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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==History== === Early Muslim attacks on Sicily === {{further|Arab–Byzantine wars}} In 535, [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Emperor]] [[Justinian I]] reconquered Sicily for the [[Roman Empire]], which by then was ruled from [[Constantinople]]. As the power of what is now known as the [[Byzantine Empire]] waned in the West, a new and expansionist power was emerging in the Middle East: the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], the first major Muslim state to emerge following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632. Over a period of twenty five years, the caliphate succeeded in annexing much of the [[Sasanian Empire|Persian Sasanian]] Empire and former Roman territories in the Levant and North Africa. In 652, under [[Uthman Ibn Affan|Caliph Uthman]], an invasion captured most of the island, but Muslims occupation was short-lived, as they left following his death.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} By the end of the seventh century, with the [[Umayyad conquest of North Africa]], the Muslims had captured the nearby port city of [[Carthage]], allowing them to build shipyards and a permanent base from which to launch more sustained attacks.<ref name="dmsmi">{{cite book|last=Mack Smith |first=Denis|year=1968|title= ''A History of Sicily: Medieval Sicily 800—1713''|publisher=Chatto & Windus, London|isbn=0-7011-1347-2|author-link=Denis Mack Smith}}</ref> Around 700, the island of [[Pantelleria]] was captured by [[Umayyad]]s, and it was only discord among the Muslims that prevented an attempted invasion of Sicily at that time. Instead, trading agreements were arranged with the Byzantines, and Muslim merchants were allowed to trade goods at Sicilian ports.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} The first true attempt at conquest was launched in 740; in that year the Muslim prince Habib, who had participated in the 728 attack, successfully captured [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]]. Ready to conquer the whole island, they were however forced to return to Tunisia by a [[Berber revolt]]. A second attack in 752 aimed only to sack the same city.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} === Muslim conquest === {{main|Muslim conquest of Sicily|History of Islam in southern Italy}} In 826, [[Euphemius (King of Sicily)|Euphemius]], the commander of the [[Byzantine navy|Byzantine fleet]] of Sicily, forced a nun to marry him. Emperor [[Michael II]] caught wind of the matter and ordered that General Constantine end the marriage and cut off Euphemius' nose. Euphemius rose up, killed Constantine and then occupied Syracuse; he in turn was defeated and driven out to North Africa.<ref name="stan"/> He offered rule of Sicily over to [[Ziyadat Allah I of Aghlabids|Ziyadat Allah]], the [[Aghlabid]] emir of [[Ifriqiya]] (around present-day [[Tunisia]]), in return for a place as a general and safety; the Emir agreed, offering to give Euphemius the island in exchange for a yearly tribute. The conquest was entrusted to the 70-year-old ''[[qadi]]'' [[Asad ibn al-Furat]], who led a force 10,000 infantry, 700 cavalry and 100 ships.<ref name="stan"/> Reinforced by the Muslims, Euphemius' ships landed at [[Mazara del Vallo]], where the first battle against loyalist Byzantine troops occurred on July 15, 827, resulting in an Aghlabid victory. Asad subsequently conquered the southern shore of the island and laid siege to [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]]. After [[Siege of Syracuse (827–828)|year-long siege]], and an attempted mutiny, his troops were able to defeat a large army sent from [[Palermo]], backed by a Venetian fleet led by Doge [[Giustiniano Participazio]]. A sudden outbreak of plague killed many of the Muslim troops, as well as Asad himself, forcing the Muslims to retreat to the castle [[Mineo]]. They later renewed their offensive, but failed to conquer [[Enna|Castrogiovanni]] (modern Enna) where Euphemius was killed, forcing them to retreat back to their stronghold at Mazara. In 830, the remaining Muslims of Sicily received a strong reinforcement of 30,000 Ifriqiyan and [[Al-Andalus|Andalusi]] troops. The Iberian Muslims defeated the Byzantine commander Teodotus between July and August of that year, but again a plague forced them to return to Mazara and later Ifriqiya. However, Ifriqiyan units sent to besiege the Sicilian capital of Palermo managed to capture it after a year-long siege in September 831.<ref>[[Charles William Previté-Orton|Previte-Orton]] (1971), vol. 1, pg. 370</ref> Palermo was made the Muslim capital of Sicily, renamed ''al-Madinah'' ("The City"),<ref name="alatas">[http://images.alwialatas.multiply.com/attachment/0/RcF@1goKCrAAAB-to8o1/Islam%20in%20Sicily.doc?nmid=18936909 Islam in Sicily] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131710/http://images.alwialatas.multiply.com/attachment/0/RcF%401goKCrAAAB-to8o1/Islam%20in%20Sicily.doc?nmid=18936909 |date=2011-07-14 }}, by Alwi Alatas</ref> and it became the base for further conquests on the island.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Davis-Secord |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5017-1258-6 |pages=77, 535 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Bondioli |first=Lorenzo M. |title=The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-35566-8 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Glaire D. |pages=470–490 |language=en |chapter=Islamic Bari between the Aghlabids and the Two Empires |editor2-last=Fenwick |editor2-first=Corisande |editor3-last=Rosser-Owen |editor3-first=Mariam}}</ref> The conquest was an incremental, see-saw affair. With considerable resistance and many internal struggles, it took over a century for Byzantine Sicily to be fully conquered.<ref name="stan" /> Messina was besieged and captured in 842 or 843, possibly with the support of some [[Naples|Neapolitans]], and became a base for subsequent campaigns into the [[Italian Peninsula|Italian mainland]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Kreutz |first=Barbara M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-ucSSZrJ0YC&q=aghlabid |title=Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8122-0543-5 |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kleinhenz |first=Christopher |title=Routledge Revivals: Medieval Italy (2004): An Encyclopedia – Volume II |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-351-66442-4 |language=en |chapter=Messina |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hD0rDwAAQBAJ&dq=messina+aghlabid&pg=PT443}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last=Mazot |first=Sibylle |title=Islam: Art and Architecture |publisher=h.f.ullmann |year=2011 |isbn=978-3848003808 |editor-last=Hattstein |editor-first=Markus |location= |pages=131 |chapter=The History of the Aghlabids |editor2-last=Delius |editor2-first=Peter}}</ref> Syracuse was [[Siege of Syracuse (877–878)|captured]] in 878.<ref name=":232">{{Cite book |last=Davis-Secord |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5017-1258-6 |pages=77, 535 |language=en}}</ref> The conquest of the island was not fully completed until 902, when [[Taormina]] was [[Siege of Taormina (902)|conquered]].<ref name=":232" /><ref name=":5">{{cite book |last=Halm |first=Heinz |title=The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1996 |isbn=9004100563 |location= |pages=107 |language=en |translator-last=Bonner |translator-first=Michael}}</ref> Even after this, however, some patches of local Byzantine/Christian resistance continued until 967, after the end of the Aghlabid period.<ref name=":052232">{{Cite book |last=Metcalfe |first=Alex |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=Italy, Islam in premodern |issn=1873-9830 |editor2-last=Krämer |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor3-last=Matringe |editor3-first=Denis |editor4-last=Nawas |editor4-first=John |editor5-last=Rowson |editor5-first=Everett}}</ref><ref name=":032">{{Cite book |last=Nef |first=Annliese |title=A Companion to Byzantine Italy |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-30770-4 |pages=207 |language=en |chapter=Byzantium and Islam in Southern Italy (7th–11th Century) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo8cEAAAQBAJ&dq=amantea+aghlabid&pg=PA208}}</ref> === Muslim rule === In succession, Sicily was ruled by the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Aghlabid dynasty in Ifriqiya until 909, when they were overthrown and replaced by the [[Shia Islam|Shiite]] [[Fatimid]]s.<ref name=":052232" /> The first years of Fatimid rule after 909 were difficult, as the Sicilian Muslims had already begun to acquire a distinct identity and they resisted attempts by new outsiders to assert themselves. The first Fatimid governor was expelled in 912 and the second one, [[Ibn Qurhub]], rebelled until 916. Fatimid authority was only established more securely with the defeat of rebels and the surrender of Palermo in 917.<ref name=":2232">{{Cite book |last=Brett |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDZYDwAAQBAJ |title=The Fatimid Empire |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781474421522 |location=Edinburgh |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref> Salim ibn Abi Rashid served as Fatimid governor from 917 to 936. He was related by marriage to the [[Kalbids]], a high-ranking family loyal to the Fatimids.<ref name=":0">{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=4|pages=496–497|article=Kalbids|first=U.|last=Rizzitano}}</ref> Another major revolt for independence shook the island in 937 and was only suppressed in 941.<ref name=":2234">{{Cite book |last=Brett |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDZYDwAAQBAJ |title=The Fatimid Empire |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781474421522 |location=Edinburgh |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> In 948, the Fatimid caliph [[Al-Mansur Billah|al-Mansur]] appointed the Kalbid commander al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi as governor of the island. He became the first emir of the Kalbid dynasty, which effectively ruled the island for the next century on behalf of the Fatimids.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maQxEAAAQBAJ |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780748696482 |location= |pages=33 |language=en |chapter=The Kalbids}}</ref> Al-Hasan returned to Ifriqiya upon the death of al-Mansur, leaving his son [[Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi|Ahmad]] as governor of the island, though he returned later to assist in campaigns against the Byzantines. Under Ahmad's tenure, Taormina was [[Siege of Taormina (962)|conquered again]] in 962 and [[Rometta]] was [[Siege of Rometta|conquered soon after]].<ref name=":0" /> The Fatimids subsequently [[Fatimid conquest of Egypt|conquered]] and moved to Egypt in 972–973, leaving the [[Zirids]] as their viceroys in Ifriqiya.<ref name=":2233">{{Cite book |last=Brett |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDZYDwAAQBAJ |title=The Fatimid Empire |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781474421522 |location=Edinburgh |pages=77–84 |language=en}}</ref> It was only after this move to Egypt that the Fatimid caliphs implicitly recognized the Kalbids as hereditary rulers, who thenceforth governed the island as [[Amirs|''amir''s]] on their behalf.<ref name=":1" /> Throughout this period, Sunni Muslims formed the majority of the Muslim community in Sicily,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Brian A. Catlos|title=Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad|date=26 Aug 2014|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-374-71205-1|edition=illustrated|page=142}}</ref> with most (if not all) of the people of Palermo being Sunni,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Commissione mista per la storia e la cultura degli ebrei in Italia|title=Italia judaica, Volume 5|date=1995|publisher=Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici, Divisione studi e pubblicazioni|isbn=978-88-7125-102-8|page=145}}</ref> leading to their hostility to the Shia Kalbids.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jonathan M. Bloom|title=Arts of the City Victorious: Islamic Art and Architecture in Fatimid North Africa and Egypt|date=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-13542-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/artsofcityvictor0000bloo/page/190 190]|edition=illustrated|url=https://archive.org/details/artsofcityvictor0000bloo/page/190}}</ref> The Sunni population of the island was replenished following sectarian rebellions across north Africa from 943–947 against the Fatimids' harsh religious policies, leading to several waves of refugees fleeing to Sicily in an attempt to escape Fatimid retaliation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stefan Goodwin|title=Africa in Europe: Antiquity into the Age of Global Exploration|date=1 Jan 1955|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2994-4|page=83}}</ref> The Byzantines took advantage of temporary discord to occupy the eastern end of the island for several years. Raids into Southern Italy continued under the Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a joint Christian army under the Emperor [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]] and the brothers [[Landulf IV of Benevento|Landulf]] and [[Pandulf II of Salerno|Pandulf]] was defeated at [[Battle of Stilo|Stilo]] near Crotone in [[Calabria]]. But Emir [[Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi|Abu'l-Qasim]] was killed in battle and with Emir [[Yusuf al-Kalbi]] (986–998) a period of steady decline began. Under al-Akhal (1017–1037) the dynastic conflict intensified, with factions within the ruling family allying themselves variously with the Byzantine Empire and the Zirids. After this period, [[Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis]] attempted to annex the island for the Zirids, while intervening in the affairs of the feuding Muslims; however, the attempt ultimately failed.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-41411-1 |editor1-last=Luscombe |editor1-first=David |volume=3 |page=696 |editor2-last=Riley-Smith |editor2-first=Jonathan}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2024|reason=Information doesn't appear to be at the provided page. Either the citation is not relevant at all, or it needs to be revised to indicate the correct location in the cited work.}} === Decline and "Taifa" period === {{See also|Kingdom of Sicily}} [[File:RogerReceivingTheKeysOfPalermo.JPG|thumb|alt=Seated man with sword receiving objects on a tray|[[Roger I of Sicily]] receiving the keys of Palermo]] By the 11th century, mainland southern Italian powers were hiring [[Normans|Norman]] mercenaries, who were Christian descendants of the [[Vikings]]; it was the Normans under Roger de Hauteville, who became [[Roger I of Sicily]], that captured Sicily from the Muslims.<ref name="stan"/> In 1038, a Byzantine army under [[George Maniaces]] crossed the strait of Messina, and included a corps of [[Italo-Normans|Normans]]. After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040, Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his conquest of the latter, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines.<ref name="jpriv"/> The Norman [[Robert Guiscard]], son of Tancred, then [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|conquered Sicily]] in 1060 after taking [[Apulia]] and Calabria, while his brother [[Roger I of Sicily|Roger de Hauteville]] occupied [[Messina]] with an army of 700 knights. The Emirate of Sicily began to fragment amid intra-dynastic quarrels.<ref name="stan"/> In 1044, under emir [[Hasan al-Samsam]], the island devolved into four [[qadi|''qadits'']], or small fiefdoms: Trapani, Marsala, Mazara and Sciacca led by Abdallah ibn Mankut; that of Girgenti, Castrogiovanni and Castronuovo under Ibn al-Hawwàs; Catania held by Ibn al-Maklatí; and that of Syracuse under Ibn Thumna, while al-Samsam retained control of Palermo longer, before it adopted self-rule under a council of [[sheikh]]s. There followed a period of squabbles among the qadits that likely represented kin-groups jockeying for power. Ibn Thumna killed Ibn al-Maklatí, took Catania and married the dead qadi's widow who was the sister of Ibn al-Hawwàs. He also took ibn Mankut's qadit, but when his wife was prevented from returning from a visit to her brother, the [[Fatimid]]-allied Ibn Thumna attacked Ibn al-Hawwàs only to be defeated. When he left Sicily to recruit more troops, this briefly left Ibn al-Hawwàs in control of most of the island.<ref>Alex Metcalf, ''The Muslims of Medieval Italy'', Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 2009, pp. 84-85</ref> In waging his war on his rivals, Ibn Thumna had collaborated closely with the Normans, each using the other to further their goal of ruling the entire island, and though Ibn Thumna's death in a 1062 ambush led the Normans to draw back and consolidate, Ibn Thumna's former allies appear to have continued the alliance, such that Muslim troops constituted the majority of the Hauteville "Norman" army in Sicily.<ref>Metcalf, ''The Muslims of Medieval Italy'', pp. 94-95</ref> The [[Zirid dynasty|Zirids]] of North Africa sent an army to Sicily led by Ali and [[Ayyub ibn Tamin]], and these troops progressively brought the qadits under their control, killing al-Hawwàs and effectively making Ayyub emir of Muslim Sicily. However, they lost two decisive battles against the Normans. The Sicilians and North Africans were defeated in 1063 by a small Norman force at the [[Battle of Cerami]], cementing Norman control over the north-east of the island. The sizeable Christian population rose up against the ruling Muslims. Then in 1068, Roger and his men defeated Ayyub at the [[Battle of Misilmeri]], and the Zirids returned to North Africa, leaving Sicily in disarray. Catania fell to the Normans in 1071. Palermo, ruled since the Zirid withdrawal by Ibn al-Ba'ba, a man apparently of Spanish Jewish descent from the city's merchant class who led the city with the support of its sheikhs, would in turn fall on 10 January 1072 after a five-month siege.<ref>Metcalf, ''The Muslims of Medieval Italy'', pp. 97-98</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=Randall |title=Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-159181-5 |page=98}}</ref> Trapani capitulated the same year. The loss of the main port cities dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. The last pocket of active resistance was Syracuse governed by Ibn Abbad (known as Benavert in western chronicles). He defeated Jordan, son of Roger of Sicily in 1075, and occupied Catania again in 1081 and raided Calabria shortly after. However, Roger besieged Syracuse in 1086, and Ibn Abbad tried to break the siege with naval battle, in which he died accidentally. Syracuse surrendered after this defeat. His wife and son fled to Noto and Butera. Meanwhile, the city of Qas'r Ianni (Castrogiovanni, modern Enna) was ruled by a Hammud, who surrendered and converted to Christianity only in 1087. After his conversion, Hammud subsequently became part of the Christian nobility and retired with his family to an estate in [[Calabria]] provided by Roger I. In 1091, [[Butera, Italy|Butera]] and [[Noto]] in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of [[Malta]], the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians with ease. After the conquest of Sicily, the Normans removed the local emir, Yusuf Ibn Abdallah from power, while respecting the customs of the resident Arabs.<ref name="initalymag">{{cite news|url=http://www.initaly.com/regions/sicily/chronol.htm|publisher=In Italy Magazine|title=Chronological - Historical Table Of Sicily|date=7 October 2007|access-date=12 February 2008|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409161101/http://www.initaly.com/regions/sicily/chronol.htm}}</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Sicily">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Sicily</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Sicily&action=edit&section=1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-5d69dbd58-5jt5p","wgBackendResponseTime":233,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.066","walltime":"0.085","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 59.885 1 -total"," 99.87% 59.804 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 39.78% 23.821 2 Template:Replace"," 39.59% 23.707 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 35.93% 21.515 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.16% 9.079 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 15.16% 9.078 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.33% 1.398 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.11% 1.264 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.85% 1.108 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.014","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043295,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-5d69dbd58-5jt5p","timestamp":"20241127095701","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>