CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: spectrum scarcity</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: spectrum scarcity"> <meta name="keywords" content="spectrum scarcity"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="spectrum scarcity" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="spectrum scarcity"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1844</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: spectrum scarcity</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1844</span> Spectrum Allocation Using Cognitive Radio in Wireless Mesh Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayoub%20Alsarhan">Ayoub Alsarhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Otoom"> Ahmed Otoom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousef%20Kilani"> Yousef Kilani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdel-Rahman%20al-GHuwairi"> Abdel-Rahman al-GHuwairi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have emerged recently to improve internet access and other networking services. WMNs provide network access to the clients and other networking functions such as routing, and packet forwarding. Spectrum scarcity is the main challenge that limits the performance of WMNs. Cognitive radio is proposed to solve spectrum scarcity problem. In this paper, we consider a cognitive wireless mesh network where unlicensed users (secondary users, SUs) can access free spectrum that is allocated to spectrum owners (primary users, PUs). Although considerable research has been conducted on spectrum allocation, spectrum assignment is still considered an important challenging problem. This problem can be solved using cognitive radio technology that allows SUs to intelligently locate free bands and access them without interfering with PUs. Our scheme considers several heuristics for spectrum allocation. These heuristics include: channel error rate, PUs activities, channel capacity and channel switching time. Performance evaluation of the proposed scheme shows that the scheme is able to allocate the unused spectrum for SUs efficiently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title="cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20spectrum%20access" title=" dynamic spectrum access"> dynamic spectrum access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20management" title=" spectrum management"> spectrum management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20sharing" title=" spectrum sharing"> spectrum sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20mesh%20networks" title=" wireless mesh networks"> wireless mesh networks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12925/spectrum-allocation-using-cognitive-radio-in-wireless-mesh-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">529</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1843</span> The Management of Radio Spectrum Resources in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pongsawee%20Supanonth">Pongsawee Supanonth</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research is the study of Spectrum Management and the increase in efficiency of Spectrum Utilization. It also proves that Cognitive Radio is a newer technology that will change the face of e-communications network today. This study used qualitative research methods by using in-depth interviews to collect data from a sample specific to those who work in Radio channel from 6 key informant and literature review from the related documents in online database. The result is the technique of Dynamic Spectrum Allocation that is the most suitable for Thailand. We conduct in-depth research for future purposes. Moreover, we can also develop a model that can be used in regulating and managing spectrum that is most suitable for Thailand. And also develop an important tool which can be of importance to allocation of spectrum as a natural resource appropriately. It will also guarantee quality and high benefit in a substantial way. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title="cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management%20of%20radio%20spectrum" title=" management of radio spectrum"> management of radio spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20management" title=" spectrum management"> spectrum management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity" title=" spectrum scarcity"> spectrum scarcity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43989/the-management-of-radio-spectrum-resources-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43989.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1842</span> A Cloud-Based Spectrum Database Approach for Licensed Shared Spectrum Access</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazem%20Abd%20El%20Megeed">Hazem Abd El Megeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20El-Refaay"> Mohamed El-Refaay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norhan%20Magdi%20Osman"> Norhan Magdi Osman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Spectrum scarcity is a challenging obstacle in wireless communications systems. It hinders the introduction of innovative wireless services and technologies that require larger bandwidth comparing to legacy technologies. In addition, the current worldwide allocation of radio spectrum bands is already congested and can not afford additional squeezing or optimization to accommodate new wireless technologies. This challenge is a result of accumulative contributions from different factors that will be discussed later in this paper. One of these factors is the radio spectrum allocation policy governed by national regulatory authorities nowadays. The framework for this policy allocates specified portion of radio spectrum to a particular wireless service provider on exclusive utilization basis. This allocation is executed according to technical specification determined by the standard bodies of each Radio Access Technology (RAT). Dynamic access of spectrum is a framework for flexible utilization of radio spectrum resources. In this framework there is no exclusive allocation of radio spectrum and even the public safety agencies can share their spectrum bands according to a governing policy and service level agreements. In this paper, we explore different methods for accessing the spectrum dynamically and its associated implementation challenges. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=licensed%20shared%20access" title="licensed shared access">licensed shared access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title=" cognitive radio"> cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20sharing" title=" spectrum sharing"> spectrum sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20congestion" title=" spectrum congestion"> spectrum congestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20spectrum%20access" title=" dynamic spectrum access"> dynamic spectrum access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20database" title=" spectrum database"> spectrum database</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20trading" title=" spectrum trading"> spectrum trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconfigurable%20radio%20systems" title=" reconfigurable radio systems"> reconfigurable radio systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=opportunistic%20spectrum%20allocation%20%28OSA%29" title=" opportunistic spectrum allocation (OSA)"> opportunistic spectrum allocation (OSA)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5572/a-cloud-based-spectrum-database-approach-for-licensed-shared-spectrum-access" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5572.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1841</span> An Adaptive Opportunistic Transmission for Unlicensed Spectrum Sharing in Heterogeneous Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daehyoung%20Kim">Daehyoung Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pervez%20Khan"> Pervez Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hoon%20Kim"> Hoon Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Efficient utilization of spectrum resources is a fundamental issue of wireless communications due to its scarcity. To improve the efficiency of spectrum utilization, the spectrum sharing for unlicensed bands is being regarded as one of key technologies in the next generation wireless networks. A number of schemes such as Listen-Before-Talk(LBT) and carrier sensor adaptive transmission (CSAT) have been suggested from this aspect, but more efficient sharing schemes are required for improving spectrum utilization efficiency. This work considers an opportunistic transmission approach and a dynamic Contention Window (CW) adjustment scheme for LTE-U users sharing the unlicensed spectrum with Wi-Fi, in order to enhance the overall system throughput. The decision criteria for the dynamic adjustment of CW are based on the collision evaluation, derived from the collision probability of the system. The overall performance can be improved due to the adaptive adjustment of the CW. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) mechanism of IEEE 802.11 MAC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20sharing" title="spectrum sharing">spectrum sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20opportunistic%20transmission" title=" adaptive opportunistic transmission"> adaptive opportunistic transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unlicensed%20bands" title=" unlicensed bands"> unlicensed bands</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20networks" title=" heterogeneous networks"> heterogeneous networks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51830/an-adaptive-opportunistic-transmission-for-unlicensed-spectrum-sharing-in-heterogeneous-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1840</span> Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Using Hybrid IWO/PSO Algorithm in Cognitive Radio Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepa%20Das">Deepa Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susmita%20Das"> Susmita Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cognitive Radio (CR) is an emerging technology to combat the spectrum scarcity issues. This is achieved by consistently sensing the spectrum, and detecting the under-utilized frequency bands without causing undue interference to the primary user (PU). In soft decision fusion (SDF) based cooperative spectrum sensing, various evolutionary algorithms have been discussed, which optimize the weight coefficient vector for maximizing the detection performance. In this paper, we propose the hybrid invasive weed optimization and particle swarm optimization (IWO/PSO) algorithm as a fast and global optimization method, which improves the detection probability with a lesser sensing time. Then, the efficiency of this algorithm is compared with the standard invasive weed optimization (IWO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and other conventional SDF based methods on the basis of convergence and detection probability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title="cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20sensing" title=" spectrum sensing"> spectrum sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20decision%20fusion" title=" soft decision fusion"> soft decision fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GA" title=" GA"> GA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PSO" title=" PSO"> PSO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IWO" title=" IWO"> IWO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20IWO%2FPSO" title=" hybrid IWO/PSO"> hybrid IWO/PSO</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9362/cooperative-spectrum-sensing-using-hybrid-iwopso-algorithm-in-cognitive-radio-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9362.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">467</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1839</span> An Energy Detection-Based Algorithm for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Rayleigh Fading Channel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Bakhshi">H. Bakhshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Khayyamian"> E. Khayyamian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cognitive radios have been recognized as one of the most promising technologies dealing with the scarcity of the radio spectrum. In cognitive radio systems, secondary users are allowed to utilize the frequency bands of primary users when the bands are idle. Hence, how to accurately detect the idle frequency bands has attracted many researchers’ interest. Detection performance is sensitive toward noise power and gain fluctuation. Since signal to noise ratio (SNR) between primary user and secondary users are not the same and change over the time, SNR and noise power estimation is essential. In this paper, we present a cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm using SNR estimation to improve detection performance in the real situation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title="cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20spectrum%20sensing" title=" cooperative spectrum sensing"> cooperative spectrum sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20detection" title=" energy detection"> energy detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SNR%20estimation" title=" SNR estimation"> SNR estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20sensing" title=" spectrum sensing"> spectrum sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rayleigh%20fading%20channel" title=" rayleigh fading channel"> rayleigh fading channel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46619/an-energy-detection-based-algorithm-for-cooperative-spectrum-sensing-in-rayleigh-fading-channel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46619.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1838</span> Power Allocation Algorithm for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Based Cognitive Radio Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bircan%20Demiral">Bircan Demiral</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cognitive radio (CR) is the promising technology that addresses the spectrum scarcity problem for future wireless communications. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology provides more power band ratios for cognitive radio networks (CRNs). While CR is a solution to the spectrum scarcity, it also brings up the capacity problem. In this paper, a novel power allocation algorithm that aims at maximizing the sum capacity in the OFDM based cognitive radio networks is proposed. Proposed allocation algorithm is based on the previously developed water-filling algorithm. To reduce the computational complexity calculating in water filling algorithm, proposed algorithm allocates the total power according to each subcarrier. The power allocated to the subcarriers increases sum capacity. To see this increase, Matlab program was used, and the proposed power allocation was compared with average power allocation, water filling and general power allocation algorithms. The water filling algorithm performed worse than the proposed algorithm while it performed better than the other two algorithms. The proposed algorithm is better than other algorithms in terms of capacity increase. In addition the effect of the change in the number of subcarriers on capacity was discussed. Simulation results show that the increase in the number of subcarrier increases the capacity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio%20network" title="cognitive radio network">cognitive radio network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDM" title=" OFDM"> OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20allocation" title=" power allocation"> power allocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20filling" title=" water filling"> water filling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92207/power-allocation-algorithm-for-orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing-based-cognitive-radio-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92207.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1837</span> Energy Detection Based Sensing and Primary User Traffic Classification for Cognitive Radio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urvee%20B.%20Trivedi">Urvee B. Trivedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20D.%20Dalal"> U. D. Dalal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As wireless communication services grow quickly; the seriousness of spectrum utilization has been on the rise gradually. An emerging technology, cognitive radio has come out to solve today’s spectrum scarcity problem. To support the spectrum reuse functionality, secondary users are required to sense the radio frequency environment, and once the primary users are found to be active, the secondary users are required to vacate the channel within a certain amount of time. Therefore, spectrum sensing is of significant importance. Once sensing is done, different prediction rules apply to classify the traffic pattern of primary user. Primary user follows two types of traffic patterns: periodic and stochastic ON-OFF patterns. A cognitive radio can learn the patterns in different channels over time. Two types of classification methods are discussed in this paper, by considering edge detection and by using autocorrelation function. Edge detection method has a high accuracy but it cannot tolerate sensing errors. Autocorrelation-based classification is applicable in the real environment as it can tolerate some amount of sensing errors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio%20%28CR%29" title="cognitive radio (CR)">cognitive radio (CR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability%20of%20detection%20%28PD%29" title=" probability of detection (PD)"> probability of detection (PD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability%20of%20false%20alarm%20%28PF%29" title=" probability of false alarm (PF)"> probability of false alarm (PF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primary%20user%20%28PU%29" title=" primary user (PU)"> primary user (PU)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secondary%20user%20%28SU%29" title=" secondary user (SU)"> secondary user (SU)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20Fourier%20transform%20%28FFT%29" title=" fast Fourier transform (FFT)"> fast Fourier transform (FFT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20to%20noise%20ratio%20%28SNR%29" title=" signal to noise ratio (SNR)"> signal to noise ratio (SNR)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45944/energy-detection-based-sensing-and-primary-user-traffic-classification-for-cognitive-radio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45944.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1836</span> Capex Planning with and without Additional Spectrum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koirala%20Abarodh">Koirala Abarodh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maghaiya%20Ujjwal"> Maghaiya Ujjwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guragain%20Phani%20Raj"> Guragain Phani Raj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This analysis focuses on defining the spectrum evaluation model for telecom operators in terms of total cost of ownership (TCO). A quantitative approach for specific case analysis research methodology was used for identifying the results. Specific input parameters like target User experience, year on year traffic growth, capacity site limit per year, target additional spectrum type, bandwidth, spectrum efficiency, UE penetration have been used for the spectrum evaluation process and desired outputs in terms of the number of sites, capex in USD and required spectrum bandwidth have been calculated. Furthermore, this study gives a comparison of capex investment for target growth with and without addition spectrum. As a result, the combination of additional spectrum bands of 700 and 2600 MHz has a better evaluation in terms of TCO and performance. It is our recommendation to use these bands for expansion rather than expansion in the current 1800 and 2100 bands. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum" title="spectrum">spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capex%20planning" title=" capex planning"> capex planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study%20methodology" title=" case study methodology"> case study methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TCO" title=" TCO"> TCO</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184503/capex-planning-with-and-without-additional-spectrum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184503.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1835</span> Spectrum Assignment Algorithms in Optical Networks with Protection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qusay%20Alghazali">Qusay Alghazali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tibor%20Cinkler"> Tibor Cinkler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulhalim%20Fayad"> Abdulhalim Fayad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In modern optical networks, the flex grid spectrum usage is most widespread, where higher bit rate streams get larger spectrum slices while lower bit rate traffic streams get smaller spectrum slices. To our practice, under the ITU-T recommendation, G.694.1, spectrum slices of 50, 75, and 100 GHz are being used with central frequency at 193.1 THz. However, when these spectrum slices are not sufficient, multiple spectrum slices can use either one next to another or anywhere in the optical wavelength. In this paper, we propose the analysis of the wavelength assignment problem. We compare different algorithms for this spectrum assignment with and without protection. As a reference for comparisons, we concluded that the Integer Linear Programming (ILP) provides the global optimum for all cases. The most scalable algorithm is the greedy one, which yields results in subsequent ranges even for more significant network instances. The algorithms’ benchmark implemented using the LEMON C++ optimization library and simulation runs based on a minimum number of spectrum slices assigned to lightpaths and their execution time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20assignment" title="spectrum assignment">spectrum assignment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integer%20linear%20programming" title=" integer linear programming"> integer linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greedy%20algorithm" title=" greedy algorithm"> greedy algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20telecommunication%20union" title=" international telecommunication union"> international telecommunication union</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=library%20for%20efficient%20modeling%20and%20optimization%20in%20networks" title=" library for efficient modeling and optimization in networks"> library for efficient modeling and optimization in networks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136766/spectrum-assignment-algorithms-in-optical-networks-with-protection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1834</span> Performance of Nakagami Fading Channel over Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ranjeeth">M. Ranjeeth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Anuradha"> S. Anuradha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Spectrum sensing is the main feature of cognitive radio technology. Spectrum sensing gives an idea of detecting the presence of the primary users in a licensed spectrum. In this paper we compare the theoretical results of detection probability of different fading environments like Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami-m fading channels with the simulation results using energy detection based spectrum sensing. The numerical results are plotted as P_f Vs P_d for different SNR values, fading parameters. It is observed that Nakagami fading channel performance is better than other fading channels by using energy detection in spectrum sensing. A MATLAB simulation test bench has been implemented to know the performance of energy detection in different fading channel environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20sensing" title="spectrum sensing">spectrum sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20detection" title=" energy detection"> energy detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fading%20channels" title=" fading channels"> fading channels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability%20of%20detection" title=" probability of detection"> probability of detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probability%20of%20false%20alarm" title=" probability of false alarm"> probability of false alarm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15800/performance-of-nakagami-fading-channel-over-energy-detection-based-spectrum-sensing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15800.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">532</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1833</span> A Self-Coexistence Strategy for Spectrum Allocation Using Selfish and Unselfish Game Models in Cognitive Radio Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noel%20Jeygar%20Robert">Noel Jeygar Robert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.Vidya"> V. K.Vidya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cognitive radio is a software-defined radio technology that allows cognitive users to operate on the vacant bands of spectrum allocated to licensed users. Cognitive radio plays a vital role in the efficient utilization of wireless radio spectrum available between cognitive users and licensed users without making any interference to licensed users. The spectrum allocation followed by spectrum sharing is done in a fashion where a cognitive user has to wait until spectrum holes are identified and allocated when the licensed user moves out of his own allocated spectrum. In this paper, we propose a self –coexistence strategy using bargaining and Cournot game model for achieving spectrum allocation in cognitive radio networks. The game-theoretic model analyses the behaviour of cognitive users in both cooperative and non-cooperative scenarios and provides an equilibrium level of spectrum allocation. Game-theoretic models such as bargaining game model and Cournot game model produce a balanced distribution of spectrum resources and energy consumption. Simulation results show that both game theories achieve better performance compared to other popular techniques <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title="cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game%20theory" title=" game theory"> game theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bargaining%20game" title=" bargaining game"> bargaining game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cournot%20game" title=" Cournot game"> Cournot game</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112222/a-self-coexistence-strategy-for-spectrum-allocation-using-selfish-and-unselfish-game-models-in-cognitive-radio-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112222.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1832</span> Modern Spectrum Sensing Techniques for Cognitive Radio Networks: Practical Implementation and Performance Evaluation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antoni%20Ivanov">Antoni Ivanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolay%20Dandanov"> Nikolay Dandanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicole%20Christoff"> Nicole Christoff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Poulkov"> Vladimir Poulkov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Spectrum underutilization has made cognitive radio a promising technology both for current and future telecommunications. This is due to the ability to exploit the unused spectrum in the bands dedicated to other wireless communication systems, and thus, increase their occupancy. The essential function, which allows the cognitive radio device to perceive the occupancy of the spectrum, is spectrum sensing. In this paper, the performance of modern adaptations of the four most widely used spectrum sensing techniques namely, energy detection (ED), cyclostationary feature detection (CSFD), matched filter (MF) and eigenvalues-based detection (EBD) is compared. The implementation has been accomplished through the PlutoSDR hardware platform and the GNU Radio software package in very low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions. The optimal detection performance of the examined methods in a realistic implementation-oriented model is found for the common relevant parameters (number of observed samples, sensing time and required probability of false alarm). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title="cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20spectrum%20access" title=" dynamic spectrum access"> dynamic spectrum access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNU%20Radio" title=" GNU Radio"> GNU Radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20sensing" title=" spectrum sensing"> spectrum sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81419/modern-spectrum-sensing-techniques-for-cognitive-radio-networks-practical-implementation-and-performance-evaluation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81419.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1831</span> UWB Open Spectrum Access for a Smart Software Radio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hemalatha%20Rallapalli">Hemalatha Rallapalli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Lal%20Kishore"> K. Lal Kishore</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In comparison to systems that are typically designed to provide capabilities over a narrow frequency range through hardware elements, the next generation cognitive radios are intended to implement a broader range of capabilities through efficient spectrum exploitation. This offers the user the promise of greater flexibility, seamless roaming possible on different networks, countries, frequencies, etc. It requires true paradigm shift i.e., liberalization over a wide band of spectrum as well as a growth path to more and greater capability. This work contributes towards the design and implementation of an open spectrum access (OSA) feature to unlicensed users thus offering a frequency agile radio platform that is capable of performing spectrum sensing over a wideband. Thus, an ultra-wideband (UWB) radio, which has the intelligence of spectrum sensing only, unlike the cognitive radio with complete intelligence, is named as a Smart Software Radio (SSR). The spectrum sensing mechanism is implemented based on energy detection. Simulation results show the accuracy and validity of this method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title="cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20detection" title=" energy detection"> energy detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20radio" title=" software radio"> software radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20sensing" title=" spectrum sensing"> spectrum sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6573/uwb-open-spectrum-access-for-a-smart-software-radio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">428</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1830</span> Autism Spectrum Disorder Interventions, Problems and Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ammara%20Jabeen">Ammara Jabeen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This survey report aims to find the interventions and their effectiveness that are being used globally as well as in Pakistan to treat autistic kids. ‘Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a state associated with brain development that shows ‘how a person perceives and socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication’. Besides these problems, these children suffer from restricted and repetitive behaviors too. The term ‘Spectrum’ in Autism Spectrum Disorder refers to the wide range of symptoms and severity. The main cause of this Autism Spectrum Disorder is not known yet, but the research showed that genetics and environmental factors play important roles. In this survey report, after a literature review, some of the possible solutions are suggested based on the most common problems that these children are currently facing in their daily lives. Based on this report, we are able to overcome the lack of the resources (e.g. language, cost, training etc.) that mostly exist in Pakistani culture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism" title="autism">autism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interventions" title=" interventions"> interventions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum" title=" spectrum"> spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disorder" title=" disorder"> disorder</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192186/autism-spectrum-disorder-interventions-problems-and-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192186.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">22</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1829</span> The Miller Umwelt Assessment Scale: A Tool for Planning Interventions for Children on the Autism Spectrum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Mastrangelo">Sonia Mastrangelo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Miller Umwelt Assessment Scale is a useful tool for obtaining information about the developmental capacities of children on the autism spectrum. The assessment, made up of 19 tasks in the areas of: body organization, contact with surroundings, expressive and receptive communication, representation, and social-emotional development, has been used with much success over the past 40 years. While many assessments are difficult to administer to children on the autism spectrum, the simplicity of the MUAS reveals key strengths and challenges for both low and high functioning children on the spectrum. The results guide parents and clinicians in providing a curriculum and/or home program that moves children up the developmental ladder. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism%20spectrum%20disorder" title="autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment" title=" assessment"> assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20intervention" title=" reading intervention"> reading intervention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miller%20method" title=" Miller method "> Miller method </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17636/the-miller-umwelt-assessment-scale-a-tool-for-planning-interventions-for-children-on-the-autism-spectrum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17636.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">539</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1828</span> Salt Scarcity and Crisis Solution in Islam Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taufik%20Nugroho">Taufik Nugroho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Firsty%20Dzainuurahmana"> Firsty Dzainuurahmana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tika%20Widiastuti"> Tika Widiastuti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The polemic about the salt crisis re-emerged, this is a classic problem in Indonesia and is still a homework that is not finished yet. This salt crisis occurs due to low productivity of salt commodities that have not been able to meet domestic demand and lack of salt productivity caused by several factors. One of the biggest factors of the crisis is the weather anomaly that disrupts salt production, less supportive technology and price stability. This study will try to discuss the salt scarcity and crisis solution in Islamic view. As for the conclusion of this study is the need for equilibrium or balancing between demand and supply, need to optimize the role of the government as Hisbah to maintain the balance of market mechanisms and prepare the stock system of salt stock by buying farmers products at reasonable prices then storing them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crisis" title="crisis">crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20solution" title=" Islamic solution"> Islamic solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scarcity" title=" scarcity"> scarcity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt" title=" salt"> salt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85939/salt-scarcity-and-crisis-solution-in-islam-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1827</span> Monitoring of Spectrum Usage and Signal Identification Using Cognitive Radio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20S.%20Omorogiuwa">O. S. Omorogiuwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20J.%20Omozusi"> E. J. Omozusi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The monitoring of spectrum usage and signal identification, using cognitive radio, is done to identify frequencies that are vacant for reuse. It has been established that ‘internet of things’ device uses secondary frequency which is free, thereby facing the challenge of interference from other users, where some primary frequencies are not being utilised. The design was done by analysing a specific frequency spectrum, checking if all the frequency stations that range from 87.5-108 MHz are presently being used in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. From the results, it was noticed that by using Software Defined Radio/Simulink, we were able to identify vacant frequencies in the range of frequency under consideration. Also, we were able to use the significance of energy detection threshold to reuse this vacant frequency spectrum, when the cognitive radio displays a zero output (that is decision H0), meaning that the channel is unoccupied. Hence, the analysis was able to find the spectrum hole and identify how it can be reused. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum" title="spectrum">spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interference" title=" interference"> interference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=telecommunication" title=" telecommunication"> telecommunication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title=" cognitive radio"> cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency" title=" frequency"> frequency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93900/monitoring-of-spectrum-usage-and-signal-identification-using-cognitive-radio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93900.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1826</span> Comparison of Various Response Spectrum of Nuclear Power Plant at Chashma Site</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Iqbal">J. Iqbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Shah"> A. Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zeeshan"> M. Zeeshan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> UBC-97, USNRC, chines origin code GB50011-2011 and site response spectrum was used to make comparison between them for Chashma site and most conservative one was selected and the USNRC was the most conservative one. The dynamic analysis of CHASNUPP-2 containment building was performed using SAP-2000 for dead load, live load (crane), pre stressed loads, wind load, temperature load, accidental pressure during LOCA, earthquake loads and the conservative response spectrum. After applying selected response spectrum on model, detail comparison was made against area of steal calculated from the analysis and the actually provided. Then prepared curve of area of steal vs. g value which shows that if the particular site was design on that spectrum that much steel needed for structural integrity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20spectrum" title="response spectrum">response spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=USNRC" title=" USNRC"> USNRC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LOCA" title=" LOCA"> LOCA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=area%20of%20steel" title=" area of steel"> area of steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure%20integrity" title=" structure integrity "> structure integrity </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20573/comparison-of-various-response-spectrum-of-nuclear-power-plant-at-chashma-site" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">679</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1825</span> Reliability Factors Based Fuzzy Logic Scheme for Spectrum Sensing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tallataf%20Rasheed">Tallataf Rasheed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adnan%20Rashdi"> Adnan Rashdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Naeem%20Akhtar"> Ahmad Naeem Akhtar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The accurate spectrum sensing is a fundamental requirement of dynamic spectrum access for deployment of Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). To acheive this requirement a Reliability factors based Fuzzy Logic (RFL) Scheme for Spectrum Sensing has been proposed in this paper. Cognitive Radio User (CRU) predicts the presence or absence of Primary User (PU) using energy detector and calculates the Reliability factors which are SNR of sensing node, threshold of energy detector and decision difference of each node with other nodes in a cooperative spectrum sensing environment. Then the decision of energy detector is combined with Reliability factors of sensing node using Fuzzy Logic. These Reliability Factors used in RFL Scheme describes the reliability of decision made by a CRU to improve the local spectrum sensing. This Fuzzy combining scheme provides the accuracy of decision made by sensornode. The simulation results have shown that the proposed technique provide better PU detection probability than existing Spectrum Sensing Techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title="cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20sensing" title=" spectrum sensing"> spectrum sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20detector" title=" energy detector"> energy detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability%20factors" title=" reliability factors"> reliability factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title=" fuzzy logic"> fuzzy logic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77586/reliability-factors-based-fuzzy-logic-scheme-for-spectrum-sensing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77586.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">486</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1824</span> Medical Image Classification Using Legendre Multifractal Spectrum Features</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Korchiyne">R. Korchiyne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sbihi"> A. Sbihi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20Farssi"> S. M. Farssi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Touahni"> R. Touahni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Tahiri%20Alaoui"> M. Tahiri Alaoui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trabecular bone structure is important texture in the study of osteoporosis. Legendre multifractal spectrum can reflect the complex and self-similarity characteristic of structures. The main objective of this paper is to develop a new technique of medical image classification based on Legendre multifractal spectrum. Novel features have been developed from basic geometrical properties of this spectrum in a supervised image classification. The proposed method has been successfully used to classify medical images of bone trabeculations, and could be a useful supplement to the clinical observations for osteoporosis diagnosis. A comparative study with existing data reveals that the results of this approach are concordant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multifractal%20analysis" title="multifractal analysis">multifractal analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20image" title=" medical image"> medical image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osteoporosis" title=" osteoporosis"> osteoporosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractal%20dimension" title=" fractal dimension"> fractal dimension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Legendre%20spectrum" title=" Legendre spectrum"> Legendre spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supervised%20classification" title=" supervised classification"> supervised classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15795/medical-image-classification-using-legendre-multifractal-spectrum-features" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">514</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1823</span> An Intelligent Cloud Radio Access Network (RAN) Architecture for Future 5G Heterogeneous Wireless Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20Xu">Jin Xu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 5G network developers need to satisfy the necessary requirements of additional capacity from massive users and spectrally efficient wireless technologies. Therefore, the significant amount of underutilized spectrum in network is motivating operators to combine long-term evolution (LTE) with intelligent spectrum management technology. This new LTE intelligent spectrum management in unlicensed band (LTE-U) has the physical layer topology to access spectrum, specifically the 5-GHz band. We proposed a new intelligent cloud RAN for 5G. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20radio%20access%20network" title="cloud radio access network">cloud radio access network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20network" title=" wireless network"> wireless network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20computing" title=" cloud computing"> cloud computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-agent" title=" multi-agent"> multi-agent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50489/an-intelligent-cloud-radio-access-network-ran-architecture-for-future-5g-heterogeneous-wireless-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1822</span> Symbolic Analysis of Power Spectrum of CMOS Cross Couple Oscillator </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kittipong%20Tripetch">Kittipong Tripetch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes for the first time symbolic formula of the power spectrum of cross couple oscillator and its modified circuit. Many principle existed to derived power spectrum in microwave textbook such as impedance, admittance parameters, ABCD, H parameters, etc. It can be compared by graph of power spectrum which methodology is the best from the point of view of practical measurement setup such as condition of impedance parameter which used superposition of current to derived (its current injection of the other port of the circuit is zero, which is impossible in reality). Four Graphs of impedance parameters of cross couple oscillator is proposed. After that four graphs of Scattering parameters of cross couple oscillator will be shown. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title="optimization">optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20spectrum" title=" power spectrum"> power spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impedance%20parameters" title=" impedance parameters"> impedance parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scattering%20parameter" title=" scattering parameter"> scattering parameter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36614/symbolic-analysis-of-power-spectrum-of-cmos-cross-couple-oscillator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36614.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">466</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1821</span> Kinetic Alfvén Wave Localization and Turbulent Spectrum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anju%20Kumari">Anju Kumari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20P.%20Sharma"> R. P. Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The localization of Kinetic Alfvén Wave (KAW) caused by finite amplitude background density fluctuations has been studied in intermediate beta plasma. KAW breaks up into localized large amplitude structures when perturbed by MHD fluctuations of the medium which are in the form of magnetosonic waves. Numerical simulation has been performed to analyse the localized structures and resulting turbulent spectrum of KAW applicable to magnetopause. Simulation results reveal that power spectrum deviates from Kolmogorov scaling at the transverse size of KAW, equal to ion gyroradius. Steepening of power spectrum at shorter wavelengths may be accountable for heating and acceleration of the plasma particles. The obtained results are compared with observations collected from the THEMIS spacecraft in magnetopause. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kinetic%20Alfv%C3%A9n%20Wave%20%28KAW%29" title="Kinetic Alfvén Wave (KAW)">Kinetic Alfvén Wave (KAW)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=localization" title=" localization"> localization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulence" title=" turbulence"> turbulence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20spectrum" title=" turbulent spectrum"> turbulent spectrum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14702/kinetic-alfven-wave-localization-and-turbulent-spectrum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14702.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1820</span> Ductility Spectrum Method for the Design and Verification of Structures </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Chikh">B. Chikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Moussa"> L. Moussa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Bechtoula"> H. Bechtoula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Mehani"> Y. Mehani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zerzour"> A. Zerzour </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents a new method, applicable to evaluation and design of structures has been developed and illustrated by comparison with the capacity spectrum method (CSM, ATC-40). This method uses inelastic spectra and gives peak responses consistent with those obtained when using the nonlinear time history analysis. Hereafter, the seismic demands assessment method is called in this paper DSM, Ductility Spectrum Method. It is used to estimate the seismic deformation of Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) systems based on DDRS, Ductility Demand Response Spectrum, developed by the author. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20demand" title="seismic demand">seismic demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacity" title=" capacity"> capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inelastic%20spectra" title=" inelastic spectra"> inelastic spectra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20and%20structure" title=" design and structure"> design and structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1850/ductility-spectrum-method-for-the-design-and-verification-of-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1850.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1819</span> Compilation of Load Spectrum of Loader Drive Axle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Yongxiang">Wei Yongxiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhu%20Haoyue"> Zhu Haoyue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tang%20Heng"> Tang Heng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan%20Qunwei"> Yuan Qunwei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to study the preparation method of gear fatigue load spectrum for loaders, the load signal of four typical working conditions of loader is collected. The signal that reflects the law of load change is obtained by preprocessing the original signal. The torque of the drive axle is calculated by using the rain flow counting method. According to the operating time ratio of each working condition, the two-dimensional load spectrum based on the real working conditions of the drive axle of loader is established by the cycle extrapolation and synthesis method. The two-dimensional load spectrum is converted into one-dimensional load spectrum by means of the mean of torque equal damage method. Torque amplification includes the maximum load torque of the main reduction gear. Based on the theory of equal damage, the accelerated cycles are calculated. In this way, the load spectrum of the loading condition of the drive axle is prepared to reflect loading condition of the loader. The load spectrum can provide reference for fatigue life test and life prediction of loader drive axle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20spectrum" title="load spectrum">load spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axle" title=" axle"> axle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torque" title=" torque"> torque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain-flow%20counting%20method" title=" rain-flow counting method"> rain-flow counting method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrapolation" title=" extrapolation"> extrapolation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78796/compilation-of-load-spectrum-of-loader-drive-axle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1818</span> Analysis of Decentralized on Demand Cross Layer in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sri%20Janani">A. Sri Janani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Immanuel%20Arokia%20James"> K. Immanuel Arokia James</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cognitive radio ad hoc networks different unlicensed users may acquire different available channel sets. This non-uniform spectrum availability imposes special design challenges for broadcasting in CR ad hoc networks. Cognitive radio automatically detects available channels in wireless spectrum. This is a form of dynamic spectrum management. Cross-layer optimization is proposed, using this can allow far away secondary users can also involve into channel work. So it can increase the throughput and it will overcome the collision and time delay. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio" title="cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross%20layer%20optimization" title=" cross layer optimization"> cross layer optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CR%20mesh%20network" title=" CR mesh network"> CR mesh network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20spectrum" title=" heterogeneous spectrum"> heterogeneous spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesh%20topology" title=" mesh topology"> mesh topology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20routing%20optimization%20technique" title=" random routing optimization technique"> random routing optimization technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47391/analysis-of-decentralized-on-demand-cross-layer-in-cognitive-radio-ad-hoc-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47391.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1817</span> Oppugning LGBTQ+ Stereotypes in Gloc-9’s “Sirena”</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerald%20S.%20Atchaso">Gerald S. Atchaso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erwin%20L.%20Purcia"> Erwin L. Purcia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angelo%20B.%20Velarde"> Angelo B. Velarde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study attempts to analyze and evaluate Gloc-9’s “Sirena” through Queer Critical Reading approach, which underscores that there exists sexual orientation fluidity within the LGBTQ+ spectrum. With this, the researchers found out that there is a need to oppugn stereotypes within and outside the spectrum, and there exist intrinsic and extrinsic struggles of people in the spectrum as deduced in the literary piece through identifying the characters’ sexual identities shaped and formed as exemplified in the literary piece, determining the prejudices that exist about the main character's sexuality, and distinctively demystifying the social forces or constructs that identify sexual identity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literature" title="literature">literature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LGBTQ%2B" title=" LGBTQ+"> LGBTQ+</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum" title=" spectrum"> spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20orientation" title=" sexual orientation"> sexual orientation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queer%20critical%20reading" title=" queer critical reading"> queer critical reading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161463/oppugning-lgbtq-stereotypes-in-gloc-9s-sirena" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161463.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1816</span> Physicochemical Characterization of Mercerized Cellulose-Supported Nickel-Oxide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sherif%20M.%20A.%20S.%20Keshk">Sherif M. A. S. Keshk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hisham%20S.%20M.%20Abd-Rabboh"> Hisham S. M. Abd-Rabboh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20S.%20Hamdy"> Mohamed S. Hamdy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20H.%20A.%20Badr"> Ibrahim H. A. Badr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microwave radiation was applied to synthesize nanoparticles of nickel oxide supported on pretreated cellulose with metal acetate in the presence of NaOH. Optimization, in terms of irradiation time and metal concentration, was investigated. FT-IR spectrum of cellulose/NiO spectrum shows a band at 445 cm^-1 that is related to the Ni–O stretching vibration of NiO6 octahedral in the cubic NiO structure. cellulose/NiO showed similar XRD pattern of cellulose I and exhibited sharpened reflection peak at 2q = 29.8°, corresponding to (111) plane of NiO, with two weak broad peaks at 48.5°, and 49.2°, representing (222) planes of NiO. XPS spectrum of mercerized cellulose/NiO composite showed did not show any peaks corresponding to Na ion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose" title="cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercerized%20cellulose" title=" mercerized cellulose"> mercerized cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose%2Fzinc%20and%20nickeloxides%20composite" title=" cellulose/zinc and nickeloxides composite"> cellulose/zinc and nickeloxides composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XPS" title=" XPS"> XPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raman%20spectrum" title=" Raman spectrum"> Raman spectrum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38240/physicochemical-characterization-of-mercerized-cellulose-supported-nickel-oxide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38240.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1815</span> A Sparse Representation Speech Denoising Method Based on Adapted Stopping Residue Error</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qianhua%20He">Qianhua He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weili%20Zhou"> Weili Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aiwu%20Chen"> Aiwu Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A sparse representation speech denoising method based on adapted stopping residue error was presented in this paper. Firstly, the cross-correlation between the clean speech spectrum and the noise spectrum was analyzed, and an estimation method was proposed. In the denoising method, an over-complete dictionary of the clean speech power spectrum was learned with the K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) algorithm. In the sparse representation stage, the stopping residue error was adaptively achieved according to the estimated cross-correlation and the adjusted noise spectrum, and the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) approach was applied to reconstruct the clean speech spectrum from the noisy speech. Finally, the clean speech was re-synthesised via the inverse Fourier transform with the reconstructed speech spectrum and the noisy speech phase. The experiment results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional methods in terms of subjective and objective measure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20denoising" title="speech denoising">speech denoising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sparse%20representation" title=" sparse representation"> sparse representation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=k-singular%20value%20decomposition" title=" k-singular value decomposition"> k-singular value decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthogonal%20matching%20pursuit" title=" orthogonal matching pursuit"> orthogonal matching pursuit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66670/a-sparse-representation-speech-denoising-method-based-on-adapted-stopping-residue-error" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">499</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=61">61</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=62">62</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrum%20scarcity&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>