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<span>In Shaivism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Shaivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Vaishnavism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kundalini_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kundalini_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kundalini experiences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kundalini_experiences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kundalini experiences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kundalini_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invoking_Kundalini_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invoking_Kundalini_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Invoking Kundalini experiences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invoking_Kundalini_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hatha_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatha_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Hatha yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatha_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaktipat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaktipat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Shaktipat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaktipat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kundalini_awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kundalini_awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kundalini awakening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kundalini_awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Indian interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Western significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Western_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Western significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Western_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carl_Jung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carl_Jung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Carl Jung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carl_Jung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_recent_viewpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_recent_viewpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>More recent viewpoints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_recent_viewpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kundalini</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="كونداليني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونداليني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="কুণ্ডলিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুণ্ডলিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalin%C3%AD" title="Kundaliní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kundaliní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کندالینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کندالینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A4%EB%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%88" title="쿤달리니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿤달리니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="कुण्डलिनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुण्डलिनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="קונדליני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונדליני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕುಂಡಲಿನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುಂಡಲಿನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalin%C4%97" title="Kundalinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kundalinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кундалини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кундалини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="കുണ്ഡലിനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുണ്ഡലിനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="कुंडलिनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुंडलिनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="कुण्डलिनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुण्डलिनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="クンダリニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クンダリニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кундалини – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кундалини" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кундалини – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кундалини" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kundalini" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="குண்டலினி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குண்டலினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Kundalini, the tantric concepts and psychological theories. For Other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kundalini (disambiguation)">Kundalini (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiagrammaChakraKundalini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DiagrammaChakraKundalini.jpg/220px-DiagrammaChakraKundalini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/DiagrammaChakraKundalini.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Kundalini, <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadis</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Sub-schools</b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Teachers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam" class="mw-redirect" title="Purushottam">Purushottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshav_Kashmiri" title="Keshav Kashmiri">Keshav Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivyas_devacharya" title="Harivyas devacharya">Harivyas devacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Other scriptures</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <b>kundalini</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कुण्डलिनी</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kuṇḍalinī</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'coiled snake', <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2c\/Kundalini.ogg\/Kundalini.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Kundalini.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Kundalini.ogg/Kundalini.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Kundalini.ogg" title="File:Kundalini.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a form of divine feminine <a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">energy</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></i>) believed to be located at the base of the spine, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Muladhara_(Root_Chakra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muladhara (Root Chakra)">muladhara</a></i>. It is an important concept in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism#Grihastha_and_Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Mantramarga" title="Shaivism">Śhaiva Tantra</a>, where it is believed to be a force or power associated with the <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">divine feminine</a> or the formless aspect of the Goddess. This energy in the body, when cultivated and awakened through <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> practice, is believed to lead to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">spiritual liberation</a>. Kuṇḍalinī is associated with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adi_Parashakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Parashakti">Adi Parashakti</a>, the supreme being in <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, and with the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frawley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frawley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyczkowski_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyczkowski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, along with practices associated with it, was adopted into <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga">Hatha Yoga</a> in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since then been adopted into other forms of Hinduism as well as modern <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> thought. </p><p>Kuṇḍalinī awakenings are said to occur by a variety of methods. Many systems of yoga focus on awakening kuṇḍalinī through: <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a>, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a>, and chanting of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_Spotlight_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_Spotlight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a> is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> schools of Hinduism. It derives its name from its focus upon the awakening of kundalini energy through regular practice of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YJ_Spotlight_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YJ_Spotlight-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swami_Sivananda_Radha_2004,_pp_13-15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swami_Sivananda_Radha_2004,_pp_13-15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When kundalini is awakened spontaneously or without guidance it can lead to kundalini syndrome which sometimes presents as <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of Kuṇḍalinī is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (9th – 7th centuries BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sanskrit adjective <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kuṇḍalin</i></span></i> means "circular, annular". It is mentioned as a noun for "snake" (in the sense of "coiled") in the 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a></i> chronicle (I.2). <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kuṇḍa</i></span></i> (a noun meaning "bowl, water-pot" is found as the name of a <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a> (serpent deity) in <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> 1.4828). The 8th-century <i>Tantrasadbhava Tantra</i> uses the term <i>kundalī</i>, glossed by <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">David Gordon White</a> as "she who is ring-shaped".<sup id="cite_ref-White_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <i>kuṇḍalī</i> as a name for Goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>) appears often in <a href="/wiki/Tantrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantrism">Tantrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> from as early as the 11th century in the <i>Śaradatilaka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saivism_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saivism-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was adopted as a technical term in <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> during the 15th century, and became widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Upanishad">Yoga Upanishads</a> by the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a> has paraphrased the term as "the coiled power", a force which ordinarily rests at the base of the spine, described as being "coiled there like a serpent".<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Shaivism">In Shaivism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Shaivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_statue_of_Shiva_and_Shakti_in_dire_form.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_statue_of_Shiva_and_Shakti_in_dire_form.jpg/220px-The_statue_of_Shiva_and_Shakti_in_dire_form.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_statue_of_Shiva_and_Shakti_in_dire_form.jpg/330px-The_statue_of_Shiva_and_Shakti_in_dire_form.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_statue_of_Shiva_and_Shakti_in_dire_form.jpg/440px-The_statue_of_Shiva_and_Shakti_in_dire_form.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Statues of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakhya temple">Kamakhya temple</a>, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a>, important shrines in <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, the goddess-focused Hindu tradition</figcaption></figure> <p>Kuṇḍalinī arose as a central concept in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism#Grihastha_and_Sannyasi_Shaiva:_Mantramarga" title="Shaivism">Shaiva Tantra</a>, especially among the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Śākta</a> sects like the <a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a>. In these <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> traditions, Kuṇḍalinī is "the innate intelligence of embodied Consciousness".<sup id="cite_ref-Wallis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first possible mention of the term is in the <i>Tantrasadbhāva-tantra</i> (eighth century), but other earlier tantras mention the visualization of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> in the central channel and the upward movement of <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a> or vital force (which is often associated with Kuṇḍalinī in later works).<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to David Gordon White, this feminine spiritual force is also termed <i>bhogavati,</i> which has a double meaning of "enjoyment" and "coiled" and signifies her strong connection to bliss and pleasure, both mundane physical pleasure and the bliss of spiritual liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>), which is the enjoyment of Shiva's creative activity and ultimate union with the Goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-White3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the influential Shakta tradition called Kaula, Kuṇḍalinī is seen as a "latent innate spiritual power" associated with the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjika</a> (lit. "the crooked one"), who is the supreme Goddess (<a href="/wiki/Adi_Parashakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Parashakti">Paradevi</a>). She is also pure bliss and power (Shakti), the source of all mantras, and resides in the six chakras along the central channel. In Shaiva Tantra, various practices like <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">bandhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> recitation, and tantric ritual were used to awaken this spiritual power and create a state of bliss and spiritual liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyczkowski_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyczkowski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a>, the great tantric scholar and master of the Kaula and <a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika</a> lineages, there are two main forms of Kuṇḍalinī, an upward moving Kuṇḍalinī (<i>urdhva</i>) associated with expansion, and a downward moving Kuṇḍalinī (<i>adha</i>) associated with contraction.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the scholar of comparative religion <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, Abhinavagupta links Kuṇḍalinī with "the power that brings into manifestation the body, breath, and experiences of pleasure and pain", with "the power of sexuality as the source of reproduction" and with: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the force of the syllable <i>ha</i> in the mantra and the concept of <i>aham</i>, the supreme subjectivity as the source of all, with <i>a</i> as the initial movement of consciousness and <i>m</i> its final withdrawal. Thus we have an elaborate series of associations, all conveying the central conception of the cosmos as a manifestation of consciousness, of pure subjectivity, with Kuṇḍalinī understood as the force inseparable from consciousness, who animates creation and who, in her particularised form in the body, causes liberation through her upward, illusion-shattering movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Vaishnavism">In Vaishnavism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Vaishnavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite mostly being associated with <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a> traditions, the concept of Kundalini Shakti is not at all alien to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>. A popular Vaishnava text called <i>Narada Pancharatra</i> gives a detailed, although somewhat different description of Chakras and Kundalini Shakti compared to Shaivism and Shaktism. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kundalini_serpent_in_yogin%27s_belly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kundalini_serpent_in_yogin%27s_belly.jpg/220px-Kundalini_serpent_in_yogin%27s_belly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kundalini_serpent_in_yogin%27s_belly.jpg/330px-Kundalini_serpent_in_yogin%27s_belly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kundalini_serpent_in_yogin%27s_belly.jpg/440px-Kundalini_serpent_in_yogin%27s_belly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <a href="/wiki/File:Yogin_in_meditation_chakras_kundalini_snake.jpg" title="File:Yogin in meditation chakras kundalini snake.jpg">manuscript painting of a yogi</a> in meditation, showing kundalini serpent coiled in belly around <a href="/wiki/Sushumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sushumna">sushumna nadi</a> below <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a> and the muladhara chakra with its presiding deity <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> above it.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to William F. Williams, kuṇḍalinī is a type of <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">religious experience</a> within the Hindu tradition, within which it is held to be a kind of "cosmic energy" that accumulates at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">spine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ps_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When awakened, kuṇḍalinī is described as rising up from the <a href="/wiki/Muladhara" title="Muladhara">muladhara</a> <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a>, through the central <a href="/wiki/Nadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadis">nadi</a> (called <i><a href="/wiki/Sushumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sushumna">sushumna</a></i>) inside or alongside the spine reaching the top of the head. The progress of kuṇḍalinī through the different chakras is believed to achieve different levels of awakening and a <a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">mystical experience</a>, until Kundalini finally reaches the top of the head, <a href="/wiki/Sahasrara" title="Sahasrara">Sahasrara</a> or crown <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a>, producing a profound transformation of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarawati_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarawati-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup> </p><p>Swami <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a> stated in his book <i>Kundalini Yoga</i> that "Supersensual visions appear before the mental eye of the aspirant, new worlds with indescribable wonders and charms unfold themselves before the Yogi, planes after planes reveal their existence and grandeur to the practitioner and the Yogi gets divine knowledge, power and bliss, in increasing degrees, when Kuṇḍalinī passes through Chakra after Chakra, making them to bloom in all their glory..."<sup id="cite_ref-Swami_Sivananda_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swami_Sivananda-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kundalini_experiences">Kundalini experiences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kundalini experiences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invoking_Kundalini_experiences">Invoking Kundalini experiences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Invoking Kundalini experiences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yoga gurus consider that Kuṇḍalinī can be awakened by <i><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">shaktipat</a></i> (spiritual transmission by a Guru or teacher), or by spiritual practices such as yoga or meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-Muktananda_1978_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muktananda_1978-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are two broad approaches to Kuṇḍalinī awakening: active and passive. The <i>active approach</i> involves systematic physical exercises and techniques of concentration, visualization, <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a> (breath practice) and meditation under the guidance of a competent teacher. These techniques come from any of the main branches of yoga, and some forms of yoga, such as <a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a>, which emphasize Kuṇḍalinī techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>passive approach</i> is instead a path of surrender where one lets go of all the impediments to the awakening rather than trying to actively awaken Kuṇḍalinī. A chief part of the passive approach is <a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">shaktipat</a> where one individual's Kuṇḍalinī is awakened by another who already has the experience. Shaktipat only raises Kuṇḍalinī temporarily but gives the student an experience to use as a basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastman_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The twentieth century yogi and mystic <a href="/wiki/Gopi_Krishna_(yogi)" title="Gopi Krishna (yogi)">Gopi Krishna</a>, who helped to bring the concept of Kuṇḍalinī to the Western world, stated that<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the ancient writers have said, it is the vital force or <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a> which is spread over both the macrocosm, the entire Universe, and the microcosm, the human body... The atom is contained in both of these. Prana is life-energy responsible for the phenomena of terrestrial life and for life on other planets in the universe. Prana in its universal aspect is immaterial. But in the human body, ...The brain is alive only because of Prana... an enlightened person ... [becomes] compassionate and more detached. There would be less ego, without any tendency toward violence or aggression or falsehood. The awakened life energy is the mother of morality, because all morality springs from this awakened energy. Since the very beginning, it has been this evolutionary energy that has created the concept of morals in human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The American <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative religions">comparative religions</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a> describes the concept of Kuṇḍalinī as "the figure of a coiled female serpent—a serpent goddess not of "gross" but "subtle" substance—which is to be thought of as residing in a torpid, slumbering state in a subtle center, the first of the seven, near the base of the spine: the aim of the yoga then being to rouse this serpent, lift her head, and bring her up a subtle nerve or channel of the spine to the so-called "thousand-petaled lotus" (<a href="/wiki/Sahasrara" title="Sahasrara">Sahasrara</a>) at the crown of the head...She, rising from the lowest to the highest lotus center will pass through and wake the five between, and with each waking, the psychology and personality of the practitioner will be altogether and fundamentally transformed."<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hatha_yoga">Hatha yoga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hatha yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg/440px-Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg/660px-Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg/880px-Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2675" data-file-height="2436" /></a><figcaption>Late Kundalini model of Hatha Yoga, as described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i>. This model contradicts the earlier <a href="/wiki/Bindu_(symbol)" title="Bindu (symbol)">Bindu</a> model in the same text.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Gorak%E1%B9%A3a%C5%9Bataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakṣaśataka">Gorakṣaśataka</a></i>, or "Hundred Verses of Goraksa", <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">hatha yoga</a> practices such as the mudras <a href="/wiki/Mula_bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula bandha">mula bandha</a>, uddiyana bandha, and <a href="/wiki/Jalandhara_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandhara Bandha">jalandhara bandha</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">kumbhaka</a> can awaken Kundalini.<sup id="cite_ref-White2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hatha yoga text, the <i><a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%ABvidy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Khecarīvidyā">Khecarīvidyā</a></i>, states that <a href="/wiki/Khechari_mudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Khechari mudra">khechari mudra</a> enables one to raise Kundalini and access the stores of <a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">amrita</a> in the head, which subsequently flood the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shaktipat">Shaktipat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shaktipat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spiritual teacher <a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a> emphasized the need for a master when actively trying to awaken Kuṇḍalinī:<sup id="cite_ref-Baba_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baba-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kundalini is a latent power in the higher body. When awakened, it pierces through six chakras or functional centers and activates them. Without a master, the awakening of the kundalini cannot take anyone very far on the Path; and such indiscriminate or premature awakening is fraught with dangers of self-deception as well as the misuse of powers. The kundalini enables man to consciously cross the lower planes and it ultimately merges into the universal cosmic power of which it is a part, and which also is at times described as kundalini ... [but it] cannot dispense with the need for the grace of a Perfect Master.<sup id="cite_ref-Baba_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baba-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his book, <i>Building a Noble World</i>, Shiv R. Jhawar describes his Shaktipat experience at Muktananda's public program at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Point_Tower" title="Lake Point Tower">Lake Point Tower</a> in Chicago on 16 September 1974 as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Baba [Swami Muktananda] had just begun delivering his discourse with his opening statement: 'Today's subject is meditation. ... 'Kundalini starts dancing when one repeats Om Namah Shivaya.' Hearing this, I mentally repeated the mantra, I noticed that my breathing was getting heavier. Suddenly, I felt a great impact of a rising force within me. The intensity of this rising kundalini force was so tremendous that my body lifted up a little and fell flat into the aisle; my eyeglasses flew off. As I lay there with my eyes closed, I could see a continuous fountain of dazzling white lights erupting within me. In brilliance, these lights were brighter than the sun but possessed no heat at all. I was experiencing the thought-free state of "I am", realizing that "I" have always been, and will continue to be, eternal. I was fully conscious and completely aware while I was experiencing the pure "I am", a state of supreme bliss. Outwardly, at that precise moment, Baba delightfully shouted from his platform, ‘I didn't do anything. The Energy has caught someone.'<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>'</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kundalini_awakening">Kundalini awakening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kundalini awakening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The experience of Kuṇḍalinī awakening can happen when one is either prepared or unprepared.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastman_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hindu tradition, in order to be able to integrate this spiritual energy, a period of careful purification and strengthening of the body and nervous system is usually required beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-Maheshwaranada_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maheshwaranada-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoga and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> propose that Kuṇḍalinī can be awakened by a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> (teacher), but body and spirit must be prepared by yogic austerities, such as <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a>, or breath control, physical exercises, visualization, and chanting. The student is advised to follow the path in an open-hearted manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastman_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_interpretations">Religious interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_interpretations">Indian interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indian interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuṇḍalinī is considered to occur in the <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a>. Each chakra is said to contain special characteristics<sup id="cite_ref-Scotton_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotton-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with proper training, moving Kuṇḍalinī through these chakras can help express or open these characteristics. </p><p>Kuṇḍalinī is described as a sleeping, dormant potential force in the human organism.<sup id="cite_ref-Bihar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bihar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is one of the components of an esoteric description of the "<a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a>", which consists of <a href="/wiki/Nadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadis">nadis</a> (energy channels), <a href="/wiki/Chakras" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakras">chakras</a> (psychic centres), <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a> (subtle energy), and <a href="/wiki/Bindu_(symbol)" title="Bindu (symbol)">bindu</a> (drops of essence). </p><p>Kuṇḍalinī is described as being coiled up at the base of the spine. The description of the location can vary slightly, from the rectum to the navel.<sup id="cite_ref-White_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 229–231">: 229–231 </span></sup> Kuṇḍalinī is said to reside in the triangular <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> bone in three and a half coils.<sup id="cite_ref-Srivastava_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srivastava-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> describes Kuṇḍalinī briefly in his book <i>Raja Yoga</i> as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Vivek_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vivek-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>According to the Yogis, there are two nerve currents in the spinal column, called Pingalâ and Idâ, and a hollow canal called Sushumnâ running through the spinal cord. At the lower end of the hollow canal is what the Yogis call the "Lotus of the Kundalini". They describe it as triangular in a form in which... there is a power called the Kundalini, coiled up. When that Kundalini awakens, it tries to force a passage through this hollow canal, and as it rises step by step, as it were, layer after layer of the mind becomes open... When it reaches the brain, the Yogi is perfectly detached from the body and mind; the soul finds itself free. ... The left is the Ida, the right Pingala, and that hollow canal which runs through the center of the spinal cord is the Sushumna. ... The canal is closed at the lower end, ... near what is called the sacral plexus... The different plexuses that have their centers in the spinal canal can very well stand for the different "lotuses" of the Yogi.<sup id="cite_ref-Vivek_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vivek-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When Kuṇḍalinī <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> is conceived as a goddess, then, when it rises to the head, it unites itself with the Supreme Being of (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Shiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shiva">Lord Shiva</a>). The aspirant then becomes engrossed in deep meditation and infinite bliss. <a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/God_Talks_with_Arjuna:_The_Bhagavad_Gita" title="God Talks with Arjuna: The Bhagavad Gita">God Talks with Arjuna: The Bhagavad Gita</a></i> states:<sup id="cite_ref-Yogananda_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogananda-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the command of the yogi in deep meditation, this creative force turns inward and flows back to its source in the thousand-petaled lotus, revealing the resplendent inner world of the divine forces and consciousness of the soul and spirit. Yoga refers to this power flowing from the coccyx to spirit as the awakened kundalini.</p></blockquote> <p>Paramahansa Yogananda also states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The yogi reverses the searchlights of intelligence, mind and life force inward through a secret astral passage, the coiled way of the kundalini in the coccygeal plexus, and upward through the sacral, the lumbar, and the higher dorsal, cervical, and medullary plexuses, and the spiritual eye at the point between the eyebrows, to reveal finally the soul's presence in the highest center (Sahasrara) in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogananda_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogananda-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Krishnamacharya, often called the "father of modern yoga", described kuṇḍalinī differently. To him, Kuṇḍalinī is not an energy that rises: it is a blockage that prevents prāṇa vāyu (breath) from entering the suṣumnā and rising. This interpretation came partly from his own experience and partly from teachings of two sects of Vishnu-worshiping temple priests.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_significance">Western significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Western significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Woodroffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Woodroffe">Sir John Woodroffe</a> (1865–1936) – also known by his pseudonym Arthur Avalon – was a British <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> whose published works stimulated a far-reaching interest in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogic">Yogic</a> practices. While serving as a High Court Judge in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, he studied <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and Hindu philosophy, particularly as it related to Hindu <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>. He translated numerous original <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts and lectured on <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, Yoga and Tantra. His book, <i>The Serpent Power: The Secrets of Tantric and Shaktic Yoga</i> became a major source for many modern Western adaptations of <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a> practice. It presents an academically and philosophically sophisticated translation of, and commentary on, two key Eastern texts: <i>Shatchakranirūpana</i> (Description and Investigation into the Six Bodily Centers) written by Tantrik Pūrnānanda Svāmī (1526) and the <i>Paduka-Pancakā</i> from the Sanskrit of a commentary by Kālīcharana (Five-fold Footstool of the Guru). The Sanskrit term "Kundali Shakti" translates as "Serpent Power". Kundalini is thought to be an energy released within an individual using specific meditation techniques. It is represented symbolically as a serpent coiled at the base of the spine.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Woodroffe later commented upon the reception of his work he clarified his objective, "All the world (I speak of course of those interested in such subjects) is beginning to speak of Kundalinî Shakti."<sup id="cite_ref-Woodroffe_1950_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodroffe_1950-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described his intention as follows: "We, who are foreigners, must place ourselves in the skin of the Hindu, and must look at their doctrine and ritual through their eyes and not our own."<sup id="cite_ref-Woodroffe_1950_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodroffe_1950-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carl_Jung">Carl Jung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carl Jung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western awareness of Kuṇḍalinī was strengthened by the interest of Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> (1875–1961).<sup id="cite_ref-Jung_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Jung's seminar on Kundalini yoga presented to the Psychological Club in Zurich in 1932 was widely regarded as a milestone in the psychological understanding of Eastern thought and of the symbolic transformations of inner experience. Kundalini yoga presented Jung with a model for the developmental phases of higher consciousness, and he interpreted its symbols in terms of the process of individuation, with sensitivity towards a new generation's interest in alternative religions and psychological exploration."</p></blockquote> <p><sup id="cite_ref-Nichol_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichol-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the introduction to Jung's book <i>The Psychology of Kundalini Yoga</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sonu_Shamdasani" title="Sonu Shamdasani">Sonu Shamdasani</a> puts forth: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The emergence of depth psychology was historically paralleled by the translation and widespread dissemination of the texts of yoga... for the depth psychologies sought to liberate themselves from the stultifying limitations of Western thought to develop maps of inner experience grounded in the transformative potential of therapeutic practices. A similar alignment of "theory" and "practice" seemed to be embodied in the yogic texts that moreover had developed independently of the bindings of Western thought. Further, the initiatory structure adopted by institutions of psychotherapy brought its social organization into proximity with that of yoga. Hence, an opportunity for a new form of comparative psychology opened up."</p></blockquote> <p><sup id="cite_ref-Jung_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xviii–xix">: xviii–xix </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_recent_viewpoints">More recent viewpoints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: More recent viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American writer William Buhlman began to conduct an international survey of out-of-body experiences in 1969 in order to gather information about symptoms: sounds, vibrations and other phenomena that commonly occur at the time of the OBE event. His primary interest was to compare the findings with reports made by yogis such as <a href="/wiki/Gopi_Krishna_(yogi)" title="Gopi Krishna (yogi)">Gopi Krishna</a> who have referred to similar phenomena, such as the "vibrational state" as components of their kundalini-related <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual experience">spiritual experience</a>. He explains:<sup id="cite_ref-Buhlman_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buhlman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> There are numerous reports of full Kundalini experiences culminating with a transcendental out-of-body state of consciousness. In fact, many people consider this experience to be the ultimate path to enlightenment. The basic premise is to encourage the flow of Kundalini energy up the spine and toward the top of the head—the <a href="/wiki/Crown_chakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown chakra">crown chakra</a>—thus projecting your awareness into the higher heavenly dimensions of the universe. The result is an indescribable expansion of consciousness into spiritual realms beyond form and thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Buhlman_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buhlman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> was the other great scholarly authority on Kuṇḍalinī, with a viewpoint parallel to that of Woodroffe but of a somewhat different slant - this according to Mary Scott, herself a latter-day scholar on Kuṇḍalinī and its physical basis, and a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> "the concept of Kundalini has for us only one use, that is, to describe our own experiences with the unconscious".<sup id="cite_ref-Hayman_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayman-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jung used the Kundalini system symbolically as a means of understanding the dynamic movement between conscious and unconscious processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Shamdasani_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamdasani-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Shamdasani, Jung claimed that the symbolism of Kuṇḍalinī yoga suggested that the bizarre symptomatology that patients at times presented, actually resulted from the awakening of the Kuṇḍalinī. He argued that knowledge of such symbolism enabled much that would otherwise be seen as the meaningless by-products of a disease process to be understood as meaningful symbolic processes, and explicated the often peculiar physical localizations of symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Shamdasani_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamdasani-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxvi">: xxvi </span></sup> </p><p>The popularization of eastern spiritual practices has been associated with psychological problems in the west. Psychiatric literature notes that "since the influx of eastern spiritual practices and the rising popularity of meditation starting in the 1960s, many people have experienced a variety of psychological difficulties, either while engaged in intensive spiritual practice or spontaneously."<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the psychological difficulties associated with intensive spiritual practice we find "Kundalini awakening," "a complex physio-psychospiritual transformative process described in the yogic tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology" title="Transpersonal psychology">Transpersonal psychology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scotton_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotton-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kason_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kason-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have described a complex pattern of sensory, motor, mental, and affective symptoms associated with the concept of Kundalini, sometimes called the Kundalini syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-Greyson_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greyson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The differentiation between spiritual emergency associated with Kuṇḍalinī awakening may be viewed as an acute <a href="/wiki/Psychotic_episode" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic episode">psychotic episode</a> by psychiatrists who are not conversant with the culture. The biological changes of increased <a href="/wiki/P300_(neuroscience)" title="P300 (neuroscience)">P300</a> amplitudes that occurs with certain yogic practices may lead to acute psychosis. Biological alterations by Yogic techniques may be used to warn people against such reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bharadwaj_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bharadwaj-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">Mystical experience</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Frawley-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frawley_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2009" class="citation book cs1">Frawley, David (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Vp_rTWkAAC&pg=PA163"><i>Inner Tantric Yoga: Working with the Universal Shakti: Secrets of Mantras, Deities and Meditation</i></a>. Lotus Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940676-50-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940676-50-3"><bdi>978-0-940676-50-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inner+Tantric+Yoga%3A+Working+with+the+Universal+Shakti%3A+Secrets+of+Mantras%2C+Deities+and+Meditation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2009-02&rft.isbn=978-0-940676-50-3&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6Vp_rTWkAAC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyczkowski-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyczkowski_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyczkowski_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyczkowski1989" class="citation book cs1">Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. (1989). <i>The Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika Tantras of the Western Kaula Tradition</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 60, 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+Saivagama+and+the+Kubjika+Tantras+of+the+Western+Kaula+Tradition&rft.pages=60%2C+89&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Dyczkowski&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallinson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a>. "Śāktism and Haṭhayoga." In: Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine, edited by <a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Wernicke-Olesen" title="Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen">Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen</a> London: Routledge, 2016. pp. 109–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YJ_Spotlight-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_Spotlight_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YJ_Spotlight_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yogajournal.com/basics/1336">"Spotlight on Kundalini Yoga"</a>. Yoga Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spotlight+on+Kundalini+Yoga&rft.pub=Yoga+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fbasics%2F1336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swami_Sivananda_Radha_2004,_pp_13-15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swami_Sivananda_Radha_2004,_pp_13-15_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swami Sivananda Radha, 2004, pp. 13, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaDhankarKumar2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, M.; Dhankar, M.; Kumar, D. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9460011">"Awakening of Kundalini Chakras Presenting as Psychosis—A Case Report"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine</i>. <b>44</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">526–</span>528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F02537176221082936">10.1177/02537176221082936</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9460011">9460011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36157024">36157024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Psychological+Medicine&rft.atitle=Awakening+of+Kundalini+Chakras+Presenting+as+Psychosis%E2%80%94A+Case+Report&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E526-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9460011%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36157024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F02537176221082936&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Dhankar%2C+M.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9460011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dale_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2011" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Cyndi (2011). <i>Kundalini: Divine Energy, Divine Life</i> (1st ed.). Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-2863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-2863-6"><bdi>978-0-7387-2863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini%3A+Divine+Energy%2C+Divine+Life&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+Minnesota&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7387-2863-6&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Cyndi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (2004). <i>Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian Contexts</i> (Paperback ed.). The University of Chicago Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89483-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89483-6"><bdi>978-0-226-89483-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiss+of+the+Yogini%3A+%22Tantric+Sex%22+in+its+South+Asian+Contexts&rft.pages=230&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-89483-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saivism-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saivism_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaivism1990" class="citation book cs1">Saivism, Kashmir Saivism (1990). <i>Vac: The Concept of the Word in Selected Hindu Tantras</i>. Sri Satguru Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1532-1"><bdi>978-1-4384-1532-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vac%3A+The+Concept+of+the+Word+in+Selected+Hindu+Tantras&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Sri+Satguru+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1532-1&rft.aulast=Saivism&rft.aufirst=Kashmir+Saivism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1977" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Diana (1977). <i>A Glossary of Sanskrit from the Spiritual Tradition of India</i>. 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Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">160–</span>161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tantric+Body%3A+The+Secret+Tradition+of+Hindu+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasa,_Purnaprajna2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dasa, Purnaprajna, ed. (18 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NaradaPancaratraFull/Narada%20Pancaratra%20part%202/page/n535/mode/2up"><i>Narada Pancaratra full in 2 parts: Srila Vyasadeva</i></a>. Vol. 2: Third, Fourth, and Fifth Ratras. Translated by Das, Bhumipati. Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narada+Pancaratra+full+in+2+parts%3A+Srila+Vyasadeva&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNaradaPancaratraFull%2FNarada%2520Pancaratra%2520part%25202%2Fpage%2Fn535%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ps-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ps_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation book cs1">Williams, W. F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vH1EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT211">"Kundalini"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95522-9"><bdi>978-1-135-95522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kundalini&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Pseudoscience%3A+From+Alien+Abductions+to+Zone+Therapy&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95522-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvH1EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarawati-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarawati_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraswati1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Saraswati, Swami Satyananda</a> (1984). <i>Kundalini Tantra</i> (2nd ed.). Munger, Bihar, India: <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185787152" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185787152"><bdi>978-8185787152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini+Tantra&rft.place=Munger%2C+Bihar%2C+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bihar+School+of+Yoga&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-8185787152&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Swami+Satyananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swami_Sivananda-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swami_Sivananda_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraswati2010" class="citation book cs1">Saraswati, Sri Swami Sivananda (2010). <i>Kundalini Yoga</i> (14th ed.). Himalayas, India: The Divine Life Trust Society. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7052-052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7052-052-8"><bdi>978-81-7052-052-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini+Yoga&rft.place=Himalayas%2C+India&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=The+Divine+Life+Trust+Society&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7052-052-8&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Sri+Swami+Sivananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muktananda_1978-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muktananda_1978_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuktananda1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muktananda" title="Muktananda">Muktananda, Swami</a> (1978). <i>Play of Consciousness</i>. 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(September 1985). "Kundalini Demystified". <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=Kundalini+Demystified&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1985-09&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna1995" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Gopti (1995). <i>Kundalini Questions and Answers</i> (Smashwords ed.). The Institute for Consciousness Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9938316-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9938316-6-9"><bdi>978-0-9938316-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini+Questions+and+Answers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.edition=Smashwords&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+Consciousness+Studies&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-9938316-6-9&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Gopti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (2011). <i>A Joseph Campbell Companion: Reflections on the Art of Living</i>. San Anselmo, California: Joseph Campbell Foundation. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61178-006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61178-006-2"><bdi>978-1-61178-006-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Joseph+Campbell+Companion%3A+Reflections+on+the+Art+of+Living&rft.place=San+Anselmo%2C+California&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Joseph+Campbell+Foundation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61178-006-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallinson2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_teacher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Singleton (yoga teacher)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2017). <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i>. Penguin Books. pp. 32, <span class="nowrap">180–</span>181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5"><bdi>978-0-241-25304-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104">928480104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pages=32%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928480104&rft.isbn=978-0-241-25304-5&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (2012). <i>Yoga in Practice</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 2, <span class="nowrap">268–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14085-8"><bdi>978-0-691-14085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+in+Practice&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=2%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14085-8&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallinson3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson3_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2007). <i>The Khecarividya of Adinatha: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of an Early Text of Hathayoga</i>. London: Routledge. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39115-3"><bdi>978-0-415-39115-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khecarividya+of+Adinatha%3A+A+Critical+Edition+and+Annotated+Translation+of+an+Early+Text+of+Hathayoga&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39115-3&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baba-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baba_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baba_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaba1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Baba, Meher</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ambppct.org/Book_Files/Beams.pdf"><i>Beams from Meher Baba on the Spiritual Panorama</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. San Francisco: Sufism Reoriented. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beams+from+Meher+Baba+on+the+Spiritual+Panorama&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Sufism+Reoriented&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Baba&rft.aufirst=Meher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fambppct.org%2FBook_Files%2FBeams.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhawar2004" class="citation book cs1">Jhawar, Shiv (2004). <i>Building a Noble World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+a+Noble+World&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jhawar&rft.aufirst=Shiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maheshwaranada-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maheshwaranada_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaheshwarananda2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paramhans_Swami_Maheshwarananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda">Maheshwarananda, Paramhans Swami</a> (2004). <i>The Hidden Power in Humans: Chakras and Kundalini</i>. Ibera Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85052-197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85052-197-0"><bdi>978-3-85052-197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Power+in+Humans%3A+Chakras+and+Kundalini&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Ibera+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-85052-197-0&rft.aulast=Maheshwarananda&rft.aufirst=Paramhans+Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotton-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scotton_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scotton_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScotton1999" class="citation book cs1">Scotton, Bruce W. (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textbooktransper00scot"><i>Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textbooktransper00scot/page/n274">261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09530-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09530-8"><bdi>978-0-465-09530-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Transpersonal+Psychiatry+and+Psychology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09530-8&rft.aulast=Scotton&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextbooktransper00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bihar-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bihar_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satyananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Satyananda Saraswati">Swami Satyananda Saraswati</a>. <i>Kundalini Tantra</i>. Bihar School of Yoga, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185787152" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185787152">978-8185787152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srivastava-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Srivastava_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNirmala_Devi_Srivastava1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Devi Srivastava</a> (1997). <i>Meta Modern Era</i> (3rd ed.). Vishwa Nirmala Dharma. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186650059" title="Special:BookSources/9788186650059"><bdi>9788186650059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meta+Modern+Era&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Vishwa+Nirmala+Dharma&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788186650059&rft.au=Nirmala+Devi+Srivastava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vivek-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vivek_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vivek_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivekananda1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda, Swami</a> (1995). <i>Raja Yoga: Conquering the Internal Nature</i>. Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185301167" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185301167"><bdi>978-8185301167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raja+Yoga%3A+Conquering+the+Internal+Nature&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Advaita+Ashrama&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8185301167&rft.aulast=Vivekananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yogananda-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yogananda_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yogananda_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogananda1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda, Paramahansa</a> (1995). <i>The Bhagavad Gita: God Talks with Arjuna: Royal Science of God Realization: the Immortal Dialogue Between Soul and Spirit: a New Translation and Commentary</i> (1st ed.). Los Angeles: Self Realization Fellowship. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87612-030-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87612-030-9"><bdi>978-0-87612-030-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita%3A+God+Talks+with+Arjuna%3A+Royal+Science+of+God+Realization%3A+the+Immortal+Dialogue+Between+Soul+and+Spirit%3A+a+New+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Self+Realization+Fellowship&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87612-030-9&rft.aulast=Yogananda&rft.aufirst=Paramahansa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2022" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Simon (2022). <i>Krishnamacharya on Kundalini : the origins and coherence of his position</i>. Bristol: Equinox. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800501522" title="Special:BookSources/9781800501522"><bdi>9781800501522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishnamacharya+on+Kundalini+%3A+the+origins+and+coherence+of+his+position&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781800501522&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Kathleen (2001). <i>Sir John Woodroffe, Tantra and Bengal: 'An Indian Soul in a European Body?'<span></span></i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700713455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700713455"><bdi>978-0700713455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Woodroffe%2C+Tantra+and+Bengal%3A+%27An+Indian+Soul+in+a+European+Body%3F%27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0700713455&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodroffe_1950-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodroffe_1950_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodroffe_1950_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodroffe1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Woodroffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Woodroffe">Woodroffe, John</a> (1950) [1918]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia903206.us.archive.org/3/items/TheSerpentPowerByArthurAvalon/The%20Serpent%20Power%20by%20Arthur%20Avalon.pdf"><i>The Serpent Power</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th ed.). Madras: Ganesh & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent+Power&rft.place=Madras&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Ganesh+%26+Co.&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Woodroffe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia903206.us.archive.org%2F3%2Fitems%2FTheSerpentPowerByArthurAvalon%2FThe%2520Serpent%2520Power%2520by%2520Arthur%2520Avalon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jung-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jung_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung, Carl Gustav</a> (1996). <i>The Psychology of Kundalini Yoga: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1932 by C.G. Jung</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02127-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02127-0"><bdi>978-0-691-02127-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Kundalini+Yoga%3A+Notes+of+the+Seminar+Given+in+1932+by+C.G.+Jung&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02127-0&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichol-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nichol_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichol1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nichol, Davi (1999). <i>Psychoanalytic Books: A Quarterly Journal of Reviews</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalytic+Books%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+of+Reviews&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Nichol&rft.aufirst=Davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buhlman-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buhlman_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buhlman_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhlman2011" class="citation book cs1">Buhlman, William (2011). <i>The Secret of the Soul: Using Out-of-Body Experiences to Understand Our True Nature</i> (1st ed.). San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-196808-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-196808-2"><bdi>978-0-06-196808-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+of+the+Soul%3A+Using+Out-of-Body+Experiences+to+Understand+Our+True+Nature&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=191&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-196808-2&rft.aulast=Buhlman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1983" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Mary (1983). <i>Kundalini in the Physical World</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-9417-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-9417-9"><bdi>978-0-7100-9417-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini+in+the+Physical+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-9417-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayman-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayman_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayman2001" class="citation book cs1">Hayman, Ronald (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym"><i>A Life of Jung</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym/page/304">304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32322-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32322-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32322-1</bdi></a>. <q>the concept of Kundalini has for us only one use ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+Jung&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32322-1&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofjung00haym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shamdasani-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shamdasani_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shamdasani_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamdasani2012" class="citation book cs1">Shamdasani, Sonu (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/5800.html"><i>The Psychology of Kundalini Yoga: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1932 by C.G. Jung</i></a> (New ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2191-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2191-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-2191-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Kundalini+Yoga%3A+Notes+of+the+Seminar+Given+in+1932+by+C.G.+Jung&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2191-4&rft.aulast=Shamdasani&rft.aufirst=Sonu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F5800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerLukoffBarnhouseLu1995" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, R. P.; Lukoff, D.; Barnhouse, R. T.; Lu, F. G. (July 1995). "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV". <i>The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</i>. <b>183</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">435–</span>444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-199507000-00003">10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3018">0022-3018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7623015">7623015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nervous+and+Mental+Disease&rft.atitle=Religious+or+spiritual+problem.+A+culturally+sensitive+diagnostic+category+in+the+DSM-IV&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.date=1995-07&rft.issn=0022-3018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7623015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005053-199507000-00003&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft.au=Lukoff%2C+D.&rft.au=Barnhouse%2C+R.+T.&rft.au=Lu%2C+F.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kason-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kason_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKason2008" class="citation book cs1">Kason, Yvonne (2008). <i>Farther Shores: Exploring How Near-Death, Kundalini and Mystical Experiences Can Transform Ordinary Lives</i> (Revised ed.). Bloomington, New York: Author's Choice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-53396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-53396-1"><bdi>978-0-595-53396-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farther+Shores%3A+Exploring+How+Near-Death%2C+Kundalini+and+Mystical+Experiences+Can+Transform+Ordinary+Lives&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Author%27s+Choice+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-595-53396-1&rft.aulast=Kason&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greyson-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greyson_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreyson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Greyson, Bruce (1993). "Near-death experiences and the physio-kundalini syndrome". <i>Journal of Religion & Health</i>. <b>32</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">277–</span>290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00990954">10.1007/BF00990954</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24271550">24271550</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1892471">1892471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+%26+Health&rft.atitle=Near-death+experiences+and+the+physio-kundalini+syndrome&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1892471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24271550&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00990954&rft.aulast=Greyson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bharadwaj-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bharadwaj_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharadwaj2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bharadwaj, Balaji (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276938">"Proof-of-concept studies in Yoga and mental health"</a>. <i>International Journal of Yoga</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.91719">10.4103/0973-6131.91719</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276938">3276938</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22346071">22346071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Yoga&rft.atitle=Proof-of-concept+studies+in+Yoga+and+mental+health&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3276938%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22346071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0973-6131.91719&rft.aulast=Bharadwaj&rft.aufirst=Balaji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3276938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalini&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Aun Weor, Samael (2009). <i>Kundalini Yoga</i>. EDISAW. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-62455-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-62455-03-2"><bdi>978-85-62455-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini+Yoga&rft.pub=EDISAW&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-62455-03-2&rft.aulast=Aun+Weor&rft.aufirst=Samael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Avalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Avalon">Avalon, A.</a> (1974). <i>The Serpent Power: The Secrets of Tantric and Shaktic Yoga</i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23058-0"><bdi>978-0-486-23058-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent+Power%3A+The+Secrets+of+Tantric+and+Shaktic+Yoga&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-486-23058-0&rft.au=Avalon%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Karmokar, G. (2006). <i>Kundalini – From Hell to Heaven</i>. Zen Way Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9777456-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9777456-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9777456-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini+%E2%80%93+From+Hell+to+Heaven&rft.pub=Zen+Way+Center&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9777456-0-9&rft.au=Karmokar%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kripananda, S. (1995). <i>The Sacred Power: A Seeker's Guide to Kundalini</i>. Siddha Yoga Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911307-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911307-39-9"><bdi>978-0-911307-39-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Power%3A+A+Seeker%27s+Guide+to+Kundalini&rft.pub=Siddha+Yoga+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-911307-39-9&rft.au=Kripananda%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mookerjee, A. (1981). <i>Kundalini: The Arousal of the Inner Energy (2nd ed.)</i>. Destiny Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-020-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-020-8"><bdi>978-0-89281-020-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini%3A+The+Arousal+of+the+Inner+Energy+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.pub=Destiny+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-020-8&rft.au=Mookerjee%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muktananda" title="Muktananda">Muktananda, S.</a> (1995). <i>Kundalini: The Secret of Life (erd ed.)</i>. U B S Publishers' Distributors Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-038-8"><bdi>978-81-7476-038-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini%3A+The+Secret+of+Life+%28erd+ed.%29&rft.pub=U+B+S+Publishers%27+Distributors+Ltd.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7476-038-8&rft.au=Muktananda%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Petty, A. (2007). <i>Kundalini Rising: Exploring the Chakra/Asanas Connection</i>. Kitsune Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9792700-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9792700-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9792700-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kundalini+Rising%3A+Exploring+the+Chakra%2FAsanas+Connection&rft.pub=Kitsune+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9792700-0-0&rft.au=Petty%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Scott, Mary (2006). <i>The Kundalini Concept: Its Origin and Value</i>. Jain Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-857-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-857-7"><bdi>978-0-89581-857-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kundalini+Concept%3A+Its+Origin+and+Value&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-857-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sannella, L. (1987). <i>The Kundalini Experience: Psychosis or Transcendence</i>. Integral Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941255-29-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941255-29-5"><bdi>978-0-941255-29-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kundalini+Experience%3A+Psychosis+or+Transcendence&rft.pub=Integral+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-941255-29-5&rft.au=Sannella%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda, Paramahansa</a> (1995). <i>God Talks With Arjuna: The Bhagavad Gita</i>. Self-Realization Fellowship. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87612-030-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87612-030-9"><bdi>978-0-87612-030-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Talks+With+Arjuna%3A+The+Bhagavad+Gita&rft.pub=Self-Realization+Fellowship&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87612-030-9&rft.au=Yogananda%2C+Paramahansa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKundalini" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">Subtle body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Five sheaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">Nadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Ida" title="Nadi (yoga)">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)">Sushumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Pingala" title="Nadi (yoga)">Pingala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><i>and sometimes</i> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha 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href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td 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title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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