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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ADR/post-sync"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 ADR/post-sync </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ADR/post-sync-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rythmo_band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rythmo_band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rythmo band </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rythmo_band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Translation process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialog_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialog_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Dialog writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialog_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Global use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Localization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Localization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Africa,_Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa,_Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 North Africa, Western Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa,_Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Uganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Azerbaijan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.7 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.8 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.9 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.10 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.11 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.12 North Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.13 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.14 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free-to-air_TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free-to-air_TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.14.1 Free-to-air TV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-to-air_TV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pay_TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pay_TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.14.2 Pay TV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pay_TV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.14.3 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.15 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.16 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.17 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.18 Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kids/family_films_and_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kids/family_films_and_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Kids/family films and programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kids/family_films_and_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 Croatia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.6 Estonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.7 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.8 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.9 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.10 Nordic countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.11 North Macedonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.12 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.13 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.14 Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.15 Slovenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.16 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_films_and_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_films_and_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.17 General films and programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_films_and_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.18 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.19 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany,_Austria,_Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany,_Austria,_Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.20 Germany, Austria, Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany,_Austria,_Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.21 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.22 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latvia,_Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia,_Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.22.1 Latvia, Lithuania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia,_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.23 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.24 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.25 Slovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.26 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.27 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_American_Spanish-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_American_Spanish-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.4 Latin American Spanish-speaking countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_American_Spanish-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French-speaking_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French-speaking_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 French-speaking Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-speaking_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_and_English-speaking_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_and_English-speaking_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 United States and English-speaking Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_and_English-speaking_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Polynesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Polynesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 French Polynesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Polynesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.3 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Alternatives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Alternatives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subtitles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtitles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Subtitles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtitles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dubbing_and_subtitling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dubbing_and_subtitling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Dubbing and subtitling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dubbing_and_subtitling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 General use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle General use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-General_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Pornography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dubbing_into_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dubbing_into_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Dubbing into varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dubbing_into_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dubbing</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="دبلجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دبلجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doblache" title="Doblache – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Doblache" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doblaxe" title="Doblaxe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Doblaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublyaj" title="Dublyaj – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dublyaj" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87" title="سسلندیرمه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سسلندیرمه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_(%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3)" title="ডাবিং (চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাণ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডাবিং (চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাণ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B2e-im" title="Phòe-im – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phòe-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Дубляж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дубляж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Дублаж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дублаж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doblatge" title="Doblatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Doblatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabing" title="Dabing – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dabing" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dubbing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronisation_(Film)" title="Synchronisation (Film) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synchronisation (Film)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Μεταγλώττιση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταγλώττιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doblaje" title="Doblaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Doblaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublado" title="Dublado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dublado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikoizketa" title="Bikoizketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bikoizketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87" title="دوبله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوبله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublage" title="Doublage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Doublage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisyngronisaasje" title="Neisyngronisaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neisyngronisaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub%C3%A1il" title="Dubáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dubáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobraxe" title="Dobraxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dobraxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%94%EB%B9%99" title="더빙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="더빙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B6%D6%85%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կրկնօրինակում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրկնօրինակում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="डबिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डबिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkronizacija_(tonska_obrada)" title="Sinkronizacija (tonska obrada) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sinkronizacija (tonska obrada)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyulihan_suara" title="Penyulihan suara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyulihan suara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppiaggio" title="Doppiaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Doppiaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91" title="דיבוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיבוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Дубляж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дубляж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szinkroniz%C3%A1l%C3%A1s_(filmgy%C3%A1rt%C3%A1s)" title="Szinkronizálás (filmgyártás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szinkronizálás (filmgyártás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alih_suara" title="Alih suara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alih suara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobraige" title="Dobraige – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Dobraige" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasynchronisatie" title="Nasynchronisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nasynchronisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="डबिङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डबिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B9%E3%81%8D%E6%9B%BF%E3%81%88" title="吹き替え – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="吹き替え" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dubbing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublyaj" title="Dublyaj – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dublyaj" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dubbing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublagem" title="Dublagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dublagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublaj" title="Dublaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dublaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Дублирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дублирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublimi" title="Dublimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dublimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" title="Dubbing (filmmaking) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dubbing (filmmaking)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabing" title="Dabing – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dabing" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhronizacija_filmov" title="Sinhronizacija filmov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sinhronizacija filmov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Синхронизација (тонска обрада) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синхронизација (тонска обрада)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4lki%C3%A4%C3%A4nitys" title="Jälkiäänitys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jälkiäänitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbning_(tolkning)" title="Dubbning (tolkning) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dubbning (tolkning)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="ஒலிச்சேர்க்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dubbing" title="Talk:Dubbing">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 17,000 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dubbing" title="Talk:Dubbing">talk page</a>. (February 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dubbing" title="Talk:Dubbing">talk page</a> may contain suggestions. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">editing it</a>. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabin_dubbing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cabin_dubbing.jpg/220px-Cabin_dubbing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cabin_dubbing.jpg/330px-Cabin_dubbing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cabin_dubbing.jpg/440px-Cabin_dubbing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Dubbing studio</figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Translation" title="Category:Translation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/100px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/150px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/200px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_translation" title="Legal translation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation#Literary_translation" title="Translation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukkural_translations" title="Tirukkural translations">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_validation" title="Linguistic validation">Linguistic validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_translation" title="Medical translation">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_translation" title="Regulatory translation">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_translation" title="Technical translation">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">Word-for-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">Sense-for-sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopos_theory" title="Skopos theory">Skopos theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_project" title="Translation project">Translation project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">Dynamic and formal equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_linguistics" title="Contrastive linguistics">Contrastive linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysystem_theory" title="Polysystem theory">Polysystem theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Technologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation management system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">Subtitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-editing" title="Pre-editing">Pre-editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postediting" title="Postediting">Postediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_translation" title="Multimedia translation">Multimedia translation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Localization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glocalization" title="Glocalization">Glocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Video game localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dub localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_localization" title="Website localization">Website localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Software localization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Institutional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_associations" title="Category:Translation associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_awards" title="Category:Translation awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_organizations" title="Category:Translation organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_and_interpreting_schools" title="Category:Translation and interpreting schools">Schools</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">Untranslatability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a> (VRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">Telephone interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">Language barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">of video games</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_translation" title="Journalistic translation">Journalistic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_publications" title="Category:Translation publications">Books and magazines on translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_by_language" title="Category:Bible translations by language">Bible translations by language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations" title="Category:Translations">Translated books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">List of most translated works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators" title="Category:Translators">Translators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirukkural_translations_by_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirukkural translations by language">Kural translations by language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Translation_info" title="Template:Translation info"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Translation_info" title="Template talk:Translation info"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Translation_info" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Translation info"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Dubbing (also known as re-recording and mixing) is a <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> process used in <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">video production</a> where supplementary recordings (known as doubles) are lip-synced and "mixed" with original production audio to create the final product. Often this process is performed on films by replacing the original language to offer voiced-over translations. After sound editors edit and prepare all the necessary tracks—dialogue, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), effects, <a href="/wiki/Foley_(filmmaking)" title="Foley (filmmaking)">Foley</a>, and music—the dubbing mixers proceed to balance all of the elements and record the finished <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a>. While dubbing and ADR are similar processes that focus on enhancing and replacing dialogue audio, ADR is a process in which the original actors re-record and synchronize audio segments. This allows filmmakers to replace unclear dialogue if there was issues with the script, background noise, or the original recording. The term "dubbing" commonly refers to the replacement of actors' voices with those of different performers who recite their dialogue for international audiences, typically in a different language from the original dialogue. <a href="#cite_note-plexoft.com-1">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] When a voice is created from scratch for animations, the term "original voice" is used, since these media are often partially finished before the voice is implemented. The voice work would still be part of the creation process, thus being considered the official voice.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Films, <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">videos</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> are dubbed into the local <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> of a foreign market. In foreign distribution, dubbing is common in theatrically released films, <a href="/wiki/Television_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Television films">television films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">television series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovelas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In many countries, dubbing was adopted, at least in part, for political reasons. In authoritarian states such as <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, dubbing could be used to enforce particular ideological agendas, excising negative references to the nation and its leaders and promoting standardized national languages at the expense of local dialects and minority languages. In <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">post-Nazi Germany</a>, dubbing was used to downplay events in the country's recent past, as in the case of the dub of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</a>, where the Nazi organization upon which the film's plot centers was changed to a drug smuggling enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-salon-3">[3]</a> The first post-<a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a> movie dub was Konstantin Zaslonov (1949) dubbed from Russian into the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, dubbing was attractive to many film producers as it helped to enable <a href="/wiki/Co-production_(media)" title="Co-production (media)">co-production</a> between companies in different countries, in turn allowing them to pool resources and benefit from <a href="/wiki/Film_finance#Public_sources" title="Film finance">financial support</a> from multiple governments. The use of dubbing meant that multi-national casts could be assembled and were able to use their preferred language for their performances, with appropriate post-production dubs being carried out before distributing versions of the film.<a href="#cite_note-salon-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ADR/post-sync">ADR/post-sync</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ADR/post-sync">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm/220px--Uppena_dubbing_process.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="251" data-mwtitle="Uppena_dubbing_process.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Uppena_dubbing_process.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm/Uppena_dubbing_process.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Example of ADR for the Telugu-language film <a href="/wiki/Uppena" title="Uppena">Uppena</a>. Here, <a href="/wiki/P._Ravi_Shankar" title="P. Ravi Shankar">P. Ravi Shankar</a> dubs over the original performance of <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Sethupathi" title="Vijay Sethupathi">Vijay Sethupathi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> Automated dialogue replacement (ADR) is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor (or a replacement actor) after the filming process to improve audio quality or make changes to the initially scripted dialog. In the early days of <a href="/wiki/Talkies" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkies">talkies</a>, a loop of film would be cut and spliced together for each of the scenes that needed to be rerecorded, and then the loops would be loaded onto a projector one by one. For each scene, the loop would be played repeatedly while the voice actor performed the lines, trying to synchronize them to the filmed performance. This was known as "looping" or a "looping session". Loading and reloading the film loops while the talent and recording crew stood by was tedious. Later, videotape and then <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinear video">digital technology</a> replaced the film loops, and the process became known as automated dialogue replacement (ADR).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In conventional film production, a <a href="/wiki/Production_sound_mixer" title="Production sound mixer">production sound mixer</a> records dialogue during filming. During post-production, a supervising <a href="/wiki/Sound_editor_(filmmaking)" title="Sound editor (filmmaking)">sound editor</a>, or ADR supervisor, reviews all of the dialogue in the film and decides which lines must be re-recorded. ADR is recorded during an ADR session, which takes place in a specialized <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">sound studio</a>. Multiple takes are recorded, and the most suitable take becomes the final version, or portions of various takes may be edited together.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The ADR process does not always take place in a post-production studio. The process may be recorded on location with mobile equipment. ADR can also be recorded without showing the actor the image they must match, but by having them listen to the performance, since some actors[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] believe that watching themselves act can degrade subsequent performances. The director may be present during ADR; alternatively, they may leave it up to a trusted sound editor, an ADR specialist, and the performers. As of 2020,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit">[update]</a> the automated process includes sophisticated techniques, including automatically displaying lines on-screen for the talent, automated cues, shifting the audio track for accurate synchronization, and time-fitting algorithms for stretching or compressing portions of a spoken line. There is software that can sort out spoken words from ambient sounds in the original filmed soundtrack, detect the peaks of the dialog, and automatically time-fit the new dubbed performance to the original to create perfect synchronization.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Sometimes, an actor other than the original actor is used during ADR. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> character <a href="/wiki/Darth_Vader" title="Darth Vader">Darth Vader</a>, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/David_Prowse" title="David Prowse">David Prowse</a>; in post-production, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> dubbed the voice of Vader.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the process is simply known as "dubbing", while in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, it is also called "post-synchronization" or "post-sync". The insertion of <a href="/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">voice actor</a> performances for <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_generated_imagery" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer generated imagery">computer generated imagery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">animated cartoons</a>, is often referred to as ADR although it generally does not replace existing dialogue. The ADR process may be used to: <dl><dd><ul><li>remove extraneous sounds such as production equipment noise, traffic, wind, or other undesirable sounds from the environment</li> <li>change the original lines recorded on set to clarify context</li> <li>improve <a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">diction</a> or modify an <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a></li> <li>improve <a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">comedic timing</a> or dramatic timing</li> <li>correct technical issues with <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronization</a></li> <li>use a studio-quality singing performance or provide a voice-double for actors who are poor vocalists</li> <li>add or remove content for legal purposes (such as removing an unauthorized trademarked name)</li> <li>add or remove a product placement</li> <li>correct a misspoken line not caught during filming</li> <li>replace "foul language" for TV broadcasts of the media or if the scene in question has a young actor involved</li></ul></dd></dl> Other examples include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hagen" title="Jean Hagen">Jean Hagen</a> provided <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Reynolds" title="Debbie Reynolds">Debbie Reynolds</a>' voice in two scenes of <a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain" title="Singin' in the Rain">Singin' in the Rain</a> (1952). Ironically, the film's story has Reynolds' character, Kathy Seldon, dubbing the voice for Hagen's character, Lina Lamont, due to Lina's grating voice and strong New York accent. Hagen used her own normal melodious voice to portray Kathy dubbing for Lina. The film, which takes place in Hollywood as talking pictures are taking over from silent films, also portrays another character, Cosmo Brown, played by <a href="/wiki/Donald_O%27Connor" title="Donald O'Connor">Donald O'Connor</a>, as inventing the idea of using one actor to provide the voice for another.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marni_Nixon" title="Marni Nixon">Marni Nixon</a> provided the singing voice for the character <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Doolittle" title="Eliza Doolittle">Eliza Doolittle</a>, otherwise played by <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a>, in the 1964 musical film <a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a>. Nixon was also the singing voices for <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1956_film)" title="The King and I (1956 film)">The King and I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Wood" title="Natalie Wood">Natalie Wood</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a>, among many others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Park" title="Ray Park">Ray Park</a>, who acted as <a href="/wiki/Darth_Maul" title="Darth Maul">Darth Maul</a> from <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace" title="Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace">Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace</a>, had his voice dubbed over by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Serafinowicz" title="Peter Serafinowicz">Peter Serafinowicz</a></li> <li>Frenchmen <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Noiret" title="Philippe Noiret">Philippe Noiret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Perrin" title="Jacques Perrin">Jacques Perrin</a>, who were dubbed into Italian for <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Paradiso" title="Cinema Paradiso">Cinema Paradiso</a></li> <li>Austrian bodybuilder <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>, dubbed for <a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_New_York" title="Hercules in New York">Hercules in New York</a></li> <li>Argentine boxer <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Monz%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Monzón">Carlos Monzón</a>, dubbed by a professional actor for the lead in the drama <a href="/wiki/La_Mary" title="La Mary">La Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Fr%C3%B6be" title="Gert Fröbe">Gert Fröbe</a>, who played <a href="/wiki/Auric_Goldfinger" title="Auric Goldfinger">Auric Goldfinger</a> in the James Bond film <a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)" title="Goldfinger (film)">Goldfinger</a>, dubbed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(English_actor)" title="Michael Collins (English actor)">Michael Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lazenby" title="George Lazenby">George Lazenby</a>'s <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> in <a href="/wiki/On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(film)" title="On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)">On Her Majesty's Secret Service</a>, dubbed for a portion of the film by <a href="/wiki/George_Baker_(British_actor)" title="George Baker (British actor)">George Baker</a>, since Bond was undercover and impersonating Baker's own character.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andie_MacDowell" title="Andie MacDowell">Andie MacDowell</a>'s Jane, in <a href="/wiki/Greystoke:_The_Legend_of_Tarzan,_Lord_of_the_Apes" title="Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes">Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes</a>, who was dubbed by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hardy" title="Tom Hardy">Tom Hardy</a>, who portrayed <a href="/wiki/Bane_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bane (comics)">Bane</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a>, re-dubbed half of his own lines for ease of viewer comprehension</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Keitel" title="Harvey Keitel">Harvey Keitel</a> was dubbed by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Dotrice" title="Roy Dotrice">Roy Dotrice</a> in post production for <a href="/wiki/Saturn_3" title="Saturn 3">Saturn 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Coulier" title="Dave Coulier">Dave Coulier</a> dubbed replacement of swear words for <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a> in multiple TV versions of his movies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Jones_(actor)" title="Doug Jones (actor)">Doug Jones</a> was dubbed by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne" title="Laurence Fishburne">Laurence Fishburne</a> in post production for <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four:_Rise_of_the_Silver_Surfer" title="Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer">Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rythmo_band">Rythmo band</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rythmo band">edit</a>]</div> An alternative method to dubbing, called "rythmo band" (or "<a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip-sync</a> band"), has historically been used in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It provides a more precise guide[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] for the actors, <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">directors</a>, and technicians, and can be used to complement the traditional ADR method. The "band" is actually a clear 35 mm <a href="/wiki/Film_leader" title="Film leader">film leader</a> on which the dialogue is hand-written in <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a>, together with numerous additional indications for the actor—including laughs, cries, length of syllables, mouth sounds, breaths, and mouth openings and closings. The rythmo band is projected in the studio and scrolls in perfect synchronization with the picture.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Studio time is used more efficiently, since with the aid of scrolling text, picture, and audio cues, actors can read more lines per hour than with ADR alone (only picture and audio). With ADR, actors can average 10–12 lines per hour, while rythmo band can facilitate the reading of 35-50 lines per hour.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> However, the preparation of a rythmo band is a time-consuming process involving a series of specialists organized in a production line. This has prevented the technique from being more widely adopted, but software emulations of rythmo band technology overcome the disadvantages of the traditional rythmo band process and significantly reduce the time needed to prepare a dubbing session.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation_process">Translation process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translation process">edit</a>]</div> For dubs into a language other than the original language, the dubbing process includes the following tasks: <ol><li>Translation</li> <li>Dialog writing: <ol><li>Take segmentation</li> <li>Insertion of dubbing symbols</li> <li>Dialogue writing and the emulation of natural discourse</li> <li>Lip-sync</li></ol></li></ol> Sometimes the translator performs all five tasks. In other cases, the translator just submits a rough translation and a dialogue writer does the rest. However, the language expertise of translator and dialog writing is different; translators must be proficient in the source language, while dialog writers must be proficient in the target language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialog_writing">Dialog writing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dialog writing">edit</a>]</div> The dialogue writer's role is to make the translation sound natural in the target language, and to make the translation sound like a credible dialogue instead of merely a translated text.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Another task of dialogue writers is to check whether a translation matches an on-screen character's mouth movements or not, by reading aloud simultaneously with the character. The dialogue writer often stays in the recording setting with the actors or the voice talents, to ensure that the dialogue is being spoken in the way that it was written to be, and to avoid any ambiguity in the way the dialogue is to be read (focusing on emphasis, intonation, pronunciation, articulation, pronouncing foreign words correctly, etc.). The overall goal is to make sure the script creates the illusion of authenticity of the spoken language. A successful localization product is one that feels like the original character is speaking the target language. Therefore, in the localization process, the position of the dialogue writing or song writing is extremely important. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_use"> Global use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Global use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (January 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localization">Localization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Localization">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Language_localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Language localization">Localization</a> is the practice of adapting a <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">television series</a> from one region of the world for another. In contrast to pure translation, localization encompasses adapting the content to suit the target audience. For example, culture-specific references may be replaced and footage may be removed or added.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Dub localization is a contentious issue in <a href="/wiki/Cinephilia" title="Cinephilia">cinephilia</a> among aficionados of foreign <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programs</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> fans. While some localization is virtually inevitable in translation, the controversy surrounding how much localization is "too much" is often discussed in such communities, especially when the final dub product is significantly different from the original. Some fans frown on any extensive localization, while others expect it, and to varying degrees, appreciate it. The new voice track is usually spoken by a <a href="/wiki/Voice_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice actor">voice actor</a>. In many countries, actors who regularly perform this duty remain little-known, with the exception of particular circles (such as anime <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a>) or when their voices have become synonymous with roles or actors whose voices they usually dub. In the United States, many of these voice artists may employ pseudonyms or go uncredited due to <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a> regulations or the desire to dissociate themselves from the role.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Africa,_Western_Asia">North Africa, Western Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North Africa, Western Asia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and Tunisia, most foreign movies (especially Hollywood productions) are shown dubbed in French. These movies are usually imported directly from French film distributors. The choice of movies dubbed into French can be explained by the widespread use of the French language. Another important factor is that local theaters and private media companies do not dub in local languages in order to avoid high costs, but also because of the lack of both expertise and demand.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Beginning in the 1980s, dubbed series and movies for children in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> became a popular choice among most TV channels, cinemas and VHS/DVD stores. However, dubbed films are still imported, and dubbing is performed in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> countries with a strong tradition of dubbing (mainly <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>). <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> was the first Arab country in charge of dubbing <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> movies in 1975 and used to do it exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> until 2011, and since then many other companies started dubbing their productions in this dialect. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Encanto" title="Encanto">Encanto</a>, Disney movies are now dubbed in both dialects.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In the Arabic-speaking countries, children's shows (mainly cartoons and kids sitcoms) are dubbed in Arabic, or Arabic subtitles are used. The only exception was <a href="/wiki/Telenovelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Telenovelas">telenovelas</a> dubbed in Standard Arabic, or dialects, but also Turkish series, most notably <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F_(TV_series)" title="Gümüş (TV series)">Gümüş</a>, in Syrian Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> An example of Arabic voice actors that dub for certain performers is Safi Mohammed for <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, the Tunisia National Television (TNT), the public broadcaster of Tunisia, is not allowed to show any content in any language other than Arabic, which forces it to broadcast only dubbed content (this restriction was recently removed for commercials). During the 1970s and 1980s, TNT (known as ERTT at the time) started dubbing famous cartoons in Tunisian and Standard Arabic. However, in the private sector, television channels are not subject to the language rule.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, many television programs were dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, with the original soundtrack (usually in English, but sometimes <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> or <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>) "<a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a>" in <a href="/wiki/FM_stereo#Stereo_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="FM stereo">FM stereo</a> on <a href="/wiki/Radio_2000" title="Radio 2000">Radio 2000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> These included US series such as <a href="/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man" title="The Six Million Dollar Man">The Six Million Dollar Man</a> (Steve Austin: Die Man van Staal),<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miami_Vice" title="Miami Vice">Miami Vice</a> (Misdaad in Miami),<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_90210" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills 90210">Beverly Hills 90210</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and the German detective series <a href="/wiki/Derrick_(TV_series)" title="Derrick (TV series)">Derrick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> actors' union <a href="/wiki/Equity_(trade_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity (trade union)">Equity</a>, which banned the sale of most British television programs, the <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a> series <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Rupert_Bear" title="The Adventures of Rupert Bear">The Adventures of Rupert Bear</a> was dubbed into <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>, as the original voices had been recorded by Equity voice artists.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> This practice has declined as a result of the reduction of airtime for the language on <a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a> TV, and the increase of locally produced material in Afrikaans on other channels like <a href="/wiki/KykNet" class="mw-redirect" title="KykNet">KykNet</a>. Similarly, many programs, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a>, were dubbed into <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> but this has also declined as local drama production has increased. However, some animated films, such as <a href="/wiki/Maya_the_Bee_(film)" title="Maya the Bee (film)">Maya the Bee</a>, have been dubbed in both Afrikaans and Zulu by local artists.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/EExtra" title="EExtra">eExtra</a> began showing the Turkish drama series <a href="/wiki/Parampar%C3%A7a_(TV_series)" title="Paramparça (TV series)">Paramparça</a> dubbed in Afrikaans as Gebroke Harte or "Broken Hearts", the first foreign drama to be dubbed in the language for twenty years.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uganda">Uganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uganda">edit</a>]</div> Uganda's <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">own film industry</a> is fairly small, and foreign movies are commonly watched. The English soundtrack is often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a> translation and comments, provided by an Ugandan "video jockey" (VJ). VJ's interpreting and narration may be available in a recorded form or live.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, foreign movies are released in their original language with Azerbaijani subtitles in cinemas. Additionally, some theaters offer Russian and Turkish versions. According to the law, films intended for theatrical release must either be dubbed or subtitled. All television channels are required to broadcast movies and TV shows with dubbed audio. In the past, voice-over was commonly used, but in the last decade, channels have improved the quality by adopting full dubbing. DVD releases are typically imported from Russia or Turkey. The absence of detailed laws, limited regulations, monitoring, and industry interest contribute to ongoing debates on how movies and series should be released.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> However, certain series and movies (The Kingdom of Solomon, Mokhtarnameh, and Prophet Joseph etc.), have been fully dubbed and released, including availability in home media formats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> China has a long tradition of dubbing foreign films into <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, starting in the 1930s. While during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> era Western motion pictures may have been imported and dubbed into Chinese, since 1950 <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet movies</a> became the main import,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> sometimes even surpassing the local production.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> In Communist China, most European movies were dubbed in Shanghai, whereas Asian and Soviet films were usually dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Changchun_Film_Studio" title="Changchun Film Studio">Changchun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> During the Cultural Revolution, North Korean, Romanian and Albanian films became popular.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Beginning in the late 1970s, in addition to films, popular TV series from the United States, Japan, Brazil, and Mexico were also dubbed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> Film Dubbing Studio has been the most well-known studio in the film dubbing industry in China. In order to generate high-quality products, they divide each film into short segments, each one lasting only a few minutes, and then work on the segments one-by-one. In addition to the correct meaning in translation, they make tremendous effort to match the lips of the actors to the dialogue. As a result, the dubbing in these films generally is not readily detected. The cast of dubbers is acknowledged at the end of a dubbed film. Several dubbing actors and actresses of the Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio have become well-known celebrities, such as Qiu Yuefeng, Bi Ke, Li Zi, and Liu Guangning. In recent years, however, especially in the larger cities on the east and south coasts, it has become increasingly common for movie theaters to show subtitled versions with the original soundtracks intact. Motion pictures are also dubbed into the languages of some of China's <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of China">autonomous regions</a>. Notably, the Translation Department of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Autonomous Region">Tibetan Autonomous Region</a> Movie Company (西藏自治区电影公司译制科)<a href="#cite_note-humes20131122-33">[33]</a> has been dubbing movies into the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan language</a> since the 1960s. In the early decades, it would dub 25 to 30 movies each year, the number rising to 60–75 by the early 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-humes20131122-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Motion pictures are dubbed for China's <a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongol-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur-speaking</a> markets as well.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_television_drama" title="Chinese television drama">Chinese television dramas</a> are often dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Putonghua" class="mw-redirect" title="Putonghua">Standard Mandarin</a> by professional voice actors to remove accents, improve poor performances, or change lines to comply with local censorship laws.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, foreign television programs, except for English-language and Mandarin television programs, are dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a>. English-language and Mandarin programs are generally shown in their original with subtitles. Foreign films, such as most live-action and animated films (such as anime and Disney), are usually dubbed in Cantonese. However most cinemas also offer subtitled versions of English-language films. For the most part, foreign films and TV programs, both live-action and animated, are generally dubbed in both Mandarin and Cantonese. For example, in <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a> film series, Elijah Wood's character <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo Baggins</a> was dubbed into Mandarin by <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Guangtao" title="Jiang Guangtao">Jiang Guangtao</a> for China and Taiwan. For the Cantonese localization, there were actually two dubs for Hong Kong and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. In the first Cantonese dub, he was voiced by Leung Wai Tak, while in the second Cantonese dub, he was voiced by Bosco Tang. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> dubs some foreign films and TV series in Mandarin Chinese. Until the mid-1990s, the major national <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial channels</a> both dubbed and subtitled all foreign programs and films and, for some popular programs, the original voices were offered in <a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">second audio program</a>. Gradually, however, both terrestrial and cable channels stopped dubbing for <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> U.S. shows and films, while subtitling continued. In the 2000s, the dubbing practice has differed depending on the nature and origin of the program. Animations, children's shows and some educational programs on <a href="/wiki/Public_Television_Service" title="Public Television Service">PTS</a> are mostly dubbed. English live-action movies and shows are not dubbed in theaters or on television. Japanese TV dramas are no longer dubbed, while <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> dramas, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> dramas and dramas from other Asian countries are still often dubbed. Korean variety shows are not dubbed. Japanese and Korean films on Asian movie channels are still dubbed. In theaters, most foreign films are not dubbed, while animated films and some films meant for children offer a dubbed version. Hong Kong live-action films have a long tradition of being dubbed into Mandarin, while more famous films offer a <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> version. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgia">Georgia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Georgia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, original soundtracks are kept in films and TV series, but with voice-over translation. There are exceptions, such as some children's cartoons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_dubbing_artists" title="List of Indian dubbing artists">List of Indian dubbing artists</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where "foreign films" are synonymous with "<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood films</a>", dubbing is done mostly in <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>. Dubbing is rarely done with the other major Indian languages, namely <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, due to lack of significant market size. Despite this, some <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> dubs of children television programs can be seen on the <a href="/wiki/Sun_TV_Network" title="Sun TV Network">Sun TV</a> channel. The dubbed versions are released into the towns and lower tier settlements of the respective states (where English penetration is low), often with the English-language originals released in the metropolitan areas. In all other states, the English originals are released along with the dubbed versions, where often the dubbed version collections are more outstanding than the originals. <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_3" title="Spider-Man 3">Spider-Man 3</a> was also done in the <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri language</a>, a language popular in <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">eastern India</a> in addition to Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. <a href="/wiki/A_Good_Day_to_Die_Hard" title="A Good Day to Die Hard">A Good Day to Die Hard</a>, the most recent installment in the <a href="/wiki/Die_Hard_(franchise)" title="Die Hard (franchise)">Die Hard</a> franchise, was the first ever Hollywood film to receive a <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language dub</a> as well. Most TV channels mention neither the Indian-language dubbing credits, nor its staff, at the end of the original ending credits, since changing the credits casting for the original actors or voice actors involves a huge budget for modifying, making it somewhat difficult to find information for the dubbed versions. The same situation is encountered in films. Sometimes foreign programs and films receive more than one dub, such as for example, <a href="/wiki/Jumanji" title="Jumanji">Jumanji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragonheart" title="Dragonheart">Dragonheart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(film)" title="Van Helsing (film)">Van Helsing</a> having two Hindi dubs. Information for the Hindi, Tamil and Telugu voice actors who have done the voices for specific actors and for their roles on foreign films and television programs are published in local Indian data magazines, for those that are involved in the dubbing industry in India. But on a few occasions, there are some foreign productions that do credit the dubbing cast, such as animated films like the <a href="/wiki/Barbie_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbie (film series)">Barbie</a> films, and some Disney films. <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> original series released on DVD with their Hindi dubs show a list of the artists in the Hindi dub credits, after the original ending credits. Theatrical releases and VCD releases of foreign films do not credit the dubbing cast or staff. The DVD releases, however, do have credits for the dubbing staff, if they are released multilingual. As of recently, information for the dubbing staff of foreign productions have been expanding due to high demands of people wanting to know the voice actors behind characters in foreign works. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> Unlike movie theaters in most Asian countries, those in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> show foreign movies with subtitles. Then a few months or years later, those movies appear on TV either dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> or subtitled. Kids shows are mostly dubbed, though even in cartoon series, songs typically are not dubbed, but in big movies such as Disney movies, both speaking and singing voice are cast for the Indonesian dub. Adult films are mostly subtitled but sometimes they can be dubbed as well, and because there are not many Indonesian voice actors, multiple characters might have the exact same voice. When it comes to reality shows, whether the show is dubbed or not differs. For example, the Japanese competition show TV Champion Japan are fully dubbed, while other reality shows are aired with Indonesian subtitles. All <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> TV shows, including <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">animated</a> ones, are subtitled instead, likely due to the language's <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with Indonesian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Dubbing_artists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Iranian_Dubbing_artists.jpg/220px-Iranian_Dubbing_artists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Iranian_Dubbing_artists.jpg/330px-Iranian_Dubbing_artists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Iranian_Dubbing_artists.jpg/440px-Iranian_Dubbing_artists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>A group of Iranian dubbing artists</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, International foreign films and television programs are dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Dubbing began in 1946 with the advent of movies and cinemas in the country. Since then, foreign movies have always been dubbed for the cinema and TV foreign films and television programs are subtitled in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Using various voice actors and adding local hints and witticisms to the original contents, dubbing played a major role in attracting people to the cinemas and developing an interest in other cultures. The dubbing art in Iran reached its apex during the 1960s and 1970s with the inflow of American, European and Hindi movies. The most famous musicals of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a>, were translated, adjusted and performed in Persian by the voice artists. Since the 1990s, for political reasons and under pressure from the state, the dubbing industry has declined, with movies dubbed only for the state TV channels. During recent years, DVDs with Persian subtitles have found a market among viewers for the same reason, but most people still prefer the Persian-speaking dubbed versions. Recently, privately operated companies started dubbing TV series by hiring famous dubbers. However, the dubs which these companies make are often unauthorized and vary greatly in terms of quality. A list of Persian voice actors that associate with their actor counterparts are listed here. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Persian dubbing artists</th> <th>Actor(s)/Actress(es) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Houshang_Zand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Houshang Zand (page does not exist)">Amir Houshang Zand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Franco" title="James Franco">James Franco</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Perry" title="Matthew Perry">Matthew Perry</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Pegg" title="Simon Pegg">Simon Pegg</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston" title="Tom Hiddleston">Tom Hiddleston</a> <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bloom" title="Orlando Bloom">Orlando Bloom</a> <a href="/wiki/James_McAvoy" title="James McAvoy">James McAvoy</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Mozaffari" title="Saeed Mozaffari">Saeed Mozaffari</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bacon" title="Kevin Bacon">Kevin Bacon</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Walken" title="Christopher Walken">Christopher Walken</a> <a href="/wiki/Willem_Dafoe" title="Willem Dafoe">Willem Dafoe</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Nazerian" title="Iraj Nazerian">Iraj Nazerian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a> <a href="/wiki/Lino_Ventura" title="Lino Ventura">Lino Ventura</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Hackman" title="Gene Hackman">Gene Hackman</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bronson" title="Charles Bronson">Charles Bronson</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hudson" title="Rock Hudson">Rock Hudson</a> </td> <td>Dubbed for Welles as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_Kane" title="Charles Foster Kane">Charles Foster Kane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> and dubbed for Brando as <a href="/wiki/Vito_Corleone" title="Vito Corleone">Vito Corleone</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahram_Zand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahram Zand (page does not exist)">Bahram Zand</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a> <a href="/wiki/Russell_Crowe" title="Russell Crowe">Russell Crowe</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Brett" title="Jeremy Brett">Jeremy Brett</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hanin" title="Roger Hanin">Roger Hanin</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Maghami" title="Jalal Maghami">Jalal Maghami</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharif" title="Omar Sharif">Omar Sharif</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khosro_Khosroshahi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khosro Khosroshahi (page does not exist)">Khosro Khosroshahi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a> <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shervin_Ghetei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shervin Ghetei (page does not exist)">Shervin Ghetei</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a> <a href="/wiki/Tobey_Maguire" title="Tobey Maguire">Tobey Maguire</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg" title="Mark Wahlberg">Mark Wahlberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Freeman" title="Martin Freeman">Martin Freeman</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manouchehr_valizadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manouchehr valizadeh (page does not exist)">Manouchehr valizadeh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Foxx" title="Jamie Foxx">Jamie Foxx</a> <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Petrossi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Petrossi (page does not exist)">George Petrossi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hemsworth" title="Chris Hemsworth">Chris Hemsworth</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a> <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Russell" title="Kurt Russell">Kurt Russell</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afshin_Zinoori" class="mw-redirect" title="Afshin Zinoori">Afshin Zinoori</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe" title="Daniel Radcliffe">Daniel Radcliffe</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> </td> <td>Dubbed for Wood as <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo Baggins</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a> and dubbed for Radcliffe as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)" title="Harry Potter (character)">Harry Potter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">titular film series</a> from 3 to 5. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, only children's movies and TV programming are dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. In programs aimed at teenagers and adults, dubbing is never considered for translation, not only because of its high costs, but also because the audience is mainly multi-lingual. Most viewers in Israel speak at least one European language in addition to Hebrew, and a large part of the audience also speaks <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>. Therefore, most viewers prefer to hear the original soundtrack, aided by Hebrew subtitles. Another problem is that dubbing does not allow for translation into two different languages simultaneously, as is often the case of Israeli television channels that use subtitles in Hebrew and another language (like <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>) simultaneously. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> In Japan, many television programs appear on Japanese television subtitled or dubbed if they are intended for children. When the American film <a href="/wiki/Morocco_(film)" title="Morocco (film)">Morocco</a> was released in Japan in 1931, subtitles became the mainstream method of translating TV programs and films in Japan. Later, around the 1950s, foreign television programs and films began to be shown dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> on television. The first ones to be dubbed into Japanese were <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1940s_cartoons)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman (1940s cartoons)">the 1940s Superman cartoons</a> in 1955. Due to the lack of video software for domestic television, video software was imported from abroad. When the television program was shown on television, it was mostly dubbed. There was a character limit for a small TV screen at a lower resolution, and this method was not suitable for the poor elderly and illiterate eye, as was audio dubbing. Presently, TV shows and movies (both those aimed at all ages and adults-only) are shown dubbed with the original language and Japanese subtitles, while providing the original language option when the same film is released on <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a>. Laserdisc releases of Hollywood films were almost always subtitled, films alike <a href="/wiki/Godzilla:_King_of_the_Monsters_(2019_film)" title="Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019 film)">Godzilla: King of the Monsters</a>. Adult cartoons such as <a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> are shown dubbed in Japanese on the <a href="/wiki/WOWOW" class="mw-redirect" title="WOWOW">WOWOW</a> TV channel. <a href="/wiki/South_Park:_Bigger,_Longer_and_Uncut" class="mw-redirect" title="South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut">South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut</a> was dubbed in Japanese by different actors instead of the same Japanese dubbing-actors from the cartoon because it was handled by a different Japanese dubbing studio, and it was marketed for the <a href="/wiki/Kansai_region" title="Kansai region">Kansai</a> market. In Japanese theaters, foreign-language movies, except those intended for children, are usually shown in their original version with Japanese subtitles. Foreign films usually contain multiple Japanese-dubbing versions, but with several different original Japanese-dubbing voice actors, depending upon which TV station they are aired. <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon TV">Nippon TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuji_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji TV">Fuji TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">TV Asahi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Broadcasting System">TBS</a> usually follow this practice, as do software releases on <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laserdisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">Laserdisc</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray</a>. As for recent foreign films being released, there are now some film theaters in Japan that show both dubbed and subtitled editions. On 22 June 2009, <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a>'s Japanese division has opened up a <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> lineup known as "Emperor of Dubbing", dedicated at having multiple Japanese dubs of popular English-language films (mostly Hollywood films) as well as retaining the original scripts, releasing them altogether in special Blu-ray releases. These also feature a new dub created exclusively for that release as a director's cut, or a new dub made with a better surround sound mix to match that of the original English mix (as most older Japanese dubbings were made on mono mixes to be aired on TV). Other companies have followed practice, like Universal Pictures's Japanese division <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal_Entertainment_Japan" title="NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan">NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan</a> opening up "Reprint of Memories", along with <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC_%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88_%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:ワーナーエンターテイメントジャパン">Warner Bros Japan</a> having "Power of Dubbing", which act in a similar way by re-packaging all the multiple Japanese dubs of popular films and putting them out as Special Blu-ray releases. "Japanese dub-over artists" provide the voices for certain performers, such as those listed in the following table: <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Japanese dubbing artists</th> <th>Actor(s)/Actress(es)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroya_Ishimaru" title="Hiroya Ishimaru">Hiroya Ishimaru</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Chan.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tessh%C5%8D_Genda" title="Tesshō Genda">Tesshō Genda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Schwarzenegger.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isao_Sasaki" title="Isao Sasaki">Isao Sasaki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Hasselhoff" title="David Hasselhoff">David Hasselhoff</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masashi_Ebara" title="Masashi Ebara">Masashi Ebara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Snipes" title="Wesley Snipes">Wesley Snipes</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Yamadera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōichi Yamadera">Kōichi Yamadera</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a> <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a></td> <td>Officially approved by <a href="/wiki/Shrek_(franchise)" title="Shrek (franchise)">Shrek</a> producer <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a> (for whom Murphy provides the voice of <a href="/wiki/Donkey_(Shrek)" title="Donkey (Shrek)">Donkey</a>)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and Smith.<a href="#cite_note-yamaderaandsmith-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenyu_Horiuchi" title="Kenyu Horiuchi">Kenyu Horiuchi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stiller" title="Ben Stiller">Ben Stiller</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Stamos" title="John Stamos">John Stamos</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Pitt.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Kusao" title="Takeshi Kusao">Takeshi Kusao</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a></td> <td>Dubbed throughout his 1990s films. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daisuke_Namikawa" title="Daisuke Namikawa">Daisuke Namikawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Christensen" title="Hayden Christensen">Hayden Christensen</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Christensen.<a href="#cite_note-christensen-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABya_Uchida_(voice_actor)" title="Yūya Uchida (voice actor)">Yūya Uchida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Gosling" title="Ryan Gosling">Ryan Gosling</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rikiya_Koyama" title="Rikiya Koyama">Rikiya Koyama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland" title="Kiefer Sutherland">Kiefer Sutherland</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Sutherland.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunio_Murai" title="Kunio Murai">Kunio Murai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Ford.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Isobe" title="Tsutomu Isobe">Tsutomu Isobe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a> <a href="/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat" title="Chow Yun-fat">Chow Yun-fat</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazuhiro_Yamaji" title="Kazuhiro Yamaji">Kazuhiro Yamaji</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russell_Crowe" title="Russell Crowe">Russell Crowe</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Statham" title="Jason Statham">Jason Statham</a> <a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroe_Oka" title="Hiroe Oka">Hiroe Oka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marika_Hayashi" title="Marika Hayashi">Marika Hayashi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masane_Tsukayama" title="Masane Tsukayama">Masane Tsukayama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> <a href="/wiki/Liam_Neeson" title="Liam Neeson">Liam Neeson</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Harris" title="Ed Harris">Ed Harris</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akio_%C5%8Ctsuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Akio Ōtsuka">Akio Ōtsuka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a> <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolph_Lundgren" title="Dolph Lundgren">Dolph Lundgren</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masato_Sako" title="Masato Sako">Masato Sako</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayumi_Sako" title="Mayumi Sako">Mayumi Sako</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rachel_McAdams" title="Rachel McAdams">Rachel McAdams</a> <a href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shinpachi Tsuji</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> <a href="/wiki/Colm_Meaney" title="Colm Meaney">Colm Meaney</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dch%C5%AB_%C5%8Ctsuka" title="Hōchū Ōtsuka">Hōchū Ōtsuka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum" title="Jeff Goldblum">Jeff Goldblum</a> <a href="/wiki/Donnie_Yen" title="Donnie Yen">Donnie Yen</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Oldman in a few films and later dubs of his earlier films. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABr%C5%8Dta_Kosugi" title="Jūrōta Kosugi">Jūrōta Kosugi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blanks" title="Billy Blanks">Billy Blanks</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Duchovny" title="David Duchovny">David Duchovny</a> <a href="/wiki/Luke_Perry" title="Luke Perry">Luke Perry</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Daniel Craig</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroaki_Hirata" title="Hiroaki Hirata">Hiroaki Hirata</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> <a href="/wiki/Noah_Wyle" title="Noah Wyle">Noah Wyle</a> <a href="/wiki/Matt_LeBlanc" title="Matt LeBlanc">Matt LeBlanc</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Depp.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keiji_Fujiwara" title="Keiji Fujiwara">Keiji Fujiwara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toshiyuki_Morikawa" title="Toshiyuki Morikawa">Toshiyuki Morikawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> <a href="/wiki/Ewan_McGregor" title="Ewan McGregor">Ewan McGregor</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a> <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Cruise<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and McGregor.<a href="#cite_note-christensen-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masako_Ikeda" title="Masako Ikeda">Masako Ikeda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noriko_Ohara" title="Noriko Ohara">Noriko Ohara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reiko_Mut%C5%8D" title="Reiko Mutō">Reiko Mutō</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gor%C5%8D_Naya" title="Gorō Naya">Gorō Naya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Van_Cleef" title="Lee Van Cleef">Lee Van Cleef</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Heston.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiyoshi_Kobayashi" title="Kiyoshi Kobayashi">Kiyoshi Kobayashi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Coburn" title="James Coburn">James Coburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Marvin" title="Lee Marvin">Lee Marvin</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasuo_Yamada" title="Yasuo Yamada">Yasuo Yamada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Belmondo" title="Jean-Paul Belmondo">Jean-Paul Belmondo</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Eastwood.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chikao_%C5%8Ctsuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikao Ōtsuka">Chikao Ōtsuka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bronson" title="Charles Bronson">Charles Bronson</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Widmark" title="Richard Widmark">Richard Widmark</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenji_Utsumi" title="Kenji Utsumi">Kenji Utsumi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Reed" title="Oliver Reed">Oliver Reed</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen" title="Steve McQueen">Steve McQueen</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genz%C5%8D_Wakayama" title="Genzō Wakayama">Genzō Wakayama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Barry" title="Gene Barry">Gene Barry</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Graves" title="Peter Graves">Peter Graves</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Burr" title="Raymond Burr">Raymond Burr</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osamu_Kobayashi_(voice_actor)" title="Osamu Kobayashi (voice actor)">Osamu Kobayashi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masato_Yamanouchi" title="Masato Yamanouchi">Masato Yamanouchi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Clift" title="Montgomery Clift">Montgomery Clift</a> <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Power" title="Tyrone Power">Tyrone Power</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akiji_Kobayashi" title="Akiji Kobayashi">Akiji Kobayashi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iemasa_Kayumi" title="Iemasa Kayumi">Iemasa Kayumi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michio_Hazama" title="Michio Hazama">Michio Hazama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roy_Scheider" title="Roy Scheider">Roy Scheider</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nachi_Nozawa" title="Nachi Nozawa">Nachi Nozawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gemma" title="Giuliano Gemma">Giuliano Gemma</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kei_Tomiyama" title="Kei Tomiyama">Kei Tomiyama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rick_Moranis" title="Rick Moranis">Rick Moranis</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tadashi_Nakamura_(voice_actor)" title="Tadashi Nakamura (voice actor)">Tadashi Nakamura</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Nielsen" title="Leslie Nielsen">Leslie Nielsen</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hirotaka_Suzuoki" title="Hirotaka Suzuoki">Hirotaka Suzuoki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a></td> <td>Dubbed throughout his 1990s films. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yurika Hino</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> <a href="/wiki/Winona_Ryder" title="Winona Ryder">Winona Ryder</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a> <a href="/wiki/Julianne_Moore" title="Julianne Moore">Julianne Moore</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotono_Mitsuishi" title="Kotono Mitsuishi">Kotono Mitsuishi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Pompeo" title="Ellen Pompeo">Ellen Pompeo</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chie_Nakamura" title="Chie Nakamura">Chie Nakamura</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABko_Nagashima" title="Yūko Nagashima">Yūko Nagashima</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jessica_Parker" title="Sarah Jessica Parker">Sarah Jessica Parker</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atomu_Shimoj%C5%8D" title="Atomu Shimojō">Atomu Shimojō</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABichi_Ikeda" title="Shūichi Ikeda">Shūichi Ikeda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Furuya" title="Tōru Furuya">Tōru Furuya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Biao" title="Yuen Biao">Yuen Biao</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Okiayu" title="Ryōtarō Okiayu">Ryōtarō Okiayu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scott_Foley" title="Scott Foley">Scott Foley</a> <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Kitsch" title="Taylor Kitsch">Taylor Kitsch</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fung" title="Stephen Fung">Stephen Fung</a> <a href="/wiki/Lin_Gengxin" title="Lin Gengxin">Lin Gengxin</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%AB_Mizushima" title="Yū Mizushima">Yū Mizushima</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sammo_Hung" title="Sammo Hung">Sammo Hung</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takayuki_Sug%C5%8D" title="Takayuki Sugō">Takayuki Sugō</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Reno" title="Jean Reno">Jean Reno</a> <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Harris" title="Ed Harris">Ed Harris</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rica_Matsumoto" title="Rica Matsumoto">Rica Matsumoto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger" title="Renée Zellweger">Renée Zellweger</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoshito_Yasuhara" title="Yoshito Yasuhara">Yoshito Yasuhara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rourke" title="Mickey Rourke">Mickey Rourke</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bacon" title="Kevin Bacon">Kevin Bacon</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maaya_Sakamoto" title="Maaya Sakamoto">Maaya Sakamoto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takako_Honda" title="Takako Honda">Takako Honda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milla_Jovovich" title="Milla Jovovich">Milla Jovovich</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Swank" title="Hilary Swank">Hilary Swank</a> <a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a></td> <td>Officially approved by Jovovich.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinry%C5%AB_Arimoto" title="Kinryū Arimoto">Kinryū Arimoto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Walken" title="Christopher Walken">Christopher Walken</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takanobu_Hozumi" title="Takanobu Hozumi">Takanobu Hozumi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd" title="Christopher Lloyd">Christopher Lloyd</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Aono" title="Takeshi Aono">Takeshi Aono</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd" title="Christopher Lloyd">Christopher Lloyd</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pesci" title="Joe Pesci">Joe Pesci</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taichir%C5%8D_Hirokawa" title="Taichirō Hirokawa">Taichirō Hirokawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hui" title="Michael Hui">Michael Hui</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hideyuki_Tanaka" title="Hideyuki Tanaka">Hideyuki Tanaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Biehn" title="Michael Biehn">Michael Biehn</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoshisada_Sakaguchi" title="Yoshisada Sakaguchi">Yoshisada Sakaguchi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ikeda" title="Masaru Ikeda">Masaru Ikeda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masahito_Kawanago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masahito Kawanago (page does not exist)">Masahito Kawanago</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Long" title="Justin Long">Justin Long</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mika_Doi" title="Mika Doi">Mika Doi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wataru_Takagi" title="Wataru Takagi">Wataru Takagi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Black" title="Jack Black">Jack Black</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiten_Kusunoki" title="Taiten Kusunoki">Taiten Kusunoki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson" title="Dwayne Johnson">Dwayne Johnson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daisuke_Ono" title="Daisuke Ono">Daisuke Ono</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_McKenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin McKenzie">Benjamin McKenzie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shunsuke_Sakuya" title="Shunsuke Sakuya">Shunsuke Sakuya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wilson" title="Patrick Wilson">Patrick Wilson</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Mikami" title="Satoshi Mikami">Satoshi Mikami</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daisuke_Hirakawa" title="Daisuke Hirakawa">Daisuke Hirakawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bloom" title="Orlando Bloom">Orlando Bloom</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuhko_Kaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuhko Kaida">Yuhko Kaida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mie_Sonozaki" title="Mie Sonozaki">Mie Sonozaki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinobu_Adachi" title="Shinobu Adachi">Shinobu Adachi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston" title="Jennifer Aniston">Jennifer Aniston</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsei_Hirota" title="Kōsei Hirota">Kōsei Hirota</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danny_Trejo" title="Danny Trejo">Danny Trejo</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yanaka" title="Hiroshi Yanaka">Hiroshi Yanaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Cusack" title="John Cusack">John Cusack</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Chiba" title="Koichi Chiba">Koichi Chiba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetsuo_Kanao" title="Tetsuo Kanao">Tetsuo Kanao</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Will_Patton" title="Will Patton">Will Patton</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norihiro_Inoue" title="Norihiro Inoue">Norihiro Inoue</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Edwards_(actor)" title="Anthony Edwards (actor)">Anthony Edwards</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazue_Komiya" title="Kazue Komiya">Kazue Komiya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toshiko_Sawada" title="Toshiko Sawada">Toshiko Sawada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anjelica_Huston" title="Anjelica Huston">Anjelica Huston</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toshiko_Fujita" title="Toshiko Fujita">Toshiko Fujita</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ushiyama" title="Shigeru Ushiyama">Shigeru Ushiyama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Fichtner" title="William Fichtner">William Fichtner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megumi_Han" title="Megumi Han">Megumi Han</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Grace_Moretz" title="Chloë Grace Moretz">Chloë Grace Moretz</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin-ichiro_Miki" title="Shin-ichiro Miki">Shin-ichiro Miki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wu" title="Daniel Wu">Daniel Wu</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Kumakura" title="Kazuo Kumakura">Kazuo Kumakura</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naoya_Uchida" title="Naoya Uchida">Naoya Uchida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a> <a href="/wiki/Woody_Harrelson" title="Woody Harrelson">Woody Harrelson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keiko_Toda" title="Keiko Toda">Keiko Toda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gara_Takashima" title="Gara Takashima">Gara Takashima</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demi_Moore" title="Demi Moore">Demi Moore</a> <a href="/wiki/Andie_MacDowell" title="Andie MacDowell">Andie MacDowell</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Yasbeck" title="Amy Yasbeck">Amy Yasbeck</a> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mami_Koyama" title="Mami Koyama">Mami Koyama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Stone" title="Sharon Stone">Sharon Stone</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yūko Sasaki</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wright" title="Robin Wright">Robin Wright</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atsuko_Tanaka_(voice_actress)" title="Atsuko Tanaka (voice actress)">Atsuko Tanaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> <a href="/wiki/Monica_Bellucci" title="Monica Bellucci">Monica Bellucci</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Beckinsale" title="Kate Beckinsale">Kate Beckinsale</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rica_Fukami" class="mw-redirect" title="Rica Fukami">Rica Fukami</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones" title="Catherine Zeta-Jones">Catherine Zeta-Jones</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Misa_Watanabe" title="Misa Watanabe">Misa Watanabe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Diaz" title="Cameron Diaz">Cameron Diaz</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yutaka_Aoyama" title="Yutaka Aoyama">Yutaka Aoyama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steve_Buscemi" title="Steve Buscemi">Steve Buscemi</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banj%C5%8D_Ginga" title="Banjō Ginga">Banjō Ginga</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Clarke_Duncan" title="Michael Clarke Duncan">Michael Clarke Duncan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daisuke_G%C5%8Dri" title="Daisuke Gōri">Daisuke Gōri</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Clarke_Duncan" title="Michael Clarke Duncan">Michael Clarke Duncan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Kusumi" title="Naomi Kusumi">Naomi Kusumi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Goodman" title="John Goodman">John Goodman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bin_Shimada" title="Bin Shimada">Bin Shimada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Carell" title="Steve Carell">Steve Carell</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haruhiko_J%C5%8D" title="Haruhiko Jō">Haruhiko Jō</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush" title="Geoffrey Rush">Geoffrey Rush</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Junpei_Morita" title="Junpei Morita">Junpei Morita</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey" title="Matthew McConaughey">Matthew McConaughey</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Firth" title="Colin Firth">Colin Firth</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katsuhisa_H%C5%8Dki" title="Katsuhisa Hōki">Katsuhisa Hōki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ving_Rhames" title="Ving Rhames">Ving Rhames</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Iwasaki" title="Hiroshi Iwasaki">Hiroshi Iwasaki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Tucci" title="Stanley Tucci">Stanley Tucci</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinya_Aikawa" title="Kinya Aikawa">Kinya Aikawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taro_Ishida" class="mw-redirect" title="Taro Ishida">Taro Ishida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gene_Hackman" title="Gene Hackman">Gene Hackman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryoko_Shiraishi" title="Ryoko Shiraishi">Ryoko Shiraishi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miley_Cyrus" title="Miley Cyrus">Miley Cyrus</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Taniguchi" title="Takashi Taniguchi">Takashi Taniguchi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazuko_Yanaga" title="Kazuko Yanaga">Kazuko Yanaga</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Tsuchida" title="Hiroshi Tsuchida">Hiroshi Tsuchida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt" title="Joseph Gordon-Levitt">Joseph Gordon-Levitt</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaya_Hashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takaya Hashi (page does not exist)">Takaya Hashi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Rickman" title="Alan Rickman">Alan Rickman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoshimasa_Hosoya" title="Yoshimasa Hosoya">Yoshimasa Hosoya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Lautner" title="Taylor Lautner">Taylor Lautner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hiura" title="Ben Hiura">Ben Hiura</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss" title="Richard Dreyfuss">Richard Dreyfuss</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABji_Mitsuya" title="Yūji Mitsuya">Yūji Mitsuya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%AB_Hayashi" title="Yū Hayashi">Yū Hayashi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf" title="Shia LaBeouf">Shia LaBeouf</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuminori_Komatsu" title="Fuminori Komatsu">Fuminori Komatsu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf" title="Shia LaBeouf">Shia LaBeouf</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D_Ono" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenshō Ono">Kenshō Ono</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe" title="Daniel Radcliffe">Daniel Radcliffe</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yumi Sudō</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Duff" title="Hilary Duff">Hilary Duff</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Panettiere" title="Hayden Panettiere">Hayden Panettiere</a> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABki_Tokiwa" title="Yūki Tokiwa">Yūki Tokiwa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Grint" title="Rupert Grint">Rupert Grint</a> <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Sabara" title="Daryl Sabara">Daryl Sabara</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABhei_Sakaguchi" title="Shūhei Sakaguchi">Shūhei Sakaguchi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pine" title="Chris Pine">Chris Pine</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Byung-hun" title="Lee Byung-hun">Lee Byung-hun</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazuya_Takahashi" title="Kazuya Takahashi">Kazuya Takahashi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Byung-hun" title="Lee Byung-hun">Lee Byung-hun</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akira_Ishida" title="Akira Ishida">Akira Ishida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Joon-gi" title="Lee Joon-gi">Lee Joon-gi</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitsuaki_Madono" title="Mitsuaki Madono">Mitsuaki Madono</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwon_Sang-woo" title="Kwon Sang-woo">Kwon Sang-woo</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masato_Hagiwara" title="Masato Hagiwara">Masato Hagiwara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bae_Yong-joon" title="Bae Yong-joon">Bae Yong-joon</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yumi_T%C5%8Dma" title="Yumi Tōma">Yumi Tōma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ha-neul" title="Kim Ha-neul">Kim Ha-neul</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroki_T%C5%8Dchi" title="Hiroki Tōchi">Hiroki Tōchi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Worthington" title="Sam Worthington">Sam Worthington</a> <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Miller" title="Wentworth Miller">Wentworth Miller</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hisao_Egawa" title="Hisao Egawa">Hisao Egawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Purcell" title="Dominic Purcell">Dominic Purcell</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitsuru_Miyamoto" title="Mitsuru Miyamoto">Mitsuru Miyamoto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Hawke" title="Ethan Hawke">Ethan Hawke</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Brody" title="Adrien Brody">Adrien Brody</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atsuko_Yuya" title="Atsuko Yuya">Atsuko Yuya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasuyoshi_Hara" title="Yasuyoshi Hara">Yasuyoshi Hara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Russell" title="Kurt Russell">Kurt Russell</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsh%C5%8D_Ishizuka" title="Unshō Ishizuka">Unshō Ishizuka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liam_Neeson" title="Liam Neeson">Liam Neeson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinji_Ogawa" title="Shinji Ogawa">Shinji Ogawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dalton" title="Timothy Dalton">Timothy Dalton</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Kirimoto" title="Takuya Kirimoto">Takuya Kirimoto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Cooper" title="Bradley Cooper">Bradley Cooper</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mugihito" title="Mugihito">Mugihito</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Stewart" title="Patrick Stewart">Patrick Stewart</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fumihiko_Tachiki" title="Fumihiko Tachiki">Fumihiko Tachiki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rooker" title="Michael Rooker">Michael Rooker</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masakazu_Morita" title="Masakazu Morita">Masakazu Morita</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zac_Efron" title="Zac Efron">Zac Efron</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Arikawa" title="Hiroshi Arikawa">Hiroshi Arikawa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ian_McKellen" title="Ian McKellen">Ian McKellen</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsei_Tomita" title="Kōsei Tomita">Kōsei Tomita</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Borgnine" title="Ernest Borgnine">Ernest Borgnine</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABichir%C5%8D_Moriyama" title="Shūichirō Moriyama">Shūichirō Moriyama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telly_Savalas" title="Telly Savalas">Telly Savalas</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kume" title="Akira Kume">Akira Kume</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katsunosuke_Hori" title="Katsunosuke Hori">Katsunosuke Hori</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hurt" title="William Hurt">William Hurt</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroko_Suzuki_(voice_actress)" title="Hiroko Suzuki (voice actress)">Hiroko Suzuki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Bisset" title="Jacqueline Bisset">Jacqueline Bisset</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manabu_Ino" title="Manabu Ino">Manabu Ino</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobey_Maguire" title="Tobey Maguire">Tobey Maguire</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamio_%C5%8Cki" title="Tamio Ōki">Tamio Ōki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Plummer" title="Christopher Plummer">Christopher Plummer</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasuyuki_Kase" title="Yasuyuki Kase">Yasuyuki Kase</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bettany" title="Paul Bettany">Paul Bettany</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuzuru_Fujimoto" title="Yuzuru Fujimoto">Yuzuru Fujimoto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saori Yumiba</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minoru_Uchida" title="Minoru Uchida">Minoru Uchida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Munenori Oyamada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tomoko Shiota</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mabuki Andō</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Garner" title="Jennifer Garner">Jennifer Garner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asao_Koike" title="Asao Koike">Asao Koike</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Falk" title="Peter Falk">Peter Falk</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ryō Kurosawa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yōsuke Kondō</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Holden" title="William Holden">William Holden</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hōsei Komatsu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Kawai" title="Nobuo Kawai">Nobuo Kawai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Akio Miyabe</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen" title="Steve McQueen">Steve McQueen</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Akira Kimura</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ford" title="Glenn Ford">Glenn Ford</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kōji Nakata</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hunter" title="Jeffrey Hunter">Jeffrey Hunter</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ushio Shima</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Malden" title="Karl Malden">Karl Malden</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kei Taguchi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hikaru Urano</td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nobuo Tanaka</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shinsuke Chikaishi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takao Inoue</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hudson" title="Rock Hudson">Rock Hudson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aiko Konoshima</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reiko Tajima</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Turner" title="Kathleen Turner">Kathleen Turner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ranko Mizuki</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tatsuya Jō</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michiko Ōtsuka</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hiroko Ushida</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bridgit_Mendler" title="Bridgit Mendler">Bridgit Mendler</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tadashi Mutō</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Eisenberg" title="Jesse Eisenberg">Jesse Eisenberg</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> Foreign-language programmes and films that air on <a href="/wiki/TV2_(Malaysian_TV_network)" title="TV2 (Malaysian TV network)">TV2</a> are shown in their original language but have subtitles in Malay. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: North Korea">edit</a>]</div> Despite the tight control on mass media the government of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> has, many foreign movies and TV shows have been officially distributed within the country by a state-run recording and distribution company named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokran_Video&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokran Video (page does not exist)">Mokran Video</a>. All dubbings produced by the company are unlicensed, given the many <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_North_Korea" title="International sanctions against North Korea">imposed sanctions against North Korea</a>. Most movies are censored to remove mentions of foreign countries (although this is usually exclusive to western countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> "foreign films", and cartoons are not normally dubbed locally. Instead, foreign films, anime and cartoons, such as those shown on <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon Pakistan">Nickelodeon Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoon Network Pakistan">Cartoon Network Pakistan</a>, are dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> in India, as Hindi and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, the national language of Pakistan, are <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>. However, soap operas from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> are now dubbed in Urdu and have gained increased popularity at the expense of Indian soap operas in Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> This has led to protests from local producers that these are a threat to Pakistan's television industry, with local productions being moved out of peak viewing time or dropped altogether.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Similarly, politicians leaders have expressed concerns over their content, given Turkey's less conservative culture.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> In the Philippines, the media industry generally has mixed practices regarding whether to dub television programs or films, even within the same kind of medium. In general, the decision whether to dub a video production depends on a variety of factors such as the target audience of the channel or programming bloc on which the feature will be aired, its genre, and/or outlet of transmission (e.g. TV or cinema, free or pay-TV). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Free-to-air_TV">Free-to-air TV</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Free-to-air TV">edit</a>]</div> The prevalence of media needing to be dubbed has resulted in a talent pool that is very capable of syncing voice to lip, especially for shows broadcast by the country's three largest networks. It is not uncommon in the Filipino dub industry to have most of the voices in a series dubbing by only a handful of voice talents. Programs originally in English used to usually air in their original language on free-to-air television. Since the late 1990s/early 2000s, however, more originally English-language programs that air on major free-to-air networks or their affiliates (e.g. <a href="/wiki/TV5_(Philippine_TV_network)" title="TV5 (Philippine TV network)">TV5</a>, <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/GTV_(Philippine_TV_network)" title="GTV (Philippine TV network)">GTV</a>, the defunct <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a>) have been dubbed into Filipino. Even the former Studio 23 (now S+A), once known for its airing programs in English, had later adopted <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a> dubbing for some of its foreign programs. Children's programs from cable networks <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>, and the former <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> shown on <a href="/wiki/TV5_(Philippine_TV_network)" title="TV5 (Philippine TV network)">TV5</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA</a> have long been dubbed into Filipino or another Philippine regional language. <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Animated Disney films</a> are often dubbed in Filipino except for the singing scenes, which are shown in their original language (though in recent years, there has been an increase in number of Disney musicals having their songs also translated such as <a href="/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)" title="Frozen (2013 film)">Frozen</a>). Dubbing has also been less common in smaller free-to-air networks such as the former <a href="/wiki/Radio_Philippines_Network" title="Radio Philippines Network">RPN 9</a> (now CNN Philippines) whereby the original-language version of the program is aired. Dramas from Asia and Latin America have always been dubbed into Filipino, and each program from these genres feature their unique set of Filipino-speaking voice actors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pay_TV">Pay TV</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pay TV">edit</a>]</div> The original language-version of TV programs is also usually available on cable/satellite channels such as AXN, HBO, and Warner TV Philippines. However, some pay-TV channels do specialize in showing foreign shows and films dubbed into Filipino. <a href="/wiki/Cinema_One" title="Cinema One">Cinema One</a>, ABS-CBN's cable movie channel, shows some films originally in languages other than English dubbed into Filipino. ABS-CBN's <a href="/wiki/Kapamilya_Channel" title="Kapamilya Channel">Kapamilya Channel</a> also dubs its foreign language programmes. <a href="/wiki/Nat_Geo_Wild" title="Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a> airs most programs dubbed into Filipino for Philippine audiences, being one of the few cable channels to do so. <a href="/wiki/Tagalized_Movie_Channel" title="Tagalized Movie Channel">Tagalized Movie Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tag_(TV_channel)" title="Tag (TV channel)">Tag</a> airs Hollywood and Asian movies dubbed in Filipino. The former <a href="/wiki/Fox_Filipino" title="Fox Filipino">Fox Filipino</a> aired some English, Latin, and Asian series dubbed in Filipino such as <a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devious_Maids" title="Devious Maids">Devious Maids</a>, La Teniente, Kdabra, and some selected programs from <a href="/wiki/Channel_M_(Southeast_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel M (Southeast Asia)">Channel M</a>. The defunct channel <a href="/wiki/Hero_(TV_channel)" title="Hero (TV channel)">HERO TV</a>, which focused on <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series, dubbed all its foreign programs into Filipino. This was in contrast to Animax, where their anime programs are dubbed in English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cinema">Cinema</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> Foreign films, especially English films shown in local cinemas, are almost always shown in their original language. Non-English foreign films make use of English subtitles. Unlike other countries, children's films originally in English are not dubbed in cinemas. A list of voice actors with their associates that they dub into Filipino are listed here. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Filipino dubbing artists</th> <th>Actor(s)/Actress(es)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ryan Ang</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sherwin Revestir</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joonee_Gamboa" title="Joonee Gamboa">Joonee Gamboa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Paz" title="Jennifer Paz">Jennifer Paz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence" title="Jennifer Lawrence">Jennifer Lawrence</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diether_Ocampo" title="Diether Ocampo">Diether Ocampo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Travis_Willingham" title="Travis Willingham">Travis Willingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Peck" title="Josh Peck">Josh Peck</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudine_Barretto" title="Claudine Barretto">Claudine Barretto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moira_Kelly" title="Moira Kelly">Moira Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Union" title="Gabrielle Union">Gabrielle Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julianne_Buescher" title="Julianne Buescher">Julianne Buescher</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Garcia" title="Patrick Garcia">Patrick Garcia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe" title="Daniel Radcliffe">Daniel Radcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drake_Bell" title="Drake Bell">Drake Bell</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piolo_Pascual" title="Piolo Pascual">Piolo Pascual</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rob_Lowe" title="Rob Lowe">Rob Lowe</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jolina_Magdangal" title="Jolina Magdangal">Jolina Magdangal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Cosgrove" title="Miranda Cosgrove">Miranda Cosgrove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashida_Jones" title="Rashida Jones">Rashida Jones</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heart_Evangelista" title="Heart Evangelista">Heart Evangelista</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kari_Wahlgren" title="Kari Wahlgren">Kari Wahlgren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eden_Riegel" title="Eden Riegel">Eden Riegel</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miles_Ocampo" title="Miles Ocampo">Miles Ocampo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diamond_White_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond White (singer)">Diamond White</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Izzy_Canillo" title="Izzy Canillo">Izzy Canillo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Charles" title="Max Charles">Max Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Rush" title="Joshua Rush">Joshua Rush</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bernardo" title="Kathryn Bernardo">Kathryn Bernardo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Winter" title="Ariel Winter">Ariel Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Stoner" title="Alyson Stoner">Alyson Stoner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alden_Richards" title="Alden Richards">Alden Richards</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ross_Lynch" title="Ross Lynch">Ross Lynch</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angel_Aquino" title="Angel Aquino">Angel Aquino</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neve_Campbell" title="Neve Campbell">Neve Campbell</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> In multilingual <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, dubbing is rare for western programs. English-language programs on the free-to-air terrestrial channels are usually subtitled in Chinese or Malay. Chinese, Malay and Tamil programs (except for news bulletins and other live shows), usually have subtitles in English and the original language during the prime time hours. <a href="/wiki/Dual_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual sound">Dual sound</a> programs, such as Korean and Japanese dramas, offer sound in the original languages with subtitles, Mandarin-dubbed and subtitled, or English-dubbed. The <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">deliberate policy to encourage Mandarin</a> among citizens made it required by law for programs in other Chinese dialects (<a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Hokkien</a>, Cantonese and <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>) to be dubbed into Mandarin, with the exception of traditional operas. Cantonese and Hokkien shows from Hong Kong and Taiwan, respectively, are available on VCD and DVD. In a recent development, news bulletins are subtitled into the language of the channel they air on. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> In South Korea, anime that are imported from Japan are generally shown dubbed in Korean on television. However, some anime is censored, such as Japanese letters or content being edited for a suitable Korean audience. Western cartoons are dubbed in Korean as well, such as <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a> cartoons like <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danny_Phantom" title="Danny Phantom">Danny Phantom</a>. Several English-language (mostly American) live-action films are dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, but they are not shown in theaters. Instead, they are only broadcast on South Korean television networks (<a href="/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System" title="Korean Broadcasting System">KBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System" title="Seoul Broadcasting System">SBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadcasting_System" title="Educational Broadcasting System">EBS</a>), while DVD import releases of these films are shown with Korean subtitles, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> films, and <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a>. This may be due to the fact that the six American <a href="/wiki/Major_film_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Major film studio">major film studios</a> may not own any rights to the Korean dubs of their live-action films that the Korean television networks have dubbed and aired. Even if they do not own the rights, Korean or non-Korean viewers can record from Korean-dubbed live-action films from television broadcasting onto DVDs with <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">DVRs</a>. Sometimes, video games are dubbed in Korean. Examples would be the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halo (series)">Halo</a> series, the <a href="/wiki/Jak_%26_Daxter_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jak & Daxter (series)">Jak & Daxter</a> series, and the <a href="/wiki/God_of_War_(franchise)" title="God of War (franchise)">God of War</a> series. For the Halo games, Lee Jeong Gu provides his Korean voice to the main protagonist <a href="/wiki/Characters_of_Halo" class="mw-redirect" title="Characters of Halo">Master Chief</a> (replacing <a href="/wiki/Steve_Downes" title="Steve Downes">Steve Downes</a>'s voice), while <a href="/wiki/Kim_So_Hyeong_(voice_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim So Hyeong (voice actor)">Kim So Hyeong</a> voices <a href="/wiki/Characters_of_Halo" class="mw-redirect" title="Characters of Halo">Chieftain Tartarus</a>, one of the main antagonists (replacing <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Michael_Richardson" title="Kevin Michael Richardson">Kevin Michael Richardson</a>'s voice). The following South Korean voice-over artists are usually identified with the following actors: <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>South Korean dubbing artists</th> <th>Actor(s)/Actress(es)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Ji-hwan" title="Ahn Ji-hwan">Ahn Ji-hwan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%A0%95%EB%AF%B8" class="extiw" title="ko:배정미">Bae Jung-Mi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bak_Il" title="Bak Il">Bak Il</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EA%B8%B0%EB%9F%89" class="extiw" title="ko:박기량">Park Ki-Ryang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a></td> <td>Dubbed Hamill as <a href="/wiki/Luke_Skywalker" title="Luke Skywalker">Luke Skywalker</a> in the Star Wars film series. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bak_Yeong-hee" title="Bak Yeong-hee">Bak Yeong-hee</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a> <a href="/wiki/Winona_Ryder" title="Winona Ryder">Winona Ryder</a></td> <td>Dubbed Fisher as <a href="/wiki/Princess_Leia" title="Princess Leia">Princess Leia</a> in the Star Wars film series. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%ED%9D%AC%EC%84%A0" class="extiw" title="ko:강희선">Kang Hee-Sun</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Stone" title="Sharon Stone">Sharon Stone</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95" class="extiw" title="ko:함수정">Ham Soo-Jung</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winona_Ryder" title="Winona Ryder">Winona Ryder</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%ED%99%98%EC%A7%84" class="extiw" title="ko:김환진">Kim Hwan-Jin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%9C%A0%EC%A7%84" class="extiw" title="ko:장유진">Jang Yoo-Jin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chung_Misook" title="Chung Misook">Chung Misook</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a></td> <td>Dubbed Watson as <a href="/wiki/Hermione_Granger" title="Hermione Granger">Hermione Granger</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter film series</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%86%8C%EC%98%81_(%EC%84%B1%EC%9A%B0)" class="extiw" title="ko:정소영 (성우)">Jung So-Young</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kim Kwan-cheol</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%8C%EC%98%81%ED%98%B8_(%EC%84%B1%EC%9A%B0)" class="extiw" title="ko:권영호 (성우)">Kwon Young-Ho</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Candy" title="John Candy">John Candy</a></td> <td>Dubbed Candy as Gus Polinski in the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System" title="Seoul Broadcasting System">SBS</a> dub of <a href="/wiki/Home_Alone_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Alone (film)">Home Alone</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_So-hyeong" title="Kim So-hyeong">Kim So-hyeong</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Howard" title="Terrence Howard">Terrence Howard</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_Youngsun" title="Kim Youngsun">Kim Youngsun</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%AC_(%EC%84%B1%EC%9A%B0)" class="extiw" title="ko:이정구 (성우)">Lee Jung-Goo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%A1%B0%ED%98%B8" class="extiw" title="ko:박조호">Park Jo-Ho</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%97%B0_(%EC%84%B1%EC%9A%B0)" class="extiw" title="ko:소연 (성우)">So Yeon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%90%EC%A0%95%EC%95%84" class="extiw" title="ko:손정아">Son Jung-Ah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a></td> <td>Dubbed Weaver as <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ripley" title="Ellen Ripley">Ellen Ripley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alien_(franchise)" title="Alien (franchise)">Alien titular film series</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_Do-yeong" title="Song Do-yeong">Song Do-yeong</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kim_Basinger" title="Kim Basinger">Kim Basinger</a> <a href="/wiki/Meg_Ryan" title="Meg Ryan">Meg Ryan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%A7%80%EC%9A%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:양지운">Yang Ji-Woon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%95%B4%EB%AC%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:유해무">Yoo Hae-Moo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A4%EC%86%8C%EB%9D%BC" class="extiw" title="ko:윤소라">Yoon So-Ra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demi_Moore" title="Demi Moore">Demi Moore</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer" title="Michelle Pfeiffer">Michelle Pfeiffer</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B0%95%EC%A7%84" class="extiw" title="ko:유강진">Yoo Kang-Jin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, foreign television programs are dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Thai_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Language">Thai</a>, but the original soundtrack is often simultaneously carried on a <a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a> audio track on terrestrial broadcast, and alternate audio tracks on satellite broadcast. Previously, terrestrial stations simulcasted the original soundtrack on the radio.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On pay-TV, many channels carry foreign-language movies and television programs with subtitles. Movie theaters in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and some larger cities show both the subtitled version and the dubbed version of English-language movies. In big cities like Bangkok, Thai-language movies have English subtitles. This list features a collection of Thai voice actors and actresses that have dubbed for these featured performers. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Thai dubbing artists</th> <th>Actor(s)/Actress(es)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ing_Achita_Pramote_Na_Ayuttaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ing Achita Pramote Na Ayuttaya (page does not exist)">Ing Achita Pramote Na Ayuttaya</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%93_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:อชิตะ ปราโมช ณ อยุธยา">th</a>]</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a></td> <td>A Thailand actor and singer who dubbed for Wood as <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo Baggins</a> in the Kapook version of <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonsak_Unon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonsak Unon (page does not exist)">Tonsak Unon</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="th:ธนศักดิ์ อุ่นอ่อน">th</a>]</td> <td>Dubbed for Wood as <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo Baggins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_7_(Thailand)" title="Channel 7 (Thailand)">Channel 7</a> version of <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirichai_Charoenkitthonkun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirichai Charoenkitthonkun (page does not exist)">Sirichai Charoenkitthonkun</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" class="extiw" title="th:ศิริชัย เจริญกิจธนกุล">th</a>]</td> <td>Dubbed for Wood as <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo Baggins</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitsom_Mutthanukunwong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitsom Mutthanukunwong (page does not exist)">Sitsom Mutthanukunwong</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C" class="extiw" title="th:สิทธิสม มุทธานุกูลวงศ์">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santisuk_Promsiri" title="Santisuk Promsiri">Santisuk Promsiri</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Oldman as <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Black" title="Sirius Black">Sirius Black</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter film series</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_Khwan_Chiaprasoet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming Khwan Chiaprasoet (page does not exist)">Ming Khwan Chiaprasoet</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%90" class="extiw" title="th:มิ่งขวัญ เจียประเสริฐ">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Dunst as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson" title="Mary Jane Watson">Mary Jane Watson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider-Man (2002 film series)">original Spider-Man trilogy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_Putt" title="Leo Putt">Leo Putt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobey_Maguire" title="Tobey Maguire">Tobey Maguire</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Maguire as <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Peter Parker / Spider-Man</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider-Man (2002 film series)">original Spider-Man trilogy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sansoen_Phokkhasombat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sansoen Phokkhasombat (page does not exist)">Sansoen Phokkhasombat</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" class="extiw" title="th:สรรเสริญ โภคสมบัติ">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Franco" title="James Franco">James Franco</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Franco as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Osborn" title="Harry Osborn">Harry Osborn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider-Man (2002 film series)">original Spider-Man trilogy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nueatwong_Srisang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nueatwong Srisang (page does not exist)">Nueatwong Srisang</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%8C" class="extiw" title="th:เหนือดวง ศรีสังข์">th</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe" title="Daniel Radcliffe">Daniel Radcliffe</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Radcliffe as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)" title="Harry Potter (character)">Harry Potter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">titular film series</a>. He dubbed for this character in all films except for the third one where he was dubbed by a different actor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachara_Tammon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachara Tammon (page does not exist)">Pachara Tammon</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5" class="extiw" title="th:พชร ธรรมมล">th</a>]</td> <td>Dubbed for Radcliffe as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)" title="Harry Potter (character)">Harry Potter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">third Harry Potter film</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismillah_Nana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismillah Nana (page does not exist)">Bismillah Nana</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:บิสมิลล่า นานา">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a></td> <td>Thai actress and singer who dubbed for Watson as <a href="/wiki/Hermione_Granger" title="Hermione Granger">Hermione Granger</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter film series</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supphaki_Seksuwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supphaki Seksuwan (page does not exist)">Supphaki Seksuwan</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93" class="extiw" title="th:ศุภกิติ์ เสกสุวรรณ">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Grint" title="Rupert Grint">Rupert Grint</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Grint as <a href="/wiki/Ron_Weasley" title="Ron Weasley">Ron Weasley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter film series</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patra_Suvarnabhumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patra Suvarnabhumi (page does not exist)">Patra Suvarnabhumi</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4" class="extiw" title="th:ภัทร สุวรรณภูมิ">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Felton" title="Tom Felton">Tom Felton</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Felton as <a href="/wiki/Draco_Malfoy" title="Draco Malfoy">Draco Malfoy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter film series</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suphap_Chaiwisutthikun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suphap Chaiwisutthikun (page does not exist)">Suphap Chaiwisutthikun</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" class="extiw" title="th:สุภาพ ไชยวิสุทธิกุล">th</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Astin" title="Sean Astin">Sean Astin</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Astin as <a href="/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Samwise Gamgee</a> in the Kapook version of <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanchai_Paowiboon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanchai Paowiboon (page does not exist)">Wanchai Paowiboon</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" class="extiw" title="th:วันชัย เผ่าวิบูลย์">th</a>]</td> <td>Dubbed for Astin as <a href="/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Samwise Gamgee</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_7_(Thailand)" title="Channel 7 (Thailand)">Channel 7</a> version of <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krin_Aksorndee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krin Aksorndee (page does not exist)">Krin Aksorndee</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" class="extiw" title="th:กริน อักษรดี">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_O%27Gorman" title="Dean O'Gorman">Dean O'Gorman</a></td> <td>Dubbed for O'Gorman as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_Dwarves#Fíli" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Middle-earth Dwarves">Fíli</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nattapong_Theansawatkit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nattapong Theansawatkit (page does not exist)">Nattapong Theansawatkit</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88" class="extiw" title="th:ณฐพงษ์ เธียรสวัสดิ์กิจ">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sam_Worthington" title="Sam Worthington">Sam Worthington</a> <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Turner" title="Aidan Turner">Aidan Turner</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Turner as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_Dwarves#Kíli" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Middle-earth Dwarves">Kíli</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itthipol_Mameket" title="Itthipol Mameket">Itthipol Mameket</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Moseley_(actor)" title="William Moseley (actor)">William Moseley</a></td> <td>Dubbed for Moseley as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pevensie" title="Peter Pevensie">Peter Pevensie</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_The_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe">The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chakkrit_Hanwichai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chakkrit Hanwichai (page does not exist)">Chakkrit Hanwichai</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" class="extiw" title="th:จักรกฤษณ์ หาญวิชัย">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> †</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bancha_Mebut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bancha Mebut (page does not exist)">Bancha Mebut</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" class="extiw" title="th:บัญชา เหมะบุตร">th</a>]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hyde" title="Jonathan Hyde">Jonathan Hyde</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unknown dubbing artist</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pancake_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancake (actress)">'Pancake' Khemanit Jamikorn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Weisz" title="Rachel Weisz">Rachel Weisz</a></td> <td>Only replaced her voice for <a href="/wiki/Saphira" class="mw-redirect" title="Saphira">Saphira</a> in the Thai dub of <a href="/wiki/Eragon_(film)" title="Eragon (film)">Eragon</a>. And this was the only role that she took over regarding Weisz. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unknown dubbing artist</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, foreign-language films and programs are often subtitled or <a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voice-overed</a> on television in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. They were not dubbed until 1985. <a href="/wiki/Rio_(2011_film)" title="Rio (2011 film)">Rio</a> was considered to be the very first American Hollywood film to be entirely dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. Since then, children's films that came out afterwards have been released dubbed in theaters. <a href="/wiki/HTV3" title="HTV3">HTV3</a> has dubbed television programs for children, including <a href="/wiki/Ben_10_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben 10 (TV series)">Ben 10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ned%27s_Declassified_School_Survival_Guide" title="Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide">Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide</a>, by using various voice actors to dub over the character roles.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Sooner afterwards, more programs started to get dubbed. Also dubbed into Vietnamese are most films and TV series produced in Asia-Pacific countries such as China and Japan, most notably HTV3 offers anime dubbed into Vietnamese. <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon (anime)">Pokémon</a> got a Vietnamese dub in early 2014 on HTV3 starting with the Best Wishes series. While characters kept their original names, due to a controversy regarding Pokémon's cries being re-dubbed, it was switched to <a href="/wiki/VTV2" title="VTV2">VTV2</a> in September 2015 when the XY series debuted. <a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailor Moon (anime)">Sailor Moon</a> also has been dubbed for HTV3 in early 2015. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png/300px-Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png/450px-Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png/600px-Dubbing_films_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Countries using a dubbing only for children, otherwise solely subtitles</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Mixed areas: Countries using occasionally full-cast dubbing otherwise solely subtitles.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Voice-over: Countries using usually one or just a couple of voice actors whereas the original soundtrack persists.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  General dubbing: Countries using a full-cast dubbing.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Belgium: The Dutch speaking region occasionally produces their own dialect dubs for children's films, but also uses dubs from the Netherlands sometimes for those films, otherwise solely subtitles. The French speaking region uses exclusively a full-cast dub.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Slovakia and Belarus: Countries with a separate official language that occasionally produce their own dubs, but generally use dubs from other countries, since their languages share a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kids/family_films_and_programming">Kids/family films and programming</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Kids/family films and programming">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/North-West_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Europe">North-West Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, generally only movies and TV shows intended for children are dubbed, while TV shows and movies for older audiences are subtitled (although animated productions have a tradition of being dubbed). For movies in cinemas with clear target audiences (both below and above 10–11 years of age), both a dubbed and a subtitled version are usually available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> In the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>), movies and TV series are shown in their original language with <a href="/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitle (captioning)">subtitles</a>, with the exception of most movies made for a young audience. In the latter case, sometimes separate versions are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> (for instance, several Walt Disney films and Harry Potter films). These dubbed versions only differ from each other in their use of different voice actors and different pronunciation, while the text is almost the same. In the French-speaking part of Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>), the movies shown in theaters and on TV are the French dubbed version (dubbed by French voice actors). Except for a few words, the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> language spoken in France and in Belgium are similar. The amount of movies in original language with subtitles in theaters is extremely limited and most theaters only show movies dubbed in French. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> usually uses <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> dubs (due to <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">their mutual intelligibility</a>), but they have dubbed some cartoons in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> by themselves, for example <a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic">My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic</a>. Children's programs (both animated and live-action) are airing dubbed (in Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian), while every other program is subtitled (in Bosnian). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> After November 10, 1991, there was a large-scale influx of American animation production in Bulgaria, which can be classified as follows: A/ Films that in the years of the Iron Curtain either did not reach Bulgaria or were not dubbed according to the generally accepted world standard. For example: Sleeping Beauty /1959/, One Hundred and One Dalmatians /1961/, Jungle Book /1967/, The Aristocats /1970/, Robin Hood /1973/ and many others entered the Bulgarian market after 1991. B/ New first-run films created after 1991: Ice Age, Toy Story, Tangled, The Lion King, Mulan, etc. After 1991, BNT was the first to obtain the rights to voice and broadcast Disney series - 101 Dalmatians, Woody Woodpecker, Mickey Mouse, Tom and Jerry, etc. The first full-length animated films were dubbed at Boyana Film Studio, Dolly Media Studio (1992) and Ars Digital Studio (1994). In 1999, Alexandra Audio Studio took over the Disney production from BNT, which lost the rights to do the voice-overs due to a highly outdated technology park. In 2019 Andarta Studio joined the sound business, and in 2005 Profilms Studio, which are still working. In Bulgaria, there are two forms of Bulgarian dubbing. The first is the so-called "voiceover" dubbing, typical of the Bulgarian television market, in which the voice-over is based on the back-camera technology of the 1970s, with the voice superimposed on the original phonogram. This inexpensive way of voice-over is preferred only because of its low cost. But unfortunately it is a rather outdated technological form that does not meet the technical requirements of the new times. The second, considered basic in many European countries and the only one acceptable today, is synchronous dubbing, a radically different technology with much higher sound quality and speech synchronisation capabilities. This new method is defined as post-synchronous /non-synchronous/ dubbing of the product, in which the dialogue component of the phonogram is completely produced in Bulgarian, similar to the process in film production, in order for it to completely replace the original. In this sense, dubbing is considered by the production companies as one of the final elements of the overall post-production process of their films, and therefore their control over all the activities performed is complete. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatia">Croatia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Croatia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, foreign <a href="/wiki/Live-action" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-action">live-action</a> films and <a href="/wiki/Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">television series</a> are always subtitled, while most children's programs and animated movies are dubbed into <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>. The practice of dubbing began in the 1980s in some animated shows and continued in 90's, 00's and forward in other shows and films, the latter ones being released in home media. Recently, more efforts have been made to introduce dubbing, but public reception has been poor in some exceptions. Regardless of language, Croatian audiences prefer subtitling to dubbing; however, dubbing is still popular in animated series and films. Some previously popular animated shows (such as <a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a>) lost their appeal completely after the practice of dubbing began, and the dubbing was eventually removed from the programs, even though most animated shows shown on television and some on home media have been well received by people watching dubbed versions of them. This situation is similar with theater movies, with only those intended for children being dubbed. Also, there has been an effort to impose dubbing by <a href="/wiki/Nova_TV_(Croatia)" title="Nova TV (Croatia)">Nova TV</a>, with <a href="/wiki/La_Fea_M%C3%A1s_Bella" class="mw-redirect" title="La Fea Más Bella">La Fea Más Bella</a> (2006–2007) translated as Ružna ljepotica (literally, "The Ugly Beauty"), a Mexican telenovela, but it failed. On 1 October 2008, <a href="/wiki/Nova_TV_(Croatia)" title="Nova TV (Croatia)">Nova TV</a> launched its sister channel Mini TV, the first Croatian television channel for children with programming entirely dubbed into Croatian.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/RTL_(Croatian_TV_channel)" title="RTL (Croatian TV channel)">RTL</a> followed suit with the launch of <a href="/wiki/RTL_Kockica" title="RTL Kockica">RTL Kockica</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Kockica-57">[57]</a> Since the 2010s, the dubbing of live-action television series and films aimed at children, teenagers and young adults has been on the rise. With the launch of <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Croatian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Croatian TV channel)">Croatian audio track</a> in 2011, Studio NET was the first in Croatia to focus on "serious production of live-action dubbing,"<a href="#cite_note-NETDubbing-58">[58]</a> with most of Nickelodeon's major teen live-action titles such as <a href="/wiki/ICarly" title="ICarly">iCarly</a> (2007–2012), <a href="/wiki/Sam_%26_Cat" title="Sam & Cat">Sam & Cat</a> (2013–2014), <a href="/wiki/The_Thundermans" title="The Thundermans">The Thundermans</a> (2013–2018) and <a href="/wiki/Victorious" title="Victorious">Victorious</a> (2010–2013) receiving a Croatian dub. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming television</a> in the 2020s, NET and various other studios also began producing Croatian dubs for <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>; although the focus is still on dubbing animated series and films, a notable amount of live-action programming aimed at younger audiences has also been dubbed for Netflix, such as <a href="/wiki/Chupa_(film)" title="Chupa (film)">Chupa</a> (2023), <a href="/wiki/Geek_Girl_(TV_series)" title="Geek Girl (TV series)">Geek Girl</a> (2024), <a href="/wiki/Heartstopper_(TV_series)" title="Heartstopper (TV series)">Heartstopper</a> (2022–2024), <a href="/wiki/I_Woke_Up_a_Vampire" title="I Woke Up a Vampire">I Woke Up a Vampire</a> (2023), <a href="/wiki/Matilda_the_Musical_(film)" title="Matilda the Musical (film)">Matilda the Musical</a> (2022) and <a href="/wiki/Spy_Kids:_Armageddon" title="Spy Kids: Armageddon">Spy Kids: Armageddon</a> (2023).<a href="#cite_note-NetflixCroatian-59">[59]</a> However, to this day, all television programming and theatre releases aimed at adult audiences are still released with subtitles. Some of <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> dubbing is also broadcast in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia">Estonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Estonia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, only foreign children's films are dubbed in cinemas and on Estonian broadcast TV channels. As a rule, all other foreign films are shown with their original "pure" language soundtrack along with subtitles. On TV, the subtitles are almost always available in the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a> by default settings, and sometimes also in Russian and English upon request. In the cinemas, the subtitles are usually presented in Estonian and Russian languages. Cartoons and animated series are voiced by dubbing or <a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voiceover</a>. Estonian-language television channels use subtitles for English, Russian, and other foreign language audio. However, Russian-language TV channels tend to use dubbing more often, since most of them are produced and broadcast from Russia (as opposed to the few Russian-language channels broadcast from Estonia). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, most cartoon films have dubs. Usually when a movie has a Greek dub the dub is shown in cinemas but subtitled versions are shown as well. Foreign TV shows for adults are shown in their original versions with subtitles. Some Japanese anime series and <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovelas</a> are usually dubbed in Greek. However, when <a href="/wiki/Skai_TV" title="Skai TV">Skai TV</a> was re-launched in April 2006, the network opted for dubbing almost all foreign shows in Greek, but eventually switched to subtitling after receiving criticism by the viewers. There has been an effort to revive Greek dubbing by streaming services. Regardless of language, Greek audiences prefer subtitling to dubbing; however, dubbing is still popular in animated series and films. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> usually receives the same film versions as the UK. However, some films have been dubbed into <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> by <a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a>. Children's cartoons on TV are also occasionally dubbed into Irish. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, for the most part, Dutch versions are only made for children's and family films. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Dutch subtitles or dubbing, but usually those cinemas with more screening rooms also provide the original subtitled version. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nordic_countries">Nordic countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Nordic countries">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, dubbing is used only in animated features (except <a href="/wiki/Adult_animated" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult animated">adult animated</a> features which only use subtitles) and other films for younger audiences. Some cinemas in the major cities may also screen the original version, usually as the last showing of the day, or in a smaller auditorium in a <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplex</a>. In television programs with off-screen narration, both the original audio and on-screen voices are usually subtitled in their native languages. The Nordic countries are often treated as a common market issuing <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> releases with original audio and user choosable subtitle options in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. The covers often have text in all four languages as well, but are sometimes unique for each country. Some releases may include other European language audio and/or subtitles (i.e. German, Greek, Hungarian or Italian). as well as original audio in most cases. In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the dubbed version from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> may also be available at certain cinemas for children of the 5% Swedish-speaking minority, but only in cities or towns with a significant percentage of Swedish speakers. Most <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> releases usually only have the original audio, except for animated television series telenovelas, which have both Finnish and Swedish language tracks, in addition to the original audio and subtitles in both languages. In Finnish movie theaters, films for adult audiences have both Finnish and Swedish subtitles, the Finnish printed in basic font and the Swedish printed below the Finnish in a cursive font. In the early ages of television, foreign TV shows and movies were voiced by narrator in Finland. Later, Finnish subtitles became a practice on Finnish television. As in many other countries, dubbing is not preferred outside of children's programs. A good example of this is <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Movie" title="The Simpsons Movie">The Simpsons Movie</a>. While the original version was well-received, the Finnish-dubbed version received poor reviews, with some critics even calling it a disaster.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On the other hand, many dubs of <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s animated television series and movies have been well-received, both critically and by the public. In <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, the dubbed version of film and TV was originally <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> with some translated into <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> but Icelandic has taken over. <a href="/wiki/LazyTown" title="LazyTown">LazyTown</a>, an Icelandic TV show originally filmed in English, was dubbed into Icelandic, amongst thirty-two other languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: North Macedonia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> dubbed many cartoons in <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, but they also air some <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> dubs. Children's programs are airing dubbed (in Macedonian or Serbian), while every other program is subtitled (in Macedonian). They use <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> dubs for <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> movies, because there are no <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> dubs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, dubbing was banned under a 1948 law as a way of protecting the domestic film industry and reducing access to culture as most of the population was illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Until 1994, animated movies, as well as other TV series for children, were shown subtitled in Portugal along with imported <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> dubs due to the lack of interest from Portuguese companies in the dubbing industry. This lack of interest was justified, since there were already quality dubbed copies of shows and movies in Portuguese made by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilians</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a> was the first feature film to be dubbed in <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Currently, all movies for children are dubbed. Subtitles are preferred in Portugal, used in every foreign-language <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a>, TV series and film. The exception to this preference is when children are the target audience.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> While on TV, children's shows and movies are always dubbed, in cinemas, films with a clear juvenile target can be found in two versions, one dubbed (identified by the letters V.P. for versão portuguesa - "Portuguese version") and another subtitled version (V.O. for versão original - "original version"). This duality applies only to juvenile films. Others use subtitles only. While the quality of these dubs is recognized (some have already received international recognition and prizes),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] original versions with subtitles are usually preferred by the adults. Presently, <a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">live action</a> series and movies are always shown in their original language format with Portuguese subtitles. Streaming services also offer some content for adults dubbed in Portuguese, although there they provide an option to select the original language. There are also a few examples of <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> which were dubbed into European Portuguese (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_(TV_series)" title="Dragon Ball (TV series)">Dragon Ball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naruto_(TV_series)" title="Naruto (TV series)">Naruto</a>) <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> is now offering foreign language films aimed at older audiences and TV series (M/12, M/14 and M/16) dubbed into Portuguese in addition to offering the original version with subtitles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, virtually all programs intended for children are dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Romanian dubbing. However, cinemas with more screening rooms usually also provide the original subtitled version. Other foreign TV shows and movies are shown in the original language with Romanian subtitles. Subtitles are usually preferred in the Romanian market. According to "Special Eurobarometer 243" (graph QA11.8) of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (research carried out in November and December 2005), 62% of Romanians prefer to watch foreign films and programs with subtitles (rather than dubbed), 22% prefer dubbing, and 16% declined to answer.<a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-63">[63]</a> This is led by the assumption that watching movies in their original versions is very useful for learning foreign languages. However, according to the same Eurobarometer, virtually no Romanian found this method—watching movies in their original version—to be the most efficient way to learn foreign languages, compared to 53 percent who preferred language lessons at school.<a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-63">[63]</a> Some programmes that are broadcast on The Fishing & Hunting Channel are subtitled. <a href="/wiki/TV_Paprika" title="TV Paprika">TV Paprika</a> used to broadcast voice-overed programmes, but it was replaced with subtitles. Some promos for films shown on TV1000 use voice-overs; but the films are subtitled. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWJpWQUXNJw">Examples shown here, at 2:11, 4:25, 5:09 and 7:15</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kanal_D_(Romania)" title="Kanal D (Romania)">Kanal D</a> tried in March 2023 to introduce the first Turkish series dubbed in Romanian, Kirmizi Oda, but it failed after the criticism received on social media from viewers and low ratings. As result, the series went on a subtitled version after two episodes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian language</a> dubs are made mainly for <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, but they also broadcast in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. Children's animated movies and some live-action movies and TV series are dubbed into Serbian, while live-action films and TV series for adults are always airing subtitled, because in the region of former Yugoslavia people prefer subtitling for live-action formats. An exception to this is the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> soap opera <a href="/wiki/Lale_Devri" title="Lale Devri">Lale Devri</a> that was dubbed in 2011, and aired on <a href="/wiki/RTV_Pink" class="mw-redirect" title="RTV Pink">RTV Pink</a>, but because of negative reception, the rest of the TV series was aired subtitled. The dubbing of cartoon series in former <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> during the 1980s had a twist of its own: famous <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> actors, such as <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Simi%C4%87_(actor)" title="Nikola Simić (actor)">Nikola Simić</a>, Mića Tatić, Nada Blam and others provided the voices for characters of <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a> and other companies, frequently using region-specific phrases and sentences and, thus, adding a dose of local humor to the translation of the original lines. These phrases became immensely popular and are still being used for <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> comments in specific situations. These dubs are today considered cult dubs. The only dub made after 1980s and 1990s ones that has a cult following is the <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a> dub, broadcast by <a href="/wiki/B92" title="B92">B92</a> between 2002 and 2017, because of the memorable translation with regional humor, akin to the translations seen in 1980s Yugoslavian dubs. Some Serbian dubs are also broadcast in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, while cult dubs made during <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> were aired all over the country (today's <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>). In the 21st-century, prominent dubbing/voice actors in Serbia include actors Marko Marković, <a href="/wiki/Vladislava_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Vladislava Đorđević">Vladislava Đorđević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelena_Gavrilovi%C4%87" title="Jelena Gavrilović">Jelena Gavrilović</a>, Dragan Vujić, Milan Antonić, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Milivojevi%C4%87" title="Boris Milivojević">Boris Milivojević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Vujovi%C4%87" title="Radovan Vujović">Radovan Vujović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goran_Jevti%C4%87_(actor)" title="Goran Jevtić (actor)">Goran Jevtić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bosilj%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Bosiljčić">Ivan Bosiljčić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordan_Ki%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Gordan Kičić">Gordan Kičić</a>, Slobodan Stefanović, <a href="/wiki/Dubravko_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Dubravko Jovanović">Dubravko Jovanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragan_Mi%C4%87anovi%C4%87" title="Dragan Mićanović">Dragan Mićanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Ninkovi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Ninković">Slobodan Ninković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branislav_Le%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Branislav Lečić">Branislav Lečić</a>, Jakov Jevtović, Ivan Jevtović, <a href="/wiki/Katarina_%C5%BDuti%C4%87" title="Katarina Žutić">Katarina Žutić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anica_Dobra" title="Anica Dobra">Anica Dobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voja_Brajovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Voja Brajović">Voja Brajović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Glogovac" title="Nebojša Glogovac">Nebojša Glogovac</a> and Dejan Lutkić.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Slovenia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, all foreign films and television programs are subtitled with the exception of children's movies and TV shows (both animated or live-action). While dubbed versions are always shown in cinemas and later on TV channels, cinemas will sometimes play subtitled versions of children's movies as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the vast majority of foreign language films are subtitled, although mostly animated films are dubbed in English. These usually originate from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, as opposed to being dubbed locally. Foreign language serials shown on BBC Four are subtitled into English (although open subtitles are dropped during dialogues with English language segments already). There have, however, been notable examples of films and TV programs successfully dubbed in the UK, such as the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Monkey_(TV_series)" title="Monkey (TV series)">Monkey</a> and French <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Roundabout" title="The Magic Roundabout">Magic Roundabout</a> series. When airing films on television, channels in the UK often choose subtitling over dubbing, even if a dubbing in English exists. It is also a fairly common practice for animation aimed at <a href="/wiki/Preschool_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Preschool education">preschool</a> children to be re-dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original voices, such as Spin Master Entertainment's <a href="/wiki/PAW_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="PAW Patrol">PAW Patrol</a> series, although this is not done with shows aimed at older audiences. The off-screen narrated portions of some programs and reality shows that originate from North America are also redone with British English voices. The 2020 Bavarian show on Netflix, <a href="/wiki/Freud_(TV_series)" title="Freud (TV series)">Freud</a>, has also been dubbed to English. Some animated films and TV programs are also dubbed into <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hinterland_(TV_series)" title="Hinterland (TV series)">Hinterland</a> displays a not so common example of a bilingual production. Each scene is filmed twice, in the English and Welsh languages, apart from a few scenes where Welsh with subtitles is used for the English version.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_films_and_programming">General films and programming</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: General films and programming">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>-, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>-speaking markets of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, almost all foreign films and television shows are dubbed (with the main exception being the majority of theatrical releases of adult-audience movies in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). There are few opportunities to watch foreign movies in their original versions. In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, even in the largest cities, there are few cinemas that screen original versions with <a href="/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitle (captioning)">subtitles</a>, or without any translation. However, digital <a href="/wiki/Pay-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay-TV">pay-TV</a> programming is often available in the original language, including the latest movies. Prior to the rise of DVDs (and later <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on Demand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming</a>), which in these countries are mostly issued with multi-language audio tracks, original-language films (those in languages other than the country's official language) were rare, whether in theaters, on TV, or on home video, and subtitled versions were considered a product for small <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche markets</a> such as intellectual or <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art films</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania">Albania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> The first movie dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> was <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Warrior_Skanderbeg" title="The Great Warrior Skanderbeg">The Great Warrior Skanderbeg</a> in 1954 and since then, there have been thousands of popular titles dubbed in Albanian by different dubbing studios. All animated movies and children's programs are dubbed into Albanian (though typically, songs are left in English or the original language of the program with Albanian subtitles). Many live-action movies are dubbed as well. TV series nevertheless are usually not dubbed, they are subtitled except for a few <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> soap operas, like: <a href="/wiki/Por_Ti_(2022_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Por Ti (2022 TV series)">Por Ti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celebridade" title="Celebridade">Celebridade</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Casa_das_Sete_Mulheres" title="A Casa das Sete Mulheres">A Casa das Sete Mulheres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parampar%C3%A7a_(TV_series)" title="Paramparça (TV series)">Paramparça</a>, etc. As for documentaries, Albania usually uses voice-over. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, dubbing is the norm. Most movies with a theatrical release, including all those from major distributors, are dubbed. Those that are not, are foreign <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent films</a> whose budget for international distribution is limited, or foreign <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art films</a> with a niche audience. Almost all theaters show movies with their French dubbing ("VF", short for version française). Some of them also offer screenings in the original language ("VO", short for version originale), generally accompanied with French subtitles ("VOST", short for version originale sous-titrée). A minority of theaters (usually small ones) screen exclusively in the original language. According to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_du_cin%C3%A9ma_et_de_l%27image_anim%C3%A9e" title="Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée">CNC</a> (National Centre for Cinematography), VOST screenings accounted for 16.9% of tickets sold in France.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In addition, dubbing is required for home entertainment and television screenings. However, since the <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">advent of digital television</a>, foreign programs are broadcast to <a href="/wiki/Television_in_France" title="Television in France">television</a> viewers in both languages (sometimes, French with <a href="/wiki/Audio_description" title="Audio description">audio description</a> is also aired); while the French-language track is selected by default, viewers can switch to the original-language track and enable French subtitles. As a special case, the binational television channel <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> broadcasts both the French and German dubbing, in addition to the original-language version. Some voice actors that have dubbed for celebrities in the European French language are listed below. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>European French dubbing artists</th> <th>Actor(s)/Actress(es)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Allemane" title="Benoît Allemane">Benoît Allemane</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Antoine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrien Antoine (page does not exist)">Adrien Antoine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hemsworth" title="Chris Hemsworth">Chris Hemsworth</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Worthington" title="Sam Worthington">Sam Worthington</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Brody" title="Adrien Brody">Adrien Brody</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavill" title="Henry Cavill">Henry Cavill</a> <a href="/wiki/Channing_Tatum" title="Channing Tatum">Channing Tatum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher" title="Ashton Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a> <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Quinto" title="Zachary Quinto">Zachary Quinto</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Balutin" title="Jacques Balutin">Jacques Balutin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Gould" title="Elliott Gould">Elliott Gould</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Michael_Glaser" title="Paul Michael Glaser">Paul Michael Glaser</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mich%C3%A8le_Bardollet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michèle Bardollet (page does not exist)">Michèle Bardollet</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Collins" title="Joan Collins">Joan Collins</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magali_Barney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magali Barney (page does not exist)">Magali Barney</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Milano" title="Alyssa Milano">Alyssa Milano</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Bedetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Bedetti (page does not exist)">Michel Bedetti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corey_Burton" title="Corey Burton">Corey Burton</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlo%C3%A9_Berthier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloé Berthier (page does not exist)">Chloé Berthier</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bertrand_(actor)" title="Claude Bertrand (actor)">Claude Bertrand</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bud_Spencer" title="Bud Spencer">Bud Spencer</a> <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bronson" title="Charles Bronson">Charles Bronson</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Blanc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Blanc (page does not exist)">Laura Blanc</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Garner" title="Jennifer Garner">Jennifer Garner</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Beckinsale" title="Kate Beckinsale">Kate Beckinsale</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Damien_Boisseau" title="Damien Boisseau">Damien Boisseau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton" title="Edward Norton">Edward Norton</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Marsden" title="James Marsden">James Marsden</a> <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hartnett" title="Josh Hartnett">Josh Hartnett</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rockwell" title="Sam Rockwell">Sam Rockwell</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Dempsey" title="Patrick Dempsey">Patrick Dempsey</a> <a href="/wiki/Casper_Van_Dien" title="Casper Van Dien">Casper Van Dien</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Carel" title="Roger Carel">Roger Carel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marc_Cassot" title="Marc Cassot">Marc Cassot</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gambon" title="Michael Gambon">Michael Gambon</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Cho%C3%ABl" title="Bruno Choël">Bruno Choël</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ewan_McGregor" title="Ewan McGregor">Ewan McGregor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg" title="Mark Wahlberg">Mark Wahlberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Bateman" title="Jason Bateman">Jason Bateman</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey" title="Matthew McConaughey">Matthew McConaughey</a> <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kinnear" title="Greg Kinnear">Greg Kinnear</a> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Lowe" title="Rob Lowe">Rob Lowe</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Collignon-Maurin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Collignon-Maurin (page does not exist)">Dominique Collignon-Maurin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kline" title="Kevin Kline">Kevin Kline</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie_Covillault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jérémie Covillault (page does not exist)">Jérémie Covillault</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hardy" title="Tom Hardy">Tom Hardy</a> <a href="/wiki/Joel_Edgerton" title="Joel Edgerton">Joel Edgerton</a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Bardem" title="Javier Bardem">Javier Bardem</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Curtil" title="Emmanuel Curtil">Emmanuel Curtil</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Chandler" title="Kyle Chandler">Kyle Chandler</a> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Knoxville" title="Johnny Knoxville">Johnny Knoxville</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Myers" title="Mike Myers">Mike Myers</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%C3%AFk_Darah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maïk Darah (page does not exist)">Maïk Darah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Latifah" title="Queen Latifah">Queen Latifah</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a> <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Darbois" title="Richard Darbois">Richard Darbois</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> <a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum" title="Jeff Goldblum">Jeff Goldblum</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Hurt" title="William Hurt">William Hurt</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Swayze" title="Patrick Swayze">Patrick Swayze</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Davy" title="Jean Davy">Jean Davy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Errol_Flynn" title="Errol Flynn">Errol Flynn</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)" title="Robert Taylor (American actor)">Robert Taylor</a> <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Mason" title="James Mason">James Mason</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Mature" title="Victor Mature">Victor Mature</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9atrice_Delfe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Béatrice Delfe (page does not exist)">Béatrice Delfe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Chaplin" title="Geraldine Chaplin">Geraldine Chaplin</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett" title="Farrah Fawcett">Farrah Fawcett</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thierry_Desroses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thierry Desroses (page does not exist)">Thierry Desroses</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Snipes" title="Wesley Snipes">Wesley Snipes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba_Gooding_Jr." title="Cuba Gooding Jr.">Cuba Gooding Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Donda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Claude Donda (page does not exist)">Jean-Claude Donda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Broadbent" title="Jim Broadbent">Jim Broadbent</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Stott" title="Ken Stott">Ken Stott</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Macy" title="William H. Macy">William H. Macy</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pantoliano" title="Joe Pantoliano">Joe Pantoliano</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dorval" title="Alain Dorval">Alain Dorval</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Nolte" title="Nick Nolte">Nick Nolte</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dani%C3%A8le_Douet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danièle Douet (page does not exist)">Danièle Douet</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> <a href="/wiki/Carrie-Anne_Moss" title="Carrie-Anne Moss">Carrie-Anne Moss</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas" title="Kristin Scott Thomas">Kristin Scott Thomas</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Dubernat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Dubernat (page does not exist)">Bruno Dubernat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neal_McDonough" title="Neal McDonough">Neal McDonough</a> <a href="/wiki/Blair_Underwood" title="Blair Underwood">Blair Underwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Taye_Diggs" title="Taye Diggs">Taye Diggs</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Dubois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrice Dubois (page does not exist)">Patrice Dubois</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg" title="Mark Wahlberg">Mark Wahlberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudd" title="Paul Rudd">Paul Rudd</a> <a href="/wiki/Josh_Duhamel" title="Josh Duhamel">Josh Duhamel</a> <a href="/wiki/Seann_William_Scott" title="Seann William Scott">Seann William Scott</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paule_Emmanuele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paule Emmanuele (page does not exist)">Paule Emmanuele</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Winters" title="Shelley Winters">Shelley Winters</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> <a href="/wiki/Lois_Maxwell" title="Lois Maxwell">Lois Maxwell</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Fagnon" title="Xavier Fagnon">Xavier Fagnon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seth_Rogen" title="Seth Rogen">Seth Rogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Momoa" title="Jason Momoa">Jason Momoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Dylan_McDermott" title="Dylan McDermott">Dylan McDermott</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Weatherly" title="Michael Weatherly">Michael Weatherly</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Faliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Faliu (page does not exist)">Serge Faliu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Tucker" title="Chris Tucker">Chris Tucker</a> <a href="/wiki/Kal_Penn" title="Kal Penn">Kal Penn</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Howard" title="Terrence Howard">Terrence Howard</a> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Estevez" title="Emilio Estevez">Emilio Estevez</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Floersheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Floersheim (page does not exist)">Patrick Floersheim</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bridges" title="Jeff Bridges">Jeff Bridges</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Harris" title="Ed Harris">Ed Harris</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Garijo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Garijo (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Garijo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pine" title="Chris Pine">Chris Pine</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Michael Peña">Michael Peña</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Christensen" title="Hayden Christensen">Hayden Christensen</a> <a href="/wiki/Liam_Hemsworth" title="Liam Hemsworth">Liam Hemsworth</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Gillet" title="Alexandre Gillet">Alexandre Gillet</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a> <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Jackson" title="Joshua Jackson">Joshua Jackson</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Gosling" title="Ryan Gosling">Ryan Gosling</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Foster_(actor)" title="Ben Foster (actor)">Ben Foster</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Charvet" title="David Charvet">David Charvet</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude_Giraud" title="Claude Giraud">Claude Giraud</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rickman" title="Alan Rickman">Alan Rickman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claire_Guibert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claire Guibert (page does not exist)">Claire Guibert</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Darnell" title="Linda Darnell">Linda Darnell</a> <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Hayward" title="Susan Hayward">Susan Hayward</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Hatet" title="Pierre Hatet">Pierre Hatet</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd" title="Christopher Lloyd">Christopher Lloyd</a> <a href="/wiki/Rip_Torn" title="Rip Torn">Rip Torn</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Selleck" title="Tom Selleck">Tom Selleck</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Kelsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Kelsch (page does not exist)">Barbara Kelsch</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milla_Jovovich" title="Milla Jovovich">Milla Jovovich</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow" title="Gwyneth Paltrow">Gwyneth Paltrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Kr%C3%BCger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Krüger (page does not exist)">David Krüger</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson" title="Dwayne Johnson">Dwayne Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shannon" title="Michael Shannon">Michael Shannon</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pratt" title="Chris Pratt">Chris Pratt</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Le_Doze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Le Doze (page does not exist)">Gabriel Le Doze</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Spacey" title="Kevin Spacey">Kevin Spacey</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne" title="Gabriel Byrne">Gabriel Byrne</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Molina" title="Alfred Molina">Alfred Molina</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman" title="Philip Seymour Hoffman">Philip Seymour Hoffman</a> <a href="/wiki/Toni_Servillo" title="Toni Servillo">Toni Servillo</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Noth" title="Chris Noth">Chris Noth</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Loyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Loyer (page does not exist)">Raymond Loyer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ryan" title="Robert Ryan">Robert Ryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Weissmuller" title="Johnny Weissmuller">Johnny Weissmuller</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie-Eug%C3%A9nie_Mar%C3%A9chal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie-Eugénie Maréchal (page does not exist)">Marie-Eugénie Maréchal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks" title="Elizabeth Banks">Elizabeth Banks</a> <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried" title="Amanda Seyfried">Amanda Seyfried</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Micha%C3%ABl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Michaël (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Michaël</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Hawke" title="Ethan Hawke">Ethan Hawke</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fassbender" title="Michael Fassbender">Michael Fassbender</a> <a href="/wiki/Jude_Law" title="Jude Law">Jude Law</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Olyphant" title="Timothy Olyphant">Timothy Olyphant</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Michel" title="Jean-Claude Michel">Jean-Claude Michel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hudson" title="Rock Hudson">Rock Hudson</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9line_Montsarrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Céline Montsarrat (page does not exist)">Céline Montsarrat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Ladd" title="Cheryl Ladd">Cheryl Ladd</a> <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Fairchild" title="Morgan Fairchild">Morgan Fairchild</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurent_Morteau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurent Morteau (page does not exist)">Laurent Morteau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bennett" title="Jeff Bennett">Jeff Bennett</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Forte" title="Will Forte">Will Forte</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lennon_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Lennon (actor)">Thomas Lennon</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Segel" title="Jason Segel">Jason Segel</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Moulin" title="Jean-Pierre Moulin">Jean-Pierre Moulin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Pestel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Pestel (page does not exist)">Charles Pestel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Hill" title="Jonah Hill">Jonah Hill</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Poivey" title="Patrick Poivey">Patrick Poivey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Johnson" title="Don Johnson">Don Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rourke" title="Mickey Rourke">Mickey Rourke</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Porel" title="Jacqueline Porel">Jacqueline Porel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Lana_Turner" title="Lana Turner">Lana Turner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doroth%C3%A9e_Pouss%C3%A9o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothée Pousséo (page does not exist)">Dorothée Pousséo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary-Kate_Olsen" title="Mary-Kate Olsen">Mary-Kate Olsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Olsen" title="Ashley Olsen">Ashley Olsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Piper_Perabo" title="Piper Perabo">Piper Perabo</a> <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Murphy" title="Brittany Murphy">Brittany Murphy</a> <a href="/wiki/Isla_Fisher" title="Isla Fisher">Isla Fisher</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perette_Pradier" class="mw-redirect" title="Perette Pradier">Perette Pradier</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faye_Dunaway" title="Faye Dunaway">Faye Dunaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Bisset" title="Jacqueline Bisset">Jacqueline Bisset</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Jackson" title="Kate Jackson">Kate Jackson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Philippe_Puymartin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Philippe Puymartin (page does not exist)">Jean-Philippe Puymartin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Slater" title="Christian Slater">Christian Slater</a> <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Dacascos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Dacascos">Marc Dacascos</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lita_Recio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lita Recio (page does not exist)">Lita Recio</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead" title="Agnes Moorehead">Agnes Moorehead</a> <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Roux" title="Michel Roux">Michel Roux</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Rudel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Rudel (page does not exist)">Roger Rudel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Power" title="Tyrone Power">Tyrone Power</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martine_Sarcey" title="Martine Sarcey">Martine Sarcey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Woodward" title="Joanne Woodward">Joanne Woodward</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Montgomery" title="Elizabeth Montgomery">Elizabeth Montgomery</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serge_Sauvion" title="Serge Sauvion">Serge Sauvion</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burt_Reynolds" title="Burt Reynolds">Burt Reynolds</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Falk" title="Peter Falk">Peter Falk</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89velyn_S%C3%A9l%C3%A9na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Évelyn Séléna (page does not exist)">Évelyn Séléna</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour_(actress)" title="Jane Seymour (actress)">Jane Seymour</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Gray" title="Linda Gray">Linda Gray</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoann_Sover" title="Yoann Sover">Yoann Sover</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zac_Efron" title="Zac Efron">Zac Efron</a> <a href="/wiki/Dave_Franco" title="Dave Franco">Dave Franco</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Rathbone" title="Jackson Rathbone">Jackson Rathbone</a> <a href="/wiki/Chad_Michael_Murray" title="Chad Michael Murray">Chad Michael Murray</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Tessier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Tessier (page does not exist)">Pierre Tessier</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</a> <a href="/wiki/Greg_Germann" title="Greg Germann">Greg Germann</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Th%C3%A9bault" title="Jacques Thébault">Jacques Thébault</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audie_Murphy" title="Audie Murphy">Audie Murphy</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen" title="Steve McQueen">Steve McQueen</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conrad" title="Robert Conrad">Robert Conrad</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGoohan" title="Patrick McGoohan">Patrick McGoohan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Tirmont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédérique Tirmont (page does not exist)">Frédérique Tirmont</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a> <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weawer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigourney Weawer">Sigourney Weawer</a> <a href="/wiki/Mia_Farrow" title="Mia Farrow">Mia Farrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tr%C3%A9ville" title="Roger Tréville">Roger Tréville</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Valmont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Valmont (page does not exist)">Philippe Valmont</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luke_Wilson" title="Luke Wilson">Luke Wilson</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bale" title="Christian Bale">Christian Bale</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Franco" title="James Franco">James Franco</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Victor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Victor (page does not exist)">Alexis Victor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Cooper" title="Bradley Cooper">Bradley Cooper</a> <a href="/wiki/Josh_Duhamel" title="Josh Duhamel">Josh Duhamel</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wilson" title="Patrick Wilson">Patrick Wilson</a> <a href="/wiki/James_McAvoy" title="James McAvoy">James McAvoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Jude_Law" title="Jude Law">Jude Law</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston" title="Tom Hiddleston">Tom Hiddleston</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt" title="Joseph Gordon-Levitt">Joseph Gordon-Levitt</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caroline_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline Victoria (page does not exist)">Caroline Victoria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Adams" title="Amy Adams">Amy Adams</a> <a href="/wiki/Katie_Holmes" title="Katie Holmes">Katie Holmes</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Paquin" title="Anna Paquin">Anna Paquin</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Vign%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Vigné (page does not exist)">Michel Vigné</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rourke" title="Mickey Rourke">Mickey Rourke</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wincott" title="Michael Wincott">Michael Wincott</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Perlman" title="Ron Perlman">Ron Perlman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Vincent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Vincent (page does not exist)">Marie Vincent</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demi_Moore" title="Demi Moore">Demi Moore</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirstie_Alley" title="Kirstie Alley">Kirstie Alley</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany,_Austria,_Switzerland">Germany, Austria, Switzerland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Germany, Austria, Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Germanophone</a> dubbing market is the largest in Europe. Germany has the most foreign-movie-dubbing studios per capita and per given area in the world and according to the German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> 52% of all voice actors currently work in the German dubbing industry. In Germany and Austria, practically all films, shows, television series and foreign <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a> are shown in dubbed versions created for the German market. Dubbing films is a traditional and common practice in German-speaking Europe, since subtitles are not accepted and used as much as in other European countries. According to a European study, Austria is the country with the highest rejection rate (more than 70 percent) of subtitles, followed by Italy, Spain and Germany.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In German-speaking markets, <a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">computer</a> and video games feature German text menus and are generally dubbed into the German language if speaking parts exist. Unlike in Austria and Germany, cinemas in German-speaking Switzerland historically strongly preferred subtitled versions of foreign-language films. Swiss film distributors commissioned dual-language prints with both German and French subtitles as the primary version, with the dubbed version also shown. In recent years, however, there has been a shift towards dubbed versions, which now account for the majority of showings.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Television broadcasts of foreign films and programming have historically been dubbed. Swiss and Austrian television stations have increasingly been broadcasting foreign-language movies and TV programs with <a href="/wiki/Sound_multiplex_in_broadcasting" title="Sound multiplex in broadcasting">multiple soundtracks</a>, allowing the viewer to choose between the original language (e.g. English) and the channel's local language (German, French, or Italian, according to the location). Although German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Voice_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice actor">voice actors</a> play only a secondary role, they are still notable for providing familiar voices to well-known actors. Famous foreign actors are known and recognized for their <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> voice, and the German audience is used to them, so dubbing is also a matter of authenticity. However, in larger cities, there are theaters where movies can be seen in their original versions, as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has become somewhat more popular among young educated viewers. On German mainstream television, films are never broadcast with subtitles, but pay-per-view programming is often available in the original language. Subtitled niche and <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art films</a> are sometimes aired on smaller networks. German-dubbed versions sometimes diverge greatly from the original, especially in adding humorous elements absent from the original. In extreme cases, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Persuaders!" title="The Persuaders!">The Persuaders!</a> or <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Viking" title="Erik the Viking">Erik the Viking</a>, the German-dubbed version was more successful than the English original. Often, translation adds sexually explicit gags the U.S. versions might not be allowed to use. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Bewitched_(2005_film)" title="Bewitched (2005 film)">Bewitched</a>, the translators changed "The <a href="/wiki/Door_hanger" title="Door hanger">Do Not Disturb sign</a> will hang on the door tonight" to "The only hanging thing tonight will be the Do Not Disturb sign". This practice was the most prevalent from the 1960s to 80s, from the 1990s onwards it became much less common. Some movies dubbed in Austria diverge from the German Standard version in addressing other people but only when the movies are dubbed into certain Austrian dialect versions. (Mr. and Mrs. are translated into Herr and Frau which is usually not translated in order to be in lip-sync). Sometimes even English pronounced first names are translated and are pronounced into the correct German equivalent (English name "Bert" became Southern German pronounced name "Bertl" which is an abbreviation for any name either beginning or even ending with "bert", e.g. "Berthold" or "Albert".) Some movies dubbed before <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification</a> exist in different versions for the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">east</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">west</a>. They use different translations, and often differ in the style of dubbing. Some of the well-known German dubbing voice artists are listed below. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>German dubbing artists</th> <th>Actor(s)/Actress(es)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peer_Augustinski" title="Peer Augustinski">Peer Augustinski</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Bierstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Bierstedt (page does not exist)">Marie Bierstedt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Faris" title="Anna Faris">Anna Faris</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Beckinsale" title="Kate Beckinsale">Kate Beckinsale</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanna_Bonas%C3%A9wicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susanna Bonaséwicz (page does not exist)">Susanna Bonaséwicz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a> <a href="/wiki/Sissy_Spacek" title="Sissy Spacek">Sissy Spacek</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallgerd_Bruckhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallgerd Bruckhaus (page does not exist)">Hallgerd Bruckhaus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Br%C3%BCckner" title="Christian Brückner">Christian Brückner</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chevalier" title="Michael Chevalier">Michael Chevalier</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bronson" title="Charles Bronson">Charles Bronson</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharif" title="Omar Sharif">Omar Sharif</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Danneberg" title="Thomas Danneberg">Thomas Danneberg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Nolte" title="Nick Nolte">Nick Nolte</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Degler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion Degler (page does not exist)">Marion Degler</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eckart_Dux" title="Eckart Dux">Eckart Dux</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Perkins" title="Anthony Perkins">Anthony Perkins</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arne_Elsholtz" title="Arne Elsholtz">Arne Elsholtz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Felder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Felder (page does not exist)">Max Felder</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Grint" title="Rupert Grint">Rupert Grint</a> <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Lautner" title="Taylor Lautner">Taylor Lautner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Fendel" title="Rosemarie Fendel">Rosemarie Fendel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gisela_Fritsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gisela Fritsch (page does not exist)">Gisela Fritsch</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Glaubrecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Glaubrecht (page does not exist)">Frank Glaubrecht</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniela_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniela Hoffmann (page does not exist)">Daniela Hoffmann</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gert_G%C3%BCnther_Hoffmann" title="Gert Günther Hoffmann">Gert Günther Hoffmann</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hansi_Jochmann" title="Hansi Jochmann">Hansi Jochmann</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Ke%C3%9Fler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Keßler (page does not exist)">Martin Keßler</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a> <a href="/wiki/Vin_Diesel" title="Vin Diesel">Vin Diesel</a> <a href="/wiki/Temuera_Morrison" title="Temuera Morrison">Temuera Morrison</a></td> <td>Also dubs <a href="/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker" title="Dee Bradley Baker">Dee Bradley Baker</a> in his role as the <a href="/wiki/Clone_troopers" class="mw-redirect" title="Clone troopers">Clone troopers</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renate_K%C3%BCster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renate Küster (page does not exist)">Renate Küster</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faye_Dunaway" title="Faye Dunaway">Faye Dunaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Lehmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Lehmann (page does not exist)">Manfred Lehmann</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margot_Leonard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margot Leonard (page does not exist)">Margot Leonard</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutz_Mackensey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutz Mackensey (page does not exist)">Lutz Mackensey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd" title="Christopher Lloyd">Christopher Lloyd</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Marquis" title="Arnold Marquis">Arnold Marquis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Matthes" title="Ulrich Matthes">Ulrich Matthes</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a></td> <td>Dubbed him as <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a> in the 1989 film <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(1989_film)" title="Henry V (1989 film)">Henry V</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Neugebauer" title="Hartmut Neugebauer">Hartmut Neugebauer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gene_Hackman" title="Gene Hackman">Gene Hackman</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Goodman" title="John Goodman">John Goodman</a> <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Coltrane" title="Robbie Coltrane">Robbie Coltrane</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veronika_Neugebauer" title="Veronika Neugebauer">Veronika Neugebauer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neve_Campbell" title="Neve Campbell">Neve Campbell</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timmo_Niesner" title="Timmo Niesner">Timmo Niesner</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Welling" title="Tom Welling">Tom Welling</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sarsgaard" title="Peter Sarsgaard">Peter Sarsgaard</a> <a href="/wiki/Topher_Grace" title="Topher Grace">Topher Grace</a></td> <td>The Official German voice artist for Elijah Wood since 1999. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Petruo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Petruo (page does not exist)">Heinz Petruo</a></td> <td></td> <td>As <a href="/wiki/Darth_Vader" title="Darth Vader">Darth Vader</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Petruo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Petruo (page does not exist)">Thomas Petruo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Pietermann" title="Gabrielle Pietermann">Gabrielle Pietermann</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a> <a href="/wiki/Selena_Gomez" title="Selena Gomez">Selena Gomez</a> <a href="/wiki/Meaghan_Jette_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaghan Jette Martin">Meaghan Jette Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Kendrick" title="Anna Kendrick">Anna Kendrick</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nico_Sablik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nico Sablik (page does not exist)">Nico Sablik</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe" title="Daniel Radcliffe">Daniel Radcliffe</a></td> <td>Dubbed him as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)" title="Harry Potter (character)">Harry Potter</a> for the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">titular film series</a>, starting with the third film. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udo_Schenk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udo Schenk (page does not exist)">Udo Schenk</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Schmidt-Fo%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Schmidt-Foß (page does not exist)">Dennis Schmidt-Foß</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Evans_(actor)" title="Chris Evans (actor)">Chris Evans</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegmar_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegmar Schneider (page does not exist)">Siegmar Schneider</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Schwarzmaier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Schwarzmaier (page does not exist)">Tim Schwarzmaier</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe" title="Daniel Radcliffe">Daniel Radcliffe</a></td> <td>Dubbed him as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)" title="Harry Potter (character)">Harry Potter</a> of the first two installments of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">titular film series</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achime_Sch%C3%BClke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achime Schülke (page does not exist)">Achime Schülke</a></td> <td></td> <td>Most well known as the German Voice of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bob_the_Builder_characters" title="List of Bob the Builder characters">Spud</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Thomalla" title="Georg Thomalla">Georg Thomalla</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Thormann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürgen Thormann (page does not exist)">Jürgen Thormann</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andreas_von_der_Meden" title="Andreas von der Meden">Andreas von der Meden</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Hasselhoff" title="David Hasselhoff">David Hasselhoff</a></td> <td>Dubbed him in a majority of his work, including <a href="/wiki/Baywatch" title="Baywatch">Baywatch</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_SpongeBob_SquarePants_Movie" title="The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie">The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietmar_Wunder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietmar Wunder (page does not exist)">Dietmar Wunder</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba_Gooding_Jr." title="Cuba Gooding Jr.">Cuba Gooding Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Daniel Craig</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, dubbing is almost universally common. Almost every foreign movie or TV show released in Hungary is dubbed into Hungarian.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The history of dubbing dates back to the 1950s, when the country was still under communist rule.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> One of the most iconic Hungarian dubs was of the American cartoon <a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a>, with a local translation by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Romh%C3%A1nyi" title="József Romhányi">József Romhányi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The Internetes Szinkron Adatbázis (ISzDB) is the largest Hungarian database for film dubs, with information for many live action and animated films.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On page 59 of the Eurobarometer, 84% of Hungarians said that they prefer dubbing over subtitles.<a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-63">[63]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> era, every film was dubbed with professional and mostly popular actors. Care was taken to make sure the same voice actor would lend their voice to the same original actor. In the early 1990s, as cinemas tried to keep up with showing newly released films, subtitling became dominant in the cinema. This, in turn, forced TV channels to make their own cheap versions of dubbed soundtracks for the movies they presented, resulting in a constant degrading of dubbing quality. Once this became customary, cinema distributors resumed the habit of dubbing for popular productions, presenting them in a below-average quality. However, every feature is presented with the original soundtrack in at least one cinema in large towns and cities. However, in Hungary, most documentary films and series (for example, those on <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a>) are made with <a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voiceovers</a>, as is the case with most other countries that favor dubbing. Some old movies and series, or ones that provide non-translatable jokes and conversations (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Mr._Bean" title="Mr. Bean">Mr. Bean</a> television series), are shown only with subtitles. There is a more recent problem arising from dubbing included on DVD releases. Many generations have grown up with an original (and, by current technological standards, outdated) soundtrack, which is either technologically (mono or bad quality stereo sound) or legally (expired soundtrack license) unsuitable for a DVD release. Many original features are released on DVD with a new soundtrack, which in some cases proves to be extremely unpopular, thus forcing DVD producers to include the original soundtrack. In some rare cases, the Hungarian voicetrack is left out altogether. This happened notably with Warner Home Video Hungary, which ignored the existence of Hungarian voicetracks completely, as they did not want to pay the licenses for the voicetracks to be included on their new DVD releases, which appear with improved picture quality, but very poor subtitling. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> Dubbing is systematic in Italy, with a tradition going back to 1930. In <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini's</a> fascist Italy, the release of movies in foreign languages was banned in 1938 for political reasons. Rome is the main base of the dubbing industry, where major productions, such as movies, dramas, documentaries, and some animation films are dubbed. However, many animated works (especially anime products) are dubbed in Milan, as well as other minor productions. Virtually every foreign film of every genre and target audience—as well as TV shows—are dubbed into Italian. Some theatres in the bigger cities include original language shows in their schedules, even if this is an uncommon practice. Subtitles may be available on <a href="/wiki/Late_night_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Late night television">late-night programs</a> on mainstream TV channels. Pay-TV and streaming services provide films in the dubbed version as well as in their original language. Early in their careers, actors such as <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Sordi" title="Alberto Sordi">Alberto Sordi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nino_Manfredi" title="Nino Manfredi">Nino Manfredi</a> worked extensively as dubbing actors. At a certain point, shooting scenes in <a href="/wiki/MOS_(filmmaking)" title="MOS (filmmaking)">MOS</a> (motor-only sync or motor-only shot) was a common practice in Italian cinema; all dialogue was dubbed in post-production. A notable instance is <a href="/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad,_and_the_Ugly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly">The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly</a>, in which all actors had to dub in their own voices. Because many films would feature multinational casts, dubbing became necessary to ensure dialogue would be comprehensible regardless of the dub language. The presence of foreign actors also meant that some directors would have actors recite <a href="/wiki/Gibberish" title="Gibberish">gibberish</a> or otherwise unrelated words since the end goal was simply to have general lip movements over which to add dialogue. A typical example of this practice was <a href="/wiki/La_Strada" title="La Strada">La Strada</a>, which starred two Americans; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Basehart" title="Richard Basehart">Richard Basehart</a>, in leading roles. Rather than have dialogue spoken phonetically or have multiple languages at the same time (which would require lines to be translated multiple times), actors would instead count numbers corresponding to the number of lines. <a href="/wiki/Liliana_Betti" title="Liliana Betti">Liliana Betti</a>, assistant to director <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>, described the system as such: "Instead of lines, the actor has to count off numbers in their normal order. For instance, a line of fifteen words equals an enumeration of up to thirty. The actor merely counts till thirty: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7. etc." Fellini used this system, which he coined "numerological diction," in many of his films. Other directors adopted similar systems. Dubbing may also be used for artistic purposes. It was common for even Italian-speaking performers to have their dialogue dubbed by separate voice actors if their actual voice is thought to be unfitting or some otherwise unsuitable. Fellini, who was particularly fond of the dubbing process, heavily relied on dubbing Italian actors, whom he often chose among non-professionals based just on their appearance, employing voice actors to entirely dub and sometimes improvise the dialogue. Some voice actors, such as <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Croccolo" title="Carlo Croccolo">Carlo Croccolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oreste_Lionello" title="Oreste Lionello">Oreste Lionello</a> or <a href="/wiki/Elio_Pandolfi" title="Elio Pandolfi">Elio Pandolfi</a>, were even cast to dub over the voices of multiple characters in the same film. A similar process was sometimes applied with professional actors: for example, in <a href="/wiki/Django_(1966_film)" title="Django (1966 film)">Django</a>, lead actor <a href="/wiki/Franco_Nero" title="Franco Nero">Franco Nero</a> was dubbed by <a href="/wiki/Nando_Gazzolo" title="Nando Gazzolo">Nando Gazzolo</a> because he was thought to sound too youthful for the grizzled character he portrayed. <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale" title="Claudia Cardinale">Claudia Cardinale</a>, one of the major actresses of the 1960s and 70s, had a heavy accent from her Tunisian background, and was likewise dubbed for the first decade of her career. This practice was generally phased out in the 1990s, with the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Sync_sound" title="Sync sound">sync sound</a>. Video games are generally either dubbed into Italian (for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_(video_game)" title="Assassin's Creed (video game)">Assassin's Creed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halo_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halo (series)">Halo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batman:_Arkham" title="Batman: Arkham">Batman: Arkham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Potter (video games)">Harry Potter</a> series) or released with the original audio tracks providing Italian subtitles. As for documentaries, Italy usually uses voice-over. The most important Italian voice actors and actresses, as well as the main celebrities dubbed in their careers, are listed below. <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">Italian dubbing artists </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 95pt;">Voice actor/actress </th> <th style="width: 60pt;">Years active </th> <th style="width: 110pt;">Main actors/actresses dubbed </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tina_Lattanzi" title="Tina Lattanzi">Tina Lattanzi</a> </td> <td>1923–1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a> <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> <a href="/wiki/Greer_Garson" title="Greer Garson">Greer Garson</a> <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a> <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a> </td> <td>Famous for her deep, seductive, and adaptable voice, she was the main dubbing actress for femmes fatales in the 1930s and 1940s. Famous interpretations of animation roles were the <a href="/wiki/Evil_Queen_(Disney)" title="Evil Queen (Disney)">Evil Queen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Tremaine" title="Lady Tremaine">Lady Tremaine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)" title="Cinderella (1950 film)">Cinderella</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">Queen of Hearts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)" title="Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)">Alice in Wonderland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maleficent" title="Maleficent">Maleficent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)" title="Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)">Sleeping Beauty</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andreina_Pagnani" title="Andreina Pagnani">Andreina Pagnani</a> </td> <td>1924–1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> <a href="/wiki/Ginger_Rogers" title="Ginger Rogers">Ginger Rogers</a> <a href="/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer">Norma Shearer</a> </td> <td>Active primarily as a theatre actress, her intense and nuanced voice made her one of the most prominent and esteemed dub actresses of her generation (along with <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Simoneschi" title="Lydia Simoneschi">Lydia Simoneschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Calavetta" title="Rosetta Calavetta">Rosetta Calavetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanna_Scotto" title="Giovanna Scotto">Giovanna Scotto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tina_Lattanzi" title="Tina Lattanzi">Tina Lattanzi</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Romano" title="Carlo Romano">Carlo Romano</a> </td> <td>1927–1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a> <a href="/wiki/Lou_Costello" title="Lou Costello">Lou Costello</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> <a href="/wiki/Rod_Steiger" title="Rod Steiger">Rod Steiger</a> <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Bruce" title="Nigel Bruce">Nigel Bruce</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Fun%C3%A8s" title="Louis de Funès">Louis de Funès</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Bendix" title="William Bendix">William Bendix</a> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sancho" title="Fernando Sancho">Fernando Sancho</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Robards" title="Jason Robards">Jason Robards</a> </td> <td>He was the official Italian voice of Jerry Lewis, Bob Hope and Lou Costello; he was also well known for dubbing the role of <a href="/wiki/Don_Camillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Camillo">Don Camillo</a> played by French actor <a href="/wiki/Fernandel" title="Fernandel">Fernandel</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Calavetta" title="Rosetta Calavetta">Rosetta Calavetta</a> </td> <td>1930–1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> <a href="/wiki/Lana_Turner" title="Lana Turner">Lana Turner</a> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parker" title="Eleanor Parker">Eleanor Parker</a> <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a> <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Lake" title="Veronica Lake">Veronica Lake</a> </td> <td>She was the official Italian voice of Lana Turner, Marilyn Monroe and Doris Day. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mario_Besesti" title="Mario Besesti">Mario Besesti</a> </td> <td>1932–1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Thomas Mitchell (actor)">Thomas Mitchell</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arnold_(actor)" title="Edward Arnold (actor)">Edward Arnold</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Buchanan" title="Edgar Buchanan">Edgar Buchanan</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coburn" title="Charles Coburn">Charles Coburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Massey" title="Raymond Massey">Raymond Massey</a> </td> <td>He was considered one of the most significant dubbing artists of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a> and worked on some of the early Disney animated films. He was the main dubber of all the actors listed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Bonansea" title="Miranda Bonansea">Miranda Bonansea</a> </td> <td>1932–2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Francis" title="Anne Francis">Anne Francis</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hunt" title="Linda Hunt">Linda Hunt</a> <a href="/wiki/June_Allyson" title="June Allyson">June Allyson</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Simmons" title="Jean Simmons">Jean Simmons</a> </td> <td>She was the official Italian voice of Shirley Temple. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pino_Locchi" title="Pino Locchi">Pino Locchi</a> </td> <td>1932–1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gemma" title="Giuliano Gemma">Giuliano Gemma</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bronson" title="Charles Bronson">Charles Bronson</a> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Belmondo" title="Jean-Paul Belmondo">Jean-Paul Belmondo</a> <a href="/wiki/Terence_Hill" title="Terence Hill">Terence Hill</a> <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> <a href="/wiki/Ringo_Starr" title="Ringo Starr">Ringo Starr</a> </td> <td>He was the official Italian voice of Sean Connery until 1994 and the primary Italian voice of <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Simoneschi" title="Lydia Simoneschi">Lydia Simoneschi</a> </td> <td>1932–1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara" title="Maureen O'Hara">Maureen O'Hara</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Hayward" title="Susan Hayward">Susan Hayward</a> <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Jones" title="Jennifer Jones">Jennifer Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Fontaine" title="Joan Fontaine">Joan Fontaine</a> </td> <td>Considered the "queen" of Italian dubbing actresses (together with <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Calavetta" title="Rosetta Calavetta">Rosetta Calavetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Savagnone" title="Rita Savagnone">Rita Savagnone</a>, and Dhia Cristiani), she dubbed most of the classic Hollywood female stars at least once in her 40-year career. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Barbetti" title="Cesare Barbetti">Cesare Barbetti</a> </td> <td>1934–2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Duvall" title="Robert Duvall">Robert Duvall</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen" title="Steve McQueen">Steve McQueen</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Trintignant" title="Jean-Louis Trintignant">Jean-Louis Trintignant</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Jones_(actor)" title="Dean Jones (actor)">Dean Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Fox" title="James Fox">James Fox</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Voight" title="Jon Voight">Jon Voight</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kline" title="Kevin Kline">Kevin Kline</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> </td> <td>Beginning his career as a child actor, he is best known for being the official Italian voice of Robert Redford and for dubbing most of the films of Robert Duvall, Steve McQueen, Warren Beatty and Dean Jones. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Cigoli" title="Emilio Cigoli">Emilio Cigoli</a> </td> <td>1935–1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Holden" title="William Holden">William Holden</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gabin" title="Jean Gabin">Jean Gabin</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Van_Cleef" title="Lee Van Cleef">Lee Van Cleef</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Price" title="Vincent Price">Vincent Price</a> </td> <td>Considered the "King" of Italian dubbing actors (together with <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Panicali" title="Giulio Panicali">Giulio Panicali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gualtiero_De_Angelis" title="Gualtiero De Angelis">Gualtiero De Angelis</a>), he dubbed 7000 films from 1936 to 1980. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Panicali" title="Giulio Panicali">Giulio Panicali</a> </td> <td>1935–1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Power" title="Tyrone Power">Tyrone Power</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)" title="Robert Taylor (American actor)">Robert Taylor</a> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ford" title="Glenn Ford">Glenn Ford</a> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Milland" title="Ray Milland">Ray Milland</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhia_Cristiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhia Cristiani (page does not exist)">Dhia Cristiani</a> </td> <td>1936–1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Baxter" title="Anne Baxter">Anne Baxter</a> <a href="/wiki/Esther_Williams" title="Esther Williams">Esther Williams</a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Mayo" title="Virginia Mayo">Virginia Mayo</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Fleming" title="Rhonda Fleming">Rhonda Fleming</a> <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Sanson" title="Yvonne Sanson">Yvonne Sanson</a> <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Dru" title="Joanne Dru">Joanne Dru</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gualtiero_De_Angelis" title="Gualtiero De Angelis">Gualtiero De Angelis</a> </td> <td>1936–1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Errol_Flynn" title="Errol Flynn">Errol Flynn</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Gazzolo" title="Lauro Gazzolo">Lauro Gazzolo</a> </td> <td>1938–1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brennan" title="Walter Brennan">Walter Brennan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bud_Abbott" title="Bud Abbott">Bud Abbott</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Jaffe" title="Sam Jaffe">Sam Jaffe</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Napier" title="Alan Napier">Alan Napier</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Rinaldi" title="Giuseppe Rinaldi">Giuseppe Rinaldi</a> </td> <td>1939–1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hudson" title="Rock Hudson">Rock Hudson</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> <a href="/wiki/Van_Johnson" title="Van Johnson">Van Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luciano_De_Ambrosis" title="Luciano De Ambrosis">Luciano De Ambrosis</a> </td> <td>1942–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Caan" title="James Caan">James Caan</a> <a href="/wiki/Burt_Reynolds" title="Burt Reynolds">Burt Reynolds</a> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Farina" title="Dennis Farina">Dennis Farina</a> </td> <td>He is known for playing the lead role as a child actor in <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/The_Children_Are_Watching_Us" title="The Children Are Watching Us">The Children Are Watching Us</a>. Since 1994, he replaced Pino Locchi as the main Italian voice of <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>. He dubbed most of the roles of the listed actors. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Musy" title="Gianni Musy">Gianni Musy</a> </td> <td>1942–2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gambon" title="Michael Gambon">Michael Gambon</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Harris (actor)">Richard Harris</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Plummer" title="Christopher Plummer">Christopher Plummer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_McKellen" title="Ian McKellen">Max von Sydow</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_McKellen" title="Ian McKellen">Ian McKellen</a> </td> <td>He is best known for dubbing the roles of <a href="/wiki/Albus_Dumbledore" title="Albus Dumbledore">Albus Dumbledore</a> (played by Richard Harris first, then by Michael Gambon) in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter film series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a> (played by Ian McKellen) in the <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">Lord of the Rings trilogy</a> (replaced by <a href="/wiki/Gigi_Proietti" title="Gigi Proietti">Gigi Proietti</a> after 2011). He also dubbed most of the roles of Christopher Plummer and Max von Sydow. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Turci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Turci (page does not exist)">Massimo Turci</a> </td> <td>1942–1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russ_Tamblyn" title="Russ Tamblyn">Russ Tamblyn</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Amendola" title="Ferruccio Amendola">Ferruccio Amendola</a> </td> <td>1943–2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Milian" title="Tomas Milian">Tomas Milian</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Falk" title="Peter Falk">Peter Falk</a> </td> <td>The Italian voice of Robert De Niro, Dustin Hoffman, and Sylvester Stallone in almost each of their films from 1969 to 1995. He also dubbed the most famous interpretations of Al Pacino. He was chosen by Tomas Milian himself for his dubbed voice. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pia_Di_Meo" title="Maria Pia Di Meo">Maria Pia Di Meo</a> </td> <td>1944–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Dee" title="Sandra Dee">Sandra Dee</a> <a href="/wiki/Julie_Christie" title="Julie Christie">Julie Christie</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Andress" title="Ursula Andress">Ursula Andress</a> </td> <td>The most important female dubbing voice in Italy after 1960. Best known for being the official Italian voice of Meryl Streep, she dubbed most of the films of all the listed actresses. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gaipa" title="Corrado Gaipa">Corrado Gaipa</a> </td> <td>1946–1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Stander" title="Lionel Stander">Lionel Stander</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_J._Cobb" title="Lee J. Cobb">Lee J. Cobb</a> <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> </td> <td>Best known for portraying Don Tommasino in <a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a>, he dubbed most of the roles of Lion Stander and Lee J. Cobb and some interpretations of Orson Welles between 1965 and 1972. He also dubbed Alec Guinness in the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_original_trilogy" title="Star Wars original trilogy">Star Wars classic trilogy</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Renato_Turi" title="Renato Turi">Renato Turi</a> </td> <td>1946–1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Matthau" title="Walter Matthau">Walter Matthau</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Marvin" title="Lee Marvin">Lee Marvin</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Van_Cleef" title="Lee Van Cleef">Lee Van Cleef</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Carradine" title="John Carradine">John Carradine</a> <a href="/wiki/Telly_Savalas" title="Telly Savalas">Telly Savalas</a> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tingwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Tingwell">Charles Tingwell</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Maria_Salerno" title="Enrico Maria Salerno">Enrico Maria Salerno</a> </td> <td>1946–1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> </td> <td>He was the Italian voice of Clint Eastwood in the <a href="/wiki/Dollars_Trilogy" title="Dollars Trilogy">Dollars Trilogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hang_%27Em_High" title="Hang 'Em High">Hang 'Em High</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nando_Gazzolo" title="Nando Gazzolo">Nando Gazzolo</a> </td> <td>1948–2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Niven" title="David Niven">David Niven</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cushing" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</a> <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> <a href="/wiki/George_C._Scott" title="George C. Scott">George C. Scott</a> <a href="/wiki/Franco_Nero" title="Franco Nero">Franco Nero</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vittoria_Febbi" title="Vittoria Febbi">Vittoria Febbi</a> </td> <td>1949–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bouchet" title="Barbara Bouchet">Barbara Bouchet</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Rampling" title="Charlotte Rampling">Charlotte Rampling</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwige_Fenech" title="Edwige Fenech">Edwige Fenech</a> <a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> <a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bach" title="Barbara Bach">Barbara Bach</a> <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Bates" title="Kathy Bates">Kathy Bates</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Gemser" title="Laura Gemser">Laura Gemser</a> <a href="/wiki/Florinda_Bolkan" title="Florinda Bolkan">Florinda Bolkan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_Jandolo" title="Flaminia Jandolo">Flaminia Jandolo</a> </td> <td>1950–2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rita_Savagnone" title="Rita Savagnone">Rita Savagnone</a> </td> <td>1952–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwige_Fenech" title="Edwige Fenech">Edwige Fenech</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale" title="Claudia Cardinale">Claudia Cardinale</a> <a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> <a href="/wiki/Nieves_Navarro" title="Nieves Navarro">Nieves Navarro</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Andress" title="Ursula Andress">Ursula Andress</a> <a href="/wiki/Florinda_Bolkan" title="Florinda Bolkan">Florinda Bolkan</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Sanda" title="Dominique Sanda">Dominique Sanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Loredana_Nusciak" title="Loredana Nusciak">Loredana Nusciak</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefania_Sandrelli" title="Stefania Sandrelli">Stefania Sandrelli</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Lionello" title="Oreste Lionello">Oreste Lionello</a> </td> <td>1953–2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wilder" title="Gene Wilder">Gene Wilder</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> </td> <td>He was the official Italian voice of Woody Allen, dubbing almost all of his interpretations from 1965 to 2006. After his death, Allen claimed Lionello had made him «a better actor than I am, a funnier person than I am, and a hero» to Italian audiences.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> He also dubbed most of the roles of Gene Wilder, Peter Sellers, and all the film appearances of George Harrison. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Rossi_(actor)" title="Alessandro Rossi (actor)">Alessandro Rossi</a> </td> <td>1955–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liam_Neeson" title="Liam Neeson">Liam Neeson</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> <a href="/wiki/Ving_Rhames" title="Ving Rhames">Ving Rhames</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Clarke_Duncan" title="Michael Clarke Duncan">Michael Clarke Duncan</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Stewart" title="Patrick Stewart">Patrick Stewart</a> </td> <td>Recognizable by his deep, baritone voice, he dubbed most of the roles of Liam Neeson, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Ving Rhames and Michael Clarke Duncan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Graziani" title="Sergio Graziani">Sergio Graziani</a> </td> <td>1956–2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinski" title="Klaus Kinski">Klaus Kinski</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Noiret" title="Philippe Noiret">Philippe Noiret</a> <a href="/wiki/Franco_Nero" title="Franco Nero">Franco Nero</a> </td> <td>He dubbed Franco Nero in most of the Italian versions of his films prior to the mid-1970s, after which Nero dubbed himself. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dario_Penne" title="Dario Penne">Dario Penne</a> </td> <td>1957–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd" title="Christopher Lloyd">Christopher Lloyd</a> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hopper" title="Dennis Hopper">Dennis Hopper</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rickman" title="Alan Rickman">Alan Rickman</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Cromwell" title="James Cromwell">James Cromwell</a> </td> <td>He is the Italian voice of Anthony Hopkins in every film since 1990 and of Michael Caine in almost every film since 1992. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Chevalier" title="Roberto Chevalier">Roberto Chevalier</a> </td> <td>1958–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> <a href="/wiki/Andy_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Andy García">Andy García</a> <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kinnear" title="Greg Kinnear">Greg Kinnear</a> </td> <td>He is the Italian voice of Tom Cruise, dubbing most of his roles since 1986. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glauco_Onorato" title="Glauco Onorato">Glauco Onorato</a> </td> <td>1959–2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bud_Spencer" title="Bud Spencer">Bud Spencer</a> <a href="/wiki/Lino_Ventura" title="Lino Ventura">Lino Ventura</a> <a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bronson" title="Charles Bronson">Charles Bronson</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Coburn" title="James Coburn">James Coburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> </td> <td>He was best known for dubbing most of Bud Spencer's interpretations. He was also the Italian voice of Arnold Schwarzenegger in his most iconic films (<a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predator_(film)" title="Predator (film)">Predator</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Acerbo" title="Sandro Acerbo">Sandro Acerbo</a> </td> <td>1960–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manlio_De_Angelis" title="Manlio De Angelis">Manlio De Angelis</a> </td> <td>1960–2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pesci" title="Joe Pesci">Joe Pesci</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Arkin" title="Alan Arkin">Alan Arkin</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wilder" title="Gene Wilder">Gene Wilder</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Scheider" title="Roy Scheider">Roy Scheider</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss" title="Richard Dreyfuss">Richard Dreyfuss</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Fiorentini" title="Sergio Fiorentini">Sergio Fiorentini</a> </td> <td>1960–2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gene_Hackman" title="Gene Hackman">Gene Hackman</a> <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alina_Moradei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alina Moradei (page does not exist)">Alina Moradei</a> </td> <td>1960–2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> </td> <td>Official Italian voice of Lansbury, the English actress said she was «proud to be dubbed by such a great actress», also pointing out how similar their voices were.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Rizzini" title="Oreste Rizzini">Oreste Rizzini</a> </td> <td>1960–2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Voight" title="Jon Voight">Jon Voight</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Giampiero_Albertini" title="Giampiero Albertini">Giampiero Albertini</a> </td> <td>1962–1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Falk" title="Peter Falk">Peter Falk</a> </td> <td>He was best known for being the Italian voice of Peter Falk in his role of <a href="/wiki/Columbo_(character)" title="Columbo (character)">Columbo</a> (in the first eight seasons, until 1991, except in the second pilot episode). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Del_Giudice" title="Roberto Del Giudice">Roberto Del Giudice</a> </td> <td>1962–2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Majors" title="Lee Majors">Lee Majors</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones" title="Terry Jones">Terry Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Bottoms" title="Timothy Bottoms">Timothy Bottoms</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Renato_Mori" title="Renato Mori">Renato Mori</a> </td> <td>1962–2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Hackman" title="Gene Hackman">Gene Hackman</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies" title="John Rhys-Davies">John Rhys-Davies</a> <a href="/wiki/Rod_Steiger" title="Rod Steiger">Rod Steiger</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Warden" title="Jack Warden">Jack Warden</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_(actor)" title="Robert Shaw (actor)">Robert Shaw</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dennehy" title="Brian Dennehy">Brian Dennehy</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Di_Stefano" title="Sergio Di Stefano">Sergio Di Stefano</a> </td> <td>1963–2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bridges" title="Jeff Bridges">Jeff Bridges</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Laurie" title="Hugh Laurie">Hugh Laurie</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rickman" title="Alan Rickman">Alan Rickman</a> </td> <td>The official Italian voice of Jeff Bridges and John Malkovich, he dubbed Kevin Costner in seven films from 1985 to 2007. He was also well known for dubbing <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Laurie" title="Hugh Laurie">Hugh Laurie</a> in the first six seasons of the TV series <a href="/wiki/House_(TV_series)" title="House (TV series)">House</a> (2004–2010) and for being one of the most frequent dubbers of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lambert" title="Christopher Lambert">Christopher Lambert</a> (17 films from 1986 to 2005). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michele_Gammino" title="Michele Gammino">Michele Gammino</a> </td> <td>1965–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a> <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase" title="Chevy Chase">Chevy Chase</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoskins" title="Bob Hoskins">Bob Hoskins</a> </td> <td>The official Italian voice of Harrison Ford and Steven Seagal, he dubbed most of the interpretations of the listed actors. He also dubbed <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> played by Timothy Dalton. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Giannini" title="Giancarlo Giannini">Giancarlo Giannini</a> </td> <td>1965–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> </td> <td>He is the official dubber of Al Pacino since 1995 (previously shared with Ferruccio Amendola). Among the others, he dubbed some roles of Jack Nicholson (including the film Shining) and Michael Douglas. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omero_Antonutti" title="Omero Antonutti">Omero Antonutti</a> </td> <td>1966–2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Plummer" title="Christopher Plummer">Christopher Plummer</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Cromwell" title="James Cromwell">James Cromwell</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Kalamera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Kalamera (page does not exist)">Michele Kalamera</a> </td> <td>1966–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Nielsen" title="Leslie Nielsen">Leslie Nielsen</a> </td> <td>The official Italian voice of Clint Eastwood. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Valli" title="Carlo Valli">Carlo Valli</a> </td> <td>1966–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Broadbent" title="Jim Broadbent">Jim Broadbent</a> <a href="/wiki/Colm_Meaney" title="Colm Meaney">Colm Meaney</a> </td> <td>The official Italian voice of Robin Williams. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Boccanera" title="Fabio Boccanera">Fabio Boccanera</a> </td> <td>1968–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Farrell" title="Colin Farrell">Colin Farrell</a> <a href="/wiki/Clive_Owen" title="Clive Owen">Clive Owen</a> <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix" title="Joaquin Phoenix">Joaquin Phoenix</a> </td> <td>He is the most frequent dubber of Colin Farrell, Clive Owen, Joaquin Phoenix and dubbed most of the roles of Johnny Depp; he shares the Italian dubbing of Johnny Depp, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba_Gooding_Jr." title="Cuba Gooding Jr.">Cuba Gooding Jr.</a> with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Rossi_(voice_actor)" title="Riccardo Rossi (voice actor)">Riccardo Rossi</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guerrieri" title="Vittorio Guerrieri">Vittorio Guerrieri</a> </td> <td>1968–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Stiller" title="Ben Stiller">Ben Stiller</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Corbett" title="John Corbett">John Corbett</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Carell" title="Steve Carell">Steve Carell</a> </td> <td>He is the official dubber of Ben Stiller from 2000. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Lopez" title="Giorgio Lopez">Giorgio Lopez</a> </td> <td>1969–2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danny_DeVito" title="Danny DeVito">Danny DeVito</a> <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Morita" title="Pat Morita">Pat Morita</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Rossi_(voice_actor)" title="Riccardo Rossi (voice actor)">Riccardo Rossi</a> </td> <td>1970–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo" title="Mark Ruffalo">Mark Ruffalo</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bale" title="Christian Bale">Christian Bale</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rockwell" title="Sam Rockwell">Sam Rockwell</a> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba_Gooding_Jr." title="Cuba Gooding Jr.">Cuba Gooding Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Walker" title="Paul Walker">Paul Walker</a> </td> <td>He shares the Italian dubbing of Ben Affleck, Cuba Gooding Jr. and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a> with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Boccanera" title="Fabio Boccanera">Fabio Boccanera</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Baldini" title="Oreste Baldini">Oreste Baldini</a> </td> <td>1974–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Cusack" title="John Cusack">John Cusack</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Jeong" title="Ken Jeong">Ken Jeong</a> <a href="/wiki/Noah_Taylor" title="Noah Taylor">Noah Taylor</a> </td> <td>The official Italian voice of John Cusack, he is the main dubber of the listed actors. He portrayed <a href="/wiki/Vito_Corleone" title="Vito Corleone">Vito Corleone</a> as a child in the flashback sequences of <a href="/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_II" title="The Godfather Part II">The Godfather Part II</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Vidale" title="Fabrizio Vidale">Fabrizio Vidale</a> </td> <td>1975–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Black" title="Jack Black">Jack Black</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Freeman" title="Martin Freeman">Martin Freeman</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a> <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Wayans" title="Marlon Wayans">Marlon Wayans</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilaria_Latini" title="Ilaria Latini">Ilaria Latini</a> </td> <td>1976–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katie_Holmes" title="Katie Holmes">Katie Holmes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Adams" title="Amy Adams">Amy Adams</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Faris" title="Anna Faris">Anna Faris</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayley_Atwell" title="Hayley Atwell">Hayley Atwell</a> </td> <td>The official Italian voice dubber of Katie Holmes, Amy Adams and Anna Faris, she dubbed most of the films of the listed actresses. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonino_Accolla" title="Tonino Accolla">Tonino Accolla</a> </td> <td>1978–2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rourke" title="Mickey Rourke">Mickey Rourke</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a> <a href="/wiki/Billy_Crystal" title="Billy Crystal">Billy Crystal</a> </td> <td>He was best known for being the Italian voice of Eddie Murphy until 2009; he was also very popular for being the Italian voice of <a href="/wiki/Homer_Simpson" title="Homer Simpson">Homer Simpson</a> in the first 23 seasons of the sitcom <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> (1989–2012). He dubbed some popular comedy roles of Jim Carrey, such as Ace Ventura and Bruce Almighty. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luca_Biagini" title="Luca Biagini">Luca Biagini</a> </td> <td>1979–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kline" title="Kevin Kline">Kevin Kline</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Laurie" title="Hugh Laurie">Hugh Laurie</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Firth" title="Colin Firth">Colin Firth</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stefano_De_Sando" title="Stefano De Sando">Stefano De Sando</a> </td> <td>1979–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Gandolfini" title="James Gandolfini">James Gandolfini</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cranston" title="Bryan Cranston">Bryan Cranston</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Robbins" title="Tim Robbins">Tim Robbins</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Goodman" title="John Goodman">John Goodman</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nino_Prester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nino Prester (page does not exist)">Nino Prester</a> </td> <td>1979–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Levy" title="Eugene Levy">Eugene Levy</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Tucci" title="Stanley Tucci">Stanley Tucci</a> <a href="/wiki/Dave_Bautista" title="Dave Bautista">Dave Bautista</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rooker" title="Michael Rooker">Michael Rooker</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Anselmo" title="Pasquale Anselmo">Pasquale Anselmo</a> </td> <td>1980–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Turturro" title="John Turturro">John Turturro</a> </td> <td>The official Italian voice of Nicolas Cage since 1996. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman" title="Philip Seymour Hoffman">Philip Seymour Hoffman</a> <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gregg" title="Clark Gregg">Clark Gregg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Buglioni" title="Paolo Buglioni">Paolo Buglioni</a> </td> <td>1980–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nick_Nolte" title="Nick Nolte">Nick Nolte</a> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Baldwin" title="Alec Baldwin">Alec Baldwin</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danilo_De_Girolamo" title="Danilo De Girolamo">Danilo De Girolamo</a> </td> <td>1980–2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cumming" title="Alan Cumming">Alan Cumming</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Gallo" title="Vincent Gallo">Vincent Gallo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Tukur" title="Ulrich Tukur">Ulrich Tukur</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Thewlis" title="David Thewlis">David Thewlis</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Davenport" title="Jack Davenport">Jack Davenport</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Pedicini" title="Roberto Pedicini">Roberto Pedicini</a> </td> <td>1980–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Spacey" title="Kevin Spacey">Kevin Spacey</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a> <a href="/wiki/Woody_Harrelson" title="Woody Harrelson">Woody Harrelson</a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Bardem" title="Javier Bardem">Javier Bardem</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a> <a href="/wiki/Temuera_Morrison" title="Temuera Morrison">Temuera Morrison</a> </td> <td>He is the current official voice of Kevin Spacey and Jim Carrey; he dubbed most of the interpretations of the listed actors. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pino_Insegno" title="Pino Insegno">Pino Insegno</a> </td> <td>1981–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Will_Ferrell" title="Will Ferrell">Will Ferrell</a> <a href="/wiki/Viggo_Mortensen" title="Viggo Mortensen">Viggo Mortensen</a> <a href="/wiki/Liev_Schreiber" title="Liev Schreiber">Liev Schreiber</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shannon" title="Michael Shannon">Michael Shannon</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen" title="Sacha Baron Cohen">Sacha Baron Cohen</a> </td> <td>The official Italian voice of Will Ferrell, he dubbed most of the interpretations of the listed actors. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Ubaldi_(dubber)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Ubaldi (dubber) (page does not exist)">Pietro Ubaldi</a> </td> <td>1981–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush" title="Geoffrey Rush">Geoffrey Rush</a> </td> <td>He voiced Hector Barbossa in the <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean" title="Pirates of the Caribbean">Pirates of the Caribbean</a> films. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luca_Ward" title="Luca Ward">Luca Ward</a> </td> <td>1981–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> <a href="/wiki/Russell_Crowe" title="Russell Crowe">Russell Crowe</a> <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Butler" title="Gerard Butler">Gerard Butler</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Banderas" title="Antonio Banderas">Antonio Banderas</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bacon" title="Kevin Bacon">Kevin Bacon</a> </td> <td>He is the official Italian voice of Pierce Brosnan, Samuel L. Jackson, Keanu Reeves and Russell Crowe. He provided the Italian voice of <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> during his portrayal by Pierce Brosnan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rossella_Acerbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rossella Acerbo (page does not exist)">Rossella Acerbo</a> </td> <td>1982–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drew_Barrymore" title="Drew Barrymore">Drew Barrymore</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rodriguez" title="Michelle Rodriguez">Michelle Rodriguez</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Kudrow" title="Lisa Kudrow">Lisa Kudrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Peet" title="Amanda Peet">Amanda Peet</a> <a href="/wiki/Heather_Graham" title="Heather Graham">Heather Graham</a> <a href="/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon" title="Reese Witherspoon">Reese Witherspoon</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Maggi" title="Angelo Maggi">Angelo Maggi</a> </td> <td>1982–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> <a href="/wiki/John_C._McGinley" title="John C. McGinley">John C. McGinley</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Venturiello" title="Massimo Venturiello">Massimo Venturiello</a> </td> <td>1982–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Woods" title="James Woods">James Woods</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Russell" title="Kurt Russell">Kurt Russell</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Angelis" title="Vittorio De Angelis">Vittorio De Angelis</a> </td> <td>1983–2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cary_Elwes" title="Cary Elwes">Cary Elwes</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_James" title="Kevin James">Kevin James</a> <a href="/wiki/Matt_LeBlanc" title="Matt LeBlanc">Matt LeBlanc</a> <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Fraser" title="Brendan Fraser">Brendan Fraser</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Zahn" title="Steve Zahn">Steve Zahn</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mino_Caprio" title="Mino Caprio">Mino Caprio</a> </td> <td>1983–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Short" title="Martin Short">Martin Short</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Pezzulli" title="Francesco Pezzulli">Francesco Pezzulli</a> </td> <td>1983–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Br%C3%BChl" title="Daniel Brühl">Daniel Brühl</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Christensen" title="Hayden Christensen">Hayden Christensen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Paul" title="Aaron Paul">Aaron Paul</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cooper" title="Dominic Cooper">Dominic Cooper</a> </td> <td>He is the Italian voice of Leonardo DiCaprio since 1997 (excluding the film The Man in the Iron Mask). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federica_De_Bortoli" title="Federica De Bortoli">Federica De Bortoli</a> </td> <td>1984–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</a> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_McAdams" title="Rachel McAdams">Rachel McAdams</a> <a href="/wiki/Isla_Fisher" title="Isla Fisher">Isla Fisher</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Stewart" title="Kristen Stewart">Kristen Stewart</a> </td> <td>She is the main Italian dubber of all the listed actresses. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davide_Perino" title="Davide Perino">Davide Perino</a> </td> <td>1984–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristina_Boraschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristina Boraschi (page does not exist)">Cristina Boraschi</a> </td> <td>1985–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a> <a href="/wiki/Julianne_Moore" title="Julianne Moore">Julianne Moore</a> </td> <td>She is the main Italian voice of Julia Roberts, while she dubbed many roles of Sandra Bullock and Julianne Moore. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Catania" title="Myriam Catania">Myriam Catania</a> </td> <td>1985–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a> <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried" title="Amanda Seyfried">Amanda Seyfried</a> <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Alba" title="Jessica Alba">Jessica Alba</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Pannofino" title="Francesco Pannofino">Francesco Pannofino</a> </td> <td>1985–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Coltrane" title="Robbie Coltrane">Robbie Coltrane</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Russell" title="Kurt Russell">Kurt Russell</a> </td> <td>He is the official Italian voice of George Clooney and Denzel Washington. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Prando" title="Francesco Prando">Francesco Prando</a> </td> <td>1985–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luke_Perry" title="Luke Perry">Luke Perry</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey" title="Matthew McConaughey">Matthew McConaughey</a> <a href="/wiki/Vince_Vaughn" title="Vince Vaughn">Vince Vaughn</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Pearce" title="Guy Pearce">Guy Pearce</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fassbender" title="Michael Fassbender">Michael Fassbender</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Daniel Craig</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_McCormack" title="Eric McCormack">Eric McCormack</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Statham" title="Jason Statham">Jason Statham</a> </td> <td>He is popular for dubbing the following actors in long-term television series: Luke Perry (<a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210" title="Beverly Hills, 90210">Beverly Hills, 90210</a>, 199 episodes), Eric McCormack in (<a href="/wiki/Will_%26_Grace" title="Will & Grace">Will & Grace</a>, 187 episodes), Eric Dane (<a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy" title="Grey's Anatomy">Grey's Anatomy</a>, 135 episodes). He is also known for providing the Italian voice of <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> during his portrayal by Daniel Craig. He dubbed the majority of the film roles of all the listed actors. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefano_Benassi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefano Benassi (page does not exist)">Stefano Benassi</a> </td> <td>1986–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Waltz" title="Christoph Waltz">Christoph Waltz</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Firth" title="Colin Firth">Colin Firth</a> <a href="/wiki/Woody_Harrelson" title="Woody Harrelson">Woody Harrelson</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Robbins" title="Tim Robbins">Tim Robbins</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentina_Mari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentina Mari (page does not exist)">Valentina Mari</a> </td> <td>1986–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</a> <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Tautou" title="Audrey Tautou">Audrey Tautou</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Bell" title="Kristen Bell">Kristen Bell</a> <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Seyfried" title="Amanda Seyfried">Amanda Seyfried</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonia_Scotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonia Scotti (page does not exist)">Sonia Scotti</a> </td> <td>1987–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simone_Mori_(voice_actor)" title="Simone Mori (voice actor)">Simone Mori</a> </td> <td>1988–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seth_Rogen" title="Seth Rogen">Seth Rogen</a> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Reilly" title="John C. Reilly">John C. Reilly</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_Cube" title="Ice Cube">Ice Cube</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Sy" title="Omar Sy">Omar Sy</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simone_Crisari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simone Crisari (page does not exist)">Simone Crisari</a> </td> <td>1989–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Hill" title="Jonah Hill">Jonah Hill</a> <a href="/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin" title="Macaulay Culkin">Macaulay Culkin</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eleonora_De_Angelis" title="Eleonora De Angelis">Eleonora De Angelis</a> </td> <td>1989–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston" title="Jennifer Aniston">Jennifer Aniston</a> <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Diaz" title="Cameron Diaz">Cameron Diaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Iansante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Iansante (page does not exist)">Christian Iansante</a> </td> <td>1989–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Cooper" title="Bradley Cooper">Bradley Cooper</a> </td> <td>He has dubbed all of Cooper's roles since 2009. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Amendola" title="Alessia Amendola">Alessia Amendola</a> </td> <td>1990–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan" title="Lindsay Lohan">Lindsay Lohan</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg" title="Michelle Trachtenberg">Michelle Trachtenberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Panabaker" title="Danielle Panabaker">Danielle Panabaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Song" title="Brenda Song">Brenda Song</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanni_Baldini" title="Nanni Baldini">Nanni Baldini</a> </td> <td>1990–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Hart" title="Kevin Hart">Kevin Hart</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Rock" title="Chris Rock">Chris Rock</a> <a href="/wiki/Topher_Grace" title="Topher Grace">Topher Grace</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Goldberg" title="Adam Goldberg">Adam Goldberg</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Domitilla_D%27Amico" title="Domitilla D'Amico">Domitilla D'Amico</a> </td> <td>1990–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a> <a href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Margot_Robbie" title="Margot Robbie">Margot Robbie</a> <a href="/wiki/Eva_Green" title="Eva Green">Eva Green</a> <a href="/wiki/Mila_Kunis" title="Mila Kunis">Mila Kunis</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbie_Cornish" title="Abbie Cornish">Abbie Cornish</a> </td> <td>She is the official Italian voice actress of Kirsten Dunst and Scarlett Johansson. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavio_Aquilone" title="Flavio Aquilone">Flavio Aquilone</a> </td> <td>1994–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zac_Efron" title="Zac Efron">Zac Efron</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Felton" title="Tom Felton">Tom Felton</a> <a href="/wiki/Dane_DeHaan" title="Dane DeHaan">Dane DeHaan</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Yelchin" title="Anton Yelchin">Anton Yelchin</a> <a href="/wiki/Devon_Bostick" title="Devon Bostick">Devon Bostick</a> <a href="/wiki/Liam_Hemsworth" title="Liam Hemsworth">Liam Hemsworth</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perla_Liberatori" title="Perla Liberatori">Perla Liberatori</a> </td> <td>1994–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Duff" title="Hilary Duff">Hilary Duff</a> <a href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a> </td> <td>She dubbed most of the roles of Hilary Duff; among the others, she also dubbed many interpretations of Scarlett Johansson. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Meli" title="Manuel Meli">Manuel Meli</a> </td> <td>2003–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hutcherson" title="Josh Hutcherson">Josh Hutcherson</a> <a href="/wiki/Cole_Sprouse" title="Cole Sprouse">Cole Sprouse</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Martella" title="Vincent Martella">Vincent Martella</a> </td> <td>He dubbed most of the roles of Josh Hutcherson. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Merluzzo" title="Maurizio Merluzzo">Maurizio Merluzzo</a> </td> <td>2007–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Levi" title="Zachary Levi">Zachary Levi</a> </td> <td>He dubbed many roles in video games and animated series. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joy_Saltarelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joy Saltarelli (page does not exist)">Joy Saltarelli</a> </td> <td>2008–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence" title="Jennifer Lawrence">Jennifer Lawrence</a> <a href="/wiki/Ana_de_Armas" title="Ana de Armas">Ana de Armas</a> </td> <td>She dubbed many roles of Jennifer Lawrence and Ana de Armas. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Latvia,_Lithuania">Latvia, Lithuania</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Latvia, Lithuania">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, only children's movies get dubbed in the cinema, while many live-action movies for an older audience use voice-over. Most children's TV shows, like <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a>, use voice-overs, but in recent years, a few of them, mainly aimed at preschoolers, have been dubbed into Latvian and Lithuanian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dubbing%22">"Dubbing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dubbing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dubbing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dubbing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dubbing%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dubbing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the past, foreign movies were all subtitled in Polish.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-77">[77]</a> Poland's dubbing traditions began between the two world wars. In 1931, among the first movies dubbed into Polish were <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Curves_(1929_film)" title="Dangerous Curves (1929 film)">Dangerous Curves</a> (1929), <a href="/wiki/The_Dance_of_Life_(film)" title="The Dance of Life (film)">The Dance of Life</a> (1929), <a href="/wiki/Paramount_on_Parade" title="Paramount on Parade">Paramount on Parade</a> (1930), and <a href="/wiki/Darling_of_the_Gods" title="Darling of the Gods">Darling of the Gods</a> (1930). In 1949, the first dubbing studio opened in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>. The first film dubbed that year was Russkiy Vopros (filmed 1948).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although quality was poor at first, the number of dubbed movies and the quality of dubbing improved, and between the 1960s and the 1980s around a third of foreign movies screened in cinemas were dubbed. The "Polish dubbing school" was known for its high quality. The person who initiated high-quality dubbing versions was director Zofia Dybowska-Aleksandrowicz.Polish television dubbed popular films and TV series such as <a href="/wiki/Rich_Man,_Poor_Man_(miniseries)" title="Rich Man, Poor Man (miniseries)">Rich Man, Poor Man</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fawlty_Towers" title="Fawlty Towers">Fawlty Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forsyte_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Forsyte Saga">Forsyte Saga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_R" title="Elizabeth R">Elizabeth R</a>, <a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Take_Manhattan_(miniseries)" title="I'll Take Manhattan (miniseries)">I'll Take Manhattan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter the Great (TV series)">Peter the Great</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1980s, due to budget cuts, state-run TV saved on tapes by voicing films over live during transmission. Overall, during 1948–1998, almost 1,000 films were dubbed in Polish. In the 1990s, dubbing films and TV series continued, although often also for one emission only.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Polish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Polish TV provider)">Canal+</a> was launched in Poland. In its first years, it dubbed 30% of its schedule, including popular films and TV series such as <a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a>, but this proved unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Patrick-78">[78]</a> It stopped dubbing films in 1999. From the 1990s until its closure in 2001, dubbing was done by <a href="/wiki/Wizja_Jeden" title="Wizja Jeden">Wizja Jeden</a> TV channel, which mainly dubbed <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> productions such as <a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Gentlemen" title="The League of Gentlemen">The League of Gentlemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolutely_Fabulous" title="Absolutely Fabulous">Absolutely Fabulous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Men_Behaving_Badly" title="Men Behaving Badly">Men Behaving Badly</a>. Currently,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] dubbing of films and TV series for teenagers is done by <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Polish TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="Disney Channel (Polish TV channel)">Disney Channel</a>. One of the major breakthroughs in dubbing was the Polish release of <a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a> (2001), which contained many references to local culture and Polish humor. However live-action dubbing is still considered a bad practice.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since the theatrical release of <a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a> in May 2012, Walt Disney Company Polska has dubbed all films for cinema releases. However, when a dub is produced but the film's target audience is not exclusively children, both dubbed and subtitled versions are usually available in movie theaters at different times.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, home media releases, television screenings of movies, and made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over translation, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Gavrilov_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavrilov translation">Gavrilov translation</a> used in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> television is generally dubbed, but often uses the <a href="/wiki/Voice-over_translation" title="Voice-over translation">voice-over translation</a> method with only a couple of voice actors, with the original speech still audible underneath. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, most foreign movies to be officially released were dubbed. Voice-over dub was invented in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the 1980s when with the fall of the regime, many popular foreign movies, previously forbidden, or at least questionable under communist rule, started to flood in, in the form of low-quality home-copied videos. Being unofficial releases, they were dubbed in a very primitive way. For example, the translator spoke the text directly over the audio of a video being copied, using primitive equipment. The quality of the resulting dub was very low: The translated phrases were off-sync (interfering with the original voices), background sounds leaked into the track, the translation was inaccurate, and, most importantly, all dub voices were made by a single person who usually lacked the intonation of the original, making comprehension of some scenes quite difficult. This method of translation exerted a strong influence on Russian pop culture. Voices of translators became recognizable for generations. In modern Russia, the overdubbing technique is still used in many cases, although with vastly improved quality, and now with multiple voice actors dubbing different original voices. Video games are generally either dubbed into Russian (such as the Legend of Spyro trilogy, the Skylanders series, the Assassin's Creed saga, the Halo series, the Harry Potter series, etc.) or released with original-speaking tracks but with all the texts translated into Russian language. The technique of non-voiceover dubbing, without the original speech still audible underneath, has also gained traction in Russia in the 21st century. Releases of films in cinemas are almost always dubbed in the Russian language. Television series are typically shown as a dubbed or voiceovered translation. Subtitles are rarely used. Some of the well-known Russian dubbing voice artists are listed below. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Russian dubbing artists</th> <th>Actor(s)/Actress(es)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olga_Zubkova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olga Zubkova (page does not exist)">Olga Zubkova</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer" title="Michelle Pfeiffer">Michelle Pfeiffer</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a> <a href="/wiki/Julianne_Moore" title="Julianne Moore">Julianne Moore</a> <a href="/wiki/Rene_Russo" title="Rene Russo">Rene Russo</a> <a href="/wiki/Rose_Byrne" title="Rose Byrne">Rose Byrne</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Rampling" title="Charlotte Rampling">Charlotte Rampling</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Kuznetsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vsevolod Kuznetsov (page does not exist)">Vsevolod Kuznetsov</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatiana_Shitova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatiana Shitova (page does not exist)">Tatiana Shitova</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a> <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</a> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Stone" title="Emma Stone">Emma Stone</a> <a href="/wiki/Margot_Robbie" title="Margot Robbie">Margot Robbie</a> <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Diaz" title="Cameron Diaz">Cameron Diaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Wiig" title="Kristen Wiig">Kristen Wiig</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vladimir Eryomin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Prozorovskiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikita Prozorovskiy (page does not exist)">Nikita Prozorovskiy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> <a href="/wiki/Toby_Jones" title="Toby Jones">Toby Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Irons" title="Jeremy Irons">Jeremy Irons</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Tucci" title="Stanley Tucci">Stanley Tucci</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jenkins" title="Richard Jenkins">Richard Jenkins</a> <a href="/wiki/J.K._Simmons" class="mw-redirect" title="J.K. Simmons">J.K. Simmons</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natalya_Grachyova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natalya Grachyova (page does not exist)">Natalya Grachyova</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence" title="Jennifer Lawrence">Jennifer Lawrence</a> <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Chastain" title="Jessica Chastain">Jessica Chastain</a> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> <a href="/wiki/Katie_Holmes" title="Katie Holmes">Katie Holmes</a> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Weisz" title="Rachel Weisz">Rachel Weisz</a> <a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a> <a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Slovakia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, home media market, Czech dubbed versions are widely used, with only children's films and some few exceptions (for example <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a>) that have been dubbed for cinema being released with Slovak dubbing. Czech dubbing was also extensively used in the broadcast of Slovak television channels, but since 2008 Slovak language laws require any newer shows (understood as the first television broadcast in Slovakia) to be provided with Slovak localization (dubbing or subtitles); since then, television broadcasts of films, TV series and cartoons have been dubbed into Slovak. Theatrical releases are generally subtitled, except for films with a young target audience. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, dubbing has been more widespread since 1932, when the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a> decided to introduce it in Madrid and Barcelona. The first film dubbed into Spanish to be known was <a href="/wiki/Devil_and_the_Deep" title="Devil and the Deep">Devil and the Deep</a>, in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-elpaís-80">[80]</a> Dubbing, after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, was reinforced by the regulations promulgated by the Government of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> on April 23, 1941, at its time based on <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s Language Defense Law of 1938.<a href="#cite_note-elpaís-80">[80]</a> This law had two political purposes: Nationalism through linguistic identity and, more subtly, control through censorship of foreign ideas that could be alien to national interests.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In Spain, practically all foreign television programs are shown dubbed in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">European Spanish</a>, as are most films. Some dubbing actors have achieved popularity for their voices, such as <a href="/wiki/Constantino_Romero" title="Constantino Romero">Constantino Romero</a> (who dubs <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darth_Vader" title="Darth Vader">Darth Vader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">Terminator</a>, among others) and Óscar Muñoz (the official European Spanish dub-over voice artist for <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Christensen" title="Hayden Christensen">Hayden Christensen</a>). Currently, with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">digital terrestrial television</a>, viewers can choose between the original and the dubbed soundtracks for most movies and television. In some regions such as <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, some foreign programs are also often dubbed into <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_dubbing_in_Ukrainian" class="mw-redirect" title="Film dubbing in Ukrainian">Film dubbing in Ukrainian</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, since 2006 cinema releases are almost always dubbed into Ukrainian with the overdubbing technique and multiple voice actors dubbing different original voices with a small percent of art-house/documentaries shown in the original language with Ukrainian subtitles. For television, TV channels usually release movies and TV-shows with a Ukrainian voiceover, although certain high-profile films and TV shows are dubbed rather than voice-overed. In the past Russian-language films, TV series, cartoons, animated series and TV programs were usually not dubbed but were shown with the original audio with Ukrainian subtitles. However, this practice has been slowly abandoned since the late 2010s: all children's films and cartoons regardless of the original language (including Russian) are always dubbed into Ukrainian; example of the first Russian cartoons dubbed into Ukrainian for the cinematic-release is <a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_2" title="The Snow Queen 2">The Snow Queen 2</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/A_Warrior%27s_Tail" title="A Warrior's Tail">A Warrior's Tail</a> (2015), Volki i Ovtsy: Be-e-e-zumnoe prevrashenie (2016), Ivan Tsarevich i Seryy Volk 3 (2016), Bremenskie razboyniki (2016), <a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_3:_Fire_and_Ice" title="The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice">The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Journey_to_OZ" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantastic Journey to OZ">Fantastic Journey to OZ</a> (2017), Fixies: Top Secret (2017) etc.; the same trend is seen among Russian language feature films for adults, with the first such films dubbed into Ukrainian including <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Sevastopol" title="Battle for Sevastopol">Battle for Sevastopol</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_Henry" title="Hardcore Henry">Hardcore Henry</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/The_Duelist_(2016_film)" title="The Duelist (2016 film)">The Duelist</a> (2016). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, foreign programs are invariably dubbed into <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> on <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air TV</a>, with only a few exceptions. Films shown at cinemas are generally offered with both subtitled and dubbed versions, with dubbing frequently being the only choice for children's movies. Subtitling was primarily for adult audience movies until 2012. Since then, dubbed versions also became available for all ages. As a result, in recent years, more cinemas have opened in Brazil, attracting new audiences to the cinema who prefer dubbing. According to a <a href="/wiki/Datafolha" title="Datafolha">Datafolha</a> survey, 56% of Brazilian movie theaters' audience prefer to watch dubbed movies.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Most of the dubbing studios in Brazil are in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The first film to be dubbed in Brazil was the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Disney</a> animation "<a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a>" in 1938. By the end of the 1950s, most of the movies, TV series and cartoons on television in Brazil were shown in its original sound and subtitles. However, in 1961, a decree of President <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a> ruled that all foreign productions on television should be dubbed. This measure boosted the growth of dubbing in Brazil, and has led to several dubbing studios since then.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The biggest dubbing studio in Brazil was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Richers" title="Herbert Richers">Herbert Richers</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro (city)">Rio de Janeiro</a> and closed in 2009. At its peak in the 80s and 90s, the Herbert Richers studios dubbed about 70% of the productions shown in Brazilian cinemas.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the 90s, with Saint Seiya, Dragon Ball and other anime shows becoming popular in Brazilian TVs, the voice actors and the dubbing career gained a higher space in Brazilian culture. Actors like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermes_Baroli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermes Baroli (page does not exist)">Hermes Baroli</a> (Brazilian dubber of <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Seiya" title="Pegasus Seiya">Pegasus Seiya</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Seiya" title="Saint Seiya">Saint Seiya</a> and actors like <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher" title="Ashton Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Ribeiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Ribeiro (page does not exist)">Marco Ribeiro</a> (Brazilian dubber of many actors like <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yusuke_Urameshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuke Urameshi">Yusuke Urameshi</a> from the anime <a href="/wiki/Yu_Yu_Hakusho" class="mw-redirect" title="Yu Yu Hakusho">Yu Yu Hakusho</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendel_Bezerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendel Bezerra (page does not exist)">Wendel Bezerra</a> (Brazilian dubber of <a href="/wiki/Goku" title="Goku">Goku</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z" title="Dragon Ball Z">Dragon Ball Z</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(character)" title="SpongeBob SquarePants (character)">SpongeBob</a> in <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a>) are recognized for their most notable roles. Pay TV commonly offers both dubbed and subtitled movies, with statistics showing that dubbed versions are becoming predominant.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> releases usually feature Portuguese, Spanish, and the original audio along with subtitles in native languages. Most video games are dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese rather than having European Portuguese dubs alone. Games such as <a href="/wiki/Halo_3" title="Halo 3">Halo 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_of_War:_Ascension" title="God of War: Ascension">God of War: Ascension</a>, <a href="/wiki/InFamous_2" class="mw-redirect" title="InFamous 2">inFamous 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III" title="Assassin's Creed III">Assassin's Creed III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skylanders:_Spyro%27s_Adventure" title="Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure">Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a> and others are dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese. This is because despite the dropping of the dubbing law in Portugal in 1994, most companies in that country use the Brazilian Portuguese because of traditional usage during the days of the dubbing rule, along with these dubbings being more marketable than European Portuguese. A list that showcases Brazilian Portuguese voice artists that dub for actors and actresses are displayed here. However, there can also be different official dub artists for certain regions within Brazil. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Brazilian Portuguese dubbing artists</th> <th>Actor(s)/Actress(es)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagner_Fagundes" class="extiw" title="pt:Vagner Fagundes">Vagner Fagundes</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wood" title="Elijah Wood">Elijah Wood</a></td> <td>Official voice artist for Elijah Wood in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> dubs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Cant%C3%BA" class="extiw" title="pt:Sérgio Cantú">Sérgio Cantú</a></td> <td>Elijah Wood <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sadowski" title="Jonathan Sadowski">Jonathan Sadowski</a></td> <td>Official voice artist for Elijah Wood in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> dubs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Moreno_(dublador)" class="extiw" title="pt:Alexandre Moreno (dublador)">Alexandre Moreno</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stiller" title="Ben Stiller">Ben Stiller</a> <a href="/wiki/Vince_Vaughn" title="Vince Vaughn">Vince Vaughn</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Tucker" title="Chris Tucker">Chris Tucker</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a> <a href="/wiki/Josh_Duhamel" title="Josh Duhamel">Josh Duhamel</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Biggs" title="Jason Biggs">Jason Biggs</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rockwell" title="Sam Rockwell">Sam Rockwell</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Ramos" class="extiw" title="pt:Mauro Ramos">Mauro Ramos</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Goodman" title="John Goodman">John Goodman</a> <a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Rip_Torn" title="Rip Torn">Rip Torn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia_Quinto" class="extiw" title="pt:Letícia Quinto">Letícia Quinto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a> <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Portman" title="Natalie Portman">Natalie Portman</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Salustti" class="extiw" title="pt:Sylvia Salustti">Sylvia Salustti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renee_O%27Connor" title="Renee O'Connor">Renee O'Connor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar" title="Sarah Michelle Gellar">Sarah Michelle Gellar</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow" title="Gwyneth Paltrow">Gwyneth Paltrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Alba" title="Jessica Alba">Jessica Alba</a> <a href="/wiki/Megan_Fox" title="Megan Fox">Megan Fox</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayim_Bialik" title="Mayim Bialik">Mayim Bialik</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Adams" title="Amy Adams">Amy Adams</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rcio_Seixas" class="extiw" title="pt:Márcio Seixas">Márcio Seixas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bronson" title="Charles Bronson">Charles Bronson</a> <a href="/wiki/Bud_Spencer" title="Bud Spencer">Bud Spencer</a> <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Nielsen" title="Leslie Nielsen">Leslie Nielsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dalton" title="Timothy Dalton">Timothy Dalton</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Walken" title="Christopher Walken">Christopher Walken</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rcules_Fernando" class="extiw" title="pt:Hércules Fernando">Hércules Fernando</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Graf" title="David Graf">David Graf</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Ribeiro" class="extiw" title="pt:Marco Ribeiro">Marco Ribeiro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_Briggs" class="extiw" title="pt:Guilherme Briggs">Guilherme Briggs</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson" title="Dwayne Johnson">Dwayne Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/Owen_Wilson" title="Owen Wilson">Owen Wilson</a> <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavill" title="Henry Cavill">Henry Cavill</a> <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Fraser" title="Brendan Fraser">Brendan Fraser</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Palomanes" class="extiw" title="pt:Luisa Palomanes">Luisa Palomanes</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a> <a href="/wiki/Selena_Gomez" title="Selena Gomez">Selena Gomez</a> <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Cosgrove" title="Miranda Cosgrove">Miranda Cosgrove</a> <a href="/wiki/Amber_Heard" title="Amber Heard">Amber Heard</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendel_Bezerra" class="extiw" title="pt:Wendel Bezerra">Wendel Bezerra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pattinson" title="Robert Pattinson">Robert Pattinson</a> <a href="/wiki/Sean_Astin" title="Sean Astin">Sean Astin</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Machado" class="extiw" title="pt:Nelson Machado">Nelson Machado</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Snipes" title="Wesley Snipes">Wesley Snipes</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Villagr%C3%A1n" title="Carlos Villagrán">Carlos Villagrán</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolo_Rey" class="extiw" title="pt:Manolo Rey">Manolo Rey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> <a href="/wiki/Tobey_Maguire" title="Tobey Maguire">Tobey Maguire</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Marsden" title="James Marsden">James Marsden</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Chaves" class="extiw" title="pt:Júlio Chaves">Júlio Chaves</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a> <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bridges" title="Jeff Bridges">Jeff Bridges</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Irons" title="Jeremy Irons">Jeremy Irons</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rcio_Sim%C3%B5es" class="extiw" title="pt:Márcio Simões">Márcio Simões</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Spacey" title="Kevin Spacey">Kevin Spacey</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne" title="Laurence Fishburne">Laurence Fishburne</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Ficher" class="extiw" title="pt:Miriam Ficher">Miriam Ficher</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uma_Thurman" title="Uma Thurman">Uma Thurman</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Ferguson" title="Rebecca Ferguson">Rebecca Ferguson</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Cezar" class="extiw" title="pt:Mabel Cezar">Mabel Cezar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kate_Walsh_(actress)" title="Kate Walsh (actress)">Kate Walsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Elizabeth" title="Shannon Elizabeth">Shannon Elizabeth</a> <a href="/wiki/Tisha_Campbell" title="Tisha Campbell">Tisha Campbell</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilene_Conte" class="extiw" title="pt:Guilene Conte">Guilene Conte</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judy_Greer" title="Judy Greer">Judy Greer</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Arquette" title="Rosanna Arquette">Rosanna Arquette</a> <a href="/wiki/Tichina_Arnold" title="Tichina Arnold">Tichina Arnold</a> <a href="/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa" title="Thalía">Thalía</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Dorfman" class="extiw" title="pt:Sheila Dorfman">Sheila Dorfman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis" title="Jamie Lee Curtis">Jamie Lee Curtis</a> <a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a> <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Leo" title="Melissa Leo">Melissa Leo</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Paulita" class="extiw" title="pt:Flora Paulita">Flora Paulita</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ariana_Grande" title="Ariana Grande">Ariana Grande</a> <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Carson" title="Sofia Carson">Sofia Carson</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Apparently, for unknown reasons (probably technical), the Brazilian Portuguese dub credits from some shows or cartoons from channels from Viacom or Turner/Time Warner, are shown on Latin America (on Spanish-dubbed series). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, by law, films shown in theaters must be shown in their original version. Films in languages other than Spanish are usually subtitled. Only educational documentaries and movies rated for children (some shows aired on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> or <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a>), as well as some movies that are expected to have a wide audience (for example, <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a>) may be dubbed, but this is not compulsory, and some animated films are shown in theaters in both dubbed and subtitled versions (for instance, some <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks</a> productions). Nonetheless, a recent trend in several cinemas is to offer the dubbed versions only, with a stark decrease in the showing of the original ones. Dubbing must be made in Mexico by Mexican nationals or foreigners residing in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Still, several programs that are shown on pay TV are dubbed in other countries like <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. Most movies released on DVD feature <a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">neutral Spanish</a> as a language option, and sometimes feature a specific dub for Mexican audiences (for example, Rio). Foreign programs are dubbed on <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast TV</a>, while on <a href="/wiki/Pay_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay TV">pay TV</a> most shows and movies are subtitled. In a similar way to cinemas, in the last few years, many channels on pay TV have begun to broadcast programs and films only in their dubbed version. Dubbing became very popular in the 1990s with the rise in popularity of anime in Mexico. Some voice actors have become celebrities and are always identified with specific characters, such as <a href="/wiki/Mario_Casta%C3%B1eda" title="Mario Castañeda">Mario Castañeda</a> (who became popular by dubbing <a href="/wiki/Goku" title="Goku">Goku</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z" title="Dragon Ball Z">Dragon Ball Z</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Humberto_V%C3%A9lez" title="Humberto Vélez">Humberto Vélez</a> (who dubbed <a href="/wiki/Homer_Simpson" title="Homer Simpson">Homer Simpson</a> in the first 15 seasons of <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>). The popularity of pay TV has allowed people to view several series in their original language rather than dubbed. Dubbing has been criticized for the use of TV or movie stars as voice actors (such as <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Martin" title="Ricky Martin">Ricky Martin</a> in Disney's <a href="/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)" title="Hercules (1997 film)">Hercules</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Derbez" title="Eugenio Derbez">Eugenio Derbez</a> in DreamWorks' Shrek), or for the incorrect use of local popular culture that sometimes creates unintentional jokes or breaks the feeling of the original work (such as translating <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Cooper" title="Sheldon Cooper">Sheldon Cooper</a>'s "Bazinga!" to "¡Vacilón!"). Several video games have been dubbed into neutral Spanish, rather than European Spanish, in Mexico (such as the Gears of War series, Halo 3, Infamous 2 and others). <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> recently announced that more games (such as God of War: Ascension) will be dubbed into neutral Spanish. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Peru">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, all foreign series, movies, and animated programming are shown dubbed in Latin American Spanish, with dubs imported from Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela on terrestrial and pay-television. Most movies intended for kids are being offered as dub-only movies, while most films aimed at older audiences are being offered dubbed and subtitled in Spanish. Most subtitled Pay-TV channels show both dubbed and subtitled version of every film they broadcast, being offered with a separate subtitle track and a second audio track in English. There is an increase of people preferring subtitle films and series rather than dubbed starting the late-2000s, as Peruvians viewers tend to get used to their original version. Peru used to not produce their own dubs since dubbing studios never existed in that country until 2016, when the company "Big Bang Films" started to dub movies and series; however since 2014, a group of dubbing actors created a group called "Torre A Doblaje", which is a group of actors that gives dubbing and localization services. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_American_Spanish-speaking_countries">Latin American Spanish-speaking countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Latin American Spanish-speaking countries">edit</a>]</div> For Latin American Spanish-speaking countries, all foreign-language programs, films, cartoons and documentaries shown on free-to-air TV networks are dubbed into <a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard Spanish</a>, (mainly in Mexico, Venezuela or Argentina) while broadcasts on <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a> pan-regional channels (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Kids_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Kids (Latin American TV channel)">Discovery Kids</a>) are either dubbed or subtitled. In theaters, children's movies and most blockbuster films are dubbed into Standard Spanish, and are sometimes further dubbed into regional dialects of Spanish where they are released. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French-speaking_Canada">French-speaking Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: French-speaking Canada">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada, most films and TV programs in English are dubbed into <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a>, occasionally with <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a> idiosyncrasies. They speak with a mixed accent, they pronounce /ɛ̃/ with a Parisian accent, but they pronounce "â" and "ê" with a Quebec accent: grâce [ɡʁɑːs] and être [ɛːtʁ̥]. Occasionally, the dubbing of a series or a movie, such as The Simpsons, is made using the more widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">joual</a> variety of Quebec French. Dubbing has the advantage of making children's films and TV series more comprehensible to younger audiences. However, many <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> Québécois prefer subtitling, since they would understand some or all of the original audio. In addition, all films are shown in English, as well in certain theaters (especially in major cities and English-speaking areas such as the <a href="/wiki/West_Island" title="West Island">West Island</a>), and some theatres, such as the Scotiabank Cinema <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, show only movies in English. Most American television series are only available in English on <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, or on English-language channels, but some of the more popular ones have French dubs shown on mainstream networks, and are released in French on DVD as well, sometimes separately from an English-only version. Formerly, all French-language dubbed films in Quebec were imported from France and some still are. Such a practice was criticized by former politician <a href="/wiki/Mario_Dumont" title="Mario Dumont">Mario Dumont</a> after he took his children to see the <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Parisian French</a> dub of Shrek the Third, which Dumont found incomprehensible.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> After his complaints and a proposed bill, <a href="/wiki/Bee_Movie" title="Bee Movie">Bee Movie</a>, the film from <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a>, was dubbed in Quebec, making it the studio's first animated film to have a Quebec French dub, as all DreamWorks Animation films had previously been dubbed in France.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In terms of Disney, the first Disney animated movie to be dubbed in Quebec French was <a href="/wiki/Oliver_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver and Company">Oliver and Company</a>. Afterwards, all the other Disney animated movies onward after Oliver and Company including the Pixar animated movies have also been dubbed in Quebec French except for <a href="/wiki/DuckTales_the_Movie:_Treasure_of_the_Lost_Lamp" title="DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp">DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under" title="The Rescuers Down Under">The Rescuers Down Under</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast" title="Beauty and the Beast">Beauty and the Beast</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Goofy_Movie" title="A Goofy Movie">A Goofy Movie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luca_(2021_film)" title="Luca (2021 film)">Luca</a>. In addition, because Canadian viewers usually find Quebec French more comprehensible than other dialects of the language, some older film series that had the French-language versions of previous installments dubbed in France have had later ones dubbed in Quebec, often creating inconsistencies within the French version of the series' canon. <a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a> series are examples. Both series had films released in the 1970s and 1980s, with no Québécois French dubbed versions; instead, the Parisian French versions, with altered character and object names and terms, were distributed in the province. However, later films in both series released 1999 and later were dubbed in Quebec, using different voice actors and "reversing" name changes made in France's dubbings due to the change in studio. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_and_English-speaking_Canada">United States and English-speaking Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: United States and English-speaking Canada">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English-speaking Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live-action" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-action">live-action</a> foreign films are usually shown in theaters with their original languages and English subtitles. It is because live-action dubbed movies rarely did well in United States box office since the 1980s. The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Petersen's <a href="/wiki/Das_Boot" title="Das Boot">Das Boot</a> was the last major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's original version actually grossed much higher than the English-dubbed version.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Later on, English-dubbed versions of international hits like <a href="/wiki/Un_indien_dans_la_ville" title="Un indien dans la ville">Un indien dans la ville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_2000" title="Godzilla 2000">Godzilla 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_(film)" title="Anatomy (film)">Anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinocchio_(2002_film)" title="Pinocchio (2002 film)">Pinocchio</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Godzilla" title="The Return of Godzilla">The Return of Godzilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Tension" title="High Tension">High Tension</a> flopped at United States box offices.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-95">[95]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Miramax" title="Miramax">Miramax</a> planned to release the English-dubbed versions of <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Soccer" title="Shaolin Soccer">Shaolin Soccer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hero_(2002_film)" title="Hero (2002 film)">Hero</a> in the United States cinemas, their English-dubbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with their original language.<a href="#cite_note-auto-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Still, English-dubbed movies have much better commercial potential in <a href="/wiki/Ancillary_market" title="Ancillary market">ancillary markets</a>; therefore, more distributors would release live-action foreign films in theaters with their original languages (with English subtitles), then release both original versions and English-dubbed versions in ancillary markets.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-97">[97]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> is almost always released in English-dubbed format, regardless of its content or target age group. The exceptions to this practice are either when an English dub has not been produced for the program (usually in the case of feature films) or when the program is being presented by a network that places importance on presenting it in its original format (as was the case when <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">Turner Classic Movies</a> aired several of <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>'s works, which were presented both dubbed and subtitled). Most <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> DVDs contain options for original Japanese, Japanese with subtitles, and English-dubbed, except for a handful of series that have been heavily edited or <a href="/wiki/Americanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Americanized">Americanized</a>. In addition, Disney has a policy that makes its directors undergo stages to perfect alignment of certain lip movements so the movie looks believable. In addition, a small number of British films have been re-dubbed when released in the United States, due to the usage of dialects which Americans are not familiar with (for example, <a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trainspotting_(film)" title="Trainspotting (film)">Trainspotting</a>). However, British children's shows (such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_and_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas and Friends">Thomas and Friends</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_the_Builder" title="Bob the Builder">Bob the Builder</a>) have historically always been re-dubbed with American voice actors in order to make the series more understandable for American children. This slowly fell out of practice since the late 2000s. With the rising popularity of British children's shows such as <a href="/wiki/Peppa_Pig" title="Peppa Pig">Peppa Pig</a>, which airs undubbed on <a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._Channel" title="Nick Jr. Channel">Nick Jr. Channel</a> (even though Tickle-U aired the dubbed version), fewer and fewer British children's shows have been broadcast with American re-dubs. Conversely, British programs shown in Canada are typically not re-dubbed. Some live-action television shows shown in the US have Spanish dubs. These are accessible though the SAP (secondary audio program) function of the television unit. Many films have also been dubbed into indigenous languages of the United States and Canada. <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moana_(2016_film)" title="Moana (2016 film)">Moana</a>, set in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, was dubbed into the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo language</a> has also received dubs of many films, the first three being <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope</a> (<a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>: Sǫʼtah Anah),<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finding_Nemo" title="Finding Nemo">Finding Nemo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>: Nemo Hádéést'į́į́)<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fistful_of_Dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="Fistful of Dollars">Fistful of Dollars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>: Béeso Dah Yiníłjaa').<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The Navajo dubs of Star Wars and Finding Nemo are also available on <a href="/wiki/Disney_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Plus">Disney Plus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> In common with other English-speaking countries, there has traditionally been little dubbing in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, with foreign language television programs and films being shown (usually on <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a>) with subtitles or English dubs produced in other countries. Because over 25% of Australians speak a language other than English at home, some cinemas show foreign-language films, for example in Chinese (the most spoken language in Australia other than English). There are also Chinese-language cinemas in Australia, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hoyts" title="Hoyts">Hoyts</a> Mandarin cinema in <a href="/wiki/Chatswood,_New_South_Wales" title="Chatswood, New South Wales">Chatswood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> However, some TV commercials from foreign countries are dubbed, even if the original commercial came from another English-speaking country. Moreover, the off-screen narration portions of some non-fiction programs originating from the UK or North America are re-dubbed by Australian voice talents to relay information in expressions that Australians can understand more easily. The first film to be dubbed into an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal language</a> was <a href="/wiki/Fists_of_Fury" class="mw-redirect" title="Fists of Fury">Fists of Fury</a>, a Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> film, which was dubbed into the <a href="/wiki/Nyungar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyungar language">Nyungar language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> region in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a> cartoon, <a href="/wiki/Little_J_%26_Big_Cuz" title="Little J & Big Cuz">Little J & Big Cuz</a>, is available in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">English</a> and several indigenous languages, including <a href="/wiki/Gija_language" title="Gija language">Gija</a>, Nyungar, <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawa_Kani" class="mw-redirect" title="Palawa Kani">Palawa Kani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Kriol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Polynesia">French Polynesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: French Polynesia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> almost exclusively shows films and television programs in either French or English. However, in 2016, Disney's <a href="/wiki/Moana_(2016_film)" title="Moana (2016 film)">Moana</a> became the first film to be dubbed into the <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> However, the dub was only released in French Polynesia and is not available on any streaming services. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> While New Zealand is an English-speaking country, a growing number of television programs and films have also been dubbed into the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a>. Many episodes of <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: SpongeBob Tarau Porowhā) and <a href="/wiki/Dora_the_Explorer_(TV_series)" title="Dora the Explorer (TV series)">Dora the Explorer</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: Dora Mātātoa) were dubbed into Māori and shown on <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Television">Māori Television</a> to promote the Māori language among children.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> has also started dubbing films into Māori. These films are shown in cinemas in New Zealand and some parts of Australia and then released globally on <a href="/wiki/Disney_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Plus">Disney Plus</a>. In 2019, the film <a href="/wiki/Moana_(2016_film)" title="Moana (2016 film)">Moana</a> was dubbed into Māori.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: Te Kīngi Raiona) and <a href="/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)" title="Frozen (2013 film)">Frozen</a> were dubbed into Māori.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtitles">Subtitles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Subtitles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subtitle" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitle">Subtitle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitle (captioning)">Subtitles</a> can be used instead of dubbing, as different countries have different traditions regarding the choice between dubbing and subtitling. On <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> with higher translation budgets, the option for both types will often be provided to account for individual preferences; <a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">purists</a> often demand subtitles. For small markets (small language area or films for a select audience), subtitling is more suitable, because it is cheaper. In the case of films for small children who cannot yet read, or do not read fast enough, dubbing is necessary. In most <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-speaking countries, dubbing is comparatively rare. In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, some programs need to be comprehensible to speakers of both <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. This cannot be accomplished with dubbing, so subtitling is much more commonplace—sometimes even with subtitles in multiple languages, with the soundtrack remaining in the original language, usually English. The same applies to certain television shows in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> are both official languages. In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, films and television programs are shown in the original language (usually English) with subtitles, and only cartoons and children's movies and programs are dubbed. Cinemas usually show both a dubbed version and one with subtitles for this kind of movie, with the subtitled version shown later in the evening. In Portugal, one terrestrial channel, <a href="/wiki/TVI_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="TVI (Portugal)">TVI</a>, dubbed U.S. series like <a href="/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek" title="Dawson's Creek">Dawson's Creek</a> into <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DCpt-112">[112]</a> RTP also transmitted <a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a> in a dubbed version, but it was poorly received and later re-aired in a subtitled version. Cartoons, on the other hand, are usually dubbed, sometimes by well-known actors, even on TV. Animated movies are usually released to the cinemas in both subtitled and dubbed versions. In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, terrestrial channels air films and TV series in a dubbed version, as demanded by law. However, those same series can be seen on cable channels at more accessible time-slots in their subtitled version and usually before they are shown on open TV. In contrast, the series The Simpsons is aired in its Mexican Spanish-dubbed version both on terrestrial television and on the cable station Fox, which broadcasts the series for the area. Although the first season of the series appeared with subtitles, this was not continued for the following seasons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dubbing_and_subtitling">Dubbing and subtitling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Dubbing and subtitling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, television series are dubbed, but most television channels use subtitles for action and drama movies. <a href="/wiki/AXN" title="AXN">AXN</a> uses subtitles for its series, but as of 2008 emphasizes dubbing. Only <a href="/wiki/Diema" title="Diema">Diema</a> channels dub all programs. Movies in theaters, with the exception of films for children, use dubbing and subtitles. Dubbing of television programs is usually done using voiceovers, but usually, voices professional actors, while trying to give each character a different voice by using appropriate intonations. Dubbing with synchronized voices is rarely used, mostly for animated films. <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Doubtfire" title="Mrs. Doubtfire">Mrs. Doubtfire</a> is a rare example of a feature film dubbed this way on <a href="/wiki/BNT_Channel_1" class="mw-redirect" title="BNT Channel 1">BNT Channel 1</a>, though a subtitled version is currently shown on other channels. <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Television" title="Walt Disney Television">Walt Disney Television</a>'s animated series (such as <a href="/wiki/DuckTales_(1987_TV_series)" title="DuckTales (1987 TV series)">DuckTales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkwing_Duck" title="Darkwing Duck">Darkwing Duck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timon_%26_Pumbaa_(TV_series)" title="Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)">Timon & Pumbaa</a>) were only aired with synchronized Bulgarian voices on <a href="/wiki/BNT_Channel_1" class="mw-redirect" title="BNT Channel 1">BNT Channel 1</a> until 2005, but then the Disney shows were canceled. When airing of Disney series resumed on <a href="/wiki/Nova_Television_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Television (Bulgaria)">Nova Television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jetix" title="Jetix">Jetix</a> in 2008, voiceovers were used, but Disney animated-movie translations still use synchronized voices. Voiceover dubbing is not used in theatrical releases. The Bulgarian film industry law requires all children's films to be dubbed, not subtitled. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Television_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Television (Bulgaria)">Nova Television</a> dubbed and aired the Pokémon anime with synchronized voices. Now, the show is airing on Disney Channel, also in a synchronized form. <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> provides both subtitles and dubbed audio with its foreign language shows, including Brazil's dystopian "<a href="/wiki/3%25" title="3%">3%</a>" and the German thriller "<a href="/wiki/Dark_(TV_series)" title="Dark (TV series)">Dark</a>". Viewer testing indicates that its audience is more likely to finish watching a series if they select to view it with dubbed audio rather than translated subtitles. Netflix now streams its foreign language content with dubbed audio as default in an effort to increase viewer retention.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_use">General use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: General use">edit</a>]</div> Dubbing is also used in applications and genres other than traditional film, including video games, television, and pornographic films. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Video games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Many <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> originally produced in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> countries are dubbed into foreign languages for international release, especially for video games that place a heavy emphasis on dialogue. Because characters' mouth movements can be part of the game's code, <a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a> is sometimes achieved by re-coding the mouth movements to match the dialogue in the new language. The <a href="/wiki/Source_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Source engine">Source engine</a> automatically generates lip-sync data, making it easier for games to be localized. To achieve synchronization when animations are intended only for the source language, localized content is mostly recorded using techniques borrowed from movie dubbing (such as rythmo band) or, when images are not available, localized dubbing is done using source audios as a reference. Sound-synch is a method where localized audios are recorded matching the length and internal pauses of the source content. For the European version of a video game, the on-screen text of the game is available in various languages and, in many cases, the dialogue is dubbed into each respective language, as well. The North American version of any game is always available in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, with translated text and dubbed dialogue, if necessary, in other languages, especially if the North American version of the game contains the same data as the European version. Several Japanese games, such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_Warriors" title="Dynasty Warriors">Dynasty Warriors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soulcalibur" title="Soulcalibur">Soulcalibur</a> series, are released with both the original Japanese audio and the English dub included. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Dubbing is occasionally used on <a href="/wiki/Network_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Network television">network television</a> broadcasts of films that contain dialogue that the network executives or <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censors</a> have decided to replace. This is usually done to remove <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a>. In most cases, the original actor does not perform this duty, but an actor with a similar voice reads the changes. The results are sometimes seamless, but, in many cases, the voice of the replacement actor sounds nothing like the original performer, which becomes particularly noticeable when extensive dialogue must be replaced. Also, often easy to notice, is the sudden absence of background sounds in the movie during the dubbed dialogue. Among the films considered notorious for using substitute actors that sound very different from their theatrical counterparts are the <a href="/wiki/Smokey_and_the_Bandit" title="Smokey and the Bandit">Smokey and the Bandit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Die_Hard_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Hard series">Die Hard</a> film series, as shown on broadcasters such as <a href="/wiki/TBS_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="TBS (TV network)">TBS</a>. In the case of Smokey and the Bandit, extensive dubbing was done for the first network airing on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC Television</a> in 1978, especially for <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Gleason" title="Jackie Gleason">Jackie Gleason</a>'s character, <a href="/wiki/Buford_T._Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Buford T. Justice">Buford T. Justice</a>. The dubbing of his phrase "sombitch" (son of a bitch) became "scum bum," which became a catchphrase of the time. Dubbing is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction television">science fiction television</a>, as well. Sound generated by effects equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">animatronic</a> puppets or by actors' movements on elaborate multi-level plywood sets (for example, starship bridges or other command centers) will quite often make the original character dialogue unusable. <a href="/wiki/Stargate" title="Stargate">Stargate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farscape" title="Farscape">Farscape</a> are two prime examples where ADR is used heavily to produce usable audio. Since some anime series contain profanity, the studios recording the English dubs often re-record certain lines if a series or movie is going to be broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>, removing references to <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> as well. Some companies will offer both an edited and an uncut version of the series on DVD, so that there is an edited script available in case the series is broadcast. Other companies also edit the full-length version of a series, meaning that even on the uncut DVD characters say things like "Blast!" and "Darn!" in place of the original dialogue's profanity. <a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai Entertainment's</a> English dub of <a href="/wiki/G_Gundam" class="mw-redirect" title="G Gundam">G Gundam</a> is infamous for this, among many other things, with such lines as "Bartender, more milk". Dubbing has also been used for comedic purposes, replacing lines of dialogue to create comedies from footage that was originally another genre. Examples include the American television show <a href="/wiki/Kung_Faux" title="Kung Faux">Kung Faux</a>, comedically re-dubbed from 1970s kung fu films originally produced in Hong Kong, the Australian television shows <a href="/wiki/The_Late_Show_(1990s_Australian_TV_series)#The_Olden_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="The Late Show (1990s Australian TV series)">The Olden Days</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bargearse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bargearse">Bargearse</a>, re-dubbed from 1970s Australian drama and action series, respectively, the Irish show <a href="/wiki/Soupy_Norman" title="Soupy Norman">Soupy Norman</a>, re-dubbed from <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwsza_mi%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87" class="extiw" title="pl:Pierwsza miłość">Pierwsza miłość</a>, a Polish soap opera, and <a href="/wiki/Most_Extreme_Elimination_Challenge" title="Most Extreme Elimination Challenge">Most Extreme Elimination Challenge</a>, a comedic dub of the Japanese game show <a href="/wiki/Takeshi%27s_Castle" title="Takeshi's Castle">Takeshi's Castle</a>. Dubbing into a foreign language does not always entail the deletion of the original language. In some countries, a performer may read the translated dialogue as a voice-over. This often occurs in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, where "lektories" or "lektors" read the translated dialogue into <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. In Poland, one announcer read all text. However, this is done almost exclusively for the television and home video markets, while theatrical releases are usually subtitled. Recently, however, the number of high-quality, fully dubbed films has increased, especially for children's movies. If a quality dubbed version exists for a film, it is shown in theaters. However, some films, such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a>, are shown in both dubbed and subtitled versions, varying with the time of the show. Such films are also shown on TV (although some channels drop them and do standard one-narrator translation) and VHS/DVD. In Russia, the reading of all lines by a single person is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Gavrilov_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavrilov translation">Gavrilov translation</a>, and is generally found only in <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">illegal copies</a> of films and on <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>. Professional copies always include at least two actors of opposite gender translating the dialogue. Some titles in Poland have been dubbed this way, too, but this method lacks public appeal, so it is very rare now. On special occasions, such as <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festivals</a>, live <a href="/wiki/Interpreting" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreting">interpreting</a> is often done by professionals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pornography">Pornography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Pornography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (August 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As budgets for <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">pornographic films</a> are often small, compared to films made by major studios, and there is an inherent need to film without interrupting filming, it is common for sex scenes to be over-dubbed. The audio for such over-dubbing is generally referred to as the Ms and Gs, or the moans and groans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dubbing_into_varieties">Dubbing into varieties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Dubbing into varieties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dubbing" title="Special:EditPage/Dubbing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the case of languages with large communities (such as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, or <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>), a single translation may sound foreign to native speakers in a given region. Therefore, a film may be translated into a certain variety of a certain language. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> use different versions of dubbed films and series.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Due to the variety of Spanish accents in Latin America, the dubbing for this region is made in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard Spanish</a>, which avoids colloquialisms and whose pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical features are not recognizable as belonging to any particular Latin American country.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> For this reason, it is made in different countries, mainly in Mexico, Argentina and Colombia, for the entire continent.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In addition, some films have been dubbed to the accent of a certain region of Spanish-speaking Latin America, such as the animated movie <a href="/wiki/The_Incredibles" title="The Incredibles">The Incredibles</a>, which in addition to being dubbed into <a href="/wiki/European_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="European Spanish">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Spanish">Standard Spanish</a>, was dubbed into the <a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a> varieties.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Another example is the French dubbing of The Simpsons, which has two entirely different versions for <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and for <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The humor is very different for each audience (see <a href="/wiki/Non-English_versions_of_The_Simpsons" title="Non-English versions of The Simpsons">Non-English versions of The Simpsons</a>). Audiences in Quebec are generally critical of France's dubbing of The Simpsons, which they often do not find amusing. <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec-French</a> dubbing of films is generally made in accent-free <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a>, but may sound peculiar to audiences in France because of the persistence of some regionally-neutral expressions and because Quebec-French performers pronounce Anglo-Saxon names with an American accent, unlike French performers. Occasionally, budget restraints cause American <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a> films, such as the 1995 film When the Bullet Hits the Bone, to be released in France with a Quebec-French dubbing, sometimes resulting in what some members of French audiences perceive as unintentional humor. <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> also use different versions of dubbed films and series. Because dubbing has never been very popular in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, for decades, children's films were distributed using the higher-quality Brazilian dub (unlike children's TV series, which are traditionally dubbed in European Portuguese). Only in the 1990s did dubbing begin to gain popularity in Portugal. <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a> became the first Disney feature film to be completely dubbed into <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>, and subsequently all major animation films gained European-Portuguese versions. In recent <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> releases, most Brazilian-Portuguese-dubbed classics were released with new European-Portuguese dubs, eliminating the predominance of Brazilian-Portuguese dubs in Portugal. Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>-speaking region of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, cartoons are often dubbed locally by Flemish artists<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> rather than using soundtracks produced in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_German_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where German is an official language">German-speaking region</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country (except for Romansh). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only. Sometimes, films are also dubbed into several <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Berlinerisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlinerisch">Berlinerisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Kölsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxonian">Saxonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian language">Austro-Bavarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>), especially animated films and Disney films. They are as an additional "special feature" to entice the audience into buying it. Popular animated films dubbed into German variety include <a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a> films (in addition to its Standard German version, every film has a particular variety version), <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Shrek_2" title="Shrek 2">Shrek 2</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Cars_(film)" title="Cars (film)">Cars</a>, (+ Austrian German)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Up_(2009_film)" title="Up (2009 film)">Up</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> (+ Austrian German). Some live-action films or TV series have an additional German variety dubbing: <a href="/wiki/Babe_(film)" title="Babe (film)">Babe</a> and its sequel, <a href="/wiki/Babe:_Pig_in_the_City" title="Babe: Pig in the City">Babe: Pig in the City</a> (German German, Austrian German, Swiss German); and <a href="/wiki/Rehearsal_for_Murder" title="Rehearsal for Murder">Rehearsal for Murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Framed_(TV_series)" title="Framed (TV series)">Framed</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> (+ Austrian German); <a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpico" title="Serpico">Serpico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumpole" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpole">Rumpole</a> (+ Austrian German), and <a href="/wiki/The_Thorn_Birds_(miniseries)" title="The Thorn Birds (miniseries)">The Thorn Birds</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> (only Austrian German dubbing). Before <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> also made its own particular German version. For example, <a href="/wiki/Olsen-banden" class="mw-redirect" title="Olsen-banden">Olsen Gang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> animated series <a href="/wiki/The_M%C3%A9zga_Family" title="The Mézga Family">The Mézga Family</a> were dubbed in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> as well as East Germany. Usually, there are two dubbings produced in <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>. Serbian for <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>; Croatian for <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-plexoft.com-1"><a href="#cite_ref-plexoft.com_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plexoft.com/SBF/A03.html#AccidDR">"SBF Glossary: AD to adzy"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Media+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Turkish+soap+operas+in+the+Arab+world%3A+social+liberation+or+cultural+alienation%3F&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft.aulast=Buccianti&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabmediasociety.com%2Fturkish-soap-operas-in-the-arab-world-social-liberation-or-cultural-alienation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-NRDAQAAIAAJ&q=Radio+2000+afrikaans">The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation</a>, Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvsa.co.za/mastershowinfo.asp?mastershowid=2293">The Six Million Dollar Man</a>, TVSA - The South African TV Authority </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWvoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Steve+Austin%22+%22Die+Man+van+Staal%22">Kaapse bibliotekaris</a>, Volume 26, Library Service, 1982, page 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_Frankel1986" class="citation news cs1">Glenn Frankel (25 May 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-05-25-mn-7271-story.html">"Shows Allow Blacks, Whites to Share Cultural Experiences: South African Viewers Get a Mixed TV Message From U.S. Programs"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Shows+Allow+Blacks%2C+Whites+to+Share+Cultural+Experiences%3A+South+African+Viewers+Get+a+Mixed+TV+Message+From+U.S.+Programs&rft.date=1986-05-25&rft.au=Glenn+Frankel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-05-25-mn-7271-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/1996-02-09-the-critics-thumbs-up/">The critics' thumbs-up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a>, 9 February 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeer1998" class="citation book cs1">Beer, Arrie De (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7h1DAQAAIAAJ&q=derrick+">Mass Media, Towards the Millennium</a>. J.L. van Schaik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780627023248" title="Special:BookSources/9780627023248"><bdi>9780627023248</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Media%2C+Towards+the+Millennium&rft.pub=J.L.+van+Schaik&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780627023248&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=Arrie+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7h1DAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dderrick%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Bevan, Carin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/24845">Putting up screens: A history of television in South Africa, 1929-1976</a> (MHCS dissertation). Pretoria: University of Pretoria. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F24845">2263/24845</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Putting+up+screens%3A+A+history+of+television+in+South+Africa%2C+1929-1976&rft.inst=University+of+Pretoria&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F24845&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=Carin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.up.ac.za%2Fhandle%2F2263%2F24845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelyveld1985" class="citation web cs1">Lelyveld, Joseph (22 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/22/magazine/22SAFR.html?&pagewanted=all">"South Africa: Dream and Reality"</a>. The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=South+Africa%3A+Dream+and+Reality&rft.date=1985-09-22&rft.aulast=Lelyveld&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F09%2F22%2Fmagazine%2F22SAFR.html%3F%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel24.co.za/Movies/News/Maya-the-Bee-flick-dubbed-into-Afrikaans-and-Zulu-for-SA-audience-20150910">Maya the Bee flick dubbed into Afrikaans and Zulu for SA audience</a>, <a href="/wiki/News24_(website)" title="News24 (website)">Channel24</a>, 18 September 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nextvnews.com/eextras-brand-new-kuiertyd-premieres-soon/">eExtra's brand new 'KuierTyd' premieres soon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606055404/https://nextvnews.com/eextras-brand-new-kuiertyd-premieres-soon/">Archived</a> 6 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nextv News, 1 October 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH2012" class="citation cs2">H, M (2 November 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2012/11/cinema-uganda">"Coming to you live"</a>, The Economist</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Coming+to+you+live&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.aulast=H&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbaobab%2F2012%2F11%2Fcinema-uganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://report.az/medeniyyet-siyaseti/azerbaycanda-dublyaj-problemi-cixis-yolu-nededir/">"Azərbaycanda dublyaj problemi: çıxış yolu nədədir?"</a>. report. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Report.az&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Report.az (page does not exist)">Report.az</a>. 22 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=report&rft.atitle=Az%C9%99rbaycanda+dublyaj+problemi%3A+%C3%A7%C4%B1x%C4%B1%C5%9F+yolu+n%C9%99d%C9%99dir%3F&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freport.az%2Fmedeniyyet-siyaseti%2Fazerbaycanda-dublyaj-problemi-cixis-yolu-nededir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark1987">Clark 1987</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuYip2019" class="citation book cs1">Fu, Poshek; Yip, Man-Fung (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8TADwAAQBAJ&dq=Changchun+cinema&pg=PT67">The Cold War and Asian Cinemas</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75729-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75729-7"><bdi>978-0-429-75729-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+and+Asian+Cinemas&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.isbn=978-0-429-75729-7&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=Poshek&rft.au=Yip%2C+Man-Fung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8TADwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DChangchun%2Bcinema%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2021" class="citation book cs1">Jin, Haina (29 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4FGEAAAQBAJ&dq=Changchun+cinema&pg=PT112">Chinese Cinemas in Translation and Dissemination</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-50579-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-50579-5"><bdi>978-1-000-50579-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Cinemas+in+Translation+and+Dissemination&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft.isbn=978-1-000-50579-5&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Haina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4FGEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DChangchun%2Bcinema%26pg%3DPT112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGu2008" class="citation web cs1">Gu, Yu-Bao (7 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128023736/http://epaper.tianjinwe.com/">"突击译制《卖花姑娘"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.tianjinwe.com/tjrb/tjrb/2008-10/07/content_6013755.htm">the original</a> on 28 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AA%81%E5%87%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%88%B6%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%96%E8%8A%B1%E5%A7%91%E5%A8%98&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft.aulast=Gu&rft.aufirst=Yu-Bao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.tianjinwe.com%2Ftjrb%2Ftjrb%2F2008-10%2F07%2Fcontent_6013755.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-humes20131122-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humes20131122_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-humes20131122_33-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruce-humes.com/?p=9736">Confucius the Movie: China Flop Dubbed at the State's Expense for Tibetan Movie-goers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131130085415/http://www.bruce-humes.com/?p=9736">Archived</a> 30 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 22 November 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2013-02/24/content_28045511.htm">China Focus: Dubbed movies spice up life for Tibetans</a>, Xinhua News Agency, 24 February 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1987" class="citation cs2">Clark, Paul (1987), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cinema:_Culture_and_Politics_Since_1949" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics Since 1949">Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics Since 1949</a>, Cambridge studies in film, CUP Archive, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA60">60</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521326389" title="Special:BookSources/0521326389"><bdi>0521326389</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Cinema%3A+Culture+and+Politics+Since+1949&rft.series=Cambridge+studies+in+film&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521326389&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1700/q%26a-with-voice-artist-on-why-dubbing-will-never-die">"Q&A With Voice Artist on Why Dubbing Will Never Die"</a>. Sixth Tone. 21 January 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q%26A+With+Voice+Artist+on+Why+Dubbing+Will+Never+Die&rft.pub=Sixth+Tone&rft.date=2017-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1700%2Fq%2526a-with-voice-artist-on-why-dubbing-will-never-die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0011233">"Cinema Today Japan - Direct interview with Jackie Chan! The secret story of the birth of "Drunken Fist"</a>. 23 August 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinema+Today+Japan+-+Direct+interview+with+Jackie+Chan%21+The+secret+story+of+the+birth+of+%22Drunken+Fist&rft.date=2007-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinematoday.jp%2Fnews%2FN0011233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eiga.com/news/20150708/10/">"Movies.com - Voice actor Tessho Genda is permanently nominated as a Japanese dubbing voice from the person he met for the first time!"</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Movies.com+-+Voice+actor+Tessho+Genda+is+permanently+nominated+as+a+Japanese+dubbing+voice+from+the+person+he+met+for+the+first+time%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feiga.com%2Fnews%2F20150708%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moviewalker.jp/news/article/18063/">"Moviewalker - Norika Fujiwara promotes "Shrek"</a>. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moviewalker+-+Norika+Fujiwara+promotes+%22Shrek&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoviewalker.jp%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F18063%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yamaderaandsmith-40"><a href="#cite_ref-yamaderaandsmith_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/yamachanoha/status/1135786827472707584">"Tweet by Koichi Yamadera"</a>. 4 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tweet+by+Koichi+Yamadera&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fyamachanoha%2Fstatus%2F1135786827472707584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ntv.co.jp/category/culture/f71319fac63d487895ff0fced39b233c">"Brad Pitt met Kenyu Horiuchi, who has been dubbing himself for 25 years, for the first time"</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brad+Pitt+met+Kenyu+Horiuchi%2C+who+has+been+dubbing+himself+for+25+years%2C+for+the+first+time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ntv.co.jp%2Fcategory%2Fculture%2Ff71319fac63d487895ff0fced39b233c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-christensen-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-christensen_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-christensen_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=BsedRjp0vpo">"Toshiyuki Morikawa is very excited to meet Ewan McGregor! Hayden Christensen bursts out laughing at the message from Daisuke Namikawa, dubbing Anakin!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Toshiyuki+Morikawa+is+very+excited+to+meet+Ewan+McGregor%21+Hayden+Christensen+bursts+out+laughing+at+the+message+from+Daisuke+Namikawa%2C+dubbing+Anakin%21&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DBsedRjp0vpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.livedoor.jp/rikiya_no_kimochi/archives/1363300.html">"『キーファー・サザーランドさんにお会いしましたよ!!』"</a>. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%95%E3%82%93%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%84%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%82%88%21%21%E3%80%8F&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.livedoor.jp%2Frikiya_no_kimochi%2Farchives%2F1363300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0137772">"ハリソン・フォード声優歴40年村井國夫、本人からのサプライズメッセージに感涙"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="シネマトゥデイ (page does not exist)">シネマトゥデイ</a>. 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%A3%B0%E5%84%AA%E6%AD%B440%E5%B9%B4+%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%AB%E3%80%81%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B5%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AB%E6%84%9F%E6%B6%99&rft.pub=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinematoday.jp%2Fnews%2FN0137772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0070185">"Cinema Today Japan - Johnny Depp and voice actor Hiroaki Hirata meet after 20 years!"</a>. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinema+Today+Japan+-+Johnny+Depp+and+voice+actor+Hiroaki+Hirata+meet+after+20+years%21&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinematoday.jp%2Fnews%2FN0070185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ntv.co.jp/category/culture/d73cf84202914f4a9b82ef6a958a7a2a">"NTV News - Toshiyuki Morikawa "Actually with Tom" A moment spent with Tom Cruise"</a>. 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YouTube. 18 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHBlXxqhKwU">the original</a> on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ben+10+Vietnamese+Trailer+%28Trailer+Ben+10+-+HTV3%29&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlHBlXxqhKwU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022074707/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WbgyJP5-TA">"HTV3 - Cẩm Nang Của Ned - Trailer"</a>. YouTube. 10 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WbgyJP5-TA">the original</a> on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTV3+-+C%E1%BA%A9m+Nang+C%E1%BB%A7a+Ned+-+Trailer&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2012-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0WbgyJP5-TA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dnevnik.hr/showbizz/film-tv/mini-tv-prvi-hrvatski-djecji-televizijski-kanal.html">"MINI TV - prvi hrvatski dječji televizijski kanal"</a> [MINI TV - the first Croatian children's television channel]. dnevnik.hr. 3 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081106041409/https://dnevnik.hr/showbizz/film-tv/mini-tv-prvi-hrvatski-djecji-televizijski-kanal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dnevnik.hr&rft.atitle=MINI+TV+-+prvi+hrvatski+dje%C4%8Dji+televizijski+kanal&rft.date=2008-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdnevnik.hr%2Fshowbizz%2Ffilm-tv%2Fmini-tv-prvi-hrvatski-djecji-televizijski-kanal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kockica-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Kockica_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/221519/12/RTL-Kockica-starta-111-u-1101">"RTL Kockica starta 11.1. u 11.01"</a>. Glas Slavonije (in Croatian). 3 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827232639/https://www.glas-slavonije.hr/221519/12/RTL-Kockica-starta-111-u-1101">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glas+Slavonije&rft.atitle=RTL+Kockica+starta+11.1.+u+11.01&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glas-slavonije.hr%2F221519%2F12%2FRTL-Kockica-starta-111-u-1101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NETDubbing-58"><a href="#cite_ref-NETDubbing_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.net-zg.hr/?l=hr&p=11">"Nickelodeon lokalizacija TV kanala - Audio / Video usluge"</a> [Nickelodeon TV channel localization - Audio / Video services]. net-zg.hr (in Croatian). 4 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624222012/https://www.net-zg.hr/?l=hr&p=11">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024. <q>The task - to increase the capacity to 5 audio studios, to dub over 700 episodes and, for the first time in Croatia, to make a serious production of live-action dubbing - both TV series and films.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=net-zg.hr&rft.atitle=Nickelodeon+lokalizacija+TV+kanala+-+Audio+%2F+Video+usluge&rft.date=2012-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.net-zg.hr%2F%3Fl%3Dhr%26p%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NetflixCroatian-59"><a href="#cite_ref-NetflixCroatian_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrflix.eu/lokalizirano-kronoloski/sinkronizirano">"Što Netflix nudi u Hrvatskoj? - Sinkronizirani naslovi (kronološki)"</a> [What does Netflix offer in Croatia? - Dubbed titles (chronological)]. hrflix.eu (in Croatian). 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Retrieved 29 March 2017. <q>Ao contrário de alguns mercados como o espanhol e brasileiro, o público português não se mostra recetivo a esta opção.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O+Jornal+Econ%C3%B3mico&rft.atitle=Pol%C3%A9mica%3A+dobragem+da+s%C3%A9rie+%27Einstein%27+gera+cr%C3%ADticas+ao+AXN&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornaleconomico.sapo.pt%2Fnoticias%2Fpolemica-dobragem-serie-einstein-gera-criticas-axn-118969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurobarometer-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_63-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">Special Eurobarometer 243</a> of the European Commission with the title "Europeans and their Languages", published in February 2006 with research carried out in November and December 2005. Barely 2% of Romanians consider watching original-language versions most effective into learning a new language (Table QA7b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827043559/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">Archived</a> 27 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/732950-majstori-sinhronizacije-ko-se-krije-iza-duska-dugouska-silje-popaja-sundjera-boba-foto-video">"Majstori Sinhronizacije: Ko se krije iza Duška Dugouška, Šilje, Popaja, Sunđera Boba? 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Retrieved 15 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psulibrary.palawan.edu.ph&rft.atitle=Page+34+-+My+FlipBook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsulibrary.palawan.edu.ph%2Fwtbooks%2Fresources%2Fh5%2F9781280297304%2Ffiles%2Fbasic-html%2Fpage34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OBS_20090810_OBS0008">"Österreich-Version von Disney/Pixars "Oben" mit Otto Schenk und Karlheinz Böhm - BILD"</a> (in German). ots.at. 10 August 2009. 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Retrieved 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allgemeines+%22+ORF-Synchronisationen+-+Wer+wei%C3%9F+was%3F&rft.pub=215072.homepagemodules.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F215072.homepagemodules.de%2Ftopic-threaded.php%3Fforum%3D11776730%26threaded%3D1%26id%3D506508%26message%3D6643629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://215072.homepagemodules.de/topic-threaded.php?forum=11776728&threaded=1&id=506269&message=7100872">"Serien " 24"</a>. 215072.homepagemodules.de. Retrieved 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serien+%22+24&rft.pub=215072.homepagemodules.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F215072.homepagemodules.de%2Ftopic-threaded.php%3Fforum%3D11776728%26threaded%3D1%26id%3D506269%26message%3D7100872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubbing&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dubbing (filmmaking)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaluf2003" class="citation book cs1">Maluf, Ramez (19 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inhouse.lau.edu.lb/bima/papers/Dubbing.pdf">Dubbing into Arabic: A Trojan Horse at the Gates?</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_American_University" title="Lebanese American University">Lebanese American University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040429055900/http://inhouse.lau.edu.lb/bima/papers/Dubbing.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2004. Retrieved 10 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dubbing+into+Arabic%3A+A+Trojan+Horse+at+the+Gates%3F&rft.pub=Lebanese+American+University&rft.date=2003-12-19&rft.aulast=Maluf&rft.aufirst=Ramez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finhouse.lau.edu.lb%2Fbima%2Fpapers%2FDubbing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Di Fortunato E. e Paolinelli M. (a cura di), "La Questione Doppiaggio – barriere linguistiche e circolazione delle opere audiovisive", Roma, AIDAC, 1996 – (available on website: www.aidac.it)</li> <li>Castellano A. (a cura di), "Il Doppiaggio, profilo, storia e analisi di un'arte negata", Roma, AIDAC-ARLEM, 2001</li> <li>Di Fortunato E. e Paolinelli M., "Tradurre per il doppiaggio – la trasposizione linguistica dell'audiovisivo: teoria e pratica di un'arte imperfetta", Milano, Hoepli, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asinc.it">ASINC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120820104201/http://www.asinc.it/">Archived</a> 20 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> online magazine on criticism of the art of dubbing</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDror_Abend-David2014" class="citation book cs1">Dror Abend-David (31 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DvxAwAAQBAJ">Media and Translation: An Interdisciplinary Approach</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62356-101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62356-101-7"><bdi>978-1-62356-101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+and+Translation%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Approach&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-62356-101-7&rft.au=Dror+Abend-David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DvxAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADubbing" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rose, Jay, <a href="/wiki/Producing_Great_Sound_for_Film_and_Video" title="Producing Great Sound for Film and Video">Producing Great Sound for Film and Video</a>. Focal Press, fourth edition 2014 Book info. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415722070" title="Special:BookSources/9780415722070">9780415722070</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_crew_(filmmaking)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_crew" title="Template:Film crew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_crew" title="Template talk:Film crew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_crew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film crew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_crew_(filmmaking)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film_crew" title="Film crew">Film crew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Above_the_line" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Above-the-line_(filmmaking)" title="Above-the-line (filmmaking)">Above the line</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">Actor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leading_actor" title="Leading actor">Leading actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_actor" title="Supporting actor">Supporting actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">Ensemble cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_actor" title="Character actor">Character actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_actor" title="Child actor">Child actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">Cameo actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_part" title="Bit part">Bit actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-five" title="Under-five">Under-five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting" title="Voice acting">Voice actor</a></li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">Film director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">Film producer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">Executive producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_producer" title="Line producer">Line producer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Below_the_line" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Below-the-line_(filmmaking)" title="Below-the-line (filmmaking)">Below the line</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-production/Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_production_manager" title="Unit production manager">Unit production manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_coordinator" title="Production coordinator">Production coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_accountant" class="mw-redirect" title="Production accountant">Production accountant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_director" title="Assistant director">Assistant director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_assistant" title="Production assistant">Production assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_supervisor" title="Script supervisor">Script supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_coordinator" title="Script coordinator">Script coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)" title="Casting (performing arts)">Casting director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_manager" title="Location manager">Location manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_scouting" title="Location scouting">Location scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard_artist" title="Storyboard artist">Storyboard artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">Cinematographer / director of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_operator" title="Camera operator">Camera operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_puller" title="Focus puller">Focus puller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapper_loader" title="Clapper loader">Clapper loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging_technician" title="Digital imaging technician">Digital imaging technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_unit" title="Second unit">Second unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaffer_(occupation)" title="Gaffer (occupation)">Gaffer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_boy" title="Best boy">Best boy electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_technician" title="Lighting technician">Lighting technician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_grip" title="Key grip">Key grip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_boy" title="Best boy">Best boy grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_grip" title="Dolly grip">Dolly grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(occupation)" title="Grip (occupation)">Grip</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Set_(film_and_TV_scenery)" title="Set (film and TV scenery)">Sets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_director#In_film" title="Art director">Art director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_decorator" title="Set decorator">Set decorator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_dresser" title="Set dresser">Set dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_gang" title="Swing gang">Swing gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensman" title="Greensman">Greensman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Props" class="mw-redirect" title="Props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_master" title="Property master">Property master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_master" title="Weapons master">Weapons master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">Wardrobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects_supervisor" title="Special effects supervisor">Special effects supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects_supervisor" title="Visual effects supervisor">Visual effects supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hairdresser" title="Hairdresser">Hairdresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_audiography" title="Director of audiography">Director of audiography / sound director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sound_mixer" title="Production sound mixer">Production sound mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_operator_(media)" title="Boom operator (media)">Boom operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_sound_technician" title="Utility sound technician">Utility sound technician</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Rigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Layout artist">Layout artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Talent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">Acting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_coach" title="Acting coach">Acting coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Body double">Body double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_coach" title="Dialect coach">Dialect coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_director" title="Movement director">Movement director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent">Talent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-in" title="Stand-in">Stand-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acting_instructor" title="Acting instructor">Acting instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimacy_coordinator" title="Intimacy coordinator">Intimacy coordinator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunts">Stunts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_coordinator" title="Stunt coordinator">Stunt coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_double" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunt double">Stunt double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_performer" title="Stunt performer">Stunt performer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(profession)#Film_industry" title="Wrangler (profession)">Animal wrangler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture">Picture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_grading" title="Color grading">Colorist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_supervisor" title="Music supervisor">Music supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_editor_(filmmaking)" title="Music editor (filmmaking)">Music editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VFX_creative_director" title="VFX creative director">VFX creative director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">Compositor</a></li> <li><a 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