm – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Όπιο – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όπιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oopium" title="Oopium – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oopium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="تریاک – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تریاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oopiumi" title="Oopiumi – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oopiumi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ipiam" title="Óipiam – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Óipiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍉𐍀𐌾𐍉 – 哥德文" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍉𐍀𐌾𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אופיום – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="अफ़ीम – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ़ीम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijum" title="Opijum – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opijum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pium" title="Ópium – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ópium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ափիոն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ափիոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opio" title="Opio – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Opio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madat_(narkotika)" title="Madat (narkotika) – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madat (narkotika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiumo" title="Opiumo – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Opiumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93p%C3%ADum" title="Ópíum – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ópíum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppio" title="Oppio – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oppio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3" title="アヘン – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヘン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოპიუმი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಫೀಮು – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಫೀಮು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8E%B8" title="아편 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아편" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Апийим – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Апийим" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ຝິ່ນ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຝິ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijus" title="Opijus – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Opijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijs" title="Opijs – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Opijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опиум – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D)" title="കറുപ്പ് (മയക്കുമരുന്ന്) – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കറുപ്പ് (മയക്കുമരുന്ന്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82" title="अफू – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अफू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candu" title="Candu – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Candu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဘိန်း – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="अफिम – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अफिम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="अफिम – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अफिम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92pi" title="Òpi – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òpi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qimaaxari" title="Qimaaxari – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qimaaxari" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE" title="ਅਫ਼ੀਮ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਫ਼ੀਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اپين – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اپين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pio" title="Ópio – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ópio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiu" title="Opiu – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Opiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опиум – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опиум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="आफीनम् – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आफीनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loppiu" title="Loppiu – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Loppiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85" title="آفيم – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آفيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opijum" title="Opijum – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pium" title="Ópium – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ópium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opij" title="Opij – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Opij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опијум – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Opium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afyuni" title="Afyuni – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afyuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="அபினி – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அபினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Афюн – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Афюн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ฝิ่น – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝิ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opyo" title="Opyo – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Opyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afyon_(narkotik)" title="Afyon (narkotik) – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afyon (narkotik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Опіум – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Опіум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="افیون – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افیون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afyun" title="Afyun – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Afyun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_phi%E1%BB%87n" title="Thuốc phiện – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc phiện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opyo" title="Opyo – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Opyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%83%9F" title="大烟 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大烟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოპიუმი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოპიუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87" title="鸦片 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鸦片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" title="鴉片 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鴉片" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-phi%C3%A0n" title="A-phiàn – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-phiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&oldid=2056634" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&id=2056634&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25B4%2589%25E7%2589%2587"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25B4%2589%25E7%2589%2587"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Opium" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46452" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG/220px-%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG/330px-%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG/440px-%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%84%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%AB.PNG 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>歷史上一間<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="東印度公司">大鴉片公司</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%89%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="倉庫">倉庫</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%9F%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%9C%96.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>鴉片影響咗<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="中國近代史">中國近代史</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>鴉片</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/鴉片/#yue"><span>aa<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> pin<span class="Jpingtone">3</span></span></a></span>；英文：Opium），舊時叫做<b>洋藥</b>，俗稱<b>大煙</b>、<b>阿芙蓉</b>（拉丁化阿拉伯文：Afyūm）、<b>大香煙</b>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="清朝">清朝</a>時普遍會叫做<b>福壽膏</b>，係天然<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麻醉劑 (無呢版)">麻醉</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抑制劑 (無呢版)">抑制劑</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>上可以用嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="麻醉">麻醉</a>性嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E7%97%9B%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="鎮痛藥">鎮痛藥</a>，如果唔係用嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>研究或者唔係醫藥用嘅話，就屬於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>。 </p><p>以<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a>嚟講，傳統用鴉片嚟<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="吸毒">吸毒</a>嘅工具有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%99%E7%B0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煙簽 (無呢版)">煙簽</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%99%E7%87%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煙燈 (無呢版)">煙燈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E6%A7%8D" title="煙槍">煙槍</a>等，一般將生鴉片加工變成熟鴉片，然後搓到細細粒丸咁或者細細條，喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火">火</a>上面燢到佢變軟之後，就塞入煙槍嘅煙鍋入面，跟住將個煙鍋倒轉擺喺火苗上面燒，經過條煙管就可以吸食燃燒產生嘅鴉片<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99" title="煙">煙</a>；吸毒嘅人之中，煙癮唔大嘅每日大概吸食10～20次，大煙癮嘅可以多到一日吸成百次；而家嘅吸毒者通常直接就咁吞食嗰啲含有鴉片嘅丸仔，或者將鴉片溶喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>裏面直接用針進行<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E8%84%88" title="靜脈">靜脈</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="注射">注射</a>；有時一大班人一齊以靜脈注射形式服用鴉片，但係又會共用嗰一兩支針筒，咁就成為咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="愛滋病">愛滋病</a>（<i>A.I.D.S.</i>）傳播嘅主要途徑之一。喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國">中國大陸</a>如果發現有人<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A9%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="販毒 (無呢版)">販賣鴉片</a>，而身上搜出嘅鴉片重量超過一<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B" title="千克">千克</a>（<i>kg</i>）即可判處<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91" title="死刑">死刑</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="鴉片嘅提煉"><span id=".E9.B4.89.E7.89.87.E5.98.85.E6.8F.90.E7.85.89"></span>鴉片嘅提煉</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 鴉片嘅提煉"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>鴉片</b>其實係喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%8C%E7%B2%9F" title="罌粟">罌粟</a>未熟嘅果實皮度提煉出嚟；<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%8C%E7%B2%9F" title="罌粟">罌粟</a>係屬於一年生嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="草本植物">草本植物</a>，啲人會趁佢嘅果實未熟， </p><p>果皮上面割開小小切口，等啲帶白色嘅乳汁流出嚟，然後將呢啲液汁乾燥凝固再用嚟提煉；呢啲凝固物裏面含有多種鴉片<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%B9%BC" title="生物鹼">生物鹼</a>，而所提煉出嚟嘅鴉片會分為生鴉片同埋熟鴉片。 </p><p>生鴉片係深啡色，有啲品種就會近黑色；形狀多數整成圓餅形，或者一磚磚咁；一般嘅表面會係乾燥同埋脆硬，但係裏面就保持住柔軟同埋粘性，氣味亦好刺激性好難聞—係好似放咗好耐嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF" title="尿">尿</a>咁嘅苦味。生鴉片除咗有15%至30%嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="礦物質">礦物質</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E8%84%82" title="樹脂">樹脂</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>份之外，重含有10%至20%嘅特殊生物鹼。 </p><p>生鴉片經過燒煮同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%85%B5" title="發酵">發酵</a>嘅加工處理之後，就會成為吸毒者用嘅熟鴉片。整好嘅熟鴉片多數係條形或者一塊咁，然後用薄嘅布或者塑膠紙嚟包裝；熟鴉片嘅表面光滑柔軟，帶少少油膩，色澤會係淺啡或者金黃色，而佢所發出嚟嘅強烈味道，對啲吸毒者嚟講會係一啲香甜嘅味道。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="鴉片戰爭"><span id=".E9.B4.89.E7.89.87.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD"></span>鴉片戰爭</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 鴉片戰爭"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="清朝">清朝</a>嘅時代，大量鴉片嘅流入，嚴重咁荼毒中國嘅人民，朝廷意識到鴉片係一樣禍國殃民嘅嘢，佢令到人民精神不振，體力衰退，所以當時有兩位大臣分別向清<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>提出禁鴉片，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%B1%E4%B9%83%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="許乃濟 (無呢版)">許乃濟</a>提倡「馳禁」，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%89%87%E5%BE%90" title="林則徐">林則徐</a>就提出咗「嚴禁」，最後林則徐嘅意見被朝廷採用；之後林則徐喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E9%96%80%E9%8A%B7%E7%85%99" title="虎門銷煙">虎門銷煙</a>，令到當時被認為係最大嘅鴉片入口商－－英國商人損失慘重，兼成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次鴉片戰爭">第一次鴉片戰爭</a>嘅導火線。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="抗日戰爭同國共內戰"><span id=".E6.8A.97.E6.97.A5.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD.E5.90.8C.E5.9C.8B.E5.85.B1.E5.85.A7.E6.88.B0"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="抗日戰爭">抗日戰爭</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="國共內戰">國共內戰</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 抗日戰爭同國共內戰"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>抗戰後期，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中共">中共</a>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%9D%E7%94%98%E5%AF%A7%E9%82%8A%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陝甘寧邊區 (無呢版)">陝甘寧邊區</a>整咗好多鴉片來賣畀國統區嘅賣家或者國軍士兵，支撐財政——特別係要來買醫療物資。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1" title="毛澤東">毛澤東</a>同呢啲政策有直接關係。渠哋尤其是喺陝北<b>南泥灣</b>（之前叫<b>爛泥窪</b>/<b>濫泥洼</b>）大肆開墾荒山野嶺，靠種罌粟來支援<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命</a>，所以啲產品又叫<b>革命鴉片</b>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中共">共產黨</a>靠渠來反制<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="國民黨">國民黨</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%B0%81%E9%8E%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經濟封鎖 (無呢版)">經濟封鎖</a>，到內戰打完至唔再做呢種生意。因為噉嘅「秘密武器」講起來並唔馨香，所以呢段歷史向來諱莫如深<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="衍生品"><span id=".E8.A1.8D.E7.94.9F.E5.93.81"></span>衍生品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 衍生品"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>舊時响香港最流行嘅鴉片類毒品有三種——膏狀嘅（上面有詳細講）、粒形嘅（紅丸），同埋粉狀嘅（<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="白粉">白粉</a>）——喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%AF%A8%E5%9F%8E" title="九龍寨城">九龍寨城</a>光明街（俗稱<b>電台街</b>；靠吸毒恢復精神叫「充電」）各有專賣檔口，分別叫<b>煙館</b>、<b>紅丸檔</b>同埋<b>白粉檔</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢三種由罌粟煉出來嘅嘢之中，鴉片藥力最弱，紅丸排中間，白粉嘅最勁。<b>紅丸</b>嘅成分有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%9B%E8%8B%B1" title="海洛英">海洛英</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嗎啡 (無呢版)">嗎啡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%92%E9%9C%9C" title="砒霜">砒霜</a>……係種粉紅色黄豆形毒品<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREF陳" class="citation web cs1">陳永發。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c168-201711017.pdf"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈延安的「革命鴉片」：毛澤東的秘密武器〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>延</span><span class="zit3">安的<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">「</span>革</span><span class="zit3">命鴉片</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">」</span>：</span><span class="zit3">毛澤東的秘密武器</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《二十一世紀》雙月刊》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>二</span><span class="zit3">十一世紀</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>雙</span><span class="zit3">月刊</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。香港中文大學‧中國文化研究所。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E3%80%8B%E9%9B%99%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%89%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9A%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8&rft.aulast=%E9%99%B3&rft.aufirst=%E6%B0%B8%E7%99%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fics%2F21c%2Fmedia%2Farticles%2Fc168-201711017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018015859/https://www.hkhselderly.com/tc/travel/scenic/274"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈寨城的黑色歲月（上）〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>寨</span><span class="zit3">城的黑色歲月<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>上</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《房協長者通》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>房</span><span class="zit3">協長者通</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hkhselderly.com/tc/travel/scenic/274">原著</a>喺2020年10月18號歸檔。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%88%BF%E5%8D%94%E9%95%B7%E8%80%85%E9%80%9A&rft.atitle=%E5%AF%A8%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E6%AD%B2%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkhselderly.com%2Ftc%2Ftravel%2Fscenic%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFShao,_Yong,_1953-邵雍,_1953-" class="citation book cs1">Shao, Yong, 1953-; 邵雍, 1953-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/982682144"><i>Zhongguo jin dai fan du shi</i></a> (第Zai ban, di 1 ban版). Shanghai. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-7-5520-1634-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-7-5520-1634-5"><bdi>978-7-5520-1634-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (無呢版)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/982682144">982682144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhongguo+jin+dai+fan+du+shi&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.edition=Zai+ban%2C+di+1+ban&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982682144&rft.isbn=978-7-5520-1634-5&rft.au=Shao%2C+Yong%2C+1953-&rft.au=%E9%82%B5%E9%9B%8D%2C+1953-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F982682144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">由「<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=鴉片&oldid=2056634">https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=鴉片&oldid=2056634</a>」收</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="Special:分類">屬於1類</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" 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