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href="#Buddhaghosa's_forty_meditation_subjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buddhaghosa's forty meditation subjects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhaghosa's_forty_meditation_subjects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhaghosa's forty meditation subjects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhaghosa's_forty_meditation_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kasiṇas_as_kammaṭṭhāna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasiṇas_as_kammaṭṭhāna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kasiṇas as kammaṭṭhāna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasiṇas_as_kammaṭṭhāna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paṭikkūla-manasikāra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paṭikkūla-manasikāra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Paṭikkūla-manasikāra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paṭikkūla-manasikāra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anussati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anussati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Anussati</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anussati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahma-vihārā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahma-vihārā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Brahma-vihārā</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahma-vihārā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Āyatana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Āyatana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Āyatana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Āyatana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation_subjects_and_the_four_jhānas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation_subjects_and_the_four_jhānas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Meditation subjects and the four <i>jhāna</i>s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation_subjects_and_the_four_jhānas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation_subjects_and_temperaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation_subjects_and_temperaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Meditation subjects and temperaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation_subjects_and_temperaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supernormal_abilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supernormal_abilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Supernormal abilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supernormal_abilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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title="Kammatthana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kammatthana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammatthana" title="Kammatthana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kammatthana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कम्मत्थान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कम्मत्थान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kammaṭṭhāna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammatth%C3%A1na" title="Kammatthána – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kammatthána" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%8B%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကမ္မဋ္ဌာန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္မဋ္ဌာန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%AD%E5%87%A6" title="業処 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="業処" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kammaṭṭhāna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ဘာႏဝနာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဘာႏဝနာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammatthana" title="Kammatthana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kammatthana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Камматтхана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Камматтхана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#f6d971;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Theravada" title="Category:Theravada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#f6d971;"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#cc5500">Theravāda Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhism_dham_jak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharmachakra"><img alt="Dharmachakra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/100px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/150px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buddhism_dham_jak.svg/200px-Buddhism_dham_jak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Therav%C4%81da_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Theravāda Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthaviravada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthaviravada">Sthaviras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhajyav%C4%81da" title="Vibhajyavāda">Vibhajjavāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Maha_Viharaya" title="Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya">Mahāvihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamrashatiya" title="Tamrashatiya">Tambapaṇṇiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Dīpavaṃsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%87aka" title="Bhāṇaka">Bhāṇaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta-Tissa" title="Moggaliputta-Tissa">Moggaliputta-Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhagho%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhaghoṣa">Buddhaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadatta" title="Buddhadatta">Buddhadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammap%C4%81la" title="Dhammapāla">Dhammapāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81kassapa_(12th_century)" title="Mahākassapa (12th century)">Mahākassapa (12th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta_(12th_century)" title="Sāriputta (12th century)">Sāriputta (12th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikkaduwe_Sri_Sumangala_Thera" title="Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera">Sumangala Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajirananavarorasa" title="Vajirananavarorasa">Vajirananavarorasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledi_Sayadaw" title="Ledi Sayadaw">Ledi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_N%C4%81rada" title="U Nārada">U Nārada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahasi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Ba_Khin" class="mw-redirect" title="U Ba Khin">U Ba Khin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_Bhuridatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mun Bhuridatta">Mun Bhuridatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Ghosananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Ghosananda">Maha Ghosananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripasaran" title="Kripasaran">Kripasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauddha_Rishi_Mahapragya" title="Bauddha Rishi Mahapragya">Mahapragya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyananda_Mahasthavir" title="Pragyananda Mahasthavir">Pragyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sri_Dhammananda" title="K. Sri Dhammananda">K. Sri Dhammananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_Mahathera" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Mahathera">Narada Mahathera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoka_Weeraratna" title="Asoka Weeraratna">Asoka Weeraratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula_Thero" title="Walpola Rahula Thero">Walpola Rahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Dhammaloka" title="U Dhammaloka">U Dhammaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanamoli_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanamoli Bhikkhu">Nanamoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sumedho" title="Ajahn Sumedho">Ajahn Sumedho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Brahm" title="Ajahn Brahm">Ajahn Brahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Analayo">Analayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanggana_Vanavichayen" title="Varanggana Vanavichayen">Varanggana Vanavichayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammananda_Bhikkhuni" title="Dhammananda Bhikkhuni">Dhammananda Bhikkhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Tathaaloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayya Tathaaloka">Ayya Tathaaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Khema" title="Ayya Khema">Ayya Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kee_Nanayon" title="Kee Nanayon">Kee Nanayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipa_Ma" title="Dipa Ma">Dipa Ma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli Tipiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracanonical_texts_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Paracanonical texts (Theravāda)">Paracanonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-commentaries_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Sub-commentaries (Theravāda)">Sub-commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhammattha-sangaha" title="Abhidhammattha-sangaha">Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimuttimagga" title="Vimuttimagga">Vimuttimagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamm%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" title="Abhidhammāvatāra">Abhidhammāvatāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81vacara%27s_manual" title="Yogāvacara's manual">Yogāvacara's manual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Orders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nikāya)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Nikaya" title="Maha Nikaya">Mahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thudhamma_Nikaya" title="Thudhamma Nikaya">Thudhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwegyin_Nikaya" title="Shwegyin Nikaya">Shwegyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81dv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Mahādvāra Nikāya">Mahādvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C5%ABladv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mūladvāra Nikāya (page does not exist)">Mūladvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ve%E1%B8%B7uvana_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veḷuvana Nikāya (page does not exist)">Veḷuvana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaukchaung-dv%C4%81ra_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaukchaung-dvāra Nikāya (page does not exist)">Anaukchaung-dvāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hngettwin_Nikaya" title="Hngettwin Nikaya">Hngettwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ga%E1%B9%87avimutti_Nik%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaṇavimutti Nikāya (page does not exist)">Gaṇavimutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarapura%E2%80%93R%C4%81ma%C3%B1%C3%B1a_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya">Amarapura–Rāmañña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Nikaya" title="Siam Nikaya">Siam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 2px 6px;background-color:#fbe8a2;"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;padding:2px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangharaj_Nikaya" title="Sangharaj Nikaya">Saṅgharāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthabir_Nikaya" title="Mahasthabir Nikaya">Mahāsthabir</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pariyatti,_pa%E1%B9%ADipatti,_pa%E1%B9%ADivedha" title="Pariyatti, paṭipatti, paṭivedha">Pariyatti, paṭipatti, paṭivedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Abhidhamma" title="Theravada Abhidhamma">Abhidhamma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pav%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Pavāraṇā">Pavāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Forest_Tradition" title="Sri Lankan Forest Tradition">Sri Lankan Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Southern Esoteric Buddhism">Esoteric Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammakaya_tradition" title="Dhammakaya tradition">Dhammakaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesākha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Āsāḷha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%ADhina" title="Kaṭhina">Kaṭhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Day" title="Abhidhamma Day">Abhidhamma Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;;background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Higher education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #ffd068"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahamakut_Buddhist_University" title="Mahamakut Buddhist University">MBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya_University" title="Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University">MCRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Buddhist_College" title="International Buddhist College">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Therav%C4%81da_Buddhist_Missionary_University" title="International Theravāda Buddhist Missionary University">ITBMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Pariyatti_Sasana_University,_Mandalay" title="State Pariyatti Sasana University, Mandalay">SPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_and_Pali_University_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka">BPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Sihanouk_Raja_Buddhist_University" title="Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist University">Sihanouk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preah_Sihamoni_Raja_Buddhist_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preah Sihamoni Raja Buddhist University (page does not exist)">Sihamoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champasak_Sangha_College" title="Champasak Sangha College">CSC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangha_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangha College (page does not exist)">Sangha College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kertarajasa_Buddhist_College" title="Kertarajasa Buddhist College">Kertarajasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syailendra_Buddhist_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syailendra Buddhist College (page does not exist)">Syailendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_Institute" title="Nalanda Institute">Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_Dipa_International_Buddhist_University" title="Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University">DDIBU</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <i><b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kammaṭṭhāna</i></span></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: <span lang="pi">𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀦</span>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">𑀓𑀭𑁆𑀫𑀲𑁆𑀣𑀸𑀦</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">karmasthāna</i></span>) which literally means <i>place of work</i>. Its original meaning was someone's occupation (farming, trading, cattle-tending, etc.) but this meaning has developed into several <a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">distinct but related usages</a> all having to do with <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meanings">Etymology and meanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:100px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kammatthana_Yantra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kammatthana_Yantra.png/180px-Kammatthana_Yantra.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kammatthana_Yantra.png/270px-Kammatthana_Yantra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kammatthana_Yantra.png/360px-Kammatthana_Yantra.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="869" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddd1;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;text-align:left"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika Nikāya</a></b> </p> <table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sao_Kantas%C4%ABlo" title="Ajahn Sao Kantasīlo">Ajahn Sao Kantasīlo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1861–1941)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Mun_Bhuridatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mun Bhuridatta">Ajahn Mun Bhūridatta</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1870–1949)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Luang_Pu_Waen_Suci%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87o" title="Luang Pu Waen Suciṇṇo">Ajahn Waen Suciṇṇo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1887–1985)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Thate" title="Ajahn Thate">Ajahn Thate Desaransi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1902–1994)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Lee" title="Ajahn Lee">Ajahn Lee Dhammadharo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1907–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Maha_Bua" title="Ajahn Maha Bua">Ajahn Maha Bua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1913–2011)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Fuang_Jotiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajahn Fuang Jotiko">Ajahn Fuang Jotiko</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1915–1986)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajaan_Suwat_Suvaco" title="Ajaan Suwat Suvaco">Ajahn Suwat Suvaco</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1919–2002)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81nissaro_Bhikkhu" title="Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu">Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1949–)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Maha_Nikaya" title="Maha Nikaya">Mahā Nikāya</a></b> </p> <table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Buddhadasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajahn Buddhadasa">Ajahn Buddhadasa</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1906–1993)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1918–1992)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sumedho" title="Ajahn Sumedho">Ajahn Sumedho</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1934–)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Khemadhammo" title="Ajahn Khemadhammo">Ajahn Khemadhammo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1944–)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Viradhammo" title="Ajahn Viradhammo">Ajahn Viradhammo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1947–)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Pasanno" title="Ajahn Pasanno">Ajahn Pasanno</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1949–)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sucitto" title="Ajahn Sucitto">Ajahn Sucitto</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1949–)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Brahm" title="Ajahn Brahm">Ajahn Brahm</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1951–)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Amaro" title="Ajahn Amaro">Ajahn Amaro</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1956–)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Jayas%C4%81ro" title="Ajahn Jayasāro">Ajahn Jayasāro</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1958–)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Bhante_Sujato" title="Bhante Sujato">Ajahn Sujato</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1966–)</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddd1;"> <a href="/wiki/Siladhara_Order" title="Siladhara Order">Sīladharās</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;text-align:left"> <table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Sundara" title="Ajahn Sundara">Ajahn Sundara</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1946–)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.1em; font-size:90%"> <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Candasiri" title="Ajahn Candasiri">Ajahn Candasiri</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:80%;padding-right:0.1em;"> (1947–)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_forest_monastics" title="List of Thai forest monastics">Complete List</a></i></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddd1;"> Related Articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.7em;text-align:left"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="History of the Thai Forest Tradition">History of the Thai Forest Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Tradition_of_Ajahn_Chah" title="Forest Tradition of Ajahn Chah">Forest Tradition of Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Buddhism in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhutanga" title="Dhutanga">Dhutanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Isan" title="History of Isan">History of Isan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Template:Thai Forest Tradition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Thai_Forest_Tradition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Thai Forest Tradition (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thai Forest Tradition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Its most basic meaning is as a word for meditation, with meditation being the main occupation of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a>. In Burma, senior meditation practitioners are known as "kammatthanacariyas" (meditation masters). The <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> names itself <i>Kammaṭṭhāna Forest tradition</i> in reference to their practice of meditating in the forests. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali literature</a>, prior to the post-canonical Pali <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">commentaries</a>, the term <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kammaṭṭhāna</i></span></i> comes up in only a handful of discourses and then in the context of "work" or "trade."<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> uses "kammatthana" to refer to each of his forty meditation objects listed in the third chapter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i>, which are partially derived from the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>. In this sense "kammatthana" can be understood as "occupations" in the sense of "things to occupy the mind" or "workplaces" in the sense of "places to focus the mind on during the work of meditation". Throughout his translation of the <i>Visuddhimagga</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91%C4%81%E1%B9%87amoli_Bhikkhu" title="Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu">Ñāṇamoli</a> translates this term simply as "<b>meditation subject</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhaghosa's_forty_meditation_subjects"><span id="Buddhaghosa.27s_forty_meditation_subjects"></span>Buddhaghosa's forty meditation subjects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buddhaghosa's forty meditation subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kasiṇas_as_kammaṭṭhāna"><span id="Kasi.E1.B9.87as_as_kamma.E1.B9.AD.E1.B9.ADh.C4.81na"></span>Kasiṇas as kammaṭṭhāna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kasiṇas as kammaṭṭhāna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kasina</i> (Pali: <span lang="pi">𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">kasina</i></span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'a whole', Sanskrit: <span lang="sa">𑀓𑀾𑀢𑁆𑀲𑁆𑀦</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">kṛtsna</i></span>) refers to a class of basic visual objects of <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>. The objects are described in the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pali Canon</a> and summarized in the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i> meditation treatise as <i>kammaṭṭhāna</i> on which to focus the mind whenever attention drifts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kasina</i> meditation is one of the most common types of <a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">samatha-vipassana</a>, intended to settle the mind of the practitioner and create a foundation for further practices of meditation. </p><p>The <i>Visuddhimagga</i> concerns kasina meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-Thanissaro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thanissaro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to American scholar-monk <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81nissaro_Bhikkhu" title="Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu">Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu</a>, "the text then tries to fit all other meditation methods into the mold of kasina practice, so that they too give rise to countersigns, but even by its own admission, breath meditation does not fit well into the mold."<sup id="cite_ref-Thanissaro_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thanissaro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that by emphasizing kasina meditation, the <i>Visuddhimagga</i> departs from the focus on <i><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">jhāna</a></i> in the Pali Canon. Thanissaro Bhikkhu states this indicates that what "jhana means in the commentaries is something quite different from what it means in the Canon."<sup id="cite_ref-Thanissaro_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thanissaro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although practice with kasiṇas is associated with the Theravāda tradition, it appears to have been more widely known among various <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Buddhist schools in India</a> at one time. <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a> makes reference to kasiṇas in the <i>Samāhitabhūmi</i> section of his <i><a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81rabh%C5%ABmi-%C5%9A%C4%81stra" title="Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra">Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavannā</a>, one of the Buddha's chief female disciples, famously attained <a href="/wiki/Arahantship" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahantship">arahantship</a> using a fire (<i>tejo</i>) kasina as her object of meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the forty objects meditated upon as kammaṭṭhāna, the first ten are kasina described as 'things one can behold directly'. These are described in the <i>Visuddhimagga</i>, and also mentioned in the Pali <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are: </p> <ol><li>earth (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀧𑀞𑀯𑀻 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; Pali: <i>paṭhavī kasina</i>, Sanskrit: <i>pṛthivī kṛtsna</i>)</li> <li>water (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀆𑀧𑁄 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>āpo kasiṇa</i>, <i>ap kṛtsna</i>)</li> <li>fire (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀢𑁂𑀚𑁄 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>tejo kasiṇa</i>, <i>tejas kṛtsna</i>)</li> <li>air/wind (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀯𑀸𑀬𑁄 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>vāyo kasiṇa</i>, <i>vāyu kṛtsna</i>)</li> <li>blue (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀦𑀻𑀮 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>nīla kasiṇa</i>, <i>nīla kṛtsna</i>)</li> <li>yellow <span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀧𑀻𑀢 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>pīta kasiṇa</i>, <i>pīta kṛtsna</i>)</li> <li>red (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀮𑁄𑀳𑀺𑀢 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>lohita kasiṇa</i>, <i>lohita kṛtsna</i>)</li> <li>white (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀑𑀤𑀸𑀢 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>odāta kasiṇa</i>, <i>avadāta kṛtsna</i>)</li> <li>enclosed space, hole, aperture (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">आकास 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>ākāsa kasiṇa</i>, <i>ākāśa kṛtsna</i>)</li> <li>consciousness (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀯𑀺𑀜𑁆𑀜𑀸𑀡 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>viññāṇa kasiṇa</i>, <i>vijñāna kṛtsna</i>) in the Pali suttas and some other texts; the bright light (of the <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">luminous mind</a>) (<span title="Pali-language text"><span lang="pi">𑀆𑀮𑁄𑀓 𑀓𑀲𑀺𑀦</span></span>; <i>āloka kasiṇa</i>) according to later sources such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i>.</li></ol> <p>The kasinas are typically described as a coloured disk, with the particular colour, properties, dimensions and medium often specified according to the type of kasina. The earth kasina, for instance, is a disk in a red-brown color formed by spreading earth or clay (or another medium producing similar color and texture) on a screen of canvas or another backing material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paṭikkūla-manasikāra"><span id="Pa.E1.B9.ADikk.C5.ABla-manasik.C4.81ra"></span><i>Paṭikkūla-manasikāra</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paṭikkūla-manasikāra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asubha_Body_Contemplation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Asubha Contemplation Illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Asubha_Body_Contemplation.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the first two <a href="/wiki/Asubha" class="mw-redirect" title="Asubha">asubha</a> contemplations: bloated corpse and discolored, bluish corpse. From an early 20th century manuscript found in <a href="/wiki/Chaiya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaiya District">Chaiya District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Thani Province">Surat Thani Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patikulamanasikara" title="Patikulamanasikara">Patikulamanasikara</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nine_stages_of_decay" title="Nine stages of decay">Nine stages of decay</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81yagat%C4%81sati_Sutta" title="Kāyagatāsati Sutta">Kāyagatāsati Sutta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mara%E1%B9%87asati" title="Maraṇasati">Maraṇasati</a></div> <p>The next ten are impure (<i>asubha</i>) objects of repulsion (<i>paṭikkūla</i>), specifically 'cemetery contemplations' (<i>sīvathikā-manasikāra</i>) on ten stages of human decomposition which aim to cultivate mindfulness of body (<i>kāyagatāsati</i>). They are: </p> <ol><li>a swollen corpse</li> <li>a discolored, bluish, corpse</li> <li>a festering corpse</li> <li>a fissured corpse</li> <li>a gnawed corpse</li> <li>a dismembered corpse</li> <li>a hacked and scattered corpse</li> <li>a bleeding corpse</li> <li>a worm-eaten corpse</li> <li>a skeleton</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anussati"><i>Anussati</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anussati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Anussati</a></div> <p>The next ten are recollections (<i><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">anussati</a></i>): </p> <ol><li>First three recollections are of the virtues of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a>: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a></li></ol></li> <li>Next three are recollections of the virtues of: <ol><li>morality (<i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Śīla">śīla</a></i>)</li> <li>liberality (<i>cāga</i>)</li> <li>the wholesome attributes of Devas</li></ol></li> <li>The additional four recollections of: <ol><li>the body (<i>kāya</i>)</li> <li>death (see <a href="/wiki/Upajjhatthana_Sutta" title="Upajjhatthana Sutta">Upajjhatthana Sutta</a>)</li> <li>the breath (<i><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prāna</a></i>) or breathing (<i><a href="/wiki/Anapana" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapana">ānāpāna</a></i>)</li> <li>peace (see <i><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nibbana</a></i>)</li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahma-vihārā"><span id="Brahma-vih.C4.81r.C4.81"></span><i>Brahma-vihārā</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brahma-vihārā"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brahma-vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma-vihara">Brahma-vihara</a></div> <p>Four are 'stations of Brahma', which are the virtues of the "<a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahma</a> realm" (Pāli: <i>Brahmaloka</i>): </p> <ol><li>unconditional kindness and goodwill (<i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">mettā</a></i>)</li> <li>compassion (<i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">karuna</a></i>)</li> <li>sympathetic joy over another's success (<i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">mudita</a></i>)</li> <li>evenmindedness, equanimity (<i><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">upekkha</a></i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Āyatana"><span id=".C4.80yatana"></span><i>Āyatana</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Āyatana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four are formless states (four <i><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism#The_arūpa_āyatanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">arūpa-āyatana</a></i>): </p> <ol><li>infinite space (Pāḷi <i>ākāsānañcāyatana</i>, Skt. <i>ākāśānantyāyatana</i>)</li> <li>infinite consciousness (Pāḷi <i>viññāṇañcāyatana</i>, Skt. <i>vijñānānantyāyatana</i>)</li> <li>infinite nothingness (Pāḷi <i>ākiñcaññāyatana</i>, Skt. <i>ākiṃcanyāyatana</i>)</li> <li>neither perception nor non-perception (Pāḷi <i>nevasaññānāsaññāyatana</i>, Skt. <i>naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana</i>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the remaining five, one is of perception of disgust of food (<i>aharepatikulasanna</i>) and the last four are the 'four great elements' (<i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C5%ABta" title="Mahābhūta">catudhatuvavatthana</a></i>): earth (<i>pathavi</i>), water (<i>apo</i>), fire (<i>tejo</i>), air (<i>vayo</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meditation_subjects_and_the_four_jhānas"><span id="Meditation_subjects_and_the_four_jh.C4.81nas"></span>Meditation subjects and the four <i>jhāna</i>s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Meditation subjects and the four jhānas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Table: <span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism#The_rūpa_jhānas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">Rūpa jhāna</a></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success"><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Cetasika</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(mental factors)</span></th> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">First<br />jhāna</th> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Second<br />jhāna</th> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Third<br />jhāna</th> <th scope="col" style="background: #CEF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Fourth<br />jhāna </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāma">Kāma</a> / Akusala dhamma<div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(sensuality / unskillful qualities)</span></div> </th> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">secluded from;<br />withdrawn </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a><div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(rapture)</span></div> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">seclusion-born;<br />pervades body </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">samādhi</a>-born;<br />pervades body </td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">fades away<br />(along with distress) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Sukha" title="Sukha">Sukha</a><div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(non-sensual pleasure)</span></div> </th> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">pervades<br />physical body </td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">abandoned<br />(no pleasure nor pain) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Vitakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitakka">Vitakka</a><div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">("applied thought")</span></div> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">accompanies<br /><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhāna">jhāna</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no"><a href="/wiki/Ekaggata" title="Ekaggata">unification of awareness</a><br />free from vitakka and vicāra </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh"><a href="/wiki/Vic%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicāra">Vicāra</a><div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">("sustained thought")</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; font-weight: bolder;" class="rh heading table-rh">Upekkhāsatipārisuddhi<div style="font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Purity_in_Buddhism" title="Purity in Buddhism">pure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">mindful</a> <a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">equanimity</a>)</span></div> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">does not occur </td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">internal confidence </td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/Equanimous" class="mw-redirect" title="Equanimous">equanimous</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindful</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">purity of<br />equanimity and mindfulness </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left"><span style="font-size:85%;">Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:JhanaFactors" title="Template:JhanaFactors"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:JhanaFactors" title="Template talk:JhanaFactors"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:JhanaFactors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:JhanaFactors"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Gunaratana, following Buddhaghosa, due to the simplicity of subject matter, all four <i>jhanas</i> can be induced through <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80n%C4%81p%C4%81nasati" class="mw-redirect" title="Ānāpānasati">ānāpānasati</a></i> (mindfulness of breathing) and the ten <i><a href="/wiki/Kasina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasina">kasinas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunaratana_1988-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Gunaratana, the following meditation subjects only lead to "access concentration" (<i>upacara samadhi</i>), due to their complexity: the recollection of the Buddha, dharma, sangha, morality, liberality, wholesome attributes of Devas, death, and peace; the perception of disgust of food; and the analysis of the four elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunaratana_1988-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Absorption in the first <i>jhana</i> can be realized by mindfulness on the ten kinds of foulness and mindfulness of the body. However, these meditations cannot go beyond the first jhana due to their involving applied thought (<i><a href="/wiki/Vitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitaka">vitaka</a></i>), which is absent from the higher jhanas.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunaratana_1988-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Absorption in the first three <i>jhanas</i> can be realized by contemplating the first three <i>brahma-viharas</i>. However, these meditations cannot aid in attaining the fourth jhana due to the pleasant feelings associated with them. Conversely, once the fourth jhana is induced, the fourth <i>brahma-vihara</i> (equanimity) arises.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunaratana_1988-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meditation_subjects_and_temperaments">Meditation subjects and temperaments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Meditation subjects and temperaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each kammatthana can be suggested, especially by a spiritual friend (<i><a href="/wiki/Kalyana_mittata" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyana mittata"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kalyāṇa-mitta</i></span></a></i>), to a certain individual student at some specific point, by assessing what would be best for that student's temperament and the present state of his or her mind.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of the aforementioned meditation subjects can suppress the <a href="/wiki/Five_Hindrances" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hindrances">Five Hindrances</a>, thus allowing one to fruitfully pursue <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1%C3%B1%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Paññā">wisdom</a>. In addition, anyone can productively apply specific meditation subjects as <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidotes</a>, such as meditating on foulness to counteract lust or on the breath to abandon discursive thought. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali commentaries</a> further provide guidelines for suggesting meditation subjects based on one's general temperament: </p> <ul><li><b>Greedy:</b> the ten foulness meditations; or, body contemplation.</li> <li><b>Hating:</b> the four <i>brahma-viharas</i>; or, the four color <i>kasinas</i>.</li> <li><b>Deluded:</b> mindfulness of breath.</li> <li><b>Faithful:</b> the first six recollections.</li> <li><b>Intelligent:</b> recollection of marana or Nibbana; the perception of disgust of food; or, the analysis of the four elements.</li> <li><b>Speculative:</b> mindfulness of breath.</li></ul> <p>The six non-color <i>kasinas</i> and the four formless states are suitable for all temperaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunaratana_1988-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supernormal_abilities">Supernormal abilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Supernormal abilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i> is one of the extremely rare texts within the enormous literature of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to give explicit details about how spiritual masters are thought to actually manifest <a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">supernormal abilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abilities such as flying through the air, walking through solid obstructions, diving into the ground, walking on water and so forth are performed by changing one <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C5%ABta" title="Mahābhūta">element</a>, such as earth, into another element, such as air.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoga_Powers_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoga_Powers-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The individual must master <i>kasina</i> meditation before this is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoga_Powers_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoga_Powers-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dipa_Ma" title="Dipa Ma">Dipa Ma</a>, who trained via the <i>Visuddhimagga</i>, was said to demonstrate these abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Anussati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upajjhatthana_Sutta" title="Upajjhatthana Sutta">Upajjhatthana Sutta</a> (Five Remembrances)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80n%C4%81p%C4%81nasati_Sutta" title="Ānāpānasati Sutta">Ānāpānasati Sutta</a> (Contemplation of the breath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81yagat%C4%81sati_Sutta" title="Kāyagatāsati Sutta">Kāyagatāsati Sutta</a> (Contemplation of the body)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patikkulamanasikara" class="mw-redirect" title="Patikkulamanasikara">Patikkulamanasikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradual_training" title="Gradual training">Gradual training</a> (Patipatti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhana_in_Theravada" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana in Theravada">Jhana in Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassanā</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, in the first three <a href="/wiki/Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikaya">nikayas</a>, the term is found only in the <i>Subha Sutta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 99), although there it is found 22 times. In this discourse, it is contextualized, for instance, in this question to the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> by the Brahmin Subha: <dl><dd>"Master Gotama, the brahmins say this: 'Since the work of the household life [Pali: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gharāvāsa-kammaṭṭhāna</i></span></i>] involves a great deal of activity, great functions, great engagements, and great undertakings, it is of great fruit. Since the work of those gone forth [Pali: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pabbajjā-kammaṭṭhāna</i></span></i>] involves a small amount of activity, small functions, small engagements, and small undertakings, it is of small fruit.' What does Master Gotama say about this?"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> Similarly, in the famed <a href="/wiki/Dighajanu_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dighajanu Sutta">Dighajanu Sutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 8.54): <dl><dd>"And what does it mean to be consummate in initiative? There is the case where a lay person, by whatever occupation he makes his living [Pali: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yena kammaṭṭhānena jīvikaṃ kappeti</i></span></i>] — whether by farming or trading or cattle tending or archery or as a king's man or by any other craft — is clever and untiring at it, endowed with discrimination in its techniques, enough to arrange and carry it out. This is called being consummate in initiative."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> An identical phrasing can be found in the very next discourse, the Ujjaya Sutta (AN 8.55),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Dutiya Sampadā Sutta (AN 8.76)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A last canonical use of this term can be found in the Sakya Sutta (AN 10.46): <dl><dd>"What do you think, Sakyans. Suppose a man, by some profession or other [Pali: <i>yena kenaci kammaṭṭhānena</i>], without encountering an unskillful day, were to earn a half-kahapana. Would he deserve to be called a capable man, full of initiative?"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhaghosa & Nanamoli (1999), pp. 90–91 (II, 27–28, "Development in Brief"), 110ff. (starting with III, 104, "enumeration"). It can also be found sprinkled earlier in this text as on p. 18 (I, 39, v. 2) and p. 39 (I, 107).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavidji2017" class="citation book cs1">Davidji (2017-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nV8sDgAAQBAJ"><i>Secrets of Meditation Revised Edition</i></a>. Hay House, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781401954116" title="Special:BookSources/9781401954116"><bdi>9781401954116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Meditation+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=Hay+House%2C+Inc&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft.isbn=9781401954116&rft.au=Davidji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnV8sDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thanissaro-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thanissaro_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thanissaro_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thanissaro_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhikkhu Thanissaro, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhammatalks.net/Books/Bhikkhu_Thanissaro_Jhanas_Concentration_Wisdom.htm"><i>Concentration and Discernment</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528103540/http://dhammatalks.net/Books/Bhikkhu_Thanissaro_Jhanas_Concentration_Wisdom.htm">Archived</a> 2019-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Buddhist Insight: Essays by Alex Wayman</i>. Motilal Banarsidass: 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89581-041-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89581-041-7">0-89581-041-7</a> pg 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2013-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ"><i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 945. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400848058" title="Special:BookSources/9781400848058"><bdi>9781400848058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=945&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.isbn=9781400848058&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTherī" class="citation web cs1">Therī, Tathālokā. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhikkhuni.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Transformations-of-Arahant-Theri-Uppalavanna1.pdf">"The Amazing Transformations of Arahant Theri Uppalavanna"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bhikkhuni.et</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017105311/http://www.bhikkhuni.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Transformations-of-Arahant-Theri-Uppalavanna1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bhikkhuni.et&rft.atitle=The+Amazing+Transformations+of+Arahant+Theri+Uppalavanna&rft.aulast=Ther%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Tath%C4%81lok%C4%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhikkhuni.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F08%2FTransformations-of-Arahant-Theri-Uppalavanna1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Foremost-Elder-Nuns/03-Uppalavanna.htm#toc9">"03. The Story about the Elder Nun Uppalavanna"</a>. <i>www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728084153/http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Foremost-Elder-Nuns/03-Uppalavanna.htm#toc9">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net&rft.atitle=03.+The+Story+about+the+Elder+Nun+Uppalavanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient-buddhist-texts.net%2FEnglish-Texts%2FForemost-Elder-Nuns%2F03-Uppalavanna.htm%23toc9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.v.36, A.v.46-60, M.ii.14; D.iii.268, 290; Nett.89, 112; Dhs.202; Ps.i.6, 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zugangzureinsicht.org/html/lib/authors/buddhadasa/dhammawithpictures_en.html">Teaching Dhamma by pictures: Explanation of a Siamese Traditional Buddhist Manuscript</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodhi2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikku</a> (2005). <i>In the Buddha's Words</i>. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. pp. 296–8 (<a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 28:1-9). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-491-9"><bdi>978-0-86171-491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Buddha%27s+Words&rft.place=Somerville&rft.pages=pp.+296-8+%28Samyutta+Nikaya%7CSN+28%3A1-9%29&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-491-9&rft.aulast=Bodhi&rft.aufirst=Bhikku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105004425/http://mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara3/5-pancakanipata/003-pancangikavaggo-p.html">"Suttantapiñake Aïguttaranikàyo § 5.1.3.8"</a>. <i>MettaNet-Lanka</i> (in Pali). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara3/5-pancakanipata/003-pancangikavaggo-p.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MettaNet-Lanka&rft.atitle=Suttantapi%C3%B1ake+A%C3%AFguttaranik%C3%A0yo+%C2%A7+5.1.3.8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmettanet.org%2Ftipitaka%2F2Sutta-Pitaka%2F4Anguttara-Nikaya%2FAnguttara3%2F5-pancakanipata%2F003-pancangikavaggo-p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikku1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Bhikku, Thanissaro</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an05/an05.028.than.html">"Samadhanga Sutta: The Factors of Concentration (AN 5.28)"</a>. <i>Access to Insight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Access+to+Insight&rft.atitle=Samadhanga+Sutta%3A+The+Factors+of+Concentration+%28AN+5.28%29&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bhikku&rft.aufirst=Thanissaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fan%2Fan05%2Fan05.028.than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunaratana_1988-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunaratana_1988_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/gunaratana/wheel351.html">Gunaratana (1988)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Buddhaghosa & Nanamoli (1999), p. 90, which states: "He should approach the good friend, the giver of a meditation subject, and he should apprehend from among the forty meditation subjects one that suits his own temperament."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). <i>Yoga Powers</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004212145" title="Special:BookSources/9789004212145"><bdi>9789004212145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Powers&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004212145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoga_Powers-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoga_Powers_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoga_Powers_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). <i>Yoga Powers</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 83–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004212145" title="Special:BookSources/9789004212145"><bdi>9789004212145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Powers&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=83-86&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004212145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2005" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Amy (2005). <i>Dipa Ma</i>. Windhorse Publications Ltd. p. Chapter 9 "At Home in Strange Realms".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dipa+Ma&rft.pages=Chapter+9+%22At+Home+in+Strange+Realms%22&rft.pub=Windhorse+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span> & Bodhi, 2001, p. 809; the square-bracketed Pali is from Bodhgaya News' searchable <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a> database at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=3693">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.054.than.html">Thanissaro, 1995</a>; the square-bracketed Pali is from Bodhgaya News' searchable <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a> database at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=sutta%20pitaka&action=next&record=6649">[2]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=sutta%20pitaka&action=next&record=6653">http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=sutta%20pitaka&action=next&record=6653</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=6689">http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=6689</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.046.than.html">Thanissaro, 2000</a>; the square-bracketed Pali is from Bodhgaya News' searchable <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a> database starting at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=6888">[3]</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>, Bhadantacariya & Bhikkhu Nanamoli (trans.) (1999), <i>The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">BPS</a> Pariyatti Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2">1-928706-00-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henepola_Gunaratana" title="Henepola Gunaratana">Gunaratana, Henepola</a> (1988). <i>The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation</i> (Wheel No. 351/353). Kandy, Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-24-0035-X" title="Special:BookSources/955-24-0035-X">955-24-0035-X</a>. Retrieved from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/gunaratana/wheel351.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/gunaratana/wheel351.html</a>.</li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span>, Bhikkhu (trans.) & <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a> (ed.) (2001). <i>The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya</i>. Boston: Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X">0-86171-072-X</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1995), <i>Dighajanu (Vyagghapajja) Sutta: To Dighajanu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 8.54). Retrieved 6 Apr. 2010 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.054.than.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.054.than.html</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000), <i>Sakka Sutta: To the Sakyans (on the Uposatha) </i> (AN 10.46). Retrieved 6 Apr. 2010 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.046.than.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.046.than.html</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myanmarnet.net/nibbana/tinhtut.htm">In search of a teacher</a> by Dr. Tin Htut</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myanmarnet.net/nibbana/uttama2a.htm">Samatha and vipassana</a> by Sayadaw U Uttamasara</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210123628/http://nibbanam.com/nibbana_guide_en.htm">Reaching Nibbana through insight</a> a guide by Ven. K. Nyanananda</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/filelib/medbud/40meds.zip">The Forty Meditation Objects: Who Should Use Which?</a> by Karen Andrews</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709020135/http://www.dharmathai.com/buddhism-blog/?cat=173">Dharmathai Kammathana Blog</a> Chinawangso Bhikkhu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031230220324/http://www.birken.ca/texts/Kasina_final.html">"Colour-Kasiṇa Meditation,"</a> by Thitapu Bhikkhu, includes instructions for use and construction of the <i>kasiṇa</i> object. Via Archive.org.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatwesternvehicle.org/kasina.htm">"Kasiṇa: The use of a Visual Meditation Object" (2004)</a>, by Sotapanna Jhanananda (Jeffrey S. Brooks), describes the context for <i>kasiṇa</i> objects in the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nibbana</a> and discusses the color of an "earth" <i>kasiṇa</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:431.pali">"Kasiṇa(2),"</a> <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">PTS</a> Pali-English Dictionary entry, includes <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a> references and related terms.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage 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