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<li id="toc-Early_Muslim_attacks_on_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_attacks_on_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early Muslim attacks on Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_attacks_on_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Muslim conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Muslim rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_"Taifa"_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_"Taifa"_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline and "Taifa" period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_"Taifa"_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kalbids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalbids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kalbids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalbids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taifa_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taifa_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Taifa period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taifa_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muslim Sicily</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إمارة صقلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمارة صقلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliya_%C9%99mirliyi" title="Siciliya əmirliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siciliya əmirliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="سیسیل امیرلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیسیل امیرلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="সিসিলি আমিরাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিসিলি আমিরাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сицилиански емират – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сицилиански емират" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilijski_Emirat" title="Sicilijski Emirat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sicilijski Emirat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirat_de_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Emirat de Sicília – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emirat de Sicília" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilsk%C3%BD_emir%C3%A1t" title="Sicilský emirát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sicilský emirát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirat_von_Sizilien" title="Emirat von Sizilien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emirat von Sizilien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitsiilia_emiraat" title="Sitsiilia emiraat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sitsiilia emiraat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εμιράτο της Σικελίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμιράτο της Σικελίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirato_de_Sicilia" title="Emirato de Sicilia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emirato de Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siziliako_emirerria" title="Siziliako emirerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siziliako emirerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="امارت سیسیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امارت سیسیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mirat_de_Sicile" title="Émirat de Sicile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émirat de Sicile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%ED%86%A0%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%AD" title="시칠리아 토후국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시칠리아 토후국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A7%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սիցիլիայի էմիրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիցիլիայի էմիրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilijski_Emirat" title="Sicilijski Emirat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sicilijski Emirat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirio_Sicilia" title="Emirio Sicilia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Emirio Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keamiran_Sisilia" title="Keamiran Sisilia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keamiran Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(emirato)" title="Sicilia (emirato) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sicilia (emirato)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Sicilia_islamica" title="Storia della Sicilia islamica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Sicilia islamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אמירות סיציליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמירות סיציליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D3%99%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Сицилия әмірлігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сицилия әмірлігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiria_de_Sisilia" title="Amiria de Sisilia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Amiria de Sisilia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiriah_Sicilia" title="Amiriah Sicilia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amiriah Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiraat_Sicili%C3%AB" title="Emiraat Sicilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emiraat Sicilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B7%E3%83%81%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="イスラーム期のシチリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラーム期のシチリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitsiliya_amirligi" title="Sitsiliya amirligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sitsiliya amirligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C" title="امارت سسلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امارت سسلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirat_Sycylii" title="Emirat Sycylii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emirat Sycylii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirado_da_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Emirado da Sicília – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emirado da Sicília" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratul_Siciliei" title="Emiratul Siciliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emiratul Siciliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сицилийский эмират – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сицилийский эмират" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirati_i_Si%C3%A7ilis%C3%AB" title="Emirati i Siçilisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Emirati i Siçilisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(%C3%A8bbica_%C3%A0rabba)" title="Sicilia (èbbica àrabba) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sicilia (èbbica àrabba)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilski_emirat" title="Sicilski emirat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sicilski emirat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Емират Сицилија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емират Сицилија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirat_Sicilija" title="Emirat Sicilija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Emirat Sicilija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisilian_emiraatti" title="Sisilian emiraatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisilian emiraatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilya_Emirli%C4%9Fi" title="Sicilya Emirliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sicilya Emirliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сицилійський емірат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сицилійський емірат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="امارت صقلیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امارت صقلیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Sicilia" title="Tiểu vương quốc Sicilia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiểu vương quốc Sicilia" 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.ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Ṣiqilliya</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صِقِلِّيَة</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">831–1091</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1000_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italy in 1000. The Emirate of Sicily is in light green."><img alt="Italy in 1000. The Emirate of Sicily is in light green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/250px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/375px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/500px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="811" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Italy in 1000. The Emirate of Sicily is in light green.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Province of the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid Emirate">Aghlabid Emirate</a><br />(831–909)</li> <li>Province of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a><br />(909–948)</li> <li>Autonomous emirate under the <a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids</a><br />(948–1044)</li> <li>Various emirates in conflict<br />(After 1044)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Arabic">Sicilian Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Jews">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">831</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1091</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tar%C3%AC" title="Tarì">Tarì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Byzantine_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png/16px-Byzantine_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Byzantine_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png/24px-Byzantine_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Byzantine_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png/32px-Byzantine_Calvary_cross_potent_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="1855" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily <span style="font-size:85%;">(Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty)</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_Arms_of_Roger_I_of_Sicily.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Roger_I_of_Sicily.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_Arms_of_Roger_I_of_Sicily.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Roger_I_of_Sicily.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_Arms_of_Roger_I_of_Sicily.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Roger_I_of_Sicily.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="806" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Historical Arab states and dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_Alhambra_I_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="1258" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Arab states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Kingdom of Qedar</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800 BC–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Kingdom of Lihyan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600 BC–100 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BC–106 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Kingdom of Osroene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 132 BC–244 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 64 BC–300s AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hatra" title="Kingdom of Hatra">Kingdom of Hatra</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 100s–241 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 196–1100 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 220–638 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Salihids" title="Salihids">Salihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 300s–500s AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lakhmid_kingdom" title="Lakhmid kingdom">Lakhmids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 300s–602 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">Kingdom of Kinda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 450 AD–550 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Arab empires and caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 632–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 909–1171</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern dynasties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Emirate of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 654–884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 736–1122</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 824–961</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dulafid_dynasty" title="Dulafid dynasty"> Dulafids </a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 840–897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Habbari_dynasty" title="Habbari dynasty">Habbarids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 854–1011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kaysites" title="Kaysites">Kaysites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 860–964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 861–1538</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 864–928</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hashimids_(Darband)" title="Hashimids (Darband)"> Hashimids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 869–1075</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 890–1004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 955–1071</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Mazyad" title="Banu Mazyad">Mazyadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 961–1150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 970–1107</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 990–1096</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Numayrid_dynasty" title="Numayrid dynasty">Numayrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 990–1081</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1024–1080</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Munqidh" title="Banu Munqidh">Munqidhites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1025–1157</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'nids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1517–1697</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turabay_dynasty" title="Turabay dynasty">Turabays</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1480–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harfush_dynasty" title="Harfush dynasty">Harfushs</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1517–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihabs</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1697–1842</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Western dynasties and caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nekor" title="Emirate of Nekor">Salihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">710–1019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fihrids" title="Fihrids">Fihrid Emirate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">745-757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Umayyad state of Córdoba">Umayyad state of Córdoba</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">756–1031</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">771–793</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">788–974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">800–909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulaymanid_dynasty" title="Sulaymanid dynasty">Sulaymanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">814–922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muslim Sicily</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">831–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Kanzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1004–1412</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Salt%C3%A9s_and_Huelva" title="Taifa of Saltés and Huelva">Bakrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1012–1051</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tujib" title="Banu Tujib">Tujibids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1013–1039</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia"> Amirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1020–1086</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" title="Taifa of Seville">Abbadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1023–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Niebla" title="Taifa of Niebla">Yahsubids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1023–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="Taifa of Málaga">Hammudids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1026–1057</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Silves" title="Taifa of Silves">Muzaynids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1027–1063</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Taifa of Córdoba">Jawharids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1031–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hud" title="Banu Hud">Hudids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1039–1110</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sumadih" title="Banu Sumadih">Sumadihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1041–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Murcia" title="Taifa of Murcia">Tahirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1049–1078</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Nasrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1230–1492</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1554–1659</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1837–1969</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Arabian Peninsula</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oman_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Oman proper">Imamate of Oman</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 751–1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty" title="Ziyadid dynasty">Ziyadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 819–1138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yufirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Yufirids">Yufirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 847–997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ukhaidhir" title="Banu Ukhaidhir">Ukhaidhirds</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 865–1066</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rassids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassids">Rassids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 897–1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 899–1077</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Wajihids" title="Wajihids">Wajihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 926–965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 968–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1047–1138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulaymanids" title="Sulaymanids">Sulaymanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1063–1174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyunid_Emirate" title="Uyunid Emirate">Uyunids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1076–1253</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1083–1174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nabhani_dynasty" title="Nabhani dynasty">Nabhanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1154–1624</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1159–1174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1229–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Usfurids" title="Usfurids">Usfurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1253–1320</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jarwanid_dynasty" title="Jarwanid dynasty">Jarwanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1305–1487</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1395–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirids_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids (Yemen)">Tahirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1454–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jabrids" title="Jabrids">Jabrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1463–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rassids#The_Qasimid_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassids">Qasimids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1597–1872</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yaruba_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaruba dynasty">Ya'arubids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1624–1742</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1800–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1820–1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Rashidids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1836–1921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aitids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1858–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Beihan" title="Emirate of Beihan">Emirate of Beihan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1903–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Idrisids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1906–1934</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1926–1970</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">East Africa</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Showa">Makhzumi dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 896–1279</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Pate" title="List of rulers of Pate">Nabahani dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pate_Island" title="Pate Island">Pate Island</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1203–1894</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate#Mahdali_era" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Mahdali dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kilwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilwa">Kilwa</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1277–1495</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mazrui" title="Mazrui">Mazrui dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1746–1828</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1856–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Witu" title="List of rulers of Witu">Nabahani dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1858–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip%27s_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippu Tip's State">Tippu Tip's State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1860–1887</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Current monarchies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%27Alawi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alawi dynasty">'Alawis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1631–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qasimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ras_al_Khaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al Khaymah">Ras al Khaymah</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1727–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qasimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1727–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1744–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Busaid" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Busaid">Al Said</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1749–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sabah" title="House of Sabah">Al Sabah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1752–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nahyan" title="House of Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1761–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Mualla" title="Al Mualla">Al Mualla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Umm_al-Quwain" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Umm al-Quwain">Umm al-Quwain</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1775–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Al Khalifa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1783–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Nuaimi" title="Al Nuaimi">Al Nuaimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman" title="Emirate of Ajman">Ajman</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1810–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Maktoum" title="House of Maktoum">Al Maktoum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1833–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">Al Thani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1868–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharqi" title="Al Sharqi">Al Sharqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah" title="Emirate of Fujairah">Fujairah</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1900–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1921–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_Arab_states_and_dynasties" title="Template:Historical Arab states and dynasties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_Arab_states_and_dynasties" title="Template talk:Historical Arab states and dynasties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_Arab_states_and_dynasties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical Arab states and dynasties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was under <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> rule from the late ninth to late eleventh centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a prosperous and influential commercial power in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its capital of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving as a major cultural and political center of the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sicily was peripheral part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> when Muslim forces from <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (roughly present-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>) began launching raids in 652. During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty" title="Aghlabid dynasty">Aghlabid dynasty</a> in Ifriqiya, a <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">prolonged series of conflicts</a> from 827 to 902 resulted in the gradual conquest of the entire island, with only the stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Rometta" title="Rometta">Rometta</a>, in the far northeast, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">holding out until 965</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> replaced Aghlabid rule after 909. From 948 onwards, the island was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Kalbid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalbid dynasty">Kalbid dynasty</a>, who ruled as autonomous <a href="/wiki/Emirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirs">emirs</a> while formally acknowledging Fatimid authority. </p><p>Under Muslim rule, Sicily became <a href="/wiki/Multiconfessionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiconfessionalism">multiconfessional</a> and multilingual, developing a distinct <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Arab-Byzantine culture</a> that combined elements of its Islamic Arab and Berber migrants with those of the local Latin, Greek, and Jewish communities. Lucrative new crops were introduced, advanced irrigation systems were built, and urban centers were beautified with gardens and public works; the resulting wealth led to a flourishing of art and science. </p><p>Beginning in the early eleventh century, political authority began to fracture from internal strife and dynastic disputes. Christian <a href="/wiki/Norman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman people">Norman</a> mercenaries under <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I</a> ultimately <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">conquered</a> the island, founding the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a> in 1071; the last Muslim city on the island, <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a>, fell in 1091, marking the end of independent Islamic rule in Sicily. </p><p>As the first Count of Sicily, Roger maintained a relative degree of tolerance and multiculturalism; Sicilian Muslims remained citizens of the County and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>. Until the late twelfth century, and probably as late as the 1220s, Muslims formed a majority of the island's population, and even occupied positions in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal court</a>. But by the mid thirteenth century, Muslims who had not already left or converted to Christianity were expelled, ending roughly four hundred years of Islamic presence in Sicily. </p><p>Over two centuries of Islamic rule has left some traces in modern Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor Arabic influence remains in the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian language</a> and in local place names; a much larger influence is in the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a> that derives from <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a>. Other cultural remnants can be found in the island's agricultural methods and crops, cuisine, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Muslim_attacks_on_Sicily">Early Muslim attacks on Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Muslim attacks on Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></div> <p>In 535, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Byzantine Emperors">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> reconquered Sicily for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, which by then was ruled from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. As the power of what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> waned in the West, a new and expansionist power was emerging in the Middle East: the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, the first major Muslim state to emerge following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632. Over a period of twenty five years, the caliphate succeeded in annexing much of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian Sasanian</a> Empire and former Roman territories in the Levant and North Africa. In 652, under <a href="/wiki/Uthman_Ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman Ibn Affan">Caliph Uthman</a>, an invasion captured most of the island, but Muslims occupation was short-lived, as they left following his death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the end of the seventh century, with the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of North Africa">Umayyad conquest of North Africa</a>, the Muslims had captured the nearby port city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, allowing them to build shipyards and a permanent base from which to launch more sustained attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-dmsmi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dmsmi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 700, the island of <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> was captured by <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyads</a>, and it was only discord among the Muslims that prevented an attempted invasion of Sicily at that time. Instead, trading agreements were arranged with the Byzantines, and Muslim merchants were allowed to trade goods at Sicilian ports.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first true attempt at conquest was launched in 740; in that year the Muslim prince Habib, who had participated in the 728 attack, successfully captured <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>. Ready to conquer the whole island, they were however forced to return to Tunisia by a <a href="/wiki/Berber_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber revolt">Berber revolt</a>. A second attack in 752 aimed only to sack the same city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_conquest">Muslim conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Muslim conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">History of Islam in southern Italy</a></div> <p>In 826, <a href="/wiki/Euphemius_(King_of_Sicily)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemius (King of Sicily)">Euphemius</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine fleet</a> of Sicily, forced a nun to marry him. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a> caught wind of the matter and ordered that General Constantine end the marriage and cut off Euphemius' nose. Euphemius rose up, killed Constantine and then occupied Syracuse; he in turn was defeated and driven out to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He offered rule of Sicily over to <a href="/wiki/Ziyadat_Allah_I_of_Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyadat Allah I of Aghlabids">Ziyadat Allah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a> emir of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (around present-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>), in return for a place as a general and safety; the Emir agreed, offering to give Euphemius the island in exchange for a yearly tribute. The conquest was entrusted to the 70-year-old <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Asad_ibn_al-Furat" title="Asad ibn al-Furat">Asad ibn al-Furat</a>, who led a force 10,000 infantry, 700 cavalry and 100 ships.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinforced by the Muslims, Euphemius' ships landed at <a href="/wiki/Mazara_del_Vallo" title="Mazara del Vallo">Mazara del Vallo</a>, where the first battle against loyalist Byzantine troops occurred on July 15, 827, resulting in an Aghlabid victory. </p><p>Asad subsequently conquered the southern shore of the island and laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(827%E2%80%93828)" title="Siege of Syracuse (827–828)">year-long siege</a>, and an attempted mutiny, his troops were able to defeat a large army sent from <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, backed by a Venetian fleet led by Doge <a href="/wiki/Giustiniano_Participazio" title="Giustiniano Participazio">Giustiniano Participazio</a>. A sudden outbreak of plague killed many of the Muslim troops, as well as Asad himself, forcing the Muslims to retreat to the castle <a href="/wiki/Mineo" title="Mineo">Mineo</a>. They later renewed their offensive, but failed to conquer <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Castrogiovanni</a> (modern Enna) where Euphemius was killed, forcing them to retreat back to their stronghold at Mazara. </p><p>In 830, the remaining Muslims of Sicily received a strong reinforcement of 30,000 Ifriqiyan and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusi</a> troops. The Iberian Muslims defeated the Byzantine commander Teodotus between July and August of that year, but again a plague forced them to return to Mazara and later Ifriqiya. However, Ifriqiyan units sent to besiege the Sicilian capital of Palermo managed to capture it after a year-long siege in September 831.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palermo was made the Muslim capital of Sicily, renamed <i>al-Madinah</i> ("The City"),<sup id="cite_ref-alatas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alatas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it became the base for further conquests on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquest was an incremental, see-saw affair. With considerable resistance and many internal struggles, it took over a century for Byzantine Sicily to be fully conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messina was besieged and captured in 842 or 843, possibly with the support of some <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitans</a>, and became a base for subsequent campaigns into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian mainland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:132_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syracuse was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(877%E2%80%93878)" title="Siege of Syracuse (877–878)">captured</a> in 878.<sup id="cite_ref-:232_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:232-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest of the island was not fully completed until 902, when <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a> was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(902)" title="Siege of Taormina (902)">conquered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:232_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:232-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after this, however, some patches of local Byzantine/Christian resistance continued until 967, after the end of the Aghlabid period.<sup id="cite_ref-:052232_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052232-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:032_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_rule">Muslim rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Muslim rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In succession, Sicily was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Aghlabid dynasty in Ifriqiya until 909, when they were overthrown and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:052232_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052232-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first years of Fatimid rule after 909 were difficult, as the Sicilian Muslims had already begun to acquire a distinct identity and they resisted attempts by new outsiders to assert themselves. The first Fatimid governor was expelled in 912 and the second one, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qurhub" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qurhub">Ibn Qurhub</a>, rebelled until 916. Fatimid authority was only established more securely with the defeat of rebels and the surrender of Palermo in 917.<sup id="cite_ref-:2232_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2232-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salim ibn Abi Rashid served as Fatimid governor from 917 to 936. He was related by marriage to the <a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids</a>, a high-ranking family loyal to the Fatimids.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major revolt for independence shook the island in 937 and was only suppressed in 941.<sup id="cite_ref-:2234_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2234-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 948, the Fatimid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Billah" title="Al-Mansur Billah">al-Mansur</a> appointed the Kalbid commander al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi as governor of the island. He became the first emir of the Kalbid dynasty, which effectively ruled the island for the next century on behalf of the Fatimids.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Hasan returned to Ifriqiya upon the death of al-Mansur, leaving his son <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_al-Hasan_al-Kalbi" title="Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi">Ahmad</a> as governor of the island, though he returned later to assist in campaigns against the Byzantines. Under Ahmad's tenure, Taormina was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(962)" title="Siege of Taormina (962)">conquered again</a> in 962 and <a href="/wiki/Rometta" title="Rometta">Rometta</a> was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">conquered soon after</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimids subsequently <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">conquered</a> and moved to Egypt in 972–973, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a> as their viceroys in Ifriqiya.<sup id="cite_ref-:2233_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2233-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only after this move to Egypt that the Fatimid caliphs implicitly recognized the Kalbids as hereditary rulers, who thenceforth governed the island as <a href="/wiki/Amirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Amirs"><i>amir</i>s</a> on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout this period, Sunni Muslims formed the majority of the Muslim community in Sicily,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with most (if not all) of the people of Palermo being Sunni,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to their hostility to the Shia Kalbids.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sunni population of the island was replenished following sectarian rebellions across north Africa from 943–947 against the Fatimids' harsh religious policies, leading to several waves of refugees fleeing to Sicily in an attempt to escape Fatimid retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines took advantage of temporary discord to occupy the eastern end of the island for several years. </p><p>Raids into Southern Italy continued under the Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a joint Christian army under the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> and the brothers <a href="/wiki/Landulf_IV_of_Benevento" title="Landulf IV of Benevento">Landulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandulf_II_of_Salerno" title="Pandulf II of Salerno">Pandulf</a> was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stilo" title="Battle of Stilo">Stilo</a> near Crotone in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. But Emir <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_Ali_ibn_al-Hasan_al-Kalbi" title="Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi">Abu'l-Qasim</a> was killed in battle and with Emir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_al-Kalbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf al-Kalbi (page does not exist)">Yusuf al-Kalbi</a> (986–998) a period of steady decline began. Under al-Akhal (1017–1037) the dynastic conflict intensified, with factions within the ruling family allying themselves variously with the Byzantine Empire and the Zirids. After this period, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis</a> attempted to annex the island for the Zirids, while intervening in the affairs of the feuding Muslims; however, the attempt ultimately failed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Information doesn't appear to be at the provided page. Either the citation is not relevant at all, or it needs to be revised to indicate the correct location in the cited work. (June 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_"Taifa"_period"><span id="Decline_and_.22Taifa.22_period"></span>Decline and "Taifa" period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline and "Taifa" period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RogerReceivingTheKeysOfPalermo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seated man with sword receiving objects on a tray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RogerReceivingTheKeysOfPalermo.JPG/220px-RogerReceivingTheKeysOfPalermo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RogerReceivingTheKeysOfPalermo.JPG/330px-RogerReceivingTheKeysOfPalermo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RogerReceivingTheKeysOfPalermo.JPG/440px-RogerReceivingTheKeysOfPalermo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I of Sicily</a> receiving the keys of Palermo</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 11th century, mainland southern Italian powers were hiring <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> mercenaries, who were Christian descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>; it was the Normans under Roger de Hauteville, who became <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I of Sicily</a>, that captured Sicily from the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1038, a Byzantine army under <a href="/wiki/George_Maniaces" class="mw-redirect" title="George Maniaces">George Maniaces</a> crossed the strait of Messina, and included a corps of <a href="/wiki/Italo-Normans" title="Italo-Normans">Normans</a>. After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040, Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his conquest of the latter, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-jpriv_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpriv-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, son of Tancred, then <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">conquered Sicily</a> in 1060 after taking <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and Calabria, while his brother <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger de Hauteville</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> with an army of 700 knights. </p><p>The Emirate of Sicily began to fragment amid intra-dynastic quarrels.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1044, under emir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_al-Samsam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan al-Samsam (page does not exist)">Hasan al-Samsam</a>, the island devolved into four <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi"><i>qadits</i></a>, or small fiefdoms: Trapani, Marsala, Mazara and Sciacca led by Abdallah ibn Mankut; that of Girgenti, Castrogiovanni and Castronuovo under Ibn al-Hawwàs; Catania held by Ibn al-Maklatí; and that of Syracuse under Ibn Thumna, while al-Samsam retained control of Palermo longer, before it adopted self-rule under a council of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a>. There followed a period of squabbles among the qadits that likely represented kin-groups jockeying for power. Ibn Thumna killed Ibn al-Maklatí, took Catania and married the dead qadi's widow who was the sister of Ibn al-Hawwàs. He also took ibn Mankut's qadit, but when his wife was prevented from returning from a visit to her brother, the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a>-allied Ibn Thumna attacked Ibn al-Hawwàs only to be defeated. When he left Sicily to recruit more troops, this briefly left Ibn al-Hawwàs in control of most of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In waging his war on his rivals, Ibn Thumna had collaborated closely with the Normans, each using the other to further their goal of ruling the entire island, and though Ibn Thumna's death in a 1062 ambush led the Normans to draw back and consolidate, Ibn Thumna's former allies appear to have continued the alliance, such that Muslim troops constituted the majority of the Hauteville "Norman" army in Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> of North Africa sent an army to Sicily led by Ali and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayyub_ibn_Tamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayyub ibn Tamin (page does not exist)">Ayyub ibn Tamin</a>, and these troops progressively brought the qadits under their control, killing al-Hawwàs and effectively making Ayyub emir of Muslim Sicily. However, they lost two decisive battles against the Normans. The Sicilians and North Africans were defeated in 1063 by a small Norman force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerami" title="Battle of Cerami">Battle of Cerami</a>, cementing Norman control over the north-east of the island. The sizeable Christian population rose up against the ruling Muslims. Then in 1068, Roger and his men defeated Ayyub at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misilmeri" title="Battle of Misilmeri">Battle of Misilmeri</a>, and the Zirids returned to North Africa, leaving Sicily in disarray. Catania fell to the Normans in 1071. Palermo, ruled since the Zirid withdrawal by Ibn al-Ba'ba, a man apparently of Spanish Jewish descent from the city's merchant class who led the city with the support of its sheikhs, would in turn fall on 10 January 1072 after a five-month siege.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trapani capitulated the same year. </p><p>The loss of the main port cities dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. The last pocket of active resistance was Syracuse governed by Ibn Abbad (known as Benavert in western chronicles). He defeated Jordan, son of Roger of Sicily in 1075, and occupied Catania again in 1081 and raided Calabria shortly after. However, Roger besieged Syracuse in 1086, and Ibn Abbad tried to break the siege with naval battle, in which he died accidentally. Syracuse surrendered after this defeat. His wife and son fled to Noto and Butera. Meanwhile, the city of Qas'r Ianni (Castrogiovanni, modern Enna) was ruled by a Hammud, who surrendered and converted to Christianity only in 1087. After his conversion, Hammud subsequently became part of the Christian nobility and retired with his family to an estate in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> provided by Roger I. In 1091, <a href="/wiki/Butera,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Butera, Italy">Butera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a> in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians with ease. After the conquest of Sicily, the Normans removed the local emir, Yusuf Ibn Abdallah from power, while respecting the customs of the resident Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-initalymag_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initalymag-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuslimMusiciansAtTheCourtOfRoger.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MuslimMusiciansAtTheCourtOfRoger.JPG/220px-MuslimMusiciansAtTheCourtOfRoger.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MuslimMusiciansAtTheCourtOfRoger.JPG/330px-MuslimMusiciansAtTheCourtOfRoger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MuslimMusiciansAtTheCourtOfRoger.JPG/440px-MuslimMusiciansAtTheCourtOfRoger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption>Arab musicians in Palermo</figcaption></figure> <p>The new Arab rulers <a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">initiated land reforms</a>, which in turn increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a dent to the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further improved irrigation systems through <a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanats</a> and introduced new and lucrative crops, including <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>. A description of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> was given by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> merchant who visited Sicily in 950. A walled suburb called the <i>Kasr</i> (the palace) is the center of Palermo until today, with the great Friday Mosque on the site of the later Roman cathedral. The suburb of Al-Khalisa (<a href="/wiki/Kalsa" title="Kalsa">Kalsa</a>) contained the Sultan's palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a private prison. Ibn Hawqual reckoned 7,000 individual butchers trading in 150 shops. The population of the city during this period is uncertain, as figures given by Arab writers during the era were unreliable. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bairoch" title="Paul Bairoch">Paul Bairoch</a> estimated Palermo's population at 350,000 in the 11th century, while other historians like <a href="/wiki/Stephan_R._Epstein" title="Stephan R. Epstein">Stephan R. Epstein</a> estimated it to be closer to 60,000. Based on <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">al-Maqdisi</a>'s statement that Palermo was larger than <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Meyer_Setton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Meyer Setton">Kenneth Meyer Setton</a> put the figure above 100,000 but below 250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1330, Palermo's population stood at 51,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arab traveler, geographer, and poet <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Jubair">Ibn Jubair</a> visited the area in the end of the 12th century and described Al-Kasr and Al-Khalisa (Kalsa): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The capital is endowed with two gifts, splendor and wealth. It contains all the real and imagined beauty that anyone could wish. Splendor and grace adorn the piazzas and the countryside; the streets and highways are wide, and the eye is dazzled by the beauty of its situation. It is a city full of marvels, with buildings similar to those of Córdoba, built of limestone. A permanent stream of water from four springs runs through the city. There are so many mosques that they are impossible to count. Most of them also serve as schools. The eye is dazzled by all this splendor.</p></blockquote> <p>Throughout this reign, revolts by Byzantine Sicilians occurred, especially in the east, and part of the lands were even re-occupied before being quashed.<sup id="cite_ref-jpriv_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpriv-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local population conquered by the Muslims were Greek-speaking and Latin-speaking Byzantine Christians,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there were also a significant number of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orthodox and Catholic populations were members of one Church until the events of 1054 began to separate them, the sack of 1204 being the last straw as far as the Byzantine "Orthodox" were concerned. </p><p>Christians and Jews were tolerated under Muslim rule as <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi"><i>dhimmis</i></a> but were subject to some restrictions; they were also required to pay the <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>,</i> or head tax, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">kharaj</a></i> or land tax, but were exempt from the tax that Muslims had to pay (<a href="/wiki/Zakaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakaat">Zakaat</a>). Under Arab rule there were different categories of Jizya payers, but their common denominator was the payment of the Jizya as a mark of subjection to Muslim rule in exchange for protection against foreign and internal aggression. The conquered population could avoid this subservient status by converting to Islam. About half the population was Muslim at the time of the Norman Conquest. The co-existence with the conquered population fell apart after the reconquest of Sicily starting in the 1160s and particularly following the death of King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a> in 1189. The policy of oppression visited upon Christians was applied to Muslims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seated in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Normanni" title="Palazzo dei Normanni">Royal Palace</a> in Palermo, the emir held authority over most affairs of state, including the army, administration, justice, and the treasury. He appointed the governors of major cities, high ranking judges (<i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qāḍī</a></i>), and arbitrators for minor disputes between individuals (<i><a href="/wiki/Hakam" title="Hakam">hakam</a></i>). An assembly of notables called <i>giamà'a</i> played a <a href="/wiki/Public_consultation" title="Public consultation">consultative</a> role, albeit sometimes making important decisions in lieu of the emir. It is also very likely that the authorities operated a <i>tiraz,</i> an official workshop that produced valuable fabrics such as silk, which were granted as a sign of appreciation to their subject or as a gift to foreign dignitaries. </p><p>Muslim sovereignty was never absolute across the island, and the creation of three subdivisions served to distinguish different approaches to government. Western Sicily was more <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamized</a> and heavily populated by Arabs, allowing for full and direct administration; by contrast, the northeast region of <a href="/wiki/Val_Demone" title="Val Demone">Val Demone</a> remained majority Christian and often resistant to Muslim rule, prompting a focus on tax collection and maintaining public order. </p><p>The fighters or <i>junud</i> in conquering the lands obtained four-fifths as booty (<i>fai</i>) and one fifth was reserved for the state or the local governor (the <i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">khums</a></i>), following the rules of Islamic law. However, this rule was not always respected and in many areas such as that of Agrigento the new owners would not have had the right. But it must be said that this distribution of the lands brought about the end of the large estates and the possibility of better exploitation of the lands. New crops were thus introduced where only wheat had been grown for centuries. Sugarcane, vegetables, citrus fruits, dates and mulberry trees appeared and mining exploitation began.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aghlabid_quarter_dinar_-_Ibrahim_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aghlabid_quarter_dinar_-_Ibrahim_II.jpg/170px-Aghlabid_quarter_dinar_-_Ibrahim_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aghlabid_quarter_dinar_-_Ibrahim_II.jpg/255px-Aghlabid_quarter_dinar_-_Ibrahim_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aghlabid_quarter_dinar_-_Ibrahim_II.jpg/340px-Aghlabid_quarter_dinar_-_Ibrahim_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Aghlabid quarter <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">dinar</a> minted in Sicily, 879</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage">Coinage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coin introduced by the Arabs was the <i><a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a></i>, in gold and weighing 4.25 grams. The <i><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhem</a></i> was silver and weighed 2.97 grams. The Aghlabites introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i> in gold and the <i><a href="/wiki/Follis" title="Follis">follis</a></i> in copper. While following the conquest of Palermo in 886 the <i>kharruba</i> was coined which was worth 1/6 of a <i><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhem</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabischer_Maler_der_Palastkapelle_in_Palermo_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arabischer_Maler_der_Palastkapelle_in_Palermo_002.jpg/220px-Arabischer_Maler_der_Palastkapelle_in_Palermo_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arabischer_Maler_der_Palastkapelle_in_Palermo_002.jpg/330px-Arabischer_Maler_der_Palastkapelle_in_Palermo_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arabischer_Maler_der_Palastkapelle_in_Palermo_002.jpg/440px-Arabischer_Maler_der_Palastkapelle_in_Palermo_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Norman ruler in the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Capella Palatina</a> in Palermo (12th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Norman <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> under <a href="/wiki/Roger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger II">Roger II</a> has been characterized as "multi-ethnic in nature and religiously tolerant". Normans, Jews, Muslim Arabs, Byzantine Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Lombards_of_Sicily" title="Lombards of Sicily">Lombards</a> and native Sicilians lived in relative harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> remained a language of government and administration for at least a century into Norman rule, and traces remain in the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">language of Sicily</a> and evidently more in the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">language of Malta</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-dmsmi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dmsmi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims also maintained their domination of industry, retailing, and production, while Muslim craftsmanship, masonry, and expertise in government and administration were highly sought after.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, the island's Muslims were faced with the choice of voluntary departure or subjection to Christian rule. Many Muslims chose to leave, provided they had the means to do so. "The transformation of Sicily into a Christian island", remarks Abulafia, "was also, paradoxically, the work of those whose culture was under threat".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Muslims gradually converted to Christianity, the Normans replaced Orthodox clergy with Latin clerics. Despite the presence of an Arab-speaking Christian population, Greek churchmen attracted Muslim peasants to receive a baptism and even adopted Greek Christian names; in several instances, Christian serfs with Greek names listed in the Monreale registers had living Muslim parents.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norman rulers followed a policy of steady Latinization by bringing in thousands of Italian settlers from the northwest and south of Italy, and some others from southeast France. To this day, there are communities in central Sicily which speak the Gallo-Italic dialect. Some Muslims chose to feign conversion, but such a remedy could only provide individual protection and could not sustain a community.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG/220px-Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG/330px-Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG/440px-Arabo-NormanArchitecture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arab-Norman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Norman culture">Arab-Norman</a> art and architecture combined European and <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> features with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architectural</a> features such as <i><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>"Lombard" <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against Muslims started in the 1160s. Muslim and Christian communities in Sicily became increasingly geographically separated. Though likely still a majority, the island's Muslim communities were mainly isolated beyond an internal frontier that divided the south and western half of the island from the Christian north and eastern half; in particular, the northeast region of <a href="/wiki/Val_Demone" title="Val Demone">Val Demone</a> had remained predominantly <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> and Christian, even during Islamic rule.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a subject people, Sicilian Muslims became dependent on the mercy of their Christian masters and, ultimately, on royal protection. After <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">King William the Good</a> died in 1189, royal protection was lifted, and the door was opened for widespread attacks against the island's Muslims. This destroyed any lingering hope of coexistence, however unequal the respective populations might have been. The death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance</a> a year later plunged Sicily into political turmoil. With the loss of royal protection and with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> still an infant in papal custody, Sicily became a battleground for rival German and papal forces. The island's Muslim rebels sided with German warlords like <a href="/wiki/Markward_von_Anweiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Markward von Anweiler">Markward von Anweiler</a>. In response, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> declared a crusade against Markward, alleging that he had made an unholy alliance with the Saracens of Sicily. Nevertheless, in 1206 Innocent III had attempted to convince Muslim leaders to remain loyal.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, the Muslim rebellion was in full swing. They were in control of Jato, Entella, Platani, Celso, Calatrasi, Corleone (taken in 1208), Guastanella and Cinisi. Muslim revolt extended throughout a whole stretch of western Sicily. The rebels were led by Muhammad Ibn Abbād. He called himself the "<a href="/wiki/Amir_al-mu%27minin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir al-mu'minin">prince of believers</a>", struck his own coins, and attempted to find Muslim support from other parts of the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-cliohres.net_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cliohres.net-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, no longer a child, responded by launching a series of campaigns against the Muslim rebels in 1221. The <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> forces rooted out the defenders of Jato, Entella, and the other fortresses. Rather than exterminate the Muslims. who numbered about 60,000, in 1223, Frederick II began deporting them to <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a> in Apulia.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, expeditions were sent against Malta and Djerba, to establish royal control and prevent their Muslim populations from helping the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-cliohres.net_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cliohres.net-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paradoxically, Saracen archers remained a common component of these "Christian" armies and the presence of Muslim contingents in the imperial army remained a reality even under <a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conradin" title="Conradin">Conradin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> and their successors (<a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Barcelona" title="House of Barcelona">House of Barcelona</a>) gradually "Latinized" Sicily over the course of two centuries, and this social process laid the groundwork for the introduction of Latin (as opposed to Byzantine) Catholicism. The process of Latinization was fostered largely by the Roman Church and its liturgy. The removal of Islam in Sicily was completed by the late 1240s, when the final deportations to <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a> took place.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> in 1282, there were no Muslims in Sicily, and the society was completely Latinized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalbids">Kalbids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kalbids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasan al-Kalbi">al-Hasan al-Kalbi</a> (948–953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_al-Hasan_al-Kalbi" title="Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi">Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi</a> (954–969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ish" title="Ya'ish">Ya'ish</a> (969–970), usurper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_Ali_ibn_al-Hasan_al-Kalbi" title="Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi">Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi</a> (970–982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_al-Kalbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabir al-Kalbi (page does not exist)">Jabir al-Kalbi</a> (982–983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ja%27far_al-Kalbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ja'far al-Kalbi (page does not exist)">Ja'far al-Kalbi</a> (983–985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdallah_al-Kalbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdallah al-Kalbi (page does not exist)">Abdallah al-Kalbi</a> (985–990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_al-Kalbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf al-Kalbi (page does not exist)">Yusuf al-Kalbi</a> (990–998)</li> <li>Ja'far al-Kalbi (998–1019)</li> <li>al-Akhal (1019–1037)</li> <li>Abdallah (1037–1040), <a href="/wiki/Zirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid">Zirid</a> usurper</li> <li>Hasan as-Samsam (1040–1053)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taifa_period">Taifa period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taifa period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abdallah ibn Mankut – Trapani and Mazara (1053–?)</li> <li>Ibn al-Maklatí – Catania (1053–?)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Timnah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Timnah (page does not exist)">Muhammed ibn Ibrahim</a> (Ibn Thumna) – Syracuse (1053–1062) and in later years Catania and Trapani/Mazara</li> <li>Alí ibn Nima (Ibn al-Hawwàs) – Agrigento and Castrogiovanni (1053–about 1065), all Taifas from 1062</li> <li>Ayyub ibn Tamim (Zirid) (about 1065–1068)</li> <li>Ibn al-Ba'ba, Palermo (1068–1072)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hamut" title="Roger Hamut">Hammad</a> – Agrigento and Castrogiovanni (1068–1087)</li> <li>Ibn Abbad (<a href="/wiki/Benavert" title="Benavert">Benavert</a>) – Syracuse and Catania (1071–1086)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">History of Islam in southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sicily" title="History of Sicily">History of Sicily</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, the island was known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣiqilliya</i></span> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صِقِلِّيَة</span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَلَرْم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">balarm</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609094555/http://archaeology.stanford.edu/MountPolizzo/handbookPDF/MPHandbook5.pdf">"Brief history of Sicily"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archaeology.Stanford.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.stanford.edu/MountPolizzo/handbookPDF/MPHandbook5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 9, 2007. <q>Arab period 827/902-1060/1093; The Arab and Norman conquests of Sicily were drawn-out affairs. The dates given above represent the first arrival of the new rulers and the fall of the last stronghold resisting them. It's important also to bear in mind that these dates reflect military/political transitions; culturally, the transitions were much slower.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brief+history+of+Sicily&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.stanford.edu%2FMountPolizzo%2FhandbookPDF%2FMPHandbook5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/dc14c6b6-b7d4-440a-8ca3-56fcbb1e4fb2">William Dalrymple on Sicily's Islamic past.</a> <i>Financial Times</i> (Jan. 9, 2021). "The prosperity this generated led to Sicily, and especially Palermo, becoming a rich hub in the trading networks of the Mediterranean, the meeting place for merchants from the Middle East, north Africa and the young Italian trading republics."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of Italy, Touring Club (2005). <i>Authentic Sicily</i>. Touring Editore. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-365-3403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-365-3403-6">978-88-365-3403-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattozzi" class="citation web cs1">Mattozzi, Savin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/5/13/sicilians-have-affinity-for-the-islamic-world-in-their-dna">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sicilians have affinity for the Islamic world in their DNA'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Sicilians+have+affinity+for+the+Islamic+world+in+their+DNA%E2%80%99&rft.aulast=Mattozzi&rft.aufirst=Savin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2019%2F5%2F13%2Fsicilians-have-affinity-for-the-islamic-world-in-their-dna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis-Secord2017" class="citation book cs1">Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017-12-31). <i>Where Three Worlds Met</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9781501712593">10.7591/9781501712593</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1259-3"><bdi>978-1-5017-1259-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Three+Worlds+Met&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9781501712593&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-1259-3&rft.aulast=Davis-Secord&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dmsmi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dmsmi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dmsmi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Mack Smith, Denis</a> (1968). <i><span></span></i>A History of Sicily: Medieval Sicily 800—1713<i><span></span></i>. Chatto & Windus, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-1347-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-1347-2"><bdi>0-7011-1347-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sicily%3A+Medieval+Sicily+800%E2%80%941713&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus%2C+London&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-7011-1347-2&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Previté-Orton">Previte-Orton</a> (1971), vol. 1, pg. 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alatas-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alatas_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.alwialatas.multiply.com/attachment/0/RcF@1goKCrAAAB-to8o1/Islam%20in%20Sicily.doc?nmid=18936909">Islam in Sicily</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131710/http://images.alwialatas.multiply.com/attachment/0/RcF%401goKCrAAAB-to8o1/Islam%20in%20Sicily.doc?nmid=18936909">Archived</a> 2011-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Alwi Alatas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis-Secord2017" class="citation book cs1">Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 77, 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1258-6"><bdi>978-1-5017-1258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Three+Worlds+Met%3A+Sicily+in+the+Early+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.pages=77%2C+535&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-1258-6&rft.aulast=Davis-Secord&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRYUlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondioli2018" class="citation book cs1">Bondioli, Lorenzo M. (2018). "Islamic Bari between the Aghlabids and the Two Empires". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). <i>The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa</i>. Brill. pp. 470–490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35566-8"><bdi>978-90-04-35566-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Bari+between+the+Aghlabids+and+the+Two+Empires&rft.btitle=The+Aghlabids+and+Their+Neighbors%3A+Art+and+Material+Culture+in+Ninth-Century+North+Africa&rft.pages=470-490&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35566-8&rft.aulast=Bondioli&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreutz1991" class="citation book cs1">Kreutz, Barbara M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-ucSSZrJ0YC&q=aghlabid"><i>Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0543-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0543-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-0543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Normans%3A+Southern+Italy+in+the+Ninth+and+Tenth+Centuries&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0543-5&rft.aulast=Kreutz&rft.aufirst=Barbara+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-ucSSZrJ0YC%26q%3Daghlabid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinhenz2017" class="citation book cs1">Kleinhenz, Christopher (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hD0rDwAAQBAJ&dq=messina+aghlabid&pg=PT443">"Messina"</a>. <i>Routledge Revivals: Medieval Italy (2004): An Encyclopedia – Volume II</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66442-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66442-4"><bdi>978-1-351-66442-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Messina&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Medieval+Italy+%282004%29%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Volume+II&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-66442-4&rft.aulast=Kleinhenz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhD0rDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmessina%2Baghlabid%26pg%3DPT443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:132_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazot2011" class="citation book cs1">Mazot, Sibylle (2011). "The History of the Aghlabids". 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Cornell University Press. pp. 77, 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-1258-6"><bdi>978-1-5017-1258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Three+Worlds+Met%3A+Sicily+in+the+Early+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.pages=77%2C+535&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-1258-6&rft.aulast=Davis-Secord&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRYUlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm1996" class="citation book cs1">Halm, Heinz (1996). <i>The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids</i>. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy%2C+Islam+in+premodern&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:032-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:032_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNef2021" class="citation book cs1">Nef, Annliese (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo8cEAAAQBAJ&dq=amantea+aghlabid&pg=PA208">"Byzantium and Islam in Southern Italy (7th–11th Century)"</a>. <i>A Companion to Byzantine Italy</i>. Brill. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30770-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30770-4"><bdi>978-90-04-30770-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantium+and+Islam+in+Southern+Italy+%287th%E2%80%9311th+Century%29&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Byzantine+Italy&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30770-4&rft.aulast=Nef&rft.aufirst=Annliese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQo8cEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Damantea%2Baghlabid%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2232-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2232_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2017" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDZYDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Fatimid Empire</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474421522" title="Special:BookSources/9781474421522"><bdi>9781474421522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Empire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781474421522&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDZYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizzitano1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rizzitano, U. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Kalbids&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Kalbids"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 496–497. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kalbids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=496-497&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=Rizzitano&rft.aufirst=U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DKalbids%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2234-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2234_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2017" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDZYDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Fatimid Empire</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474421522" title="Special:BookSources/9781474421522"><bdi>9781474421522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Empire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781474421522&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDZYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1996" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Kalbids". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maQxEAAAQBAJ"><i>The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748696482" title="Special:BookSources/9780748696482"><bdi>9780748696482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kalbids&rft.btitle=The+New+Islamic+Dynasties%3A+A+Chronological+and+Genealogical+Manual&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780748696482&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaQxEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2233-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2233_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2017" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDZYDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Fatimid Empire</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 77–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474421522" title="Special:BookSources/9781474421522"><bdi>9781474421522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Empire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=77-84&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781474421522&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDZYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_A._Catlos2014" class="citation book cs1">Brian A. Catlos (26 Aug 2014). <i>Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad</i> (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71205-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71205-1"><bdi>978-0-374-71205-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infidel+Kings+and+Unholy+Warriors%3A+Faith%2C+Power%2C+and+Violence+in+the+Age+of+Crusade+and+Jihad&rft.pages=142&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft.isbn=978-0-374-71205-1&rft.au=Brian+A.+Catlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommissione_mista_per_la_storia_e_la_cultura_degli_ebrei_in_Italia1995" class="citation book cs1">Commissione mista per la storia e la cultura degli ebrei in Italia (1995). <i>Italia judaica, Volume 5</i>. Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, Divisione studi e pubblicazioni. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7125-102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7125-102-8"><bdi>978-88-7125-102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italia+judaica%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Ufficio+centrale+per+i+beni+archivistici%2C+Divisione+studi+e+pubblicazioni&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-88-7125-102-8&rft.au=Commissione+mista+per+la+storia+e+la+cultura+degli+ebrei+in+Italia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_M._Bloom2007" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan M. Bloom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artsofcityvictor0000bloo/page/190"><i>Arts of the City Victorious: Islamic Art and Architecture in Fatimid North Africa and Egypt</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artsofcityvictor0000bloo/page/190">190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13542-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13542-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13542-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+the+City+Victorious%3A+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture+in+Fatimid+North+Africa+and+Egypt&rft.pages=190&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13542-8&rft.au=Jonathan+M.+Bloom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartsofcityvictor0000bloo%2Fpage%2F190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Goodwin1955" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Goodwin (1 Jan 1955). <i>Africa in Europe: Antiquity into the Age of Global Exploration</i>. Lexington Books. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2994-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2994-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-2994-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+in+Europe%3A+Antiquity+into+the+Age+of+Global+Exploration&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=1955-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2994-4&rft.au=Stefan+Goodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuscombeRiley-Smith2004" class="citation book cs1">Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, eds. (2004). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 696. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41411-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41411-1"><bdi>978-0-521-41411-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=696&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41411-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpriv-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpriv_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpriv_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrivitera2002" class="citation book cs1">Privitera, Joseph (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sicilyillustrate00priv"><i>Sicily: An Illustrated History</i></a></span>. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0909-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0909-2"><bdi>978-0-7818-0909-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-0909-2&rft.aulast=Privitera&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsicilyillustrate00priv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Metcalf, <i>The Muslims of Medieval Italy</i>, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 2009, pp. 84-85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf, <i>The Muslims of Medieval Italy</i>, pp. 94-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf, <i>The Muslims of Medieval Italy</i>, pp. 97-98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1997" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Randall (1997). <i>Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159181-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159181-5"><bdi>978-0-19-159181-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Siege+Warfare+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-159181-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-initalymag-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-initalymag_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409161101/http://www.initaly.com/regions/sicily/chronol.htm">"Chronological - Historical Table Of Sicily"</a>. In Italy Magazine. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.initaly.com/regions/sicily/chronol.htm">the original</a> on 9 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chronological+-+Historical+Table+Of+Sicily&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.initaly.com%2Fregions%2Fsicily%2Fchronol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_W._BaldwinKenneth_Meyer_Setton2016" class="citation book cs1">Marshall W. Baldwin; Kenneth Meyer Setton (2016). <i>A History of the Crusades, Volume 1 The First Hundred Years</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-1864-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-1864-2"><bdi>978-1-5128-1864-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+1+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-1864-2&rft.au=Marshall+W.+Baldwin&rft.au=Kenneth+Meyer+Setton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Buringh2011" class="citation book cs1">E. Buringh (2011). <i>Medieval Manuscript Production in the Latin West: Explorations with a Global Database</i>. Brill. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17519-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17519-8"><bdi>978-90-04-17519-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Manuscript+Production+in+the+Latin+West%3A+Explorations+with+a+Global+Database&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17519-8&rft.au=E.+Buringh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Bradford_De_Long_and_Andrei_Shleifer1993" class="citation cs2">J. Bradford De Long and Andrei Shleifer (October 1993), "Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Law_and_Economics" title="The Journal of Law and Economics">The Journal of Law and Economics</a></i>, <b>36</b> (2), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: 671–702 [678], <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.164.4092">10.1.1.164.4092</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F467294">10.1086/467294</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13961320">13961320</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Princes+and+Merchants%3A+European+City+Growth+before+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=671-702+678&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.164.4092%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13961320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F467294&rft.au=J.+Bradford+De+Long+and+Andrei+Shleifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendolaAlio2014" class="citation book cs1">Mendola, Louis; Alio, Jacqueline (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai-OngEACAAJ"><i>The Peoples of Sicily: A Multicultural Legacy</i></a>. Trinacria Editions. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6157-9694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6157-9694-9"><bdi>978-0-6157-9694-9</bdi></a>. <q>Until the arrival of the Arabs, the most widely spoken language in Sicily was a medieval dialect of Greek. Under the Arabs, Sicily became a polyglot community; some localities were more Greek-speaking while others were predominantly Arabic-speaking." pages 141-142 "Mosques were constructed, often with the help of Byzantine craftsmen, and in Sicily the Church, formally under the Patriarchate of Constantinople from 732, remained solidly Greek Orthodox into the early years of Norman rule, when the beginnings of Latinization took place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Sicily%3A+A+Multicultural+Legacy&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Trinacria+Editions&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-6157-9694-9&rft.aulast=Mendola&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Alio%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAi-OngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821054137/http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Dalli.pdf">Archived link</a>: <i>From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily</i>, Charles Dalli, page 153. In <i>Religion, ritual and mythology : aspects of identity formation in Europe</i> / edited by Joaquim Carvalho, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8492-404-9" title="Special:BookSources/88-8492-404-9">88-8492-404-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostantino2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Costantino, Alberto (2021-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/bid/PAL0203286">"Gli arabi in Sicilia / Alberto Costantino"</a>. <i>opac.sbn.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opac.sbn.it&rft.atitle=Gli+arabi+in+Sicilia+%2F+Alberto+Costantino&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.aulast=Costantino&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopac.sbn.it%2Fbid%2FPAL0203286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9377080/Roger-II">Roger II - Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523045823/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9377080/Roger-II">Archived</a> 2007-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInturrisi1987" class="citation news cs1">Inturrisi, Louis (April 26, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/26/travel/tracing-the-norman-rulers-of-sicily.html">"Tracing the Norman Rulers of Sicily"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+Norman+Rulers+of+Sicily&rft.date=1987-04-26&rft.aulast=Inturrisi&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F04%2F26%2Ftravel%2Ftracing-the-norman-rulers-of-sicily.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadawiElgibali1996" class="citation book cs1">Badawi, El-Said M.; Elgibali, Alaa, eds. (1996). <i>Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said Badawi</i>. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-372-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-372-1"><bdi>978-977-424-372-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Arabic%3A+Essays+in+Contemporary+Arabic+Linguistics+in+Honor+of+El-Said+Badawi&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-977-424-372-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821054137/http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Dalli.pdf">Charles Dalli, From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily, p. 159</a> (archived link)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abulafia, The end of Muslim Sicily cit., p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821054137/http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Dalli.pdf">Charles Dalli, <i>From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily</i>, p. 159</a> (archived link)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Johns, The Greek church and the conversion of Muslims in Norman Sicily?, "Byzantinische Forschungen", 21, 1995; for Greek Christianity in Sicily see also V. von Falkenhausen, "Il monachesimo greco in Sicilia", in C.D. Fonseca (ed.), <i>La Sicilia rupestre nel contesto delle civiltà mediterranee</i>, vol. 1, Lecce 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821054137/http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Dalli.pdf">Charles Dalli, From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily, p. 160</a> (archived link)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Metcalfe2009" class="citation book cs1">Alex Metcalfe (2009). <i>The Muslims of Medieval Italy</i> (illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2008-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2008-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-2008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+of+Medieval+Italy&rft.pages=142&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2008-1&rft.au=Alex+Metcalfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichele_Amari1854" class="citation book cs1">Michele Amari (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1B0YAAAAYAAJ"><i>Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia</i></a>. F. Le Monnier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1B0YAAAAYAAJ/page/n424">302</a> Vol III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+dei+musulmani+di+Sicilia&rft.pages=302+Vol+III&rft.pub=F.+Le+Monnier&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Michele+Amari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_1B0YAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberto_Tottoli2014" class="citation book cs1">Roberto Tottoli (19 Sep 2014). <i>Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West</i>. Routledge. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-74402-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-74402-3"><bdi>978-1-317-74402-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Islam+in+the+West&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-74402-3&rft.au=Roberto+Tottoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_A._LoudAlex_Metcalfe2002" class="citation book cs1">Graham A. Loud; Alex Metcalfe (1 Jan 2002). <i>The Society of Norman Italy</i> (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12541-4"><bdi>978-90-04-12541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+Norman+Italy&rft.pages=289&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12541-4&rft.au=Graham+A.+Loud&rft.au=Alex+Metcalfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Johns2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Johns (7 Oct 2002). <i>Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily: The Royal Diwan</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44019-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44019-6"><bdi>978-1-139-44019-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Administration+in+Norman+Sicily%3A+The+Royal+Diwan&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-10-07&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44019-6&rft.au=Jeremy+Johns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalfe (2009), pp. 34–36, 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoud,_G._A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Loud, G. A. (2007). <i>The Latin Church in Norman Italy</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25551-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25551-6"><bdi>978-0-521-25551-6</bdi></a>. <q>At the end of the twelfth century ... While in Apulia Greeks were in a majority–and indeed present in any numbers at all–only in the Salento peninsula in the extreme south, at the time of the conquest they had an overwhelming preponderance in Lucaina and central and southern Calabria, as well as comprising anything up to a third of the population of Sicily, concentrated especially in the north-east of the island, the Val Demone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Church+in+Norman+Italy&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25551-6&rft.au=Loud%2C+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821054137/http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Dalli.pdf">Charles Dalli, From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily, p. 160-161</a> (archived link)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cliohres.net-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cliohres.net_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cliohres.net_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821054137/http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Dalli.pdf">Charles Dalli, From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily, p. 161</a> (archived link)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubé2001" class="citation book cs1">Aubé, Pierre (2001). <i>Roger Ii De Sicile - Un Normand En Méditerranée</i>. Payot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roger+Ii+De+Sicile+-+Un+Normand+En+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Aub%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.Lowe: The Barrier and the bridge, op cit;p.92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128110352/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/saracen_archers.htm">"Saracen Archers in Southern Italy"</a>. 2007-11-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/saracen_archers.htm">the original</a> on 2007-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saracen+Archers+in+Southern+Italy&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deremilitari.org%2Fresources%2Farticles%2Fsaracen_archers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">Abulafia, David</a> (1988). <i>Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor</i>. London: Allen Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+II%3A+A+Medieval+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevite-Orton1971" class="citation book cs1">Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). <i>The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Previte-Orton&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiarelli2011" class="citation book cs1">Chiarelli, Leonard (2011). <i>A History of Muslim Sicily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Muslim+Sicily&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Chiarelli&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Sicily" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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