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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Development of the meaning of spirituality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_the_meaning_of_spirituality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development of the meaning of spirituality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_meaning_of_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical,_medieval,_and_early_modern_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical,_medieval,_and_early_modern_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Classical, medieval, and early modern periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical,_medieval,_and_early_modern_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Modern spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_Roman_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Roman_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Modern Roman religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Roman_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcendentalism_and_Unitarian_Universalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcendentalism_and_Unitarian_Universalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Transcendentalism and Unitarian Universalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcendentalism_and_Unitarian_Universalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophy,_anthroposophy,_and_the_perennial_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophy,_anthroposophy,_and_the_perennial_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Theosophy, anthroposophy, and the perennial philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosophy,_anthroposophy,_and_the_perennial_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Neo-Vedanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Spiritual_but_not_religious"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Spiritual_but_not_religious""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 "Spiritual but not religious" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Spiritual_but_not_religious"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Traditional spirituality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_spirituality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditional spirituality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_faiths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_faiths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Abrahamic faiths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_faiths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.1 Sufism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Indian religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four_paths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_paths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3.1 Four paths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_paths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_and_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_and_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3.2 Schools and spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_and_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 African spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Contemporary spirituality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_spirituality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary spirituality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Spiritual experience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Spiritual practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Scientific research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scientific research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_and_well-being" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_well-being"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Health and well-being </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_well-being-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercessionary_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercessionary_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Intercessionary prayer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercessionary_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spiritual_care_in_health_care_professions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_care_in_health_care_professions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Spiritual care in health care professions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_care_in_health_care_professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Spiritual experiences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Measurement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Published_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Published sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Web-sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Spirituality</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualiteit" title="Spiritualiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spiritualiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualit%C3%A4t" title="Spiritualität – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Spiritualität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="روحانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روحانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritualid%C3%A1" title="Espiritualidá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Espiritualidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="अध्यात्म – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अध्यात्म" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualizm" title="Spiritualizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Spiritualizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="আধ্যাত্মিকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আধ্যাত্মিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritwalidad" title="Espiritwalidad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Espiritwalidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhovnost" title="Duhovnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Duhovnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speredelezh" title="Speredelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Speredelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritualitat" title="Espiritualitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espiritualitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Ăс-хакăллăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăс-хакăллăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualita" title="Spiritualita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spiritualita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysbrydolrwydd" title="Ysbrydolrwydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysbrydolrwydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualitet" title="Spiritualitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spiritualitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualit%C3%A4t" title="Spiritualität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spiritualität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituaalsus" title="Spirituaalsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Spirituaalsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Πνευματικότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πνευματικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritualidad" title="Espiritualidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espiritualidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiriteco" title="Spiriteco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spiriteco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritualtasun" title="Espiritualtasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espiritualtasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="معنویت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معنویت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Spirituality" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualit%C3%A9" title="Spiritualité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spiritualité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualit%C3%A2t" title="Spiritualitât – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Spiritualitât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spioradalachd" title="Spioradalachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Spioradalachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritualidade" title="Espiritualidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espiritualidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%84%B1" title="영성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոգևորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգևորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="आध्यात्मिकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आध्यात्मिकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhovnost" title="Duhovnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Duhovnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritaleso" title="Spiritaleso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Spiritaleso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerohanian" title="Kerohanian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerohanian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andleg_vi%C3%B0leitni" title="Andleg viðleitni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andleg viðleitni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualit%C3%A0" title="Spiritualità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spiritualità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רוחניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוחניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಅಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Руханият – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Руханият" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisha_ya_kiroho" title="Maisha ya kiroho – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maisha ya kiroho" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espirityalite" title="Espirityalite – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Espirityalite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritchwalit%C3%A9" title="Spiritchwalité – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Spiritchwalité" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Рухийлик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рухийлик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualitas" title="Spiritualitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Spiritualitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C4%ABgums" title="Garīgums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Garīgums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualismus" title="Spiritualismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spiritualismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvasingumas" title="Dvasingumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dvasingumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjpiritualiteit" title="Sjpiritualiteit – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjpiritualiteit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualit%C3%A1s" title="Spiritualitás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spiritualitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiainana_ara-panahy" title="Fiainana ara-panahy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiainana ara-panahy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="अध्यात्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अध्यात्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerohanian" title="Kerohanian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerohanian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Спиритуалити – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Спиритуалити" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualiteit" title="Spiritualiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spiritualiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अध्यात्मवाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अध्यात्मवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="スピリチュアリティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スピリチュアリティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ndelighet" title="Åndelighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åndelighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CA%BCnaviyat" title="Maʼnaviyat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maʼnaviyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4" title="ਰੂਹਾਨੀਅਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਹਾਨੀਅਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="روحانيت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روحانيت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirichualiti" title="Pirichualiti – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pirichualiti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchowo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Duchowość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Duchowość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritualidade" title="Espiritualidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espiritualidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualitate" title="Spiritualitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spiritualitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Духовность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Духовность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itu_fa%27aleagaga" title="Itu fa'aleagaga – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Itu fa'aleagaga" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualiteti" title="Spiritualiteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Spiritualiteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spirituality" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhovnost" title="Duhovnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Duhovnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhovnost" title="Duhovnost – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Duhovnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhovnost" title="Duhovnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Duhovnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkisyys_ja_hengellisyys" title="Henkisyys ja hengellisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henkisyys ja hengellisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andlighet" title="Andlighet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andlighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritwalidad" title="Espiritwalidad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espiritwalidad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆன்மிகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆன்மிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="จิตวิญญาณ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิตวิญญาณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhanilik" title="Ruhanilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruhanilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Духовність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Духовність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m_linh" title="Tâm linh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tâm linh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritualidad" title="Espiritualidad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Espiritualidad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E6%80%A7" title="灵性 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="灵性" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="גייסטליכקייט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גייסטליכקייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%80%A7" title="靈性 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="靈性" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvasingoms" title="Dvasingoms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dvasingoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical and theological term</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the belief in the existence of spirit, see <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism (beliefs)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;line-height:1.5em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spirituality</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditional</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidism">Hasidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_spirituality" title="Secular spirituality">Secular spirituality</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Spiritual experience</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">Mystical experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_feeling" title="Oceanic feeling">Oceanic feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Spiritual practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Spiritual development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego_death" title="Ego death">Ego death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">Self-actualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_activism" title="Spiritual activism">Spiritual activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual development">Spiritual development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:120%;background:lavender;"> Influences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Western</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;">General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li></ul> Antiquity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul> Medieval <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li></ul> Early modern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li></ul> Modern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Orientalist</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nonduality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Asian</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;">Pre-historic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a></li></ul> Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul> East-Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other non-Western</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totemism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Psychological</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:120%;background:lavender;"> Research</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Neurological</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_psychosis" title="Mystical psychosis">Mystical psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neuroscience of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geschwind_syndrome" title="Geschwind syndrome">Geschwind syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology of religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:none;padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Template:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various meanings can be found alongside each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarrollO'ConnorMeakes200544-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigKingCarson201236-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobbPuchalskiRumbold2012213-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-definition-4">[note 1]</a> Traditionally, spirituality referred to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man",<a href="#cite_note-Waaijman-7">[note 2]</a> oriented at "the <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">image of God</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000460-5">[4]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-6">[5]</a> as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">founders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred texts">sacred texts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> of the world. The term was used within <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> to refer to a life oriented toward the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongVinsky2009-8">[6]</a> and broadened during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> to include <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mental</a> aspects of life.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> In modern times, the term both spread to other religious traditions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorsuchMiller1999-11">[9]</a> and broadened to refer to a wider range of experiences, including a range of <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric</a> and religious traditions. Modern usages tend to refer to a subjective experience of a <a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">sacred dimension</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaucierSkrzypinska20061259-12">[10]</a> and the "deepest values and meanings by which people live",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldrake20071–2-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1988-14">[12]</a> often in a context separate from <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religious institutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongVinsky2009-8">[6]</a> This may involve belief in a <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> realm beyond the ordinarily observable world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2014-15">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal growth">personal growth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutmanAupers2007-16">[14]</a> a quest for an ultimate or sacred <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyderLopez2007261-17">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">religious experience</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000-18">[16]</a> or an encounter with one's own "inner dimension" or <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(metaphysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (metaphysics)">spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2002315-19">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The term spirit means "animating or vital principle in man and animals".<a href="#cite_note-OED-Spirit-20">[web 1]</a> It is derived from the Old French espirit, which comes from the Latin word spiritus (<a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, ghost, courage, vigor, breath) and is related to spirare (to breathe). In the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, the Latin word spiritus is used to translate the Greek <a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a> and Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Ruach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach">ruach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OED-Spirit-20">[web 1]</a> The term "spiritual", meaning "concerning the spirit", is derived from Old French spirituel (12c.), which is derived from Latin spiritualis, which comes by spiritus or "spirit".<a href="#cite_note-OED-Spiritual-21">[web 2]</a> The term "spirituality" is derived from Middle French spiritualité, from Late Latin spiritualitatem (nominative spiritualitas), which is also derived from Latin spiritualis.<a href="#cite_note-OED-Spirituality-22">[web 3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> There is no single, widely agreed-upon definition of spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigKingCarson201236-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobbPuchalskiRumbold2012213-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-definition-4">[note 1]</a> Surveys of the definition of the term, as used in scholarly research, show a broad range of definitions with limited overlap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarrollO'ConnorMeakes200544-1">[1]</a> A survey of reviews by McCarroll, each dealing with the topic of spirituality, gave twenty-seven explicit definitions among which "there was little agreement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarrollO'ConnorMeakes200544-1">[1]</a> This causes some difficulty in trying to study spirituality systematically; i.e., it impedes both understanding and the capacity to communicate findings in a meaningful fashion. According to Kees Waaijman, the traditional meaning of spirituality is a process of re-formation that "aims to recover the original shape of man, the image of God. To accomplish this, the re-formation is oriented at a mold, which represents the original shape: in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> there is <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Waaijman-7">[note 2]</a> Houtman and Aupers suggest that modern spirituality is a blend of humanistic psychology, mystical and esoteric traditions, and Eastern religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutmanAupers2007-16">[14]</a> In modern times the emphasis is on subjective experience<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaucierSkrzypinska20061259-12">[10]</a> and the "deepest values and meanings by which people live",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldrake20071–2-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1988-14">[12]</a> incorporating <a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">personal growth</a> or transformation, usually in a context separate from organized religious institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongVinsky2009-8">[6]</a> Spirituality can be defined generally as an individual's search for ultimate or sacred <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning, and purpose</a> in life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyderLopez2007261-17">[15]</a> Additionally it can mean to seek out or search for personal growth, <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">religious experience</a>, belief in a supernatural realm or afterlife, or to make sense of one's own "inner dimension".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2014-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutmanAupers2007-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2002315-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_meaning_of_spirituality">Development of the meaning of spirituality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of the meaning of spirituality">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical,_medieval,_and_early_modern_periods">Classical, medieval, and early modern periods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical, medieval, and early modern periods">edit</a>]</div> Bergomi detects "an enlightened form of non-religious spirituality" in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a> In ancient Rome, the concept of spirituality consisted mainly of the <a href="/wiki/Pax_deorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax deorum">pax deorum</a> (the peace of the gods), this was achieved through rituals and festivals that ensured divine favour and cosmic order.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> While Roman spirituality was communal, it also involved personal engagement with the divine through the study of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. Myths served as allegories for moral lessons and models for personal conduct, guiding individuals in their relationship with the gods.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a> philosophy, especially the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Verses" title="Golden Verses">Golden Verses</a>, encouraged introspection, self-discipline, and ethical living. This blend of myth, philosophy, and ritual shaped a spirituality focused on both societal harmony and personal connection with the divine.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> Words translatable as "spirituality" first began to arise in the 5th century and only entered common use toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] In a Biblical context the term means being animated by God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000359–360-28">[23]</a> The New Testament offers the concept of being driven by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a>, as opposed to living a <a href="/wiki/Personal_life" title="Personal life">life</a> in which one rejects this influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongVinsky2009-8">[6]</a> In the 11th century, this meaning of "Spirituality" changed. Instead, the word began to denote the mental aspect of life, as opposed to the material and sensual aspects of life, "the ecclesiastical sphere of light against the dark world of matter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000360-29">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[note 3]</a> In the 13th century "spirituality" acquired a social and psychological meaning. Socially it denoted the territory of the clergy: "the ecclesiastical against the temporary possessions, the ecclesiastical against the secular authority, the clerical class against the secular class".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000360–361-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[note 4]</a> Psychologically, it denoted the realm of the inner life: "the purity of motives, affections, intentions, inner dispositions, the psychology of the spiritual life, the analysis of the feelings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000361-33">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[note 5]</a> In the 17th and 18th centuries, a distinction was made[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] between higher and lower forms of spirituality:<a href="#cite_note-35">[27]</a> "A spiritual man is one who is Christian 'more abundantly and deeper than others'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000361-33">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[note 6]</a> The word was also associated with <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">quietism</a>, and acquired a negative meaning.<a href="#cite_note-37">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_spirituality">Modern spirituality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern spirituality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism#18th,_19th_and_early_20th_centuries" title="Western esotericism">History of Western esotericism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></div> Modern notions of spirituality developed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, mixing Christian ideas with <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esoteric</a> traditions and elements of Asian, especially Indian, religions. Spirituality became increasingly disconnected from traditional religious organizations and institutions. It is sometimes associated today with philosophical, social, or political movements such as <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">feminist theology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyderLopez2007261–261-38">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Roman_religion">Modern Roman religion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern Roman religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Way_to_the_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Way to the Gods">Roman Way to the Gods</a></div> In modern Roman neopagan spirituality, initiation is a central element that facilitates deeper spiritual development and access to sacred knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-39">[30]</a> It is viewed as a transformative process, guiding the initiate through stages of spiritual growth. Initiation introduces the individual to the esoteric meanings of Roman myths, deities, and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Pax_deorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax deorum">pax deorum</a> (peace of the gods),<a href="#cite_note-40">[31]</a> aligning the individual with cosmic order. This process not only prepares the initiate for participation in rituals but also emphasizes personal alignment with the divine will. As such, initiation is both a rite of passage and a means to engage meaningfully with divine forces, ensuring the individual's spiritual preparedness to uphold the traditions of Roman religious practice.<a href="#cite_note-41">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transcendentalism_and_Unitarian_Universalism">Transcendentalism and Unitarian Universalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transcendentalism and Unitarian Universalism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> (1803–1882) was a pioneer of the idea of spirituality as a distinct field.<a href="#cite_note-42">[33]</a> He was one of the major figures in <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a>, an early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Protestant</a> movement, which was rooted in English and German <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, the Biblical criticism of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-Transcendentlism-43">[web 4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemes2014202-44">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVersluis201435-45">[35]</a> The Transcendentalists emphasized an intuitive, experiential approach to religion.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-46">[web 5]</a> Following Schleiermacher,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-47">[36]</a> an individual's intuition of truth was taken as the criterion for truth.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-46">[web 5]</a> In the late 18th and early 19th century, the first translations of Hindu texts appeared, which were also read by the Transcendentalists, and influenced their thinking.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-46">[web 5]</a> They also endorsed <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianist</a> ideas, leading to <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>, the idea that there must be truth in other religions as well since a loving God would redeem all living beings, not just Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-46">[web 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-48">[web 6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theosophy,_anthroposophy,_and_the_perennial_philosophy">Theosophy, anthroposophy, and the perennial philosophy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theosophy, anthroposophy, and the perennial philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></div> A major influence on modern spirituality was the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>, which searched for 'secret teachings' in Asian religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-49">[37]</a> It has been influential on modernist streams in several Asian religions, notably <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a>, the revival of <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a>, which have taken over modern western notions of <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">personal experience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a> and integrated them in their religious concepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-49">[37]</a> A second, related influence was <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>, whose founder, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, was particularly interested in developing a genuine Western spirituality, and in the ways that such a spirituality could transform practical institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroposophical medicine">medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[39]</a> More independently, the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual science">spiritual science</a> of <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Thomsen" title="Martinus Thomsen">Martinus</a> was an influence, especially in Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-52">[40]</a> The influence of Asian traditions on Western modern spirituality was also furthered by the <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">perennial philosophy</a>, whose main proponent <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> was deeply influenced by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda's</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2003-53">[41]</a> and the spread of social welfare, education and mass travel after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neo-Vedanta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></div> An important influence on western spirituality was <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a>, also called neo-Hinduism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200293-54">[42]</a> and Hindu Universalism,<a href="#cite_note-55">[43]</a> a modern interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> which developed in response to western <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a>. It aims to present Hinduism as a "homogenized ideal of Hinduism"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYelle2012338-56">[44]</a> with Advaita Vedanta as its central doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002135-57">[45]</a> Due to the colonisation of Asia by the western world, since the 19th century an exchange of ideas has been taking place between the western world and Asia, which also influenced western religiosity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-49">[37]</a> Unitarianism, and the idea of Universalism, was brought to India by missionaries, and had a major influence on neo-Hinduism via <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a>. Roy attempted to modernise and reform Hinduism, from the idea of Universalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-58">[46]</a> This universalism was further popularised, and brought back to the west as neo-Vedanta, by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-58">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Spiritual_but_not_religious"">"Spiritual but not religious"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Spiritual but not religious"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a></div> After the Second World War, spirituality and theistic religion became increasingly disconnected,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000361-33">[26]</a> and spirituality became more oriented on subjective experience, instead of "attempts to place the self within a broader ontological context".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaucierSkrzypinska20061259-12">[10]</a> A new discourse developed, in which (humanistic) psychology, mystical and esoteric traditions and eastern religions are being blended, to reach the <a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">true self</a> by <a href="/wiki/Self-disclosure" title="Self-disclosure">self-disclosure</a>, free expression, and meditation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutmanAupers2007-16">[14]</a> The distinction between the spiritual and the religious became more common in the popular mind during the late 20th century with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and the advent of the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movement. Authors such as Chris Griscom and <a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> explored it in numerous ways in their books. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heelas" title="Paul Heelas">Paul Heelas</a> noted the development within New Age circles of what he called "seminar spirituality":<a href="#cite_note-59">[47]</a> structured offerings complementing <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumer</a> choice with spiritual options. Among other factors, declining membership of organized religions and the growth of secularism in the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">western world</a> have given rise to this broader view of spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-60">[48]</a> The term "spiritual" is now frequently used in contexts in which the term "religious" was formerly employed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorsuchMiller1999-11">[9]</a> Both theists and atheists have criticized this development.<a href="#cite_note-61">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_spirituality">Traditional spirituality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Traditional spirituality">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_faiths">Abrahamic faiths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abrahamic faiths">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> Spirituality in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: רוחניות, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: ruhniyut)<a href="#cite_note-63">[51]</a> may involve practices of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Jewish meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">holiday</a> observance, <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">dietary laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">teshuvah</a>, and other practices.<a href="#cite_note-:1-64">[52]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonsino2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-65">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[web 7]</a> It may involve practices ordained by <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhah</a> or other practices.<a href="#cite_note-:1-64">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> (literally "receiving") is an <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> method, discipline and school of thought of Judaism. Kabbalah is a set of esoteric teachings meant to explain the relationship between an unchanging, eternal and mysterious <a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a> (no end) and the mortal and finite universe (his creation). Interpretations of Kabbalistic spirituality are found within <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a>, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> founded in 18th-century Eastern Europe by Rabbi Israel <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>. Hasidism often emphasizes the <a href="/wiki/Divine_immanence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine immanence">Immanent</a> Divine presence and focuses on emotion, <a href="/wiki/Devekut" title="Devekut">fervour</a>, and the figure of the <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a>. This movement included an elite ideal of nullification to paradoxical Divine <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a> is a Jewish spiritual movement that has focused on developing character traits such as <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_theology_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish theology of love">love</a>. The Musar movement, first founded in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Salanter" title="Israel Salanter">Israel Salanter</a> and developed in the 21st century by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Morinis" title="Alan Morinis">Alan Morinis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ira_F._Stone" title="Ira F. Stone">Ira F. Stone</a>, has encouraged spiritual practices of Jewish meditation, Jewish prayer, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">tzedakah</a>, teshuvah, and the study of <a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">musar (ethical) literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> have often emphasized the spirituality of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_olam" title="Tikkun olam">tikkun olam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorff201849-70">[57]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-71">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">feminist spirituality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorff201849,_151-72">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan201353-73">[60]</a> Jewish prayer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorff201869–70-74">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonsino200272–92-75">[62]</a> Torah study,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorff201891-76">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonsino200256–59-77">[64]</a> ritual,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan201350-78">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonsino2002112–129-79">[66]</a> and musar.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic spirituality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spirituality" title="Special:EditPage/Spirituality">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spirituality%22">"Spirituality"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spirituality%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spirituality%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spirituality%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spirituality%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spirituality%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Risen_Christ_appears_to_his_Mother_by_Daniele_Monteleone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Risen_Christ_appears_to_his_Mother_by_Daniele_Monteleone.jpg/250px-Risen_Christ_appears_to_his_Mother_by_Daniele_Monteleone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Risen_Christ_appears_to_his_Mother_by_Daniele_Monteleone.jpg/330px-Risen_Christ_appears_to_his_Mother_by_Daniele_Monteleone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Risen_Christ_appears_to_his_Mother_by_Daniele_Monteleone.jpg/440px-Risen_Christ_appears_to_his_Mother_by_Daniele_Monteleone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Union with Christ is the purpose of Christian mysticism.</figcaption></figure> Christian spirituality is the spiritual practice of living out a personal faith. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> offers several ways in which the calling of Christian spirituality can be considered: <ul><li>"Christian spirituality proposes an alternative understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, and encourages a prophetic and contemplative lifestyle, one capable of deep enjoyment free of the obsession with consumption";</li> <li>"Christian spirituality proposes a growth marked by moderation and the capacity to be <a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">happy</a> with little."<a href="#cite_note-ls-81">[68]</a>: Paragraph 222 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Work</a>, with an understanding of its meaning, and relaxation are both important dimensions of Christian spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-ls-81">[68]</a>: Paragraph 237 </li></ul> The terminology of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> refers to an <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Faith in Christianity">act of faith</a> (fides qua creditur) following the acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Credo" title="Credo">faith</a> (fides quae creditur). Although all Catholics are expected to pray together at <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>, there are many different forms of spirituality and private prayer which have developed over the centuries. Each of the major <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious orders</a> of the Catholic Church and other <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay</a> groupings have their own unique spirituality – its own way of approaching God in prayer and in living out the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>. Christian mysticism refers to the development of <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical practices and theory</a> within <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. It has often been connected to <a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">mystical theology</a>, especially in the Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> traditions. The attributes and means by which Christian mysticism is studied and practiced are varied and range from <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstatic</a> visions of the soul's <a href="/wiki/Bridal_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridal theology">mystical union with God</a> to simple prayerful <a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">contemplation</a> of Holy Scripture (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Lectio_Divina" title="Lectio Divina">Lectio Divina</a>). <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a> is a contemporary movement which seeks to remove the supernatural claims of the faith and replace them with a post-critical understanding of biblical spirituality based on historical and scientific research. It focuses on the lived experience of spirituality over historical dogmatic claims, and accepts that the faith is both true and a human construction, and that spiritual experiences are psychologically and neurally real and useful. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> An inner spiritual struggle and an outer physical struggle are two commonly accepted meanings of the Arabic word <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan201087-82">[69]</a> The "greater jihad" is the inner struggle by a believer to fulfill his religious duties and fight against one's <a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">ego</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan201087-82">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCjihad-83">[web 8]</a> This non-violent meaning is stressed by both Muslim and non-Muslim authors.<a href="#cite_note-84">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a>, an 11th-century Islamic scholar, referenced a statement by the <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companion of Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Abd-Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabir ibn Abd-Allah">Jabir ibn Abd-Allah</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Prophet ... returned from one of his battles, and thereupon told us, 'You have arrived with an excellent arrival, you have come from the Lesser Jihad to the Greater Jihad – the striving of a servant (of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>) against his desires (holy war)."<a href="#cite_note-BBCjihad-83">[web 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[note 7]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sufism">Sufism</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sufism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></div> The best known form of Islamic mystic spirituality is the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> tradition (famous through <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Shirazi">Hafiz</a>) in which a <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">pir</a> transmits spiritual discipline to students.<a href="#cite_note-88">[73]</a> Sufism or taṣawwuf (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تصوّف) is defined by its adherents as the inner, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mysticism">mystical</a> dimension of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Godlas-89">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[76]</a> A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ṣūfī (صُوفِيّ). Sufis believe they are practicing <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">ihsan</a> (perfection of worship) as revealed by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Worship and serve <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> as you are seeing Him and while you see Him not yet truly He sees you.</blockquote> Sufis consider themselves as the original true proponents of this pure original form of Islam. They are strong adherents to the principal of tolerance, peace and against any form of violence. The Sufi have suffered severe persecution by more rigid and fundamentalist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a>. In 1843 the <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> Sufi were forced to flee Mecca and Medina and head to Sudan and Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FirstDynasty-92">[77]</a> Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God".<a href="#cite_note-93">[78]</a> Alternatively, in the words of the <a href="/wiki/Darqawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Darqawa">Darqawi</a> Sufi teacher <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ajiba" title="Ahmad ibn Ajiba">Ahmad ibn Ajiba</a>, "a science through which one can know how to travel into the <a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">presence of the Divine</a>, purify one's inner self from filth, and beautify it with a variety of praiseworthy traits".<a href="#cite_note-94">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Indian religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">Indian religion</a>. The three main pillars of Jainism are <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">ahiṃsā</a> (non-violence), <a href="/wiki/Anek%C4%81ntav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Anekāntavāda">anekāntavāda</a> (non-absolutism), and <a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">aparigraha</a> (non-attachment). Jains take five main vows: <a href="/wiki/Ahi%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahiṃsā">ahiṃsā</a> (non-violence), <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">satya</a> (truth), <a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">asteya</a> (not stealing), <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">brahmacharya</a> (sexual continence), and <a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">aparigraha</a> (non-possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. <a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_J%C4%ABv%C4%81n%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasparopagraho Jīvānām">Parasparopagraho jīvānām</a> (the function of souls is to help one another) is the faith's motto and the <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%86am%C5%8Dk%C4%81ra_mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṇamōkāra mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a> is its most common and basic prayer. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankaras</a>, with the first in the current time cycle being <a href="/wiki/Rishabhadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishabhadeva">Rishabhadeva</a>, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago; the twenty-third tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>, whom historians date to 9th century BCE; and the twenty-fourth tirthankara, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāvīra">Mahavira</a> around 600 BCE. Jainism is considered to be an eternal <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> with the tirthankaras guiding every time cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">cosmology</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></div> Buddhist practices are known as <a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a>, which literally means "development" or "cultivating"<a href="#cite_note-95">[80]</a> or "producing"<a href="#cite_note-PED-96">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-MWD-97">[82]</a> in the sense of "calling into existence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198067-98">[83]</a> It is an important concept in Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> (Patipatti). The word bhavana normally appears in conjunction with another word forming a compound phrase such as citta-bhavana (the development or cultivation of the heart/mind) or metta-bhavana (the development/cultivation of loving kindness). When used on its own bhavana signifies 'spiritual cultivation' generally. Various <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation" title="Buddhist paths to liberation">Buddhist paths to liberation</a> developed throughout the ages. Best-known is the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>, but others include <a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">the Bodhisattva Path</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> Hinduism has no traditional ecclesiastical order, no centralized religious authorities, no governing body, no prophets nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, henotheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, or atheistic.<a href="#cite_note-99">[84]</a> Within this diffuse and open structure, spirituality in Hindu philosophy is an individual experience, and referred to as ksaitrajña (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: क्षैत्रज्ञ<a href="#cite_note-100">[85]</a>). It defines spiritual practice as one's journey towards <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, awareness of self, the discovery of higher truths, Ultimate reality, and a consciousness that is liberated and content.<a href="#cite_note-101">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-gf-102">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Four_paths">Four paths</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Four paths">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:321px;max-width:321px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jñāna marga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/107px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/161px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/214px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5146" data-file-height="7262" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jñāna marga</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Hare_Krishnas_singing_on_the_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bhakti marga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Russian_Hare_Krishnas_singing_on_the_street.jpg/101px-Russian_Hare_Krishnas_singing_on_the_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Russian_Hare_Krishnas_singing_on_the_street.jpg/152px-Russian_Hare_Krishnas_singing_on_the_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Russian_Hare_Krishnas_singing_on_the_street.jpg/202px-Russian_Hare_Krishnas_singing_on_the_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bhakti marga</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:People_of_Varanasi_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rāja marga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/People_of_Varanasi_006.jpg/101px-People_of_Varanasi_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/People_of_Varanasi_006.jpg/152px-People_of_Varanasi_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/People_of_Varanasi_006.jpg/202px-People_of_Varanasi_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rāja marga</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Three of four paths of spirituality in Hinduism</div></div></div></div> Traditionally, Hinduism identifies three mārga (ways)<a href="#cite_note-103">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[note 8]</a> of spiritual practice,<a href="#cite_note-105">[89]</a> namely <a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">Jñāna</a> (ज्ञान), the way of knowledge; <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>, the way of devotion; and <a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a>, the way of selfless action. In the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">neo-Vedanta</a> synthesis of Hinduism, added <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a>, the way of contemplation and meditation, as a fourth way, calling all of them "yoga".<a href="#cite_note-106">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[note 9]</a> Jñāna marga is a path often assisted by a guru (teacher) in one's spiritual practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2003"Chapter_55"-109">[92]</a> Bhakti marga is a path of faith and devotion to deity or deities; the spiritual practice often includes chanting, singing and music – such as in <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtans</a> – in front of idols, or images of one or more deity, or a devotional symbol of the holy.<a href="#cite_note-110">[93]</a> Karma marga is the path of one's work, where diligent practical work or vartta (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: वार्त्ता, profession) becomes in itself a spiritual practice, and work in daily life is perfected as a form of spiritual liberation and not for its material rewards.<a href="#cite_note-111">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[note 10]</a> Rāja marga is the path of cultivating necessary virtues, self-discipline, <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">tapas</a> (meditation), contemplation and self-reflection sometimes with isolation and renunciation of the world, to a pinnacle state called <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samādhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[97]</a> This state of samādhi has been compared to peak experience.<a href="#cite_note-116">[98]</a> There is a rigorous debate in Indian literature on relative merits of these theoretical spiritual practices. For example, <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogyopanishad</a> suggests that those who engage in ritualistic offerings to gods and priests will fail in their spiritual practice, while those who engage in tapas will succeed; <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> suggests that a successful spiritual practice requires a longing for truth, but warns of becoming 'false ascetic' who go through the mechanics of spiritual practice without meditating on the nature of Self and universal Truths.<a href="#cite_note-crp-117">[99]</a> In the practice of Hinduism, suggest modern era scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>, the choice between the paths is up to the individual and a person's proclivities.<a href="#cite_note-gf-102">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[100]</a> Other scholars<a href="#cite_note-119">[101]</a> suggest that these Hindu spiritual practices are not mutually exclusive, but overlapping. These four paths of spirituality are also known in Hinduism outside India, such as in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a>, where it is called Chatur Marga (literally: four paths).<a href="#cite_note-120">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Schools_and_spirituality">Schools and spirituality</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Schools and spirituality">edit</a>]</div> Different schools of Hinduism encourage different spiritual practices. In <a href="/wiki/Tantra#Hinduism" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> school for example, the spiritual practice has been referred to as <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">sādhanā</a>. It involves initiation into the school, undergoing rituals, and achieving moksha liberation by experiencing union of cosmic polarities.<a href="#cite_note-121">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishna</a> school emphasizes bhakti yoga as spiritual practice.<a href="#cite_note-122">[104]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> school, the spiritual practice emphasizes jñāna yoga in stages: samnyasa (cultivate virtues), sravana (hear, study), manana (reflect) and dhyana (nididhyasana, contemplate).<a href="#cite_note-123">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg/220px-Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg/330px-Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg/440px-Raja_Fateh_Singh_Ahluwalia_of_Kapurthala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>An 18th century <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh raj">Raja</a></figcaption></figure> Sikhism considers spiritual life and secular life to be intertwined:<a href="#cite_note-Kamala-124">[106]</a> "In the Sikh Weltanschauung ... the temporal world is part of the Infinite Reality and partakes of its characteristics."<a href="#cite_note-Nikky-125">[107]</a> Guru Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" as being higher than a purely contemplative life.<a href="#cite_note-Marwha-126">[108]</a> The 6th Sikh Guru <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> re-affirmed that the political/temporal (Miri) and spiritual (Piri) realms are mutually coexistent.<a href="#cite_note-Marty-127">[109]</a> According to the 9th Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadhur, the ideal Sikh should have both <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (power that resides in the temporal), and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> (spiritual meditative qualities). This was developed into the concept of the Saint Soldier by the 10th Sikh Guru, Gobind Singh.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-128">[110]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, the goal is to attain the "attendant balance of separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, in the course of daily life",<a href="#cite_note-Mandair-129">[111]</a> the polar opposite to a self-centered existence.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair-129">[111]</a> Nanak talks further about the <a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">one God</a> or akal (timelessness) that permeates all life<a href="#cite_note-130">[112]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kalsi-131">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[114]</a> and which must be seen with 'the inward eye', or the 'heart', of a human being.<a href="#cite_note-133">[115]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> there is no <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_spirituality">African spirituality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: African spirituality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">Traditional African religion</a></div> In some African contexts,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] spirituality is considered a belief system that guides the welfare of society and the people therein, and eradicates sources of unhappiness occasioned by evil.<a href="#cite_note-135">[117]</a> In traditional society prior to colonization and extensive introduction to Christianity or Islam, religion was the strongest element in society influencing the thinking and actions of the people. Hence spirituality was a sub-domain of religion.<a href="#cite_note-136">[118]</a> Despite the rapid social, economic and political changes of the last century, traditional religion remains the essential background for many African people. And that religion is a communal given, not an individual choice. Religion gives all of life its meaning and provides ground for action. Each person is "a living creed of his religion". There is no concern for spiritual matters apart from ones physical and communal life. Life continues after death but remains focused on pragmatic family and community matters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_spirituality">Contemporary spirituality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Contemporary spirituality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></div> The term spiritual has frequently become used in contexts in which the term religious was formerly employed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorsuchMiller1999-11">[9]</a> Contemporary spirituality is also called "post-traditional spirituality" and "<a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> spirituality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtterlooAupersHoutman2012239–240-137">[119]</a> Hanegraaf makes a distinction between two "New Age" movements: New Age in a restricted sense, which originated primarily in mid-twentieth century England and had its roots in <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>, and "New Age" in a general sense, which emerged in the later 1970s: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">when increasing numbers of people ... began to perceive a broad similarity between a wide variety of "alternative ideas" and pursuits, and started to think of them as part of one "movement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff199697-138">[120]</a></blockquote> Those who speak of spirituality outside of religion often define themselves as <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">spiritual but not religious</a>, and generally believe in the existence of different "spiritual paths", emphasizing the importance of finding one's own individual path to spirituality. According to one 2005 poll, about 24% of the United States population identifies itself as "spiritual but not religious".<a href="#cite_note-139">[web 9]</a> Lockwood draws attention to the variety of spiritual experience in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a>: <blockquote> The new Western spiritual landscape, characterised by <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choice" title="Choice">choice</a> abundance, is scattered with novel religious manifestations based in psychology and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a>, each offering participants a pathway to the Self.<a href="#cite_note-140">[121]</a> </blockquote> Those who speak of spirituality within religion also recognise the need for spirituality to take on a contemporary form: thus, for example, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> refers to and reflects on "contemporary devotion" in his <a href="/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">encyclical letter</a> <a href="/wiki/Dilexit_nos" title="Dilexit nos">Dilexit nos</a> issued in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-141">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Modern spirituality centers on the <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">"deepest values and meanings by which people live"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sheldrake-142">[123]</a> It often embraces the idea of an ultimate or an alleged immaterial <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[124]</a> It envisions an <a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">inner path</a> enabling a person to discover the <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> of his or her <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a>. Not all modern notions of spirituality embrace transcendental ideas. <a href="/wiki/Secular_spirituality" title="Secular spirituality">Secular spirituality</a> emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Humanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic">humanistic</a> ideas on <a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">moral character</a> (qualities such as love, <a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassion</a>, patience, tolerance, forgiveness, contentment, responsibility, harmony, and a concern for others).<a href="#cite_note-Dalai-144">[125]</a>: 22  These are aspects of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Human experience">human experience</a> which go beyond a purely materialist view of the world without necessarily accepting belief in a supernatural reality or any divine being. Nevertheless, many humanists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>) who clearly value the non-material, communal, and virtuous aspects of life reject this usage of the term "spirituality" as being overly-broad (i.e. it effectively amounts to saying "everything and anything that is good and virtuous is necessarily spiritual").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2011-145">[126]</a> In 1930 Russell, a self-described agnostic renowned as an atheist, wrote "... one's ego is no very large part of the world. The man who can centre his thoughts and hopes upon something transcending self can find a certain peace in the ordinary troubles of life which is impossible to the pure egoist."<a href="#cite_note-146">[127]</a> Similarly, Aristotle – one of the first known Western thinkers to demonstrate that morality, virtue and goodness can be derived without appealing to supernatural forces – argued that "men create Gods in their own image" (not the other way around). Moreover, theistic and atheistic critics alike dismiss the need for the "secular spirituality" label on the basis that it appears to be nothing more than <a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscurantism</a> in that:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>the term "spirit" is commonly taken as denoting the existence of unseen / otherworldly / life-giving forces; and</li> <li>words such as "morality", "<a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>" already efficiently and succinctly describe the prosocial-orientation and civility that the phrase "secular spirituality" is meant to convey but without risking confusion that one is referring to something supernatural.</li></ul> Although personal well-being, both physical and <a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">psychological</a>, is said[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] to be an important aspect of modern spirituality, this does not imply that spirituality is essential to achieving happiness (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcl.missouri.edu/jeff/sites/pcl.missouri.edu.jeff/files/Diener.pdf">see</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151013205140/http://pcl.missouri.edu/jeff/sites/pcl.missouri.edu.jeff/files/Diener.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Free-thinkers who reject notions that the <a href="/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">numinous</a> or non-material is important to living well can be just as happy as more spiritually-oriented individuals (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023010658/http://www.scienceonreligion.org/index.php/news-research/research-updates/306-does-spirituality-help-well-being-or-do-we-just-need-to-be-good-to-each-other">see</a>)<a href="#cite_note-147">[128]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] Contemporary proponents of spirituality may suggest that spirituality develops <a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">inner peace</a> and forms a foundation for <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and similar practices are suggested to help the practitioner cultivate a personal <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">inner life</a> and character.<a href="#cite_note-148">[129]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <a href="#cite_note-149">[130]</a> Ellison and Fan (2008) assert that spirituality causes a wide array of positive health outcomes, including "morale, happiness, and life satisfaction".<a href="#cite_note-150">[131]</a> However, Schuurmans-Stekhoven (2013) actively attempted to replicate this research and found more "mixed" results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2013-151">[132]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] Nevertheless, spirituality has played a central role in some <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> movements such as <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> if an alcoholic failed to perfect and enlarge his spiritual life through work and self-sacrifice for others, he could not survive the certain trials and low spots ahead<a href="#cite_note-Anonymous2009-152">[133]</a></blockquote> Such spiritually-informed treatment approaches have been challenged as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_experience">Spiritual experience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Spiritual experience">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></div> Spiritual experiences play a central role in modern spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-47">[36]</a> Both western and Asian authors have popularised this notion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-154">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1994-155">[136]</a> Important early-20th century Western writers who studied the phenomenon of spirituality, and their works, include <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" title="The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience</a> (1902) and <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Otto" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Otto">Rudolph Otto</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/The_Idea_of_the_Holy" title="The Idea of the Holy">The Idea of the Holy</a> (1917) James' notions of "spiritual experience" had a further influence on the modernist streams in Asian traditions, making them even further recognisable for a western audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-47">[36]</a> William James popularized the use of the term "religious experience" in his The Varieties of Religious Experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-154">[135]</a> He has also influenced the understanding of mysticism as a distinctive experience which allegedly grants knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-156">[web 10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Proudfoot" title="Wayne Proudfoot">Wayne Proudfoot</a> traces the roots of the notion of "religious experience" further back to the German theologian <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> (1768–1834), who argued that religion is based on a feeling of <a href="/wiki/The_Infinite" class="mw-redirect" title="The Infinite">the infinite</a>. Schleiermacher used the idea of "religious experience" to defend religion against the growing scientific and secular critique. Many scholars of religion, of whom William James was the most influential, adopted the concept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000271-157">[137]</a> Major Asian influences on contemporary spirituality have included <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2010191-158">[138]</a> (1863–1902) and <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995-47">[36]</a> (1870–1966) Vivekananda popularised a modern <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic</a> Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinari2000-159">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1994-155">[136]</a> in which an emphasis on personal experience replaced the authority of scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1994-155">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans1993-160">[140]</a> Suzuki had a major influence on the popularisation of <a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the west</a> and popularized the idea of <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> as insight into a timeless, transcendent reality.<a href="#cite_note-161">[web 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[web 12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-49">[37]</a> Other influences came through <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brunton" title="Paul Brunton">Paul Brunton</a>'s A Search in Secret India (1934),<a href="#cite_note-163">[141]</a> which introduced <a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a> (1879–1950) and <a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a> (1894–1969) to a western audience. Spiritual experiences can include being connected to a larger reality, yielding a more comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a>; joining with other individuals or the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>; with <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>; or with the <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> realm.<a href="#cite_note-164">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_practices">Spiritual practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spiritual practices">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Spiritual practice</a></div> Kees Waaijman discerns four forms of spiritual practices:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000644–645-165">[143]</a> <ol><li>Somatic practices, especially deprivation and diminishment. Deprivation aims to purify the body. Diminishment concerns the repulsement of ego-oriented impulses. Examples include fasting and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000644–645-165">[143]</a></li> <li>Psychological practices, for example meditation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000645-166">[144]</a></li> <li>Social practices. Examples include the practice of obedience and communal ownership, reforming ego-orientedness into other-orientedness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000645-166">[144]</a></li> <li>Spiritual. All practices aim at purifying ego-centeredness, and direct the abilities at the divine reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000645-166">[144]</a></li></ol> Spiritual practices may include <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, the contemplation of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred text">sacred texts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic">ethical</a> development,<a href="#cite_note-Dalai-144">[125]</a> and spiritual retreats in a convent. Love and/or compassion are often[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] described[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as the mainstay of spiritual development.<a href="#cite_note-Dalai-144">[125]</a> Within spirituality is also found "a common emphasis on the value of thoughtfulness, tolerance for breadth and practices and beliefs, and appreciation for the insights of other religious communities, as well as other sources of authority within the social sciences."<a href="#cite_note-167">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Scientific research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_well-being">Health and well-being</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Health and well-being">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">Religion and health</a></div> Various studies (most originating from North America) have reported a positive <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> between spirituality and mental well-being in both healthy people and those encountering a range of physical illnesses or psychological disorders.<a href="#cite_note-168">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenig2008-171">[149]</a> Although spiritual individuals tend to be optimistic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2019-172">[150]</a> report greater social support,<a href="#cite_note-173">[151]</a> and experience higher intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning in life</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[152]</a> strength, and <a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">inner peace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[153]</a> whether the correlation represents a causal link remains contentious. Both supporters and opponents of this claim agree that past statistical findings are difficult to interpret, in large part because of the ongoing disagreement over how spirituality should be defined and measured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2013-151">[132]</a> There is also evidence that an agreeable/positive temperament and/or a tendency toward sociability (which all correlate with spirituality) might actually be the key psychological features that predispose people to subsequently adopt a spiritual orientation and that these characteristics, not spiritually per se, add to well-being. There is also some suggestion that the benefits associated with spirituality and religiosity might arise from being a member of a close-knit community. Social bonds available via secular sources (i.e., not unique to spirituality or faith-based groups) might just as effectively raise well-being. In sum, spirituality may not be the "active ingredient" (i.e., past association with psychological well-being measures might reflect a reverse causation or effects from other variables that correlate with spirituality),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2011-145">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2013a-176">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2010-179">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[159]</a> and that the effects of agreeableness, conscientiousness, or virtue – personality traits common in many non-spiritual people yet known to be slightly more common among the spiritual – may better account for spirituality's apparent correlation with mental health and social support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2011-145">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2017-183">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercessionary_prayer">Intercessionary prayer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Intercessionary prayer">edit</a>]</div> Masters and Spielmans<a href="#cite_note-186">[164]</a> conducted a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of all the available and reputable research examining the effects of distant <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercessory</a> prayer. They found no discernible health effects from being prayed for by others. In fact, one large and scientifically rigorous study by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Benson" title="Herbert Benson">Herbert Benson</a> and colleagues<a href="#cite_note-187">[165]</a> revealed that intercessory prayer had no effect on recovery from cardiac arrest, but patients told people were praying for them actually had an increased risk of medical complications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiritual_care_in_health_care_professions">Spiritual care in health care professions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spiritual care in health care professions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_care_in_health_care_professions" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual care in health care professions">Spiritual care in health care professions</a></div> In the health-care professions there is growing[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] interest in "spiritual care", to complement the medical-technical approaches and to improve the outcomes of medical treatments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigKingCarson2012-188">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuchalskiVitilloHullRelle2014-189">[167]</a> Puchalski et al. argue for "<a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassionate</a> systems of care" in a spiritual context. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_experiences">Spiritual experiences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Spiritual experiences">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">Neuroscientists</a> have examined brain functioning during reported spiritual experiences<a href="#cite_note-190">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[169]</a> finding that certain neurotransmitters and specific areas of the brain are involved.<a href="#cite_note-192">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[173]</a> Moreover, experimenters have also successfully induced spiritual experiences in individuals by administering <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive agents</a> known to elicit euphoria and perceptual distortions.<a href="#cite_note-196">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[175]</a> Conversely, religiosity and spirituality can also be dampened by electromagnetic stimulation of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-198">[176]</a> These results have motivated some leading theorists to speculate that spirituality may be a benign subtype of <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2013a-176">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[web 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cottam,_S._2011-201">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies,_M.F._2001-202">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[180]</a> – benign in the sense that the same aberrant sensory perceptions that those suffering clinical psychoses evaluate as distressingly incongruent and inexplicable are instead interpreted by spiritual individuals as positive (personal and meaningful transcendent experiences).<a href="#cite_note-Cottam,_S._2011-201">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies,_M.F._2001-202">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement">Measurement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Measurement">edit</a>]</div> Considerable debate persists about – among other factors – spirituality's relation to religion, the number and content of its dimensions, its relation to concepts of well-being, and its universality.<a href="#cite_note-MAC-204">[181]</a> A number of research groups have developed instruments which attempt to measure spirituality quantitatively, including unidimensional (e.g. the Character Strength Inventory—Spirituality <a href="#cite_note-205">[182]</a> and the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale) and multi-dimensional (e.g. Spiritual Transcendence Scale (STS) and the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS)) scales. MacDonald et al. gave an "Expressions of Spirituality Inventory" (ESI-R) measuring five dimensions of spirituality to over 4000 persons across eight countries. The study results and interpretation highlighted the complexity and challenges of measurement of spirituality cross-culturally.<a href="#cite_note-MAC-204">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/60px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/120px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_spirituality_terms" title="Glossary of spirituality terms">Glossary of spirituality terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspirituality" title="Interspirituality">Interspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Kardecist spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_religious_belonging" title="Multiple religious belonging">Multiple religious belonging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">Self-actualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_activism" title="Spiritual activism">Spiritual activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_intelligence" title="Spiritual intelligence">Spiritual intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Will" title="True Will">True Will</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-definition-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-definition_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-definition_4-1">b</a> See: * Koenig et al.: "There is no widely agreed on definition of spirituality today".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigKingCarson201236-2">[2]</a> * Cobb et al.: "The spiritual dimension is deeply subjective and there is no authoritative definition of spirituality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobbPuchalskiRumbold2012213-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waaijman-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waaijman_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waaijman_7-1">b</a> Waaijman<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000460-5">[4]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-6">[5]</a> uses the word "omvorming", "to change the form". Different translations are possible: transformation, re-formation, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">trans-mutation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> In Dutch: "de hemelse lichtsfeer tegenover de duistere wereld van de materie".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000360-29">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> In Dutch: "de kerkelijke tegenover de tijdelijke goederen, het kerkelijk tegenover het wereldlijk gezag, de geestelijke stand tegenover de lekenstand".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000360–361-31">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> In Dutch: "Zuiverheid van motieven, affecties, wilsintenties, innerlijke disposities, de psychologie van het geestelijk leven, de analyse van de gevoelens".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000361-33">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> In Dutch: "Een spiritueel mens is iemand die 'overvloediger en dieper dan de anderen' christen is".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000361-33">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> This reference gave rise to the distinguishing of two forms of jihad: "greater" and "lesser". Some Islamic scholars dispute the authenticity of this reference and consider the meaning of jihad as a holy war to be more important.<a href="#cite_note-BBCjihad-83">[web 8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (The Celestial Song), Chapters 2:56–57, 12, 13:1–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg Feuerstein</a>: "Yoga is not easy to define. In most general terms, the Sanskrit word yoga stands for spiritual discipline in Hinduism, Jainism, and certain schools of Buddhism. (...). Yoga is the equivalent of Christian mysticism, Moslem Sufism, or the Jewish Kabbalah. A spiritual practitioner is known as a yogin (if male) or a yogini (if female)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein20033-107">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a> discusses examples from Bhagavata Purana, another ancient Hindu scripture, where a forest worker discovers observing mother nature is a spiritual practice, to wisdom and liberating knowledge. The Purana suggests that "true knowledge of nature" leads to "true knowledge of Self and God." It illustrates 24 gurus that nature provides. For example, earth teaches steadfastness and the wisdom that all things while pursuing their own activities, do nothing but follow the divine laws that are universally established; another wisdom from earth is her example of accepting the good and bad from everyone. Another guru, the honeybee teaches that one must make effort to gain knowledge, a willingness and flexibility to examine, pick and collect essence from different scriptures and sources. And so on. Nature is a mirror image of spirit, perceptive awareness of nature can be spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-112">[95]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarrollO'ConnorMeakes200544-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarrollO'ConnorMeakes200544_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarrollO'ConnorMeakes200544_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarrollO'ConnorMeakes200544_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCarrollO'ConnorMeakes2005">McCarroll, O'Connor & Meakes 2005</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigKingCarson201236-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigKingCarson201236_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigKingCarson201236_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigKingCarson201236_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoenigKingCarson2012">Koenig, King & Carson 2012</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECobbPuchalskiRumbold2012213-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobbPuchalskiRumbold2012213_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobbPuchalskiRumbold2012213_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobbPuchalskiRumbold2012213_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCobbPuchalskiRumbold2012">Cobb, Puchalski & Rumbold 2012</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000460-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000460_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000460_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaaijman2000">Waaijman 2000</a>, p. 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaaijman2002">Waaijman 2002</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongVinsky2009-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWongVinsky2009_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWongVinsky2009_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWongVinsky2009_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWongVinsky2009_8-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWongVinsky2009">Wong & Vinsky 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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Oxford: Blackwell, 1996, p. 60. Cited in <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a>: Sociology. Cambridge: Polity, 2001, p. 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Michael Hogan (2010). The Culture of Our Thinking in Relation to Spirituality. Nova Science Publishers: New York. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHollywood2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hollywood, Amy (Winter–Spring 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/spiritual-but-not-religious/">"Spiritual but Not Religious: The Vital Interplay between Submission and Freedom"</a>. Harvard Divinity Bulletin. 38 (1 and 2). Harvard Divinity School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416001604/https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/spiritual-but-not-religious/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. 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TIME Ideas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210050546/http://ideas.time.com/2013/03/21/viewpoint-the-problem-with-being-spiritual-but-not-religious/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2014-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Viewpoint%3A+The+Limitations+of+Being+%27Spiritual+but+Not+Religious%27&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Rabbi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.time.com%2F2013%2F03%2F21%2Fviewpoint-the-problem-with-being-spiritual-but-not-religious%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLam2023" class="citation web cs1">Lam, Label (2023-06-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torah.org/torah-portion/dvartorah-5783-shlach/">"The Utmost Importance: Parshas Shlach"</a>. Torah.org. Retrieved 2024-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torah.org&rft.atitle=The+Utmost+Importance%3A+Parshas+Shlach&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Label&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorah.org%2Ftorah-portion%2Fdvartorah-5783-shlach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen" class="citation book cs1">Green, Arthur. Jewish Spirituality. Vol. 1, 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Spirituality&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESonsino2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonsino2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSonsino2002">Sonsino 2002</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBialeAssafBrownGellman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Biale" title="David Biale">Biale, David</a>; Assaf, David; Brown, Benjamin; Gellman, Uriel; Heilman, Samuel; Rosman, Moshe; Sagiv, Gadi; Wodziński, Marcin (2020-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0j63DwAAQBAJ">Hasidism: A New History</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20244-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20244-0"><bdi>978-0-691-20244-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hasidism%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft.isbn=978-0-691-20244-0&rft.aulast=Biale&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Assaf%2C+David&rft.au=Brown%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Gellman%2C+Uriel&rft.au=Heilman%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Rosman%2C+Moshe&rft.au=Sagiv%2C+Gadi&rft.au=Wodzi%C5%84ski%2C+Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0j63DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarb2020" class="citation book cs1">Garb, Jonathan (2020-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrjwDwAAQBAJ">A History of Kabbalah: From the Early Modern Period to the Present Day</a>. 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Conservative Judaism. 63 (2): 3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcoj.2012.0002">10.1353/coj.2012.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161479970">161479970</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024132900/https://www.academia.edu/1502958">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-24. 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The Hedgehog Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012063815/https://www.academia.edu/1138592">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2021-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hedgehog+Review&rft.atitle=The+American+Jewish+Revival+of+Musar&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Claussen&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1138592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ls-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ls_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ls_81-1">b</a> Pope Francis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf">Laudato si'</a>, published 24 May 2015, accessed 20 May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan201087-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan201087_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan201087_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2010">Morgan 2010</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rissc.jo/index.php/english-publications.html">Jihad and the Islamic Law of War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130818180319/http://rissc.jo/index.php/english-publications.html">Archived</a> August 18, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Rudolph Peters, Islam and Colonialism. The doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (Mouton Publishers, 1979), p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fayd_al-Qadir" title="Fayd al-Qadir">Fayd al-Qadir</a> vol. 4, p. 511 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Azeemi, K.S., "Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Meditation". Houston: Plato, 2005. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9758875-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9758875-4-8">0-9758875-4-8</a>), p. xi </li> <li id="cite_note-Godlas-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Godlas_89-0">^</a> Alan Godlas, University of Georgia, Sufism's Many Paths, 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uga.edu/islam/Sufism.html">University of Georgia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016144645/http://www.uga.edu/islam/Sufism.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Nuh Ha Mim Keller, "How would you respond to the claim that Sufism is Bid'a?", 1995. Fatwa accessible at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/sufism.htm">Masud.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081231121059/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/sufism.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Zubair Fattani, "The meaning of Tasawwuf", Islamic Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicacademy.org/html/Articles/English/Tasawwuf.htm">Islamicacademy.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828093853/http://www.islamicacademy.org/html/Articles/English/Tasawwuf.htm">Archived</a> 2008-08-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FirstDynasty-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FirstDynasty_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawting2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._R._Hawting" title="G. R. Hawting">Hawting, Gerald R.</a> (2000). The first dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24073-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24073-4"><bdi>978-0-415-24073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+dynasty+of+Islam%3A+The+Umayyad+Caliphate+AD+661%E2%80%93750&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24073-4&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> See Google <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wFp_Gv8GDYC&q=Umayyad+Caliphate+661+750">book search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424141131/https://books.google.com/books?id=-wFp_Gv8GDYC&q=Umayyad%20Caliphate%20661%20750">Archived</a> 2023-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Ahmed Zarruq, Zaineb Istrabadi, Hamza Yusuf Hanson – "The Principles of Sufism". Amal Press. 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> An English translation of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ajiba" title="Ahmad ibn Ajiba">Ahmad ibn Ajiba</a>'s biography has been published by Fons Vitae. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a> has said this in a talk. </li> <li id="cite_note-PED-96"><a href="#cite_ref-PED_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711062331/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3558.pali">"Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 503, entry for "Bhāvanā," retrieved 9 December 2008 from University Chicago"</a>. Dsal.uchicago.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3558.pali">the original</a> on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2014-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhys+Davids+%26+Stede+%281921%E2%80%9325%29%2C+p.+503%2C+entry+for+%22Bh%C4%81van%C4%81%2C%22+retrieved+9+December+2008+from+University+Chicago&rft.pub=Dsal.uchicago.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.2%3A1%3A3558.pali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWD-97"><a href="#cite_ref-MWD_97-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0755-bhAvodaya.pdf">Monier-Williams (1899), p. 755, see "Bhāvana" and "Bhāvanā," retrieved 9 December 2008 from University of Cologne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304063707/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0755-bhAvodaya.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198067-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyanatiloka198067_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyanatiloka1980">Nyanatiloka 1980</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> See: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius J. Lipner</a>, Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, p. 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu.";</li> <li>Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369503-1">978-0-12-369503-1</a>, Academic Press, 2008;</li> <li>MK Gandhi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf">The Essence of Hinduism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724045756/http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see p. 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Jim Funderburk and Peter Scharf (2012) Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/73.html">क्षैत्रज्ञ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912063425/http://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/73.html">Archived</a> 2016-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Quote: "क्षैत्रज्ञ [ kṣaitrajña ] [ kṣaitrajña ] n. (fr. [ kṣetra-jñá ] g. [ yuvādi ], spirituality, nature of the soul Lit. W.; the knowledge of the soul Lit. W." </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> See the following two in Ewert Cousins series on World Spirituality: <ul><li>Bhavasar and Kiem, Spirituality and Health, in Hindu Spirituality, Editor: Ewert Cousins (1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8245-0755-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8245-0755-X">0-8245-0755-X</a>, Crossroads Publishing New York, pp. 319–37;</li> <li>John Arapura, Spirit and Spiritual Knowledge in the Upanishads, in Hindu Spirituality, Editor: Ewert Cousins (1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8245-0755-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8245-0755-X">0-8245-0755-X</a>, Crossroads Publishing New York, pp. 64–85</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-gf-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gf_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gf_102-1">b</a> Gavin Flood, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9">978-90-04-17893-9</a>, see Article on Wisdom and Knowledge, pp. 881–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> John Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> D. Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Cultural Psychology, in Anthony Marsella (Series Editor), International and Cultural Psychology, Springer New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8109-7">978-1-4419-8109-7</a>, pp. 93–140 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Michelis2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_De_Michelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth De Michelis">De Michelis, Elizabeth</a> (2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8772-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8772-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-8772-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Yoga%3A+Patanjali+and+Western+Esotericism&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8772-8&rft.aulast=De+Michelis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein20033-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein20033_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein2003">Feuerstein 2003</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2003"Chapter_55"-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein2003"Chapter_55"_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein2003">Feuerstein 2003</a>, "Chapter 55". </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Jean Varenne (1976), Yoga and the Hindu Tradition, University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-85116-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-85116-8">0-226-85116-8</a>, pp. 97–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> See discussion of Hinduism and karma yoga in two different professions in these journal articles: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">McCormick, Donald W. (1994). "Spirituality and Management". Journal of Managerial Psychology. 9 (6): 5–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F02683949410070142">10.1108/02683949410070142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Managerial+Psychology&rft.atitle=Spirituality+and+Management&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F02683949410070142&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988">;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Macrae, Janet (1995). "Nightingale's spiritual philosophy and its significance for modern nursing". Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 27 (1): 8–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1547-5069.1995.tb00806.x">10.1111/j.1547-5069.1995.tb00806.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7721325">7721325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nursing+Scholarship&rft.atitle=Nightingale%27s+spiritual+philosophy+and+its+significance+for+modern+nursing&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1547-5069.1995.tb00806.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7721325&rft.aulast=Macrae&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Klostermaier1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a> (1989). "Spirituality and Nature". In Ewert Cousins (ed.). Hindu Spirituality. New York: Crossroads Publishing. pp. 319–337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8245-0755-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8245-0755-X"><bdi>0-8245-0755-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spirituality+and+Nature&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E337&rft.pub=Crossroads+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8245-0755-X&rft.au=Klaus+Klostermaier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Vivekananda, S. (1980), Raja Yoga, Ramakrishna Vivekanada Center, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911206-23-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911206-23-4">978-0-911206-23-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Richard King (1999), Indian philosophy: An introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought, Edinburgh University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0954-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0954-7">0-7486-0954-7</a>, pp. 69–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Harung, Harald (2012). "Illustrations of Peak Experiences during Optimal Performance in World-class Performers Integrating Eastern and Western Insights". Journal of Human Values. 18 (1): 33–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097168581101800104">10.1177/097168581101800104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143106405">143106405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Values&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+Peak+Experiences+during+Optimal+Performance+in+World-class+Performers+Integrating+Eastern+and+Western+Insights&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F097168581101800104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143106405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harung&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Levin, Jeff (2010). "Religion and mental health: Theory and research". International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies. 7 (2): 102–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faps.240">10.1002/aps.240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Applied+Psychoanalytic+Studies&rft.atitle=Religion+and+mental+health%3A+Theory+and+research&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faps.240&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988">;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Meyer-Dinkgräfe, Daniel (2011). "Opera and spirituality". Performance and Spirituality. 2 (1): 38–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Performance+and+Spirituality&rft.atitle=Opera+and+spirituality&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Meyer-Dinkgr%C3%A4fe&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-crp-117"><a href="#cite_ref-crp_117-0">^</a> See: <ul><li>CR Prasad, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9">978-90-04-17893-9</a>, see Article on Brahman, pp. 724–29</li> <li>David Carpenter, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9">978-90-04-17893-9</a>, see Article on Tapas, pp. 865–69</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, SUNY Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7081-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7081-7">978-0-7914-7081-7</a>, pp. 119–260 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Mikel Burley</a> (2000), Hatha-Yoga: Its context, theory and practice, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1706-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1706-0">81-208-1706-0</a>, pp. 97–98; Quote: "When, for example, in the Bhagavad-Gita Lord Krsna speaks of jnana-, bhakti- and karma-yoga, he is not talking about three entirely separate ways of carrying out one's spiritual practice, but, rather, about three aspects of the ideal life". </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Murdana, I. Ketut (2008), Balinese Arts and Culture: A flash understanding of Concept and Behavior, Mudra – Jurnal Seni Budaya, Indonesia; Volume 22, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0">0-521-43878-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Rochford, E.B. (1985), Hare Krishna in America, Rutgers University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1114-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1114-6">978-0-8135-1114-6</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> See: <ul><li>Ramakrishna Puligandla (1985), Jñâna-Yoga – The Way of Knowledge (An Analytical Interpretation), University Press of America New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-4531-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-4531-9">0-8191-4531-9</a>;</li> <li>Fort, A.O. (1998), Jīvanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3903-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3903-8">0-7914-3903-8</a>;</li> <li>Richard King (1999), Indian philosophy: An introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought, Edinburgh University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0954-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0954-7">0-7486-0954-7</a>, p. 223;</li> <li>Sawai, Y. (1987), The Nature of Faith in the Śaṅkaran Vedānta Tradition, Numen, 34(1), pp. 18–44</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamala-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamala_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayar,_Kamal_ElizabethSandhu,_Jaswinder_Singh2007" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamal Elizabeth & Sandhu, Jaswinder Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTfKwGV6mBkC&q=The+Socially+Involved+Renunciate+-+Guru+Nanaks+Discourse+to+Nath+Yogi%27s">The Socially Involved Renunciate – Guru Nanaks Discourse to Nath Yogi's</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7950-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7950-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-7950-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socially+Involved+Renunciate+%E2%80%93+Guru+Nanaks+Discourse+to+Nath+Yogi%27s&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7950-6&rft.au=Nayar%2C+Kamal+Elizabeth&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+Jaswinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTfKwGV6mBkC%26q%3DThe%2BSocially%2BInvolved%2BRenunciate%2B-%2BGuru%2BNanaks%2BDiscourse%2Bto%2BNath%2BYogi%2527s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikky-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Nikky_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaur_SinghNikky_Guninder2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaur Singh; Nikky Guninder (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC&q=Hindu+spirituality%3A+Postclassical+and+modern">Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1937-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+spirituality%3A+Postclassical+and+modern&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1937-5&rft.au=Kaur+Singh&rft.au=Nikky+Guninder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUWIEfAY-mMC%26q%3DHindu%2Bspirituality%253A%2BPostclassical%2Band%2Bmodern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marwha-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Marwha_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarwha,_Sonali_Bhatt2006" class="citation book cs1">Marwha, Sonali Bhatt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROtEr_QdB3sC&q=Colors+of+Truth%3A+Religion%2C+Self+and+Emotions+-+Perspectives+of+Hinduism">Colors of Truth, Religion Self and Emotions</a>. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-268-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-268-0"><bdi>978-81-8069-268-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colors+of+Truth%2C+Religion+Self+and+Emotions&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-268-0&rft.au=Marwha%2C+Sonali+Bhatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROtEr_QdB3sC%26q%3DColors%2Bof%2BTruth%253A%2BReligion%252C%2BSelf%2Band%2BEmotions%2B-%2BPerspectives%2Bof%2BHinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Marty_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarty_E._MartinR._Scott_Appleby1993" class="citation book cs1">Marty E. Martin & R. Scott Appleby, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart">Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance</a>. The Fundamentalism project. Vol. 3. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/278">278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50884-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50884-9"><bdi>978-0-226-50884-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+and+the+State%3A+Remaking+Polities%2C+Economies%2C+and+Militance&rft.series=The+Fundamentalism+project&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50884-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalismss00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Gandhi,_Surjit2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh Gandhi, Surjit (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C&q=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1606+-1708&pg=PA305">History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–708</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. pp. 676–677. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8"><bdi>978-81-269-0857-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1606%E2%80%93708&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0857-8&rft.au=Singh+Gandhi%2C+Surjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw7-kUkHA_0C%26q%3DHistory%2Bof%2BSikh%2BGurus%2BRetold%253A%2B1606%2B-1708%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair,_Arvind-Pal_Singh2009" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (October 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzeCy_zL0Q8C&q=Religion+and+the+Specter+of+the+West%3A+Sikhism%2C+India%2C+Postcoloniality">Religion and the Specter of the West – Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality and the Politics of Translation</a>. University of Columbia. pp. 372–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14724-8"><bdi>978-0-231-14724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Specter+of+the+West+%E2%80%93+Sikhism%2C+India%2C+Postcoloniality+and+the+Politics+of+Translation&rft.pages=372-&rft.pub=University+of+Columbia&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14724-8&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzeCy_zL0Q8C%26q%3DReligion%2Band%2Bthe%2BSpecter%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWest%253A%2BSikhism%252C%2BIndia%252C%2BPostcoloniality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_Nirbhai1990" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nirbhai (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIMYO-7NurwC&q=Philosophy+of+Sikhism%3A+Reality+and+Its+Manifestations">Philosophy of Sikhism: Reality and Its Manifestations</a>. New Delhi: South Asia Books. pp. 111–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Sikhism%3A+Reality+and+Its+Manifestations&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Singh%2C+Nirbhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyIMYO-7NurwC%26q%3DPhilosophy%2Bof%2BSikhism%253A%2BReality%2Band%2BIts%2BManifestations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalsi-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalsi_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh_KalsiSewa_Singh2005" class="citation book cs1">Singh Kalsi; Sewa Singh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&q=Sikhism+Sewa+Singh+Kalsi">Sikhism</a>. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8098-6"><bdi>978-0-7910-8098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-8098-6&rft.au=Singh+Kalsi&rft.au=Sewa+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOI1nB_zTyAC%26q%3DSikhism%2BSewa%2BSingh%2BKalsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayer1988" class="citation book cs1">Hayer, Tara (1988). "The Sikh Impact: Economic History of Sikhs in Canada" Volume 1. Surrey, Canada: Indo-Canadian Publishers. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Sikh+Impact%3A+Economic+History+of+Sikhs+in+Canada%22+Volume+1&rft.place=Surrey%2C+Canada&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Indo-Canadian+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hayer&rft.aufirst=Tara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLebron2012" class="citation book cs1">Lebron, Robyn (2012). Searching for Spiritual Unity...can There be Common Ground?: A Basic Internet Guide to Forty World Religions & Spiritual Practices. CrossBooks. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4627-1261-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4627-1261-8"><bdi>978-1-4627-1261-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Spiritual+Unity...can+There+be+Common+Ground%3F%3A+A+Basic+Internet+Guide+to+Forty+World+Religions+%26+Spiritual+Practices&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=CrossBooks&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4627-1261-8&rft.aulast=Lebron&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1993" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nikky-Guninder (1993). The Feminine Principle in the Sikh Vision of the Transcendent. Cambridge University Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43287-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43287-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43287-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feminine+Principle+in+the+Sikh+Vision+of+the+Transcendent&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43287-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nikky-Guninder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/">"The spirituality of Africa"</a>. Harvard Gazette. 2015-10-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619145926/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2020-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+spirituality+of+Africa&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2015%2F10%2Fthe-spirituality-of-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMbiti1990" class="citation book cs1">Mbiti, John S. (1990). African religions & philosophy (2nd rev. and enl. ed.). Oxford: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0435895915" title="Special:BookSources/0435895915"><bdi>0435895915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+religions+%26+philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd+rev.+and+enl.&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0435895915&rft.aulast=Mbiti&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtterlooAupersHoutman2012239–240-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtterlooAupersHoutman2012239–240_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOtterlooAupersHoutman2012">Otterloo, Aupers & Houtman 2012</a>, pp. 239–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff199697-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff199697_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff1996">Hanegraaff 1996</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLockwood2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lockwood, Renee D. (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3789930">"Pilgrimages to the Self: Exploring the Topography of Western Consumer Spirituality through 'the Journey'"</a>. Literature and Aesthetics. 22 (1): 108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012063819/https://www.academia.edu/3789930">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2019. <q>The new Western spiritual landscape, characterised by consumerism and choice abundance, is scattered with novel religious manifestations based in psychology and the Human Potential Movement, each offering participants a pathway to the Self.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature+and+Aesthetics&rft.atitle=Pilgrimages+to+the+Self%3A+Exploring+the+Topography+of+Western+Consumer+Spirituality+through+%27the+Journey%27&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2012-06&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=Renee+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3789930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Pope Francis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/20241024-enciclica-dilexit-nos.pdf">Dilexit nos</a>, paragraph 91, published on 24 October 2024, accessed on 11 January 2025 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheldrake-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Sheldrake_142-0">^</a> Philip Sheldrake, A Brief History of Spirituality, Wiley-Blackwell 2007 pp. 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Ewert Cousins, preface to Antoine Faivre and Jacob Needleman, Modern Esoteric Spirituality, Crossroad Publishing 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalai-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalai_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalai_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalai_144-2">c</a> Dalai Lama, Ethics for the New Millennium, NY: Riverhead Books, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2011-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2011_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2011_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2011_145-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuurmans-Stekhoven2011">Schuurmans-Stekhoven 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3i6MCgAAQBAJ">The Conquest of Happiness</a>. Lulu.com (published 2018). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781329522206" title="Special:BookSources/9781329522206"><bdi>9781329522206</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2019. <q>The man who can centre his thoughts and hopes upon something transcending self can find a certain peace in the ordinary troubles of life which is impossible to the pure egoist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Happiness&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=9781329522206&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3i6MCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaisel2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Maisel" title="Eric Maisel">Maisel, Eric</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mICS5hMZgSAC">The Atheist's Way: Living Well Without Gods</a>. Novato, California: New World Library (published 2010). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781577318422" title="Special:BookSources/9781577318422"><bdi>9781577318422</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atheist%27s+Way%3A+Living+Well+Without+Gods&rft.place=Novato%2C+California&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781577318422&rft.aulast=Maisel&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmICS5hMZgSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Tony (2007). The lost art of being happy: spirituality for sceptics. Findhorn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84409-116-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84409-116-4"><bdi>978-1-84409-116-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lost+art+of+being+happy%3A+spirituality+for+sceptics&rft.pub=Findhorn+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84409-116-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowner2003" class="citation book cs1">Browner, Matthieu Ricard; translated by Jesse (2003). Happiness: A guide to developing life's most important skill (1st pbk. ed.). New York: Little Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-16725-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-16725-3"><bdi>978-0-316-16725-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happiness%3A+A+guide+to+developing+life%27s+most+important+skill.&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-316-16725-3&rft.aulast=Browner&rft.aufirst=Matthieu+Ricard%3B+translated+by+Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllisonDaisy_Fan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ellison, Christopher G.; Daisy Fan (Sep 2008). "Daily Spiritual Experiences and Psychological Well-Being among US Adults". Social Indicators Research. 88 (2): 247–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11205-007-9187-2">10.1007/s11205-007-9187-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27734699">27734699</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144712754">144712754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Indicators+Research&rft.atitle=Daily+Spiritual+Experiences+and+Psychological+Well-Being+among+US+Adults&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144712754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27734699%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11205-007-9187-2&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft.au=Daisy+Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2013-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2013_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuurmans-Stekhoven2013_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuurmans-Stekhoven2013">Schuurmans-Stekhoven 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anonymous2009-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Anonymous2009_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2009" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7gY3Sc-9joC">Alcoholics Anonymous: By the Anonymous Press</a>. The Anonymous Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892959-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-892959-16-4"><bdi>978-1-892959-16-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcoholics+Anonymous%3A+By+the+Anonymous+Press&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=The+Anonymous+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-892959-16-4&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7gY3Sc-9joC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRossPam1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_A._Ross" title="Colin A. Ross">Ross, Colin A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Pam" title="Alvin Pam">Pam, Alvin.</a>, eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv3aAAAAMAAJ">Pseudoscience in biological psychiatry: blaming the body</a>. Wiley Series in General and Clinical Psychiatry. Vol. 10. Wiley & Sons. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471007760" title="Special:BookSources/9780471007760"><bdi>9780471007760</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2019. <q>This doctrine [that alcoholism is a disease] has been adopted throughout the chemical dependency field including Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), despite the fact that it has no scientific foundation and is logically incorrect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+in+biological+psychiatry%3A+blaming+the+body&rft.series=Wiley+Series+in+General+and+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780471007760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQv3aAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_154-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori1999">Hori 1999</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERambachan1994-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERambachan1994_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERambachan1994_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERambachan1994_155-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRambachan1994">Rambachan 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000271-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2000271_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf2000">Sharf 2000</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenard2010191-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenard2010191_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRenard2010">Renard 2010</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinari2000-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinari2000_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinari2000">Sinari 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans1993-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans1993_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFComans1993">Comans 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASearchInSecretIndia">"A Search in Secret India"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Search+in+Secret+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASearchInSecretIndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Margaret A. Burkhardt and Mary Gail Nagai-Jacobson, Spirituality: living our connectedness, Delmar Cengage Learning, p. xiii </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000644–645-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000644–645_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000644–645_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaaijman2000">Waaijman 2000</a>, pp. 644–645. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000645-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000645_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000645_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaaijman2000645_166-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaaijman2000">Waaijman 2000</a>, p. 645. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeyboldPeter_C._Hill2001" class="citation journal cs1">Seybold, Kevin S.; Peter C. Hill (Feb 2001). "The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Mental and Physical Health". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 10 (1): 21–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8721.00106">10.1111/1467-8721.00106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144109851">144109851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Directions+in+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Religion+and+Spirituality+in+Mental+and+Physical+Health&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8721.00106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144109851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seybold&rft.aufirst=Kevin+S.&rft.au=Peter+C.+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshanloo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Joshanloo, Mohsen (4 December 2010). "Investigation of the Contribution of Spirituality and Religiousness to Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Iranian Young Adults". 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Implicit Religion. 17 (2): 211–222. doi:10.1558/imre.v17i2.211. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_sources">Published sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Published sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCobbPuchalskiRumbold2012" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Mark R.; Puchalski, Christina M.; Rumbold, Bruce (2012). 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Philosophy East and West. 43 (1): 19–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1399467">10.2307/1399467</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399467">1399467</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603063937/http://www.realization.org/page/doc2/doc200.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-03. 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London: Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-935-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-935-8"><bdi>1-57062-935-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+deeper+dimension+of+yoga%3A+Theory+and+practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57062-935-8&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGorsuchMiller1999" class="citation book cs1">Gorsuch, R.L.; Miller, W.R. (1999). "Assessing spirituality". In W.R. Miller (ed.). Integrating spirituality into treatment. 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Retrieved 2013-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nanzan+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Translating+the+Zen+Phrase+Book&rft.volume=23&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2Ftranslating_zen_phrasebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoutmanAupers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Houtman, Dick; Aupers, Stef (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2007.00360.x">"The Spiritual Turn and the Decline of Tradition: The Spread of Post-Christian Spirituality in 14 Western Countries, 1981–2000"</a>. 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Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Research+on+religion%2C+spirituality%2C+and+mental+health%3A+A+review&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=H.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoenigKingCarson2012" class="citation book cs1">Koenig, Harold; King, Dana; Carson, Verna B. (2012). <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Religion_and_Health" title="Handbook of Religion and Health">Handbook of Religion and Health</a>. 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BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006140845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Jihad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fbeliefs%2Fjihad_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/News/2005/08/Newsweekbeliefnet-Poll-Results.aspx#spiritrel">"NewsweekBeliefnet Poll Results"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104140422/http://www.beliefnet.com/news/2005/08/newsweekbeliefnet-poll-results.aspx#spiritrel">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2009-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NewsweekBeliefnet+Poll+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2FNews%2F2005%2F08%2FNewsweekbeliefnet-Poll-Results.aspx%23spiritrel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGellman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gellman, Jerome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mysticism/">"Mysticism"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 ed.). Retrieved 2014-01-04. <q>Under the influence of William James' The Varieties of Religious Experience, philosophical interest in mysticism has been heavy in distinctive, allegedly knowledge-granting 'mystical experiences.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mysticism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2011&rft.aulast=Gellman&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmysticism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf">"Robert H. Sharf, Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202090252/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+H.+Sharf%2C+Whose+Zen%3F+Zen+Nationalism+Revisited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2Fwhose%2520zen_sharf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Chan_in_China.html">"Hu Shih: Ch'an (Zen) Buddhism in China. Its History and Method"</a>. Thezensite.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217144149/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Chan_in_China.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-17. Retrieved 2014-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hu+Shih%3A+Ch%27an+%28Zen%29+Buddhism+in+China.+Its+History+and+Method&rft.pub=Thezensite.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FChan_in_China.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTom_Rees2013" class="citation web cs1">Tom Rees (June 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/epiphenom/2013/06/does-hallucinations-happiness.html">"Does hallucinations + happiness = spirituality?"</a>. Epiphenom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613233257/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/epiphenom/2013/06/does-hallucinations-happiness.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epiphenom&rft.atitle=Does+hallucinations+%2B+happiness+%3D+spirituality%3F&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.au=Tom+Rees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Fepiphenom%2F2013%2F06%2Fdoes-hallucinations-happiness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirituality&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Comans, Michael (2000). The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Method+of+Early+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta%3A+A+Study+of+Gau%E1%B8%8Dap%C4%81da%2C+%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kara%2C+Sure%C5%9Bvara%2C+and+Padmap%C4%81da&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Comans&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Carrette, J. R.; King, R. (2011). Selling spirituality: The silent takeover of religion. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30209-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30209-8"><bdi>978-0-415-30209-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774046317">774046317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+spirituality%3A+The+silent+takeover+of+religion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774046317&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30209-8&rft.aulast=Carrette&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=King%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Downey, Michael (1997). Understanding Christian Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3680-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3680-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-3680-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1203470053">1203470053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Christian+Spirituality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1203470053&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3680-3&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Eck, D. L. (2009). A new religious America: How a "Christian country" has now become the world's most religiously diverse nation. New York: Harper One. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-062159-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-062159-9"><bdi>978-0-06-062159-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642935048">642935048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+religious+America%3A+How+a+%22Christian+country%22+has+now+become+the+world%27s+most+religiously+diverse+nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+One&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642935048&rft.isbn=978-0-06-062159-9&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James, William</a> (2018) [1902]. <a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" title="The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience</a>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-82663-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-82663-9"><bdi>978-0-486-82663-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varieties+of+Religious+Experience&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-486-82663-9&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Kapuscinski, Afton N.; <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Masters_(psychologist)" title="Kevin Masters (psychologist)">Masters, Kevin S.</a> (2010). "The current status of measures of spirituality: A critical review of scale development". <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Religion_and_Spirituality" title="Psychology of Religion and Spirituality">Psychology of Religion and Spirituality</a>. 2 (4): 191–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0020498">10.1037/a0020498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Religion+and+Spirituality&rft.atitle=The+current+status+of+measures+of+spirituality%3A+A+critical+review+of+scale+development.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0020498&rft.aulast=Kapuscinski&rft.aufirst=Afton+N.&rft.au=Masters%2C+Kevin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Oman, Doug (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UyRrM2bVQ8C&pg=PA23">"Defining Religion and Spirituality"</a>. In Paloutzian, Raymond F.; Park, Crystal L. (eds.). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford. pp. 23–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1006-1"><bdi>978-1-4625-1006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defining+Religion+and+Spirituality&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+psychology+of+religion+and+spirituality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Guilford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4625-1006-1&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UyRrM2bVQ8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, L. E. (2012). Restless souls: The making of American spirituality. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27367-2"><bdi>978-0-520-27367-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/901470818">901470818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+souls%3A+The+making+of+American+spirituality&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F901470818&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27367-2&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=L.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_M._Schneiders" title="Sandra M. Schneiders">Schneiders, Sandra M.</a> (1989). "Spirituality in the Academy". <a href="/wiki/Theological_Studies_(journal)" title="Theological Studies (journal)">Theological Studies</a>. 50 (4): 676–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056398905000403">10.1177/004056398905000403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-5639">0040-5639</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/556989066">556989066</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55194754">55194754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Spirituality+in+the+Academy&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F556989066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55194754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0040-5639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004056398905000403&rft.aulast=Schneiders&rft.aufirst=Sandra+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Schneiders, Sandra M. (1993). "Spirituality as an Academic Discipline: Reflections from Experience". Christian Spirituality Bulletin. 1 (2): 10–15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1082-9008">1082-9008</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31697474">31697474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Spirituality+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Spirituality+as+an+Academic+Discipline%3A+Reflections+from+Experience&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31697474&rft.issn=1082-9008&rft.aulast=Schneiders&rft.aufirst=Sandra+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheldrake" title="Philip Sheldrake">Sheldrake, Philip</a> (1998). Spirituality and history: Questions of interpretation and method. <a href="/wiki/Maryknoll" title="Maryknoll">Maryknoll</a>, NY: <a href="/wiki/Orbis_Books" title="Orbis Books">Orbis Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-203-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-203-2"><bdi>978-1-57075-203-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/796958914">796958914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirituality+and+history%3A+Questions+of+interpretation+and+method&rft.place=Maryknoll%2C+NY&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F796958914&rft.isbn=978-1-57075-203-2&rft.aulast=Sheldrake&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Spretnak" title="Charlene Spretnak">Spretnak, Charlene</a> (1986). The Spiritual Dynamic in Modern Art: Art History Reconsidered, 1800 to the Present. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35003-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-35003-9"><bdi>978-1-137-35003-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951518757">951518757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Dynamic+in+Modern+Art%3A+Art+History+Reconsidered%2C+1800+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951518757&rft.isbn=978-1-137-35003-9&rft.aulast=Spretnak&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirituality" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">Epigenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">Involution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">Mind's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabd">Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual possession">Spiritual possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatvas">Tatvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">Being born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magick" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick">Magick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaj_marg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaj marg">Sahaj marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheism,_dystheism,_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_AL_vel_Legis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber AL vel Legis">Liber AL vel Legis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Religious_groups_and_denominations220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azalism" title="Azalism">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a 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title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in 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