CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>数学 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"b7193100-c74b-4570-9609-cb533c116878","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"数学","wgTitle":"数学","wgCurRevisionId":84703414,"wgRevisionId":84703414,"wgArticleId":13,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["含有英語的條目","有未列明来源语句的条目","CS1英语来源 (en)","未列明參考文獻頁碼的條目","Webarchive模板wayback链接","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","自2023年1月缺少注脚的条目","自2023年1月需补充来源的条目","拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目","含有希臘語的條目","含有拉丁語的條目","含有法語的條目","需要查證來源的維基百科條目","含有德語的條目","陳述與來源不符的條目", "包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目","包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目","数学","形式科學","主要话题条目"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"数学","wgRelevantArticleId":13,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"數學","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q395","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI", "ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Euclid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1005"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Euclid.jpg/800px-Euclid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="670"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Euclid.jpg/640px-Euclid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="536"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="数学 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-数学 rootpage-数学 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形成、純數學與應用數學及美學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形成、純數學與應用數學及美學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>形成、純數學與應用數學及美學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形成、純數學與應用數學及美學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-符號、語言與精确性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#符號、語言與精确性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>符號、語言與精确性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-符號、語言與精确性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-數學作為科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#數學作為科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>數學作為科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-數學作為科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-數學的各領域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#數學的各領域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>數學的各領域</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-數學的各領域-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关數學的各領域子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-數學的各領域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-基礎與哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基礎與哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>基礎與哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基礎與哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-纯粹数学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#纯粹数学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>纯粹数学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-纯粹数学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-数量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>数量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-空間" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#空間"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>空間</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-空間-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>變化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-變化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-離散數學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#離散數學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>離散數學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-離散數學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用數學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用數學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>應用數學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-應用數學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-数学奖项" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数学奖项"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>数学奖项</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数学奖项-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参考书目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">数学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。254种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-254" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">254种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%82%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A5" title="ትምህርተ ሂሳብ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትምህርተ ሂሳብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Matematicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABmcr%C3%A6ft" title="Rīmcræft – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rīmcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رياضيات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياضيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="لماط – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لماط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رياضيات – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رياضيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tiques" title="Matemátiques – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Matemátiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solokseropa" title="Solokseropa – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Solokseropa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakhu" title="Jakhu – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jakhu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaziyyat" title="Riyaziyyat – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riyaziyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ریاضیات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریاضیات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat%C4%97ka" title="Matematėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Matematėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматыка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Матэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikis" title="Matematikis – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Matematikis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamatika" title="Matamatika – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Matamatika" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သင်္ချာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiki" title="Matematiki – 班巴拉语" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Matematiki" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="རྩིས་རིག – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩིས་རིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80" title="ᨆᨈᨛᨆᨈᨗᨀ – 布吉语" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨈᨛᨆᨈᨗᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="布吉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тоогой ухаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тоогой ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tiques" title="Matemàtiques – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matemàtiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3-h%C5%8Fk" title="Só-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Só-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 查莫罗语" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="查莫罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ماتماتیک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماتماتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaziyat" title="Riyaziyat – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Riyaziyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маѳиматїка – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Маѳиматїка" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathemateg" title="Mathemateg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mathemateg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laasabu_malibu" title="Laasabu malibu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Laasabu malibu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku%C3%ABnk%C3%A4%C5%8B" title="Akuënkäŋ – 丁卡语" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Akuënkäŋ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%9F%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ރިޔާޟިއްޔާތު – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރިޔާޟިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Μαθηματικά – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαθηματικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A2tica" title="Matemâtica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Matemâtica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Matematiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemaatika" title="Matemaatika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Matemaatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ریاضیات – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریاضیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiikka" title="Matematiikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matematiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%B5maatiga" title="Matõmaatiga – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Matõmaatiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fika" title="Fika – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Fika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8ddfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Støddfrøði – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Støddfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Mathématiques – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mathématiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8matiques" title="Matèmatiques – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Matèmatiques" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiik" title="Matematiik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Matematiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiche" title="Matematiche – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Matematiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamaitic" title="Matamaitic – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Matamaitic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matik" title="Matématik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Matématik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamataig" title="Matamataig – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Matamataig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papapykuaa" title="Papapykuaa – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Papapykuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗಣಿತ್ – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ಗಣಿತ್" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4" title="ગણિત – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગણિત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddaght" title="Maddaght – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Maddaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissafi" title="Lissafi – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lissafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Su-ho̍k – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Su-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makemakika" title="Makemakika – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Makemakika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מתמטיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתמטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մաթեմատիկա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաթեմատիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica" title="Mathematica – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mathematica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%C3%BAm%C3%BA-%C3%B3n%C3%BA%E1%BB%8Dg%E1%BB%A5g%E1%BB%A5" title="Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Matematiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A6r%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stærðfræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stærðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matimatix" title="Matimatix – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Matimatix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cmaci" title="cmaci – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cmaci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matika" title="Matématika – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Matématika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მათემატიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მათემატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnakt" title="Tusnakt – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tusnakt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikki" title="Matematikki – 格陵兰语" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Matematikki" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="គណិតវិទ្យា – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គណិតវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಗಣಿತ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%95%99" title="수학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A0%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="گرٛؠندُت – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛؠندُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat%C3%AEk" title="Matematîk – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Matematîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awgrym" title="Awgrym – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Awgrym" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедия:Сомо/Математика – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Сомо/Математика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica" title="Mathematica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mathematica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekibalangulo" title="Ekibalangulo – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekibalangulo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematiek" title="Mathematiek – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mathematiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematega" title="Matematega – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Matematega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຄະນິດສາດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄະນິດສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C4%81tika" title="Matemātika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Matemātika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Математике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Математике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഗണിതം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯆꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯣꯟ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သၚ်္ချာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သၚ်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemática – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Matemática" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သင်္ချာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85" title="رقم – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رقم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlap%C5%8Dhualmatiliztli" title="Tlapōhualmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapōhualmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ल्याःज्या – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्याःज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 尼亚斯语" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="尼亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematike" title="Matematike – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Matematike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltchul" title="Caltchul – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Caltchul" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82hii%CA%BCn%C3%ADn%C3%A1%CA%BCiidz%C3%B3%C3%B3h" title="Ałhiiʼnínáʼiidzóóh – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ałhiiʼnínáʼiidzóóh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matematicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiekku" title="Matematiekku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Matematiekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrega" title="Herrega – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Herrega" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4" title="ଗଣିତ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗଣିତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Математикæ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Математикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਣਿਤ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਣਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiks" title="Matematiks – 邦阿西南语" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Matematiks" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="邦阿西南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matikes" title="Matématikes – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Matématikes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82" title="गणितं – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="गणितं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maethamatiks" title="Maethamatiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Maethamatiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematyka" title="Matematyka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matematyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tica" title="Matemàtica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Matemàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="شمېرپوهنه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمېرپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemática – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matemática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupay_yachay" title="Yupay yachay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yupay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematic%C4%83" title="Matematică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Matematică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematic%C3%A2" title="Mathematicâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mathematicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Математіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="गणितम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गणितम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tica" title="Matemàtica – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Matemàtica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matim%C3%A0tica" title="Matimàtica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Matimàtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="رياضي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رياضي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnakt" title="Tusnakt – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tusnakt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ගණිතය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගණිතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masvomhu" title="Masvomhu – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Masvomhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiromaal" title="Tiromaal – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tiromaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_Teri" title="Sabi fu Teri – 苏里南汤加语" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sabi fu Teri" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="苏里南汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekubala" title="Tekubala – 斯瓦蒂语" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tekubala" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦蒂语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisabati" title="Hisabati – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hisabati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matymatyka" title="Matymatyka – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Matymatyka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கணிதம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಗಣಿತ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%B3" title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥘᥙᥳ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥘᥙᥳ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="గణితం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గణితం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82" title="Риёзиёт – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Риёзиёт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="คณิตศาสตร์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณิตศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijozijot" title="Rijozijot – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rijozijot" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipalo" title="Dipalo – 茨瓦纳语" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Dipalo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="茨瓦纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_matematik" title="Ol matematik – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol matematik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyondzo-Tinhlayo" title="Dyondzo-Tinhlayo – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dyondzo-Tinhlayo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tega" title="Matemàtega – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Matemàtega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A1n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Toán học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toán học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat" title="Matemat – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Matemat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematike" title="Matematike – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Matematike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayma" title="Xayma – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xayma" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Mathematics" title="I-Mathematics – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Mathematics" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მათემატიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მათემატიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מאטעמאטיק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאטעמאטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathim%C3%A1t%C3%ADk%C3%AC" title="Mathimátíkì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mathimátíkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqyoz" title="Soqyoz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Soqyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2%CD%98-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Sò͘-ha̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sò͘-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazazibalo" title="Umchazazibalo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazazibalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q395#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&oldid=84703414" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&id=84703414&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2595%25B0%25E5%25AD%25A6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2595%25B0%25E5%25AD%25A6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" hreflang="zh"><span>维基学院</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q395" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-ee18da4f" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目已<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">列出參考資料</a>，但<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8" title="Help:脚注">文內引註</a>不足，<b>部分內容的來源仍然不明</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年1月9日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请加上合适的文內引註加以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit">改善</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年1月9日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%22">"数学"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-ee18da4f" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><br /> </p> <div data-noteta-group-source="template" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div data-noteta-group-source="template" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><br /> </p> <div data-noteta-group-source="template" data-noteta-group="Lifesciences"></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div data-noteta-group-source="template" data-noteta-group="Medicine"></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div data-noteta-group-source="template" data-noteta-group="Unit"></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div data-noteta-group-source="template" data-noteta-group="Ecology"></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div data-noteta-group-source="template" data-noteta-group="Astronomy"></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div data-noteta-group-source="template" data-noteta-group="Earthquake"></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Math"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:数学对象;zh-tw:數學物件;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84913072">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:100%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">数学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#ddddff;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="数学领域">领域</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">几何学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="代数">代数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%A6" title="微积分学">微积分</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数学分析">分析学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="离散数学">离散数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">逻辑学</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87" title="概率">概率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E8%AE%BA" title="决策论">决策论</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#ddddff;text-align:center;">与其他科学的关系</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="运算数学">运算学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="计算语言学">语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="数理经济学">经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="数学教育">教育学</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:数学">数学主题</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E9%A2%98%E4%BE%A7%E8%BE%B9%E6%A0%8F" title="Template:数学话题侧边栏"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E9%A2%98%E4%BE%A7%E8%BE%B9%E6%A0%8F" title="Template talk:数学话题侧边栏"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D%E9%A2%98%E4%BE%A7%E8%BE%B9%E6%A0%8F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:数学话题侧边栏"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euclid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Euclid.jpg/200px-Euclid.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Euclid.jpg/300px-Euclid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Euclid.jpg/400px-Euclid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="歐幾里得">歐幾里得</a>，西元前三世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="數學家">數學家</a>，而現在被認為是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="幾何">幾何</a>之父，此畫為<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9C%A3%E9%BD%90%E5%A5%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="拉斐尔·圣齐奥">拉斐爾</a>的作品《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_(%E7%95%AB%E4%BD%9C)" title="雅典學院 (畫作)">雅典學院</a>》</figcaption></figure> <p><b>数学</b>是研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="數量">數量</a><sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="数学结构">结构</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kneebone_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kneebone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="空间 (数学)">空间</a><sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等概念及其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" title="变化">变化</a><sup id="cite_ref-LaTorre_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaTorre-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramana_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramana-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的一門<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="学科">学科</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學">形式科學</a>的一種<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。數學利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">邏輯</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>，從<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E6%95%B8" title="計數">計數</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="计算">計算</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="量度">量度</a>、對物體<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E7%8B%80" title="形狀">形狀</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">運動</a>的觀察發展而成。<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="数学家">數學家</a>們拓展這些概念，以公式化新的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3" title="猜想">猜想</a>，以及從選定的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86" title="公理">公理</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89" title="定义">定義</a>出發，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E8%B0%A8_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="严谨 (数学)">嚴謹</a>地推導出一些定理<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>基礎數學的知識與運用是生活中不可或缺的一環。對數學基本概念的完善，早在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="古埃及数学">古埃及</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美索不达米亚数学（页面不存在）">美索不达米亚</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古印度数学（页面不存在）">古印度</a>历史上的古代數學文本便可觀見，而在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>那裡有更為嚴謹的處理。從那時開始，數學的發展便持續不斷地小幅進展，至16世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文藝復興</a>時期，因为新的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科學發現</a>和數學革新兩者的交互，致使數學的加速发展，直至今日<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。数学并成为許多國家及地區的教育中的一部分。 </p><p>数学在许多领域都有应用，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">醫學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">經濟學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="金融學">金融學</a>等。數學對這些領域的應用通常被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">應用數學</a>，有時亦會激起新的數學發現，並導致全新學科的發展，例如物理学的实质性发展中建立的某些理论激发数学家对于某些问题的不同角度的思考。數學家也研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%B2%B9%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="純粹數學">純粹數學</a>，就是數學本身的实质性內容，而不以任何實際應用為目標。許多研究雖然以純粹數學開始，但其过程中也發現許多可用之处<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：詞源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">西方语言</a>中“數學”（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：<span lang="el">μαθηματικά</span>）一詞源自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>的<span lang="el">μάθημα</span>（<span lang="la">máthēma</span>），其有“學習”、“學問”、“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">科學</a>”，還有個較狹義且技術性的意思－「數學研究」，即使在其語源內。其形容詞<span lang="el">μαθηματικός</span>（<span lang="la">mathēmatikós</span>），意思為「和學習有關的」或「用功的」，亦會被用來指「數學的」。其在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>中表面上的複數形式，及在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>中的表面複數形式<i><span lang="fr">les mathématiques</span></i>，可溯至<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>的中性複數<i><span lang="la">mathematica</span></i>，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗">西塞罗</a>譯自希臘文複數<span lang="el">τα μαθηματικά</span>（<span lang="la">ta mathēmatiká</span>），此一希臘語被<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>拿來指「<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%86%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="萬物皆數">萬物皆數</a>」的概念。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字">汉字</a>表示的「數學」一詞大約产生于中国<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元</a>時期。多指象數之學，但有時也含有今天上的數學意義，例如，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E4%B9%9D%E9%9F%B6" title="秦九韶">秦九韶</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E4%B9%9D%E7%AB%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="數學九章">數學九章</a>》（《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%A8%82%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="永樂大典">永樂大典</a>》記，即《數書九章》也被宋代周密所著的《癸辛雜識》記爲《數學大略》）、《數學通軌》（明代<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%9A%E8%BF%81" title="柯尚迁">柯尚遷</a>著）、《数学钥》（清代<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%9F%A5%E8%80%95" title="杜知耕">杜知耕</a>著）、《數學拾遺》（清代<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E5%8F%96%E5%BF%A0" title="丁取忠">丁取忠</a>撰）。直到1939年，經過中國數學名詞審查委員會研究“算學”與“數學”兩詞的使用狀況後，確認以“數學”表示今天意義上的數學含義。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="数学史">数学史</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quipu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Quipu.png/200px-Quipu.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Quipu.png 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%99%AE" title="奇普">奇普</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="印加帝國">印加帝國</a>時所使用的計數工具</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/200px-Maya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/300px-Maya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/400px-Maya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E#数学" class="mw-redirect" title="玛雅文明">玛雅</a>数字，黑點代表一，黑直線代表五</figcaption></figure> <p>數學有着久遠的歷史。它被認為起源於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人類</a>早期的生產活動：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>古代的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E8%97%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="六藝">六艺</a>之一就有「數」<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，數學一詞在西方有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>语<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%BA%90" title="词源">詞源</a><span lang="el">μαθηματικός</span>（mathematikós），意思是“学问的基础”，源于<span lang="el">μάθημα</span>（máthema，“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>，知识，学问”）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="史前史">史前</a>的人類就已嘗試用自然的法則來衡量物質的多少、時間的長短等抽象的數量關係，比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="时间单位">时间单位</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5" title="日">日</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="季節">季節</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术">算術</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%95" title="加法">加</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%B3%95" title="減法">減</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="乘法">乘</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4%E6%B3%95" title="除法">除</a>）也自然而然地產生了。古代的石碑及泥版亦證實了當時已有<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">幾何</a>的知識<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89#可疑来源" title="Wikipedia:可供查證"><span title="需要添加較佳的来源">需要較佳来源</span></a>]</sup>。 </p><p>更進一步則需要<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="寫作">寫作</a>或其他可記錄數字的系統，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E6%9C%A8" title="符木">符木</a>或於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="印加帝國">印加帝國</a>內用來儲存數據的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%99%AE" title="奇普">奇普</a>。歷史上曾有過許多不同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%95%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="記數系統">記數系統</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在最初有歷史記錄的時候，數學內的主要原理是為了做<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%85" title="稅">稅務</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="貿易">貿易</a>等相關計算，為了解數字間的關係，為了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="土地測量">測量土地</a>，以及為了預測<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文学">天文事件</a>而形成的。这些可以简单地被概括为数学对數量、结构、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="空间 (数学)">空间</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a>方面的研究。 </p><p>到了16世纪，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术">算术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="基本代数">初等代数</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%AD%A6" title="三角学">三角学</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%AD%89%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="初等数学">初等数学</a>已大体完备<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。17世纪<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="變數">变量</a>概念的产生使人们开始研究变化中的量与量的互相关系和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="图形">图形</a>间的互相变换，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%A6" title="微积分学">微积分</a>的概念也在此時形成。随着數學轉向形式化，为研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80" title="数学基础">数学基础</a>而产生的集合论和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">数理逻辑</a>等也开始发展。数学的重心从求解实际问题转变到对一般形式上的思考。 </p><p>從古至今，數學便一直不斷地延展，且與科學有豐富的相互作用，兩者的發展都受惠於彼此。在歷史上有著許多數學發現，並且直至今日都不斷地有新的發現。據米哈伊爾·B·塞甫留克（Mikhail B. Sevryuk）於<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國數學會通報" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E9%80%9A%E5%A0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國數學會通報（页面不存在）">美國數學會通報</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society" class="extiw" title="en:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</span></a></span>）</span></span>2006年1月的期刊中所說，「存放於<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96" title="數學評論">數學評論</a>資料庫中論文和書籍的數量自1940年（數學評論的創刊年份）現已超過了一百九十萬份，而且每年還增加超過七萬五千份。此一學海的絕大部份為新的數學<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="定理">定理</a>及其<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="数学证明">證明</a>。」<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形成、純數學與應用數學及美學"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.88.90.E3.80.81.E7.B4.94.E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8.E8.88.87.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8.E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8.E5.8F.8A.E7.BE.8E.E5.AD.B8"></span>形成、純數學與應用數學及美學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：形成、純數學與應用數學及美學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/200px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/300px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/400px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">牛頓</a>（1643-1727），<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%A6" title="微积分学">微積分</a>的發明者之一</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E4%B9%8B%E7%BE%8E" title="數學之美">數學之美</a></div> <p>每當有涉及數量、結構、空間及變化等方面的問題時，通常就需要用到數學去解決問題，而這往往也拓展了數學的研究範疇。一開始，數學的運用可見於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="貿易">貿易</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="土地測量">土地測量</a>及之後的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文学">天文學</a>。今日，所有的科學都存在著值得數學家研究的問題，且數學本身亦給出了許多的問題。<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">牛頓</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨">莱布尼兹</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%A6" title="微积分学">微積分</a>的發明者，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="费曼">費曼</a>發明了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%91%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="路徑積分表述">費曼路徑積分</a>，這是推理及物理洞察二者的產物，而今日的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="弦理論">弦理論</a>亦引申出新的數學。一些數學只和生成它的領域有關，且用來解答此領域的更多問題。但一般被一領域生成的數學在其他許多領域內也十分有用，且可以成為一般的數學概念。即使是「最純的」數學通常亦有實際的用途，此一非比尋常的事實，被1963年諾貝爾物理獎得主<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="尤金·维格纳">維格納</a>稱為「數學在自然科學中不可想像的有效性」<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>如同大多數的研究領域，科學知識的爆發導致了數學的專業化。主要的分歧為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="純數學">純數學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">應用數學</a>。在應用數學內，又被分成兩大領域，並且變成了它們自身的學科——<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">統計學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">電腦科學</a>。 </p><p>許多數學家談論數學的<i>優美</i>，其內在的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美學</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E" title="美">美</a>。「簡單」和「一般化」即為美的一種。另外亦包括巧妙的證明，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="歐幾里得">歐幾里得</a>對存在無限多<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="素数">質數</a>的證明；又或者是加快計算的數值方法，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%82%85%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B6%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="快速傅立叶变换">快速傅立葉變換</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%B2%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="高德菲·哈羅德·哈代">高德菲·哈羅德·哈代</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="一个数学家的自白">一個數學家的自白</a>》一书中表明他相信單單是美學上的意義，就已經足夠成為數學研究的正當理由。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="符號、語言與精确性"><span id=".E7.AC.A6.E8.99.9F.E3.80.81.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E8.88.87.E7.B2.BE.E7.A1.AE.E6.80.A7"></span>符號、語言與精确性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：符號、語言與精确性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="數學符號">數學符號</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pic79.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pic79.png/200px-Pic79.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pic79.png/300px-Pic79.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pic79.png/400px-Pic79.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>在現代的符號中，簡單的表示式可能描繪出複雜的概念。此一圖像即產生自x=cos ( <i>y</i> arccos sin〡<i>x</i>〡 + <i>x</i> arcsin cos〡<i>y</i>〡)</figcaption></figure> <p>我們現今所使用的大部分數學符號在16世紀後才被發明出來的。在此之前，數學以文字的形式書寫出來，這種形式會限制了數學的發展。現今的符號使得數學對於專家而言更容易掌握，但初學者卻常對此望而却步。它被極度的壓縮：少量的符號包含著大量的訊息。如同音樂符號一般，現今的數學符號有明確的語法，並且有效地對訊息作編碼，這是其他書寫方式難以做到的。符号化和形式化使得数学迅速发展，并帮助各个科学领域建立基础支撑理论。 </p><p>數學語言亦對初學者而言感到困難。如“或”和“只”這些字有著比日常用語更精確的意思。亦困惱著初學者的，如“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E9%9B%86" title="开集">開放</a>”和“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="域 (數學)">域</a>”等字在數學裡有著特別的意思。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="數學術語（页面不存在）">數學術語</a>亦包括如“<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%83%9A" title="同胚">同胚</a>”及“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E7%A9%8D%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可積性（页面不存在）">可積性</a>”等專有名詞。但使用這些特別符號和專有術語是有其原因的：數學需要比日常用語更多的精確性。數學家將此對語言及邏輯精確性的要求稱為「嚴謹」。但在现实应用中，舍弃一些严谨性往往会得到更好的结果。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E8%B0%A8_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="严谨 (数学)">嚴謹</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E" title="數學證明">數學證明</a>中很重要且基本的一部份。數學家希望他們的定理以系統化的推理依著公理被推論下去。這是為了避免依著不可靠的直觀而推出錯誤的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="定理">定理</a>」，而這情形在歷史上曾出現過許多的例子。<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>在數學中被期許的嚴謹程度因著時間而不同：希臘人期許著仔細的論證，但在<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">牛頓</a>的時代，所使用的方法則較不嚴謹。牛頓為了解決問題所做的定義，到了十九世紀才重新以小心的分析及正式的證明來處理。今日，數學家們則持續地在爭論<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%A9%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E" title="電腦協助證明">電腦協助證明</a>的嚴謹度。當大量的計算難以被驗證時，其證明亦很難說是足夠地嚴謹。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86" title="公理">公理</a>在傳統的思想中是「不證自明的真理」，但這種想法是有問題的。在形式上，公理只是一串符號，其只對可以由<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="公理系统">公理系統</a>導出的公式之內容有意義。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="希尔伯特计划">希爾伯特計劃</a>即是想將所有的數學放在堅固的公理基礎上，但依據<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%8C%E5%A4%87%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="哥德尔不完备定理">哥德爾不完備定理</a>，每一<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7_(%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF)" title="一致性 (邏輯)">相容</a>且能蘊涵<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E8%AB%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="皮亞諾公理">皮亞諾公理</a>的公理系統必含有一不可決定的公式；因而所有數學的最終<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="公理系统">公理化</a>是不可能的。儘管如此，數學常常被想像成只是某種公理化的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合論</a>，在此意義下，所有數學敘述或證明都可以寫成集合論的公式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="數學作為科學"><span id=".E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8.E4.BD.9C.E7.82.BA.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>數學作為科學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：數學作為科學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/200px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/300px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/400px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯">卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯">卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯</a>稱數學為「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">科學</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="皇后">皇后</a>」。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在拉丁原文<i><span lang="la">Regina Scientiarum</span></i>，以及其<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德語</a><i><span lang="de">Königin der Wissenschaften</span></i>中，對應於「科學」的單字的意思皆為知識（領域）。而實際上，science一詞在英語內本來就是這個意思，且無疑問地數學在此意義下確實是一門「科學」。將科學限定在<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>則是在此之後的事。若認為科学是只指物理的世界時，則數學，或至少是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="純數學">純數學</a>，不會是一門科學。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">愛因斯坦</a>曾如此描述：「數學定律越和現實有關，它們越不確定；若它們越是確定的話，它們和現實越不會有關。」<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>許多哲學家相信數學在經驗上不具<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="可否證性">可否證性</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，且因此不是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡爾·波普爾</a>所定義的科学。但在1930年代時，在數理邏輯上的重大進展顯示數學不能歸併至邏輯內，且波普爾推斷「大部份的數學定律，如物理及生物學一樣，是假設演繹的：純數學因此變得更接近其假設為猜測的自然科學，比它現在看起來更接近。」<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然而，其他的思想家，如較著名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="拉卡托斯">拉卡托斯</a>，便提供了一個關於數學本身的可否證性版本。 </p><p>另一觀點則為某些科學領域（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="理论物理">理論物理</a>）是其公理為嘗試著符合現實的數學。而事實上，理論物理學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="齊曼">齊曼</a>（John Ziman）即認為科學是一種公眾知識，因此亦包含著數學。在任何的情況下，數學和物理科學的許多領域都有著很多相同的地方，尤其是從假設所得的邏輯推論之探索。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA_(%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96)" title="直覺 (知識論)">直覺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗">實驗</a>在數學和科學的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3" title="猜想">猜想</a>建構上皆扮演著重要的角色。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實驗數學（页面不存在）">實驗數學</a>在數學中的重要性正持續地在增加，且<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦運算">計算</a>和模擬在科學及數學中所扮演的角色也越來越加重，減輕了數學不使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科學方法</a>的缺點。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86" title="史蒂芬·沃爾夫勒姆">史蒂芬·沃爾夫勒姆</a>2002年的著作《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="一种新科学">一種新科學</a>》中他提出，計算數學應被視為其自身的一科學領域來探索。 </p><p>數學家對此的態度並不一致。一些研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">應用數學</a>的數學家覺得他們是科學家，而那些研究純數學的數學家則時常覺得他們是在一門較接近<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">邏輯</a>的領域內工作，且因此基本上是個<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲學家</a>。許多數學家認為稱他們的工作是一種科學，是低估了其美學方面的重要性，以及其做為七大<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E9%9B%85%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="博雅教育">博雅教育</a>之一的歷史；另外亦有人認為若忽略其與科學之間的關聯，是假裝沒看到數學和其在科學與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程</a>之間的交互影響，進而促進了數學在許多科學上的發展此一事實。這兩種觀點之間的差異在哲學上產生了數學是「被創造」（如藝術）或是「被發現」（如科學）的爭議。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="大学">大学</a>院系划分中常见「科学和数学系」，这指出了这两个领域被看作有緊密聯繫而非一樣。實際上，數學家通常會在大體上與科學家合作，但在細節上卻會分開。此爭議亦是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學哲學">數學哲學</a>眾多議題的其中一個。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="數學的各領域"><span id=".E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8.E7.9A.84.E5.90.84.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F"></span>數學的各領域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：數學的各領域"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="数学领域">数学领域</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abacus_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Abacus_6.png/200px-Abacus_6.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Abacus_6.png 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption>早期的數學完全著重在演算實際運算的需要上，有如反映在中國<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%9B%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="算盤">算盤</a>上的一般</figcaption></figure> <p>如上所述，數學主要的學科最先產生於商業上計算的需要、了解數字間的關係、測量土地及預測<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文学">天文</a>事件。這四種需要大致地與數量、結構、空間及變化（即<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术">算術</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="代数">代數</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">幾何</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数学分析">分析</a>）等數學上廣泛的子領域相關連著。除了上述主要的關注之外，亦有用來探索由數學核心至其他領域上之間的連結的子領域：至<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">邏輯</a>、至<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="集合論">集合論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="數學基礎">基礎</a>）、至不同科學的經驗上的數學（<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="應用數學">應用數學</a>）、及較近代的至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="不确定性原理">不確定性</a>的嚴格研究。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基礎與哲學"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E7.A4.8E.E8.88.87.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>基礎與哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：基礎與哲學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>為了闡明<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="數學基礎">數學基礎</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">數學邏輯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合論</a>等領域被發展了出來。 </p><p>數學邏輯專注於將數學置在一堅固的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86" title="公理">公理</a>架構上，並研究此一架構的結果。就數學邏輯本身而言，其為<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%8C%E5%A4%87%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="哥德尔不完备定理">哥德爾第二不完備定理</a>所屬的領域，而這或許是邏輯學中最廣為流傳的成果：總是存在不能被證明的真命題。 </p><p>現代邏輯被分成<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9E%E6%AD%B8%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="遞歸論">遞歸論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="模型論">模型論</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="證明論">證明論</a>，且和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="理論電腦科學">理論電腦科學</a>有著密切的關連性，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E7%A6%A7%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%8D%8E%E9%9B%A3%E9%A1%8C" title="千禧年大獎難題">千禧年大獎難題</a>中的<a href="/wiki/P/NP%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="P/NP問題">P/NP問題</a>就是理論電腦科學中的著名問題<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dd><table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P\Rightarrow Q\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P\Rightarrow Q\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5c34a3223a111dfb9db58cb329bfc3ac40562588" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.585ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P\Rightarrow Q\,}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venn_A_intersect_B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/128px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/192px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Venn_A_intersect_B.svg/256px-Venn_A_intersect_B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg/96px-Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg/144px-Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg/192px-Commutative_diagram_for_morphism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="數學邏輯">數學邏輯</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="集合論">集合論</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="範疇論">範疇論</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="纯粹数学"><span id=".E7.BA.AF.E7.B2.B9.E6.95.B0.E5.AD.A6"></span>纯粹数学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：纯粹数学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="数量"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E9.87.8F"></span>数量</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：数量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>數量的研究起於<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0" title="数">數</a>，一開始為熟悉的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%95%B0" title="自然数">自然數</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E6%95%B0" title="整数">整數</a>與被描述在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术">算術</a>內的自然數及整數的算術運算。整數更深的性質於<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">數論</a>中有詳細的研究，此一理論包括了如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="费马大定理">費馬最後定理</a>等著名的結果。數論還包括兩個被廣為探討的未解問題：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AA%E7%94%9F%E8%B4%A8%E6%95%B0%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="孪生质数猜想">孿生質數猜想</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3" title="哥德巴赫猜想">哥德巴赫猜想</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>當數系更進一步發展時，整數被視為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%90%86%E6%95%B0" title="有理数">有理數</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%86" title="子集">子集</a>，而有理數則包含於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%95%B0" title="实数">實數</a>中，連續的量即是以實數來表示的。實數則可以被進一步廣義化成<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="复数 (数学)">複數</a>。數的進一步廣義化可以持續至包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E6%95%B8" title="四元數">四元數</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%85%83%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="八元數">八元數</a>。從自然數亦可以推廣到<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%99%90%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="超限數">超限數</a>，它形式化了計數至無限的這一概念。另一個研究的領域為大小，這個導致了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="基数 (数学)">基數</a>和之後對無限的另外一種概念：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="阿列夫数">阿列夫数</a>，它允許無限集合之間的大小可以做有意義的比較。 </p> <dl><dd><table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="20"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,2,3\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,2,3\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41a7f6e2ad3fcba08cbe7cdd4803bc04aefd34ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:5.942ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,2,3\,\!}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2,-1,0,1,2\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2,-1,0,1,2\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7f4e28c92fbe1cc1f26530dc165eb19223a67f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:13.951ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2,-1,0,1,2\,\!}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -2,{\frac {2}{3}},1.21\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1.21</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -2,{\frac {2}{3}},1.21\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46f69bde2e37e56443b3c6839be8c010fdaad7a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:11.558ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -2,{\frac {2}{3}},1.21\,\!}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -e,{\sqrt {2}},3,\pi \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -e,{\sqrt {2}},3,\pi \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4344d8d6a980cb805d7b6cc29cd8770d8d8d61c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:11.973ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -e,{\sqrt {2}},3,\pi \,\!}"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2,i,-2+3i,2e^{i{\frac {4\pi }{3}}}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2,i,-2+3i,2e^{i{\frac {4\pi }{3}}}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/694cccd4f4f8bf7e7159431b59477c67387b77ee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:18.543ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2,i,-2+3i,2e^{i{\frac {4\pi }{3}}}\,\!}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%95%B0" title="自然数">自然數</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E6%95%B0" title="整数">整數</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%90%86%E6%95%B0" title="有理数">有理數</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%95%B0" title="实数">實數</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="复数 (数学)">複數</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdf9a96b565ea202d0f4322e9195613fb26a9bed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/449494a083e0a1fda2b61c62b2f09b6bee4633dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }"></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="結構"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>結構</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：結構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>許多如數及<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="函数">函數</a>的集合等<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="數學物件">數學物件</a>都有著內含的結構。這些物件的結構性質被探討於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4" title="群">群</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF_(%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0)" title="环 (代数)">環</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="域 (數學)">域</a>等抽象系統中，該些物件事實上也就是這樣的系統。此為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="代數">代數</a>的領域。在此有一個很重要的概念，即廣義化至<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="向量空间">向量空間</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="矢量">向量</a>，它於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="线性代数">線性代數</a>中被研究。向量的研究結合了數學的三個基本領域：數量、結構及空間。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="向量分析">向量分析</a>則將其擴展至第四個基本的領域內，即變化。 </p><p>创立于二十世纪三十年代的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="布尔巴基学派">布尔巴基学派</a>认为：纯粹数学，是研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="抽象结构">抽象结构</a>的理论。结构，就是以初始概念和公理出发的演绎系统。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="布尔巴基学派">布尔巴基学派</a>认为，有三种基本的抽象结构：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="代数结构">代数结构</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4" title="群">群</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF_(%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0)" title="环 (代数)">环</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="域 (數學)">域</a>……），<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="序理论">序结构</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%BA%8F%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="偏序关系">偏序</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%BA%8F%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="全序关系">全序</a>……），<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="拓扑结构">拓扑结构</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E5%9F%9F" title="邻域">邻域</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E9%99%90_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="极限 (数学)">极限</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%80%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="連通性">连通性</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="維度">维数</a>……）<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dd><table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elliptic_curve_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elliptic_curve_simple.svg/96px-Elliptic_curve_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elliptic_curve_simple.svg/144px-Elliptic_curve_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elliptic_curve_simple.svg/192px-Elliptic_curve_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rubik%27s_cube.svg/96px-Rubik%27s_cube.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rubik%27s_cube.svg/144px-Rubik%27s_cube.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rubik%27s_cube.svg/192px-Rubik%27s_cube.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_diagdram_D6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Group_diagdram_D6.svg/96px-Group_diagdram_D6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Group_diagdram_D6.svg/144px-Group_diagdram_D6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Group_diagdram_D6.svg/192px-Group_diagdram_D6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg/96px-Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg/144px-Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg/192px-Lattice_of_the_divisibility_of_60.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">數論</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%AE%BA" title="群论">群論</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="图论">圖論</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="序理論">序理論</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="空間"><span id=".E7.A9.BA.E9.96.93"></span>空間</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：空間"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>空間的研究源自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">幾何</a>－尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="欧几里得几何">欧几里得几何</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%AD%A6" title="三角学">三角學</a>則結合了空間及數，且包含有著名的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%BE%E8%82%A1%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="勾股定理">勾股定理</a>。現今對空間的研究更推廣到了更高維的幾何、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="非歐幾里得幾何">非歐幾里得幾何</a>（其在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>中扮演著核心的角色）及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学">拓撲學</a>。數和空間在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="解析几何">解析幾何</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="微分幾何">微分幾何</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="代数几何">代數幾何</a>中都有著很重要的角色。在微分幾何中有著<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E4%B8%9B" title="纤维丛">纖維叢</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%BD%A2" title="流形">流形</a>上的微積分等概念。在代數幾何中有著如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%A0%85%E5%BC%8F" title="多項式">多項式</a>方程的解集等幾何物件的描述，結合了數和空間的概念；亦有著<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E7%BE%A4" title="拓扑群">拓撲群</a>的研究，結合了結構與空間。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BE%A4" title="李群">李群</a>被用來研究空間、結構及變化。在其許多分支中，拓撲學可能是二十世紀數學中有著最大進展的領域，並包含有存在已久的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9E%E5%8A%A0%E8%8E%B1%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3" title="庞加莱猜想">龐加萊猜想</a>，以及有爭議的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%89%B2%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="四色定理">四色定理</a>。龐加萊猜想已在2006年确认由俄罗斯数学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="格里戈里·佩雷尔曼">格里戈里·佩雷尔曼</a>證明<sup id="cite_ref-PhysOrg1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhysOrg1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而四色定理已在1976年由<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BD%A9%E7%88%BE" title="凱尼斯·阿佩爾">凱尼斯·阿佩爾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%82%AF" title="沃夫冈·哈肯">沃夫岡·哈肯</a>用電腦證明<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而從來沒有由人力來驗證過。 </p> <dl><dd><table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg/96px-Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg/144px-Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg/192px-Illustration_to_Euclid%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sine_cosine_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sine_cosine_plot.svg/96px-Sine_cosine_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sine_cosine_plot.svg/144px-Sine_cosine_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sine_cosine_plot.svg/192px-Sine_cosine_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperbolic_triangle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/96px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/144px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/192px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Torus.svg/96px-Torus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Torus.svg/144px-Torus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Torus.svg/192px-Torus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Von_koch_6_etapes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Von_koch_6_etapes.svg/96px-Von_koch_6_etapes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Von_koch_6_etapes.svg/144px-Von_koch_6_etapes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Von_koch_6_etapes.svg/192px-Von_koch_6_etapes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="174" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Measure_illustration_(Vector).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Measure_illustration_%28Vector%29.svg/96px-Measure_illustration_%28Vector%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Measure_illustration_%28Vector%29.svg/144px-Measure_illustration_%28Vector%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Measure_illustration_%28Vector%29.svg/192px-Measure_illustration_%28Vector%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">幾何</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%AD%A6" title="三角学">三角學</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="微分幾何">微分幾何</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学">拓撲學</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%BD%A2" title="分形">碎形</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="測度論">測度論</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="變化"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E5.8C.96"></span>變化</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：變化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>了解及描述變化在<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="自然科学">自然科學</a>裡是一普遍的議題，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%A6" title="微积分学">微積分</a>更為研究變化的有利工具。<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="函数">函數</a>诞生於此，作為描述一變化的量的核心概念。對於實數及實變函數的嚴格研究為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="实分析">實分析</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="複分析">複分析</a>則為複數的等價領域。<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E6%9B%BC%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3" title="黎曼猜想">黎曼猜想</a>——數學最基本的未決問題之一——便是以複分析來描述的<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89#可疑来源" title="Wikipedia:可供查證"><span title="需要添加較佳的来源">需要較佳来源</span></a>]</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%87%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="泛函分析">泛函分析</a>注重在函數的（一般為無限維）<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="空间 (数学)">空間</a>上。泛函分析的眾多應用之一為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力學</a>。許多的問題很自然地會導出一個量與其變化率之間的關係，而這在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="微分方程">微分方程</a>中被研究。在自然界中的許多現象可以被<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="動力系統">動力系統</a>所描述；<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="混沌理論">混沌理論</a>則是對系統的既不可預測而又是決定的行為作明確的描述。 </p> <table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="20"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/96px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/144px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/192px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vector_field.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/96px-Vector_field.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/144px-Vector_field.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/192px-Vector_field.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg/96px-Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg/144px-Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg/192px-Navier_Stokes_Laminar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limitcycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/96px-Limitcycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/144px-Limitcycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/192px-Limitcycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenz_attractor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lorenz_attractor.svg/96px-Lorenz_attractor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lorenz_attractor.svg/144px-Lorenz_attractor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lorenz_attractor.svg/192px-Lorenz_attractor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princ_Argument_C1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Princ_Argument_C1.svg/96px-Princ_Argument_C1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Princ_Argument_C1.svg/144px-Princ_Argument_C1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Princ_Argument_C1.svg/192px-Princ_Argument_C1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="655" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%A6" title="微积分学">微積分</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="向量分析">向量分析</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="微分方程">微分方程</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="動力系統">動力系統</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="混沌理論">混沌理論</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="複分析">複分析</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="離散數學"><span id=".E9.9B.A2.E6.95.A3.E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8"></span>離散數學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：離散數學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%A3%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="離散數學">離散數學</a>是指對<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="理論電腦科學">理論電腦科學</a>最有用處的數學領域之總稱，這包含有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="可计算性理论">可計算理論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="計算複雜性理論">計算複雜性理論</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a>。可計算理論檢驗電腦的不同理論模型之極限，這包含現知最有力的模型——<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%9C%BA" title="图灵机">圖靈機</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89#可疑来源" title="Wikipedia:可供查證"><span title="需要添加較佳的来源">需要較佳来源</span></a>]</sup>。複雜性理論研究可以由電腦做為較易處理的程度；有些問題即使理論是可以以電腦解出來，但卻因為會花費太多的時間或空間而使得其解答仍然不為實際上可行的，儘管電腦硬體的快速進步。最後，資訊理論專注在可以儲存在特定媒介內的資料總量，且因此有<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9" title="数据压缩">壓縮</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5_(%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA)" title="熵 (信息论)">熵</a>等概念。 </p><p>作為一相對較新的領域，離散數學有許多基本的未解問題。其中最有名的為<a href="/wiki/P/NP%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="P/NP問題">P/NP問題</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E7%A6%A7%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%8D%8E%E9%9B%A3%E9%A1%8C" title="千禧年大獎難題">千禧年大獎難題</a>之一。<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一般相信此問題的解答是否定的。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table style="border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin: auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}(1,2,3)&(1,3,2)\\(2,1,3)&(2,3,1)\\(3,1,2)&(3,2,1)\end{matrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}(1,2,3)&(1,3,2)\\(2,1,3)&(2,3,1)\\(3,1,2)&(3,2,1)\end{matrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/329c4717bdfa2ba585b14793665ae413ee5107c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:17.803ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}(1,2,3)&(1,3,2)\\(2,1,3)&(2,3,1)\\(3,1,2)&(3,2,1)\end{matrix}}}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DFAexample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/96px-DFAexample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/144px-DFAexample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/192px-DFAexample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesar3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/96px-Caesar3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/144px-Caesar3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/192px-Caesar3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:6n-graf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/96px-6n-graf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/144px-6n-graf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/192px-6n-graf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="組合數學">組合數學</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">計算理論</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%A6" title="密码学">密碼學</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="图论">圖論</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="應用數學"><span id=".E6.87.89.E7.94.A8.E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8"></span>應用數學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：應用數學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="應用數學">應用數學</a>思考將抽象的數學工具運用在解答<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A" title="工商业">工商業</a>及其他領域上之現實問題。應用數學中的一重要領域為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">統計學</a>，它利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA" title="概率论">機率論</a>為其工具並允許對含有機會成分的現象進行描述、分析與預測。大部份的實驗、調查及觀察研究需要統計對其資料的分析。（許多的統計學家並不認為他們是數學家，而比較覺得是合作團體的一份子。）<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="數值分析">數值分析</a>研究有什麼計算方法，可以有效地解決那些人力所限而算不出的數學問題；它亦包含了對計算中<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A8%E5%85%A5%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="捨入誤差">捨入誤差</a>或其他來源的誤差之研究<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證"><span title="該來源無法支持正文的陳述或被曲解。">與來源不符</span></a>]</sup>。 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravitation_space_source.png" class="mw-file-description" title="數學物理"><img alt="數學物理" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gravitation_space_source.png/120px-Gravitation_space_source.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gravitation_space_source.png/180px-Gravitation_space_source.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gravitation_space_source.png/240px-Gravitation_space_source.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">數學物理</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="數學流體力學"><img alt="數學流體力學" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg/120px-BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg/180px-BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg/240px-BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体力学">數學流體力學</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="數值分析"><img alt="數值分析" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg/120px-Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg/180px-Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg/240px-Composite_trapezoidal_rule_illustration_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="數值分析">數值分析</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximum_boxed.png" class="mw-file-description" title="最佳化"><img alt="最佳化" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Maximum_boxed.png/120px-Maximum_boxed.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Maximum_boxed.png/180px-Maximum_boxed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Maximum_boxed.png/240px-Maximum_boxed.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" title="最优化">最佳化</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_red_dice_01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="概率论"><img alt="概率论" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Two_red_dice_01.svg/120px-Two_red_dice_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Two_red_dice_01.svg/180px-Two_red_dice_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Two_red_dice_01.svg/240px-Two_red_dice_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA" title="概率论">概率论</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldfaithful3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="統計學"><img alt="統計學" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oldfaithful3.png/120px-Oldfaithful3.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oldfaithful3.png/180px-Oldfaithful3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oldfaithful3.png/240px-Oldfaithful3.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">統計學</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="計量金融"><img alt="計量金融" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png/120px-Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png/180px-Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png/240px-Market_Data_Index_NYA_on_20050726_202628_UTC.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="計量金融">計量金融</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="博弈论"><img alt="博弈论" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg/120px-Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg/180px-Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg/240px-Arbitrary-gametree-solved.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_pareto.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="數理經濟學"><img alt="數理經濟學" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Front_pareto.svg/120px-Front_pareto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Front_pareto.svg/180px-Front_pareto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Front_pareto.svg/240px-Front_pareto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="数理经济学">數理經濟學</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signal_transduction_pathways_(zh-cn).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="生物數學"><img alt="生物數學" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Signal_transduction_pathways_%28zh-cn%29.svg/120px-Signal_transduction_pathways_%28zh-cn%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Signal_transduction_pathways_%28zh-cn%29.svg/180px-Signal_transduction_pathways_%28zh-cn%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Signal_transduction_pathways_%28zh-cn%29.svg/240px-Signal_transduction_pathways_%28zh-cn%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="1364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物數學">生物數學</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linear_programming_example_graph_(zh).png" class="mw-file-description" title="作業研究"><img alt="作業研究" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Linear_programming_example_graph_%28zh%29.png/120px-Linear_programming_example_graph_%28zh%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Linear_programming_example_graph_%28zh%29.png/180px-Linear_programming_example_graph_%28zh%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Linear_programming_example_graph_%28zh%29.png/240px-Linear_programming_example_graph_%28zh%29.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%B1%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="運籌學">作業研究</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_feedback_control_loop2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="控制論"><img alt="控制論" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Simple_feedback_control_loop2.svg/120px-Simple_feedback_control_loop2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Simple_feedback_control_loop2.svg/180px-Simple_feedback_control_loop2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Simple_feedback_control_loop2.svg/240px-Simple_feedback_control_loop2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="控制理论">控制論</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="数学奖项"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E5.AD.A6.E5.A5.96.E9.A1.B9"></span>数学奖项</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：数学奖项"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FieldsMedalFront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FieldsMedalFront.jpg/200px-FieldsMedalFront.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FieldsMedalFront.jpg/300px-FieldsMedalFront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FieldsMedalFront.jpg/400px-FieldsMedalFront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption>菲尔茲奖牌正面</figcaption></figure> <p>數學獎通常和其他科學的獎項分開。數學上最有名的獎為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E5%A5%96" title="菲尔兹奖">菲爾茲獎</a>，<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>創立於1936年，每四年頒獎一次。它通常被認為是數學領域的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖">諾貝爾獎</a>。另一個國際上主要的獎項為<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿貝爾獎">阿貝爾獎</a>，創立於2003年。兩者都頒獎於特定的工作主題，包括數學新領域的創新或已成熟領域中未解決問題的解答。著名的23個問題，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%9A%8423%E4%B8%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="希尔伯特的23个问题">希爾伯特的23個問題</a>，於1900年由德國數學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="大卫·希尔伯特">大衛·希爾伯特</a>所提出。這一連串的問題在數學家之間有著極高的名望，且至少有九個問題已經被解答了出來。另一新的七個重要問題，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E7%A6%A7%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E7%8D%8E%E9%9B%A3%E9%A1%8C" title="千禧年大獎難題">千禧年大獎難題</a>，發表於2000年。對其每一個問題的解答都有著一百萬美元的獎金，而當中只有一個問題（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E6%9B%BC%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3" title="黎曼猜想">黎曼猜想</a>）和希爾伯特的問題重複。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E5%A5%96" title="菲尔兹奖">菲尔兹奖</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="国际数学联盟">国际数学联盟</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="国际数学家大会">国际数学家大会</a>颁发的奖项。每四年颁奖一次，颁给有卓越贡献的年轻<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="数学家">数学家</a>，每次最多四人得奖。得奖者须在该年元旦前未满四十岁，是年輕數學家可以獲得的最大獎項<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它是据<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>数学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%B2" title="約翰·查爾斯·菲爾茲">约翰·查尔斯·菲尔兹</a>的要求设立的。菲尔兹奖被视为数学界的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖">诺贝尔奖</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%A5%96" title="沃尔夫奖">沃尔夫奖</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="沃尔夫基金会">沃尔夫基金会</a>颁发，该基金会于1976年在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>创立，1978年开始颁奖<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。创始人<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB" title="里卡多·沃爾夫">里卡多·沃尔夫</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="外交家">外交家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="實業家">实业家</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E5%96%84%E5%AE%B6" title="慈善家">慈善家</a>。而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="沃尔夫数学奖">沃尔夫数学奖</a>是沃尔夫奖的一个奖项，它和菲尔兹奖被共同誉为数学家的最高<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="荣誉">荣誉</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="阿贝尔奖">阿贝尔奖</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>王室向杰出数学家颁发的一种奖项，每年颁发一次。2001年，为了纪念2002年挪威著名数学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="尼尔斯·亨利克·阿贝尔">尼尔斯·亨利克·阿贝尔</a>二百周年诞辰，挪威政府宣布将开始颁发此种奖金<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。奖金的数额大致同诺贝尔奖相近。设立此奖的一个原因也是因为诺贝尔奖没有数学奖项。2001年挪威政府拨款2亿挪威<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%97" title="克朗">克朗</a>作为启动资金。扩大数学的影响，吸引年轻人从事数学研究是设立阿贝尔奖的主要目的。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:数学">数学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學哲學">數學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="數學遊戲">數學遊戲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學家列表">數學家列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%81%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="算經十書">算經十書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%AB%9E%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="数学竞赛">數學競賽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%98" title="数学题">数学题</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">關於在正式的證明中出錯的一些簡單例子，參見<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%95%88%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E" title="無效證明">無效證明</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%89%B2%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="四色定理">四色定理的歷史</a>中，亦有個曾被其他數學家所接受的錯誤證明。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">愛因斯坦這段話是在回答以下問題：<span lang="en">"how can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human thought which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the objects of reality?"</span>他亦關心數學在自然科學中不可想像的有效性。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">Monastyrsky說：「菲爾茲獎毫無疑問地是現今數學最有名且最有影響力的獎項。」</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83"></span>参考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：参考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oed.com/view/Entry/114974">mathematics, <i>n.</i></a>. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-07-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116075558/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/114974">存档</a>于2019-11-16） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>. <q>The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=mathematics%2C+n.&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F114974&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kneebone-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kneebone_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kneebone, G.T. Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey. Dover. 1963: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tCXxf4vbXCcC&pg=PA4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-486-41712-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-486-41712-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-486-41712-3</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>. <q>Mathematics ... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Kneebone%2C+G.T.&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Logic+and+the+Foundations+of+Mathematics%3A+An+Introductory+Survey&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-486-41712-3&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Dover&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaTorre-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaTorre_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">LaTorre, Donald R., John W. Kenelly, Iris B. Reed, Laurel R. Carpenter, and Cynthia R Harris. Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change. Cengage Learning. 2011: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1Ebu2Tij4QsC&pg=PA2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-4390-4957-2" title="Special:网络书源/1-4390-4957-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-4390-4957-2</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>. <q>Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=LaTorre%2C+Donald+R.%2C+John+W.+Kenelly%2C+Iris+B.+Reed%2C+Laurel+R.+Carpenter%2C+and+Cynthia+R+Harris&rft.btitle=Calculus+Concepts%3A+An+Informal+Approach+to+the+Mathematics+of+Change&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4390-4957-2&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramana-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramana_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ramana. Applied Mathematics. Tata McGraw–Hill Education. 2007: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=XCRC6BeKhIIC&pg=SA2-PA10">2.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-07-066753-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-07-066753-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-07-066753-5</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>. <q>The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Ramana&rft.btitle=Applied+Mathematics&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-066753-5&rft.pages=2.10&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw%E2%80%93Hill+Education&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中国社会科学院语言研究所">中国社会科学院语言研究所</a>词典编辑室. <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="现代汉语词典">现代汉语词典</a>（第7版）. 北京: 商务印书馆. 2016: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modern-chinese-dictionary_7th-edition/page/n68">1488</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-100-12450-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-100-12450-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-100-12450-8</a>. <q>①按照学问的性质而划分的门类，如自然科学中的物理学、化学②学校教学的科目，如语文、数学……</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%A4&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC7%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-100-12450-8&rft.pages=1488&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中国社会科学院语言研究所">中国社会科学院语言研究所</a>词典编辑室. <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="现代汉语词典">现代汉语词典</a>（第7版）. 北京: 商务印书馆. 2016: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modern-chinese-dictionary_7th-edition/page/1219">1219</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-100-12450-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-100-12450-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-100-12450-8</a>. <q>研究现实世界的空间形式和数量关系的学科，包括算数、单数、集合、三角、微积分等。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%A4&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC7%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-100-12450-8&rft.pages=1219&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1154659">The Advantage of Abstract Examples in Learning Math</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-02-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618215628/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1154659">存档</a>于2022-06-18）. <q>The Advantage of Abstract Examples in Learning Math. A bstract knowledge, such as mathematical knowledge, is……</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=The+Advantage+of+Abstract+Examples+in+Learning+Math&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1154659&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jourdain, Philip E. B. James R. Newman , 编. The World of Mathematics. Dover Publications. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-486-43268-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-486-43268-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-486-43268-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Philip+E.+B.&rft.aulast=Jourdain&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Mathematics&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43268-7&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eves, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000eves">An Introduction to the History of Mathematics</a> 6th. Saunders. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-03-029558-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-03-029558-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-03-029558-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.aulast=Eves&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Mathematics&rft.date=1990&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-03-029558-4&rft.pub=Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000eves&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Peterson, Ivars. Mathematical Tourist, New and Updated Snapshots of Modern Mathematics. Owl Books. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8050-7159-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8050-7159-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8050-7159-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Ivars&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Tourist%2C+New+and+Updated+Snapshots+of+Modern+Mathematics&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7159-7&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_Etymology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology（页面不存在）">The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_English_Etymology" class="extiw" title="en:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</span></a></span>）</span></span></i>, 1983 reprint. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780198611127" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-861112-7</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">郭書春. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112201120/http://hk.chiculture.net/0803/html/c01/0803c01.html">數學與算術、算學</a>. 中國古代數學. 中國文化研究院. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-12</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hk.chiculture.net/0803/html/c01/0803c01.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-11-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93%E3%80%81%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=%E9%83%AD%E6%9B%B8%E6%98%A5&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhk.chiculture.net%2F0803%2Fhtml%2Fc01%2F0803c01.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《周礼·地官司徒·保氏》：「保氏掌谏王恶而养国子以道。乃教之六艺：一曰五礼，二曰六乐，三曰五射，四曰五驭，五曰六书，六曰九数。」东汉的郑玄在他的《周礼注疏·地官司徒·保氏》中引郑司农（郑众）所言：「九数：方田、粟米、差分、少广、商功、均输、方程、赢不足、旁要，今有重差、夕桀、勾股也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909012715/http://web.ptes.tp.edu.tw/big6/civil/babylonian-03.htm">數學</a>. 台北市立北投國小. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ptes.tp.edu.tw/big6/civil/babylonian-03.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2010-09-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E7%AB%8B%E5%8C%97%E6%8A%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%B0%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ptes.tp.edu.tw%2Fbig6%2Fcivil%2Fbabylonian-03.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">胡重光. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.math.sinica.edu.tw/math_media/d323/32310.pdf">記數法的歷史及其對教學的啟示</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 數學傳播: 80–84. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610212150/http://w3.math.sinica.edu.tw/math_media/d323/32310.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2015-06-10）. <q>人類最初的記數法，按使用的符號的性質，可大致分為三類。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E8%A8%98%E6%95%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%B0%8D%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%95%9F%E7%A4%BA&rft.au=%E8%83%A1%E9%87%8D%E5%85%89&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD&rft.pages=80-84&rft.volume=32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.math.sinica.edu.tw%2Fmath_media%2Fd323%2F32310.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130803235725/http://math.ntnu.edu.tw/~horng/letter/vol4no1b.htm">書評：《毛起來說三角》</a>. 國立台灣師範大學數學系. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-05-28</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ntnu.edu.tw/~horng/letter/vol4no1b.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2013-08-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%9B%B8%E8%A9%95%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8A%E6%AF%9B%E8%B5%B7%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.ntnu.edu.tw%2F~horng%2Fletter%2Fvol4no1b.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909064509/http://www.pep.com.cn/czsx/xszx/czsxkwyd/czsxkwydsxgs/201008/t20100824_718183.htm">数学的三个发展时期——初等数学时期</a>. 人民教育出版社. 2008-01-09 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-05-28</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep.com.cn/czsx/xszx/czsxkwyd/czsxkwydsxgs/201008/t20100824_718183.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2016-09-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%88%9D%E7%AD%89%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&rft.date=2008-01-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep.com.cn%2Fczsx%2Fxszx%2Fczsxkwyd%2Fczsxkwydsxgs%2F201008%2Ft20100824_718183.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sevryuk, Mikhail B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/bull/2006-43-01/S0273-0979-05-01069-4/S0273-0979-05-01069-4.pdf">Book Reviews</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. January 2006, <b>43</b> (1): 101–109 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-06-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060723082901/http://www.ams.org/bull/2006-43-01/S0273-0979-05-01069-4/S0273-0979-05-01069-4.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2006-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+B.&rft.aulast=Sevryuk&rft.date=2006-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.pages=101-109&rft.volume=43&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fbull%2F2006-43-01%2FS0273-0979-05-01069-4%2FS0273-0979-05-01069-4.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">蕭福坤（譯）. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015172302/http://210.60.224.4/ct/content/1986/00050197/0008.htm">為什麼數學的用處這麼大？</a>. 科學月刊. 1986年5月, <b>197</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://210.60.224.4/ct/content/1986/00050197/0008.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2013-10-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E7%82%BA%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E7%94%A8%E8%99%95%E9%80%99%E9%BA%BC%E5%A4%A7%EF%BC%9F&rft.au=%E8%95%AD%E7%A6%8F%E5%9D%A4%EF%BC%88%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%89&rft.date=1986-05&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A&rft.volume=197&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F210.60.224.4%2Fct%2Fcontent%2F1986%2F00050197%2F0008.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Waltershausen, Wolfgang Sartorius von. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/Gauss-Ged%e4chtnis-Wolfgang-Sartorius-Waltershausen/dp/3253017028">Gauss zum Gedächtniss</a>. Sändig Reprint Verlag H. R. Wohlwend. 1965 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-10-27</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000BN5SQ"><span title="亚马逊标准识别码">ASIN B0000BN5SQ</span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783253017025" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-253-01702-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912131718/https://www.amazon.de/Gauss-Ged%EF%BF%BDchtnis-Wolfgang-Sartorius-Waltershausen/dp/3253017028">存档</a>于2019-09-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang+Sartorius+von&rft.aulast=Waltershausen&rft.btitle=Gauss+zum+Ged%C3%A4chtniss&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=S%C3%A4ndig+Reprint+Verlag+H.+R.+Wohlwend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.de%2FGauss-Ged%25e4chtnis-Wolfgang-Sartorius-Waltershausen%2Fdp%2F3253017028&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span title="警告！这个参考文献需要页码">页码请求</span></a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦">Einstein, Albert</a>. Sidelights on Relativity (Geometry and Experience). P. Dutton., Co: 28. 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Sidelights+on+Relativity+%28Geometry+and+Experience%29&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.date=1923&rft.genre=article&rft.pages=28&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shasha, Dennis Elliot; Lazere, Cathy A. Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists. Springer. 1998: 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Shasha%2C+Dennis+Elliot%3B+Lazere%2C+Cathy+A.&rft.btitle=Out+of+Their+Minds%3A+The+Lives+and+Discoveries+of+15+Great+Computer+Scientists&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">Popper, Karl</a>. On knowledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofbetter00karl">In Search of a Better World: Lectures and Essays from Thirty Years</a>. Routeledge. 1995: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofbetter00karl/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780415135481" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-13548-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=On+knowledge&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+a+Better+World%3A+Lectures+and+Essays+from+Thirty+Years&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routeledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofbetter00karl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130704074148/http://www.claymath.org/millennium/P_vs_NP/">P vs NP Problem</a>. Clay Mathematics Institute. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claymath.org/millennium/P_vs_NP/">原始内容</a>存档于2013-07-04） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=P+vs+NP+Problem&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clay+Mathematics+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claymath.org%2Fmillennium%2FP_vs_NP%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100613/http://www.newasiabooks.com/subject/maths/learn_maths/learn_maths_3a_090203.htm">哥德巴赫猜想</a>. 輕輕鬆鬆學數學. 新亞洲出版社. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newasiabooks.com/subject/maths/learn_maths/learn_maths_3a_090203.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%BC%95%E8%BC%95%E9%AC%86%E9%AC%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newasiabooks.com%2Fsubject%2Fmaths%2Flearn_maths%2Flearn_maths_3a_090203.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">吳開朗. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.math.sinica.edu.tw/math_media/d171/17111.pdf">數學中的公理化方法（上）</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 數學傳播. 1993-03, <b>11</b> (1) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207221403/http://w3.math.sinica.edu.tw/math_media/d171/17111.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2014-02-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89&rft.au=%E5%90%B3%E9%96%8B%E6%9C%97&rft.date=1993-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD&rft.volume=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.math.sinica.edu.tw%2Fmath_media%2Fd171%2F17111.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhysOrg1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhysOrg1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Malcolm Ritter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news197209671.html">Russian mathematician rejects $1 million prize</a>. Associated Press on PhysOrg. 2010-07-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-05-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117202129/http://www.physorg.com/news197209671.html">存档</a>于2012-01-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Malcolm+Ritter&rft.btitle=Russian+mathematician+rejects+%241+million+prize&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Associated+Press+on+PhysOrg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews197209671.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">K. Appel, W. Haken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727131521/http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.bams%2F1183538218">Research Announcement : Every planar map is four colorable</a>. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1976-09, <b>82</b> (5): 711–712 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.bams/1183538218">原始内容</a>存档于2013-07-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Research+Announcement+%3A+Every+planar+map+is+four+colorable&rft.au=K.+Appel%2C+W.+Haken&rft.date=1976-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc&rft.pages=711-712&rft.volume=82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojecteuclid.org%2FDPubS%3Fservice%3DUI%26version%3D1.0%26verb%3DDisplay%26handle%3Deuclid.bams%2F1183538218&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Adrian Chow Ho Yin (周浩然). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goodprimes.eu5.org/FRiemann3.htm">黎曼猜想</a>. Goodprimes.eu5.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-05-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123902/http://goodprimes.eu5.org/FRiemann3.htm">存档</a>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Adrian+Chow+Ho+Yin+%28%E5%91%A8%E6%B5%A9%E7%84%B6%29&rft.btitle=%E9%BB%8E%E6%9B%BC%E7%8C%9C%E6%83%B3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Goodprimes.eu5.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoodprimes.eu5.org%2FFRiemann3.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">张江. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarmagents.cn/vm/articles/turing.pdf">图灵机与计算问题</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 集智俱乐部. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905060043/http://www.swarmagents.cn/vm/articles/turing.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2014-09-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%9C%BA%E4%B8%8E%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E6%B1%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%9B%86%E6%99%BA%E4%BF%B1%E4%B9%90%E9%83%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swarmagents.cn%2Fvm%2Farticles%2Fturing.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.ohio-state.edu/~friedman/pdf/P=NP10290512pt.pdf#search=%22P%3DNP%22">P=NP的民調</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100716114308/http://www.math.ohio-state.edu/~friedman/pdf/P%3DNP10290512pt.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2010-07-16.顯示2005年大眾相信它並不相等。(看section 5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libai.math.ncu.edu.tw/bcc16/B/matlab/a2.shtml">Matlab教材：數值計算無可避免的誤差</a>. Libai.math.ncu.edu.tw. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-05-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152406/http://libai.math.ncu.edu.tw/bcc16/B/matlab/a2.shtml">存档</a>于2014-05-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Matlab%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90%EF%BC%9A%E6%95%B8%E5%80%BC%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E7%84%A1%E5%8F%AF%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Libai.math.ncu.edu.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibai.math.ncu.edu.tw%2Fbcc16%2FB%2Fmatlab%2Fa2.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Riehm, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/notices/200207/comm-riehm.pdf">The Early History of the Fields Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Notices of the AMS (AMS). 2002-08, <b>49</b> (7): 778–782. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061026000014/http://www.ams.org/notices/200207/comm-riehm.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2006-10-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Fields+Medal&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.aulast=Riehm&rft.date=2002-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+AMS&rft.pages=778-782&rft.volume=49&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F200207%2Fcomm-riehm.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/notices/200609/comm-prize-fields.pdf">2006 Fields Medals awarded</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Notices of the American Mathematical Society (American Mathematical Society). October 2006, <b>53</b> (9): 1037–1044 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023901/http://www.ams.org/notices/200609/comm-prize-fields.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2012-12-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=2006+Fields+Medals+awarded&rft.date=2006-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.pages=1037-1044&rft.volume=53&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F200609%2Fcomm-prize-fields.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131007042903/http://202.38.126.65/mathprize/wolf.html">沃尔夫奖简介</a>. 數學訊息資源系統. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://202.38.126.65/mathprize/wolf.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-10-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%A5%96%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F202.38.126.65%2Fmathprize%2Fwolf.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131007042902/http://202.38.126.65/mathprize/Abel.html">阿贝尔奖</a>. 數學訊息資源系統. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://202.38.126.65/mathprize/Abel.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-10-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E9%98%BF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F202.38.126.65%2Fmathprize%2FAbel.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考书目"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E4.B9.A6.E7.9B.AE"></span>参考书目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：参考书目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Benson, Donald C., <i>The Moment of Proof: Mathematical Epiphanies</i>, Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (December 14, 2000). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780195139198" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-513919-8</a>.</li> <li>Boyer, Carl B., <i>A History of Mathematics</i>, Wiley; 2 edition (March 6, 1991). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780471543978" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8</a>.—A concise history of mathematics from the Concept of Number to contemporary Mathematics.</li> <li>Courant, R. and H. Robbins, <i>What Is Mathematics? : An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods</i>, Oxford University Press, USA; 2 edition (July 18, 1996). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780195105193" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-510519-3</a>.</li> <li>Davis, Philip J. and Hersh, Reuben, <i>The Mathematical Experience</i>. Mariner Books; Reprint edition (January 14, 1999). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780395929681" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-395-92968-1</a>.—A gentle introduction to the world of mathematics.</li> <li>Gullberg, Jan, <i>Mathematics—From the Birth of Numbers</i>. W. W. Norton & Company; 1st edition (October 1997). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780393040029" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-393-04002-9</a>.—An encyclopedic overview of mathematics presented in clear, simple language.</li> <li>Hazewinkel, Michiel (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="数学百科全书">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></i>. Kluwer Academic Publishers 2000.—A translated and expanded version of a Soviet mathematics encyclopedia, in ten (expensive) volumes, the most complete and authoritative work available. Also in paperback and on CD-ROM, and online <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060409124718/http://eom.springer.de/default.htm">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Kline, Morris, <i>Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times</i>, Oxford University Press, USA; Paperback edition (March 1, 1990). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780195061352" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-506135-2</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Monastyrsky, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fields.utoronto.ca/aboutus/FieldsMedal_Monastyrsky.pdf">Some Trends in Modern Mathematics and the Fields Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Canadian Mathematical Society. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-07-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813224844/http://www.fields.utoronto.ca/aboutus/FieldsMedal_Monastyrsky.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2006-08-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Some+Trends+in+Modern+Mathematics+and+the+Fields+Medal&rft.au=Monastyrsky%2C+Michael&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fields.utoronto.ca%2Faboutus%2FFieldsMedal_Monastyrsky.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Pappas, Theoni, <i>The Joy Of Mathematics</i>, Wide World Publishing; Revised edition (June 1989). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780933174658" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-933174-65-8</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Paulos, John Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicianrea0000paul_c1f1">A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper</a>. Anchor. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780385482547" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-385-48254-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=John+Allen&rft.aulast=Paulos&rft.btitle=A+Mathematician+Reads+the+Newspaper&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Anchor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathematicianrea0000paul_c1f1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Ziman, J.M., F.R.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909190525/http://info.med.yale.edu/therarad/summers/ziman.htm">Public Knowledge:An essay concerning the social dimension of science</a>. 1968 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-10-25</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.med.yale.edu/therarad/summers/ziman.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2006-09-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Public+Knowledge%3AAn+essay+concerning+the+social+dimension+of+science&rft.au=Ziman%2C+J.M.%2C+F.R.S.&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.med.yale.edu%2Ftherarad%2Fsummers%2Fziman.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rusin, Dave: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040403120115/http://www.math-atlas.org/">The Mathematical Atlas</a>（英文版）现代数学漫游。</li> <li>Weisstein, Eric: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathworld.com/">World of Mathematics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220211030906/http://www.mathworld.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），一个在线的数学百科全书。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drhuang.com/chinese/science/mathematics/">数学</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190116050302/http://drhuang.com/chinese/science/mathematics/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），另一个在线的数学百科全书。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathforge.net/">MathForge</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20020603210431/http://www.mathforge.net/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），一个包含数学、物理、计算机科学和教育等范畴的新闻网志。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://episte.math.ntu.edu.tw/">EpisteMath｜数学知识</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20040406190055/http://episte.math.ntu.edu.tw/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）。</li> <li>香港科技大学：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041018012504/http://www.edp.ust.hk/math/">数学网</a>，一个以数学史为主的网站。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hk.mathphy.googlepages.com/puremath.htm">怎樣研習純數學（或統計學）</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090823064312/http://hk.mathphy.googlepages.com/puremath.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）：本科與基礎研究課程參考書目。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.global-sci.org/mc/">数学文化</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120613183815/http://www.global-sci.org/mc/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）：主要发表高质量的带有普及性的文章;主要面向大学生，大学老师和研究生，以及中学老师和学生。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630095347/http://www.mysanco.com/tiku/index.php?class=index&action=netresource">数学学习资源</a>：互联网上数学学习资源和教学视频。</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED306134.pdf">英漢對照數學用語</a>" ( （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150426193733/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED306134.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）; 英漢對照數學用語). <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="New York State Education Dept." data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="New York State Education Department"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_State_Education_Dept.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York State Education Dept.（页面不存在）">New York State Education Dept.</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Education_Department" class="extiw" title="en:New York State Education Department"><span lang="en" dir="auto">New York State Education Department</span></a></span>）</span></span>, Albany. Bureau of Bilingual Education. 1988. -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED306134">See profile at</a>( （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160304055754/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED306134">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）) <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ERIC" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ERIC"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ERIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERIC（页面不存在）">ERIC</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERIC" class="extiw" title="en:ERIC"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ERIC</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="主要的数学领域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Template:数学领域"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Template talk:数学领域"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:数学领域"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="主要的数学领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">主要的<a class="mw-selflink selflink">数学</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="数学领域">领域</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="数学史">历史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学纲要" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of mathematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学纲要（页面不存在）">纲要</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_mathematics" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of mathematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of mathematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学主题列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lists of mathematics topics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学主题列表（页面不存在）">列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mathematics_topics" class="extiw" title="en:Lists of mathematics topics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lists of mathematics topics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E8%A1%A8" title="数学符号表">符号表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80" title="数学基础">数学基础</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E8%AE%BA" title="范畴论">范畴论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">数理逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Math.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/80px-Math.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/120px-Math.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/160px-Math.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="代数">代数</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="抽象代数">抽象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" title="交換代數">交換</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%AE%BA" title="群论">群论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%AD%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" title="初等代數">初等代數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="线性代数">线性代数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="多重线性代数">多重线性代数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="泛代数">泛代数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数学分析">数学分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="微积分">微积分</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E5%8F%98%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="实变函数论">实变函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="複分析">复变函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="微分方程">微分方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%87%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="泛函分析">泛函分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="調和分析">調和分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="傅立叶分析">傅立葉分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="几何分析">几何分析</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="离散数学">离散数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="组合数学">组合数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="图论">图论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="序理论">序理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">几何学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="代数几何">代数几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="解析几何">解析几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="微分几何">微分几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="离散几何学">离散几何学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="欧几里得几何">欧几里得几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="非欧几里得几何">非欧几里得几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="有限幾何學">有限几何学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">数论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术">算术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E6%95%B8%E8%AB%96" title="代數數論">代數數論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="解析数论">解析数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="几何数论">几何数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="算术几何">算术几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A2%E7%95%AA%E5%9B%BE%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="丢番图几何">丢番图几何</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学">拓扑学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E9%9B%86%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="点集拓扑学">点集拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="代数拓扑">代数拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="微分拓扑">微分拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="几何拓扑学">几何拓扑</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="测度">测度与概率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="数理统计学">数理统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">数据科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">统计推断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="统计学习理论">统计学习理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="数据结构">数据结构</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">算法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="运算数学">计算数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">计算理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数值分析">数值分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" title="最优化">最优化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="計算機代數系統">计算机代数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">应用数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="计算化学">计算化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">数理生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="数理经济学">数理经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="计量经济学">计量经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="數理金融學">數理金融學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="数学心理学">数学心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="娛樂數學">娱乐数学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学与艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mathematics and art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学与艺术（页面不存在）">数学与艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" class="extiw" title="en:Mathematics and art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mathematics and art</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="数学教育">数学教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">注释</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>数学的领域也可根据“<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86" title="数学学科分类标准">MSC分类标准</a>”或“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86/110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国学科分类国家标准/110（页面不存在）">中国学科分类国家标准</a>”进行分类。</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:数学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:数学">主题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mathematics">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:数学">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="科学、技术、工程、数学（STEM）领域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:STEM" title="Template:STEM"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:STEM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:STEM（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:STEM" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:STEM"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="科学、技术、工程、数学（STEM）领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">科学、技术、工程、数学（STEM）领域</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="科学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:STEM" title="Template:STEM"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:STEM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:STEM（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:STEM" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:STEM"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="科学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="自然科学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_sciences-footer" title="Template:Natural sciences-footer"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_sciences-footer" title="Template talk:Natural sciences-footer"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Natural_sciences-footer" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Natural sciences-footer"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="自然科学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="自然科学">自然科学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="物質科學">物質科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物理学分支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template:物理學分支"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template talk:物理學分支"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:物理學分支"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="物理学分支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Category:物理学分支">分支</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="物理学史">物理学史</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组成部分</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理论物理学">理论物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗物理學">实验物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用物理学">应用物理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">运动</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="力学">力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E9%81%93%E5%AD%A6" title="弹道学">弹道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="拉格朗日力学">拉格朗日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="哈密顿力学">哈密顿</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E7%BB%AD%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="连续介质力学">连续介质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="天體力學">天体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体力学">流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2" title="波">波</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="场 (物理)">场</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">经典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论">相对论</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按专业</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數碼物理學">數碼物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="计算物理学">计算物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子分子与光物理学">原子分子與光物理學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分子物理学">分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子物理学">原子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="等离子体物理学">等离子体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚态物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="固体物理学">固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A7%82%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="介观物理学">介观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="软物质">软</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="声学">声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学">光学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性光学">非线性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="核天体物理学">核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="恒星物理学">恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体粒子物理学">天体粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="太阳物理学">太阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="空间物理学">空间</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生命科学中的物理学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="农业物理学">农业物理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="醫學物理">醫學物理</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="激光医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laser medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="激光医学（页面不存在）">激光医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Laser medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laser medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理物理学">心理物理学</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">交叉学科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性物理学">非线性物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟物理學">经济物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="化学物理学">化学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="大气物理学">大气</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="云物理学">云</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤物理學">土壤物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="物理海洋学">物理海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="量子信息科学">量子信息科学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔物理学奖">诺贝尔物理学奖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="物理教育">物理教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:物理学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">主題</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physics">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:物理学">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="化學分支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template:化学分支"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template talk:化学分支"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:化学分支"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="化學分支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>分支</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="生物分子列表">生物分子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="无机化合物列表">无机化合物列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="有机化合物列表">有机化合物列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表">元素周期表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="分析化学">分析化学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%AA%E5%99%A8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="仪器分析">仪器分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="电化学分析">电化学分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学">光谱法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%96%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="红外光谱学">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="拉曼光譜學">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96-%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E6%B3%95" title="紫外-可见分光光度法">uv-vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%B3%A2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="核磁共振波谱法">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="质谱法">质谱法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2" title="電子電離">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="电感耦合等离子体质谱法">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E8%A7%A3%E5%90%B8/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB" title="基质辅助激光解吸/电离">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="色谱法">色谱法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E7%9B%B8%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="气相色谱法">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E6%B6%B2%E7%9B%B8%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="高效液相色谱法">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E7%A7%92%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="飞秒化学">飞秒化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="晶体学">晶体学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%81_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="表征 (化学)">表征</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="电化学">电化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="热化学">热化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学热力学">化学热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">胶体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="表面科学">表面科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学">光谱学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="结构化学">结构化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="晶体学">晶体学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="化学物理学">化学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学动力学">化学动力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E7%A7%92%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="飞秒化学">飞秒化学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="量子化学">量子化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="光化学">光化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="核化学">核化学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="无机化学">无机化学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="配合物">配位化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="磁化学">磁化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机金属化学">有机金属化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物无机化学">生物无机化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物有機金屬化學">生物有機金屬化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%B0%87%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="原子簇化學">原子簇化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="晶体学">晶体学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="固体化学">固体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学">冶金学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有机化学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物有机化学">生物有机化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%AD%A3%E4%BA%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物正交化学">生物正交化学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="临床化学">临床化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="神經化學">神經化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理化学">生物物理化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="立体化学">立体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理有机化学">物理有机化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="有机反应">有机反应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="逆合成分析">逆合成分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="不对称合成">不对称合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="全合成">全合成</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="半合成">半合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="药物化学">药物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="富勒烯化学">富勒烯化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子化学">高分子化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="石油化学">石油化学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他化學</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="核化学">核化学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="錒系化學">錒系化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="放射化学">放射化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="辐射化学">辐射化学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="天体化学">天体化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="宇宙化學">宇宙化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="地球化学">地球化学</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="环境化学">环境化学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="大气化学">大气化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="海洋化學">海洋化學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="煤化学">煤化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="石油化学">石油化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">食品化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="農業化學">農業化學</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="化学教育">化学教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="法化学">法化学</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="纳米化学">纳米化学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="超分子化學">超分子化學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="化学合成">化学合成</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="绿色化学">绿色化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%87%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="点击化学">点击化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="组合化学">组合化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="生物合成">生物合成</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="计算化学">计算化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="理论化学">理论化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="湿化学">湿化学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参阅</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="化学史">化学史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化学年表">化学年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">元素发现史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a></li> <li>“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中心科學">中心科學</a>”</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="化学反应">化学反应</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化">催化</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子">离子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%94%AE" title="化学键">化学键</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:化学">化學分類</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:化学">化學主題</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">共享資源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:化學">專題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="材料科学分支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template:材料科学分支"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:材料科学分支（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:材料科学分支"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="材料科学分支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a>分支</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要类别</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学">冶金学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="陶瓷工程">陶瓷工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="聚合物科學">聚合物科學</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="聚合物工程">聚合物工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">对材料的独立研究</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%81_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="表征 (化学)">表征</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="计算材料科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Computational materials science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算材料科学（页面不存在）">计算材料科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_materials_science" class="extiw" title="en:Computational materials science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Computational materials science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="材料信息学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Materials informatics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="材料信息学（页面不存在）">材料信息学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_informatics" class="extiw" title="en:Materials informatics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Materials informatics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="晶体学">晶体学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="表面科学">表面科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E5%AD%A6" title="摩擦学">摩擦学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="微电子学">微电子学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">科际整合</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="固体化学">固体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子化学">高分子化学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="矿物学">矿物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="矿业工程">矿业工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="核工程">核工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚态物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="软物质">软物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="固体物理学">固体物理学</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:材料科學">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Materials_science" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Materials science">共享资源</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="生命科學">生命科学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生命科學和生物学的主要子域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E9%A1%B5%E8%84%9A" title="Template:生物学页脚"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E9%A1%B5%E8%84%9A" title="Template talk:生物学页脚"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E9%A1%B5%E8%84%9A" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物学页脚"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生命科學和生物学的主要子域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="生命科學">生命科學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a>的主要子域</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="解剖学">解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="生物统计学">生物统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="细胞微生物学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cellular microbiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细胞微生物学（页面不存在）">细胞微生物学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" class="extiw" title="en:Cellular microbiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cellular microbiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="時間生物學">時間生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="保护生物学">保护生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">发育生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%82%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="表观遗传学">表观遗传学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="基因组学">基因组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学">组织学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="人类生物学">人类生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="地球生物学">地球生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋生物学">海洋生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="生物数学">生物数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="真菌学">真菌学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="今生物学">今生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB" title="营养">营养学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F" title="自然發生">生命起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学">古生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学">病理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="药理学">药理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="量子生物学">量子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="社會生物學">社會生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="合成生物学">合成生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="结构生物学">结构生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="系统生物学">系统生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="生物分类法">生物分类学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学">病毒学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="病毒物理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Virophysics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="病毒物理学（页面不存在）">病毒物理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virophysics" class="extiw" title="en:Virophysics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Virophysics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B8%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="畸形学">畸形学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="毒理学">毒理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学">动物学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参阅</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="生物学史">生物学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖">诺贝尔生理学或医学奖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物学和有机化学的时间轴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%BD%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物学和有机化学的时间轴（页面不存在）">生物学和有机化学的时间轴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="地球科学分支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template:地球科学分支"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:地球科学分支（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:地球科学分支"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="地球科学分支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a>分支</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="大气科学">大气科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="环境科学">环境科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="大地测量学">大地测量学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="冰川学">冰川学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="气象学">气象学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋学">海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="自然地理學">自然地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤科學">土壤科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="火山学">火山学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:地球科学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:地球科學">主题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Earth_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Earth sciences">维基共享</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:地球科學">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="空间科学">空间科学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="天文學分支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template:天文學分支"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template talk:天文學分支"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:天文學分支"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="天文學分支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>分支</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="天体化学">天体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="天体测量学">天体测量学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="宇宙化學">宇宙化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学">宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="星系天文學">河外天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="銀河系天文學">銀河系天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="航天动力学">航天动力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="行星地質學">行星地質學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="行星科學">行星科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="太陽天文學">太陽天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8#恆星天文學" title="天文學">恆星天文學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物理宇宙学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:物理宇宙学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:物理宇宙学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:物理宇宙学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="物理宇宙学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="大爆炸">大爆炸</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84" title="宇宙的年龄">宇宙的年龄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="宇宙年表">大爆炸年表</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%82%E6%A5%B5%E5%91%BD%E9%81%8B" title="宇宙的終極命運">宇宙的終極命運</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">早期宇宙</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="大爆炸">大爆炸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="普朗克时期">普朗克时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B1%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="大一統時期">大一統時期</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9A%B4%E8%84%B9" title="宇宙暴脹">暴脹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="夸克時期">夸克時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="電弱時期">電弱時期</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E8%84%B9%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="暴脹時期">暴脹時期</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9A%B4%E8%84%B9#再加熱" title="宇宙暴脹">再加熱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90" title="重子生成">重子生成</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E6%B3%A2%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF" title="重力波背景">宇宙重力波背景輻射</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="強子時期">強子時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E5%AD%90%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="輕子時期">輕子時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90%E9%80%80%E8%80%A6" title="中微子退耦">中微子退耦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="宇宙中微子背景輻射">中微子背景</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%88%9D%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="太初核合成">太初核合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E5%90%88_(%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8)" title="復合 (宇宙學)">復合</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF" title="宇宙微波背景">宇宙微波背景</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">膨胀宇宙</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%A7%BB" title="紅移">紅移</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%8B%83%E2%80%93%E5%8B%92%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="哈勃–勒梅特定律">哈伯定律</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" title="哈伯體積">哈伯體積</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="空间的度规膨胀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metric expansion of space"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BA%A6%E8%A7%84%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空间的度规膨胀（页面不存在）">空间的度规膨胀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_expansion_of_space" class="extiw" title="en:Metric expansion of space"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metric expansion of space</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="弗里德曼方程">弗里德曼方程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC-%E5%8B%92%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9-%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E9%80%8A-%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%A6%E8%A7%84" title="弗里德曼-勒梅特-罗伯逊-沃尔克度规">弗里德曼-勒梅特-羅伯遜-沃爾克度規</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">结构形成</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E7%8A%B6" title="宇宙的形状">宇宙的形状</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="结构形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Structure formation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="結構形成">结构形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_formation" class="extiw" title="en:Structure formation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Structure formation</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2" title="再電離">再電離</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%E5%92%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="星系的形成和演化">星系的形成和演化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="大尺度結構">大尺度結構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%8B%80%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="大尺度纖維狀結構">大尺度纖維狀結構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E7%A7%BB%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%95%B8%E5%8F%98" title="红移空间畸变">红移空间畸变</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">成分</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9BCDM%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="ΛCDM模型">ΛCDM模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="暗能量">暗能量</a>（候选：真空能、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="第五元素 (物理學)">第五元素</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="恰普雷金气体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chaplygin gas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%B0%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E9%87%91%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恰普雷金气体（页面不存在）">恰普雷金气体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplygin_gas" class="extiw" title="en:Chaplygin gas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chaplygin gas</span></a></span>）</span></span>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="暗物质">暗物质</a>（候选：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="大質量弱相互作用粒子">大質量弱相互作用粒子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="惰性中微子">惰性中微子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%B4%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="轴子">轴子</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="恰普雷金气体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chaplygin gas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%B0%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E9%87%91%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恰普雷金气体（页面不存在）">恰普雷金气体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplygin_gas" class="extiw" title="en:Chaplygin gas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chaplygin gas</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">时间表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="宇宙學年表">宇宙學年表</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="宇宙年表">大爆炸年表</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5" title="膨胀宇宙的未来">膨胀宇宙的未来</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">实验</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="观测宇宙学">观测宇宙学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/2%E5%BA%A6%E8%A6%96%E5%A0%B4%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B4%85%E7%A7%BB%E5%B7%A1%E5%A4%A9" title="2度視場星系紅移巡天">2度視場星系紅移巡天</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E9%9A%86%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E5%B7%A1%E5%A4%A9" title="史隆數位巡天">斯隆数字化巡天</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E8%80%85" title="宇宙背景探測者">宇宙背景探測者</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E7%B1%B3%E6%B3%A2%E6%AE%B5%E6%B0%A3%E7%90%83%E8%A7%80%E5%A4%A9%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="毫米波段氣球觀天計畫">毫米波段氣球觀天計畫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2%E5%90%84%E5%90%91%E5%BC%82%E6%80%A7%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8" title="威尔金森微波各向异性探测器">威爾金森微波各向異性探測器</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="普朗克卫星">普朗克卫星</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/GW150914" title="GW150914">2016年2月引力波探测</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%B7%A1%E5%A4%A9" title="暗能量巡天">暗能量巡天</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="羅曼太空望遠鏡">羅曼太空望遠鏡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%8D%83%E7%B1%B3%E9%98%B5" title="平方千米阵">平方千米陣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐幾里得衛星">歐幾里得衛星</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%82%E6%A5%B5%E5%91%BD%E9%81%8B" title="宇宙的終極命運">宇宙的終極命運</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%93%A0%E5%A3%93" title="大擠壓">大擠壓</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%92%95%E8%A3%82" title="大撕裂">大撕裂</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%AF%82" title="热寂">热寂</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%8D%E5%BD%88" title="大反彈">大反彈</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">科学家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">牛顿</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·德西特">德西特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="亞歷山大·弗里德曼">弗里德曼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·勒梅特">勒梅特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%8B%83" title="愛德文·哈勃">哈伯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%BD%AD%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="阿诺·彭齐亚斯">彭齐亚斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="罗伯特·伍德罗·威尔逊">威尔逊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB" title="乔治·伽莫夫">伽莫夫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·H·迪克">迪克</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="斯蒂芬·霍金">霍金</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="马丁·里斯">里斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="雅科夫·泽尔多维奇">泽尔多维奇</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="拉希德·苏尼亚耶夫">苏尼亚耶夫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%96%87%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E8%B3%93" title="薇拉·魯賓">鲁宾</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%82%91%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF" title="羅傑·潘洛斯">彭罗斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="汉尼斯·阿尔文">阿尔文</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·斯穆特">斯穆特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E7%91%9F" title="约翰·马瑟">马瑟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9" title="西蒙·怀特">怀特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%8B" title="卡洛斯·弗伦克">弗伦克</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%8C%E6%AC%A7" title="乔治·埃夫斯塔希欧">埃夫斯塔希欧</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF_(%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="马克·戴维斯 (天文学家)">戴维斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%88%E6%81%A9_(%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="詹姆斯·冈恩 (天文学家)">冈恩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%88%E5%9F%BA" title="穆斯塔法·伊沙克·布塞哈基">布塞哈基</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%8F%80%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E7%89%B9" title="索尔·珀尔马特">珀尔马特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="亚当·里斯">里斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9" title="布莱恩·施密特">施密特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF" title="阿兰·古斯">古斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7" title="安德烈·林德">林德</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9" title="保罗·斯泰恩哈特">斯泰恩哈特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%90%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="唐·佩吉 (物理學家)">佩奇</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="吉姆·皮布尔斯">皮布尔斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·西尔克">约瑟夫·西尔克</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·皮科克">皮考克</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="迈克尔·特纳 (物理学家)">特纳</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="丹尼尔·爱森斯坦">爱森斯坦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%96%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE" title="肖恩·科爾">科尔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="温迪·弗里德曼">弗里德曼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E6%A0%BC%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·泰格马克">泰格马克</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1" title="韦恩·胡">胡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%B3%BD" title="尼克·凯泽">尼克·凯泽</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学分类</a></b> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:天文学">天文学主题</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="航天主题" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="Template:航天"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="Template talk:航天"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:航天"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="航天主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="航天">航天</a>主题</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; text-align:center;">综述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="航天动力学">航天动力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B2" title="航天史">航天史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="航天年表">航天年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD" title="太空競賽">太空競賽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD" title="亞洲太空競賽">亞洲太空競賽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E7%BA%AA%E5%BD%95%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="航天纪录列表">航天纪录列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="航天相关事故列表">航天事故列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Space policy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空政策（页面不存在）">太空政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Space policy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Space policy</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="中华人民共和国航天">中华人民共和国航天工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="欧盟太空计划">欧盟太空计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="印度空间研究组织">印度空间研究组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="宇宙航空研究開發機構">日本宇宙航空研究开发机构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" title="俄罗斯航天国家集团">俄罗斯航天国家集团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="苏联太空计划">苏联太空计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="美国太空政策">美国太空政策</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%95" title="太空法">太空法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%B1%82%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="外层空间条约">外层空间条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E6%95%91%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="营救协定">营救协定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A9%BA%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93%E6%89%80%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E6%8D%9F%E5%AE%B3%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="外空物体所造成损害之国际责任公约">太空责任公约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%99%BB%E8%AE%B0%E5%B0%84%E5%85%A5%E5%A4%96%E5%B1%82%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约">航天器登記公約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="月球协定">月球协定</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0" title="太空作戰">太空作戰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="太空軍">太空軍</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空军事化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Militarisation of space"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空军事化（页面不存在）">太空军事化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" class="extiw" title="en:Militarisation of space"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Militarisation of space</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="民营航天">商業太空飛行／私人航天器</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="航天"><img alt="航天" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/125px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/188px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/250px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="空间科学">应用</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="空间望远镜">天文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="地球观测卫星">地球观测</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="卫星影像">影像及地圖制作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B4%E8%B0%8D%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="间谍卫星">间谍情報</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="氣象衛星">气象及環境監控</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="通訊衛星">卫星通信</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%BD%91" title="卫星上网">卫星互联网接入</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卫星无线电" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Satellite radio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卫星无线电（页面不存在）">卫星无线电</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radio" class="extiw" title="en:Satellite radio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Satellite radio</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="卫星电话">卫星电话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="卫星电视">卫星电视</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="卫星导航系统">卫星导航系统</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空商業用途" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Commercial use of space"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空商業用途（页面不存在）">太空商業用途</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" class="extiw" title="en:Commercial use of space"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Commercial use of space</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空軍事化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Militarisation of space"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空軍事化（页面不存在）">太空軍事化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" class="extiw" title="en:Militarisation of space"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Militarisation of space</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空建筑学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Space architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空建筑学（页面不存在）">太空建筑学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Space architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Space architecture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2" title="太空探索">太空探索</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Space research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空研究（页面不存在）">太空研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_research" class="extiw" title="en:Space research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Space research</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="航天技术">航天技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3" title="太空天氣">太空天氣</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="载人航天">载人航天</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:transparent;">综合</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E8%88%AA%E5%91%98" title="宇航员">宇航员</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生命保障系统">生命保障系统</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%85%A5%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="進入太空的動物">太空動物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="航天生物学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bioastronautics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="航天生物学（页面不存在）">航天生物学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioastronautics" class="extiw" title="en:Bioastronautics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bioastronautics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E6%9C%8D" title="航天服">航天服</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B1%E5%A4%96%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8" title="舱外活动">舱外活动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E8%A7%80%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="總觀效應">總觀效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E9%87%8D" title="失重">失重</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%B8%E5%AE%A2" title="太空游客">太空游客</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91" title="太空移民">太空移民</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:transparent;">航天计划</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="東方計劃">東方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="水星计划">水星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%87%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="上升计划">上升</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%A7%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="双子座计划">双子座</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="联盟计划">联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="阿波罗计划">阿波罗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="天空实验室">天空实验室</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97-%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="阿波罗-联盟测试计划">阿波罗-联盟测试</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A2%AD%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="美國太空梭計劃">美國太空梭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B7%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%AB%99" title="和平号空间站">和平号空间站</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A2%AD-%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B7%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="太空梭-和平号计划">太空梭-和平号</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%AB%99" title="国际空间站">国际空间站</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BD%BD%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="中国载人航天工程">中国载人航天工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%AB%99%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="中国空间站工程">中国空间站</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%9B%AA%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="新雪帕德火箭">新雪帕德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%80%B3%E5%BF%92%E5%BC%A5%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="阿耳忒弥斯计划">阿耳忒弥斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:transparent;">健康問題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%B0%8D%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF" title="太空航行對人體的影響">太空航行對人體的影響</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="航天适应综合症" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Space adaptation syndrome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="航天适应综合症（页面不存在）">航天适应综合症</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Space adaptation syndrome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Space adaptation syndrome</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宇宙射线造成的健康威胁" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health threat from cosmic rays"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%A8%81%E8%83%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇宙射线造成的健康威胁（页面不存在）">宇宙射线造成的健康威胁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="extiw" title="en:Health threat from cosmic rays"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health threat from cosmic rays</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空旅行的心理和社會學效應" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%88%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空旅行的心理和社會學效應（页面不存在）">太空旅行的心理和社會學效應</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" class="extiw" title="en:Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空生存" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Space and survival"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空生存（页面不存在）">太空生存</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_and_survival" class="extiw" title="en:Space and survival"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Space and survival</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空醫藥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Space medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E9%86%AB%E8%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空醫藥（页面不存在）">太空醫藥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Space medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Space medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太空護理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Space nursing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太空護理（页面不存在）">太空護理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_nursing" class="extiw" title="en:Space nursing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Space nursing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%99%A8" title="航天器">航天器</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="运载火箭">运载火箭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="火箭">火箭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B1%E6%AE%B5" title="舱段">舱段</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E8%88%B1" title="轨道舱">轨道舱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E8%88%B1" title="返回舱">返回舱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E8%88%B1" title="推进舱">推进舱</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E9%A3%9B%E6%A9%9F" title="太空飛機">太空飛機</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E9%A3%9E%E6%9C%BA" title="航天飞机">航天飞机</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%AB%99" title="空间站">空间站</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BA%A4%E6%9C%83" title="空間交會">空間交會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%AF%B9%E6%8E%A5" title="空间对接">空间对接</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%B9" title="機器人太空船">機器人太空船</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="人造衛星">人造衛星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8" title="空间探测器">空间探测器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E9%99%86%E5%99%A8" title="着陆器">着陆器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E8%BB%8A" title="探測車">探測車</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自我複製太空船" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Self-replicating spacecraft"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自我複製太空船（页面不存在）">自我複製太空船</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" class="extiw" title="en:Self-replicating spacecraft"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Self-replicating spacecraft</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="空间望远镜">空间望远镜</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%99%A8%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B" title="航天器推进">航天器推进</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="火箭发动机">火箭发动机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2" title="電動航天推進">電動航天器推進裝置</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%86" title="太阳帆">太阳帆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%A9%E6%8E%A8" title="重力助推">重力助推</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B7%A5%E8%B4%A8%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="无工质型发动机">无工质型发动机</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; text-align:center;">发射方式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%BA" title="发射场">航天发射中心</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E5%8F%B0" title="发射台">发射台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%B5%B7%E9%A3%9E" title="直接起飞">直接起飞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="宇宙速度">逃逸速度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E8%BD%BD%E5%85%B7" title="一次性发射载具">一次性</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%8D%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E8%BD%BD%E5%85%B7" title="可复用发射载具">可重複</a>使用發射系統</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="非火箭航天发射">非火箭航天发射</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99" title="目標">目的</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C" title="次軌道太空飛行">亚轨道飞行</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="轨道飞行" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orbital spaceflight"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轨道飞行（页面不存在）">轨道飞行</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" class="extiw" title="en:Orbital spaceflight"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orbital spaceflight</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地心轨道">地心轨道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地球同步轨道">地球同步轨道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E8%88%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="行星際航行">行星際航行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C" title="恆星際旅行">恆星際旅行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E9%99%85%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C" title="星系际旅行">星系际旅行</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0" title="陆地">陆地</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="飛行控制人員" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flight controller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="飛行控制人員（页面不存在）">飛行控制人員</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller" class="extiw" title="en:Flight controller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flight controller</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E7%AB%99" title="衛星地面站">衛星地面站</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="任務控制中心" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mission control center"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%BB%E5%8B%99%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="任務控制中心（页面不存在）">任務控制中心</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_control_center" class="extiw" title="en:Mission control center"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mission control center</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="Category:航天">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Spaceflight">共享资源</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="Portal:航天">主题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="WikiProject:航天">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="社会科学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:社會科學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:社會科學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:社會科學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="社会科学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学">社會</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学">法学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="國際關係學">國際關係</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="公共行政学">公共行政学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="公共政策">公共政策</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="微观经济学">微观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="宏观经济学">宏观</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="犯罪學">犯罪學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学">人口学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%89%E6%9D%91%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="鄉村社會學">鄉村</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="人类学">人类学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="考古学">考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="社會人類學">社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="文化人类学">文化</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">歷史學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="历史的辅助科学">历史的辅助科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2" title="文化史">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="经济史">经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会历史学">社会</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人文地理学">人文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="环境地理学">環境</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教学">宗教学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教人类学">人類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教社会学">社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">心理</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">跨學科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="教育学">教育学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科學研究</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">歷史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="经济哲学">經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">歷史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會科學哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會科學哲學（页面不存在）">社會科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of social science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E8%88%87%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="科技與社會">科技與社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="技术史">技术史</a></li> <li>規劃 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土地使用規畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Land-use planning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%A6%8F%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土地使用規畫（页面不存在）">土地使用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning" class="extiw" title="en:Land-use planning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Land-use planning</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="环境规划">環境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="城市规划">都市</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生態政治學">政治生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学">政治经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="公共卫生">公共卫生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="区域经济学">区域经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="全球研究">全球研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="全球研究">國際研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="區域研究">區域研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="区域科学">区域科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会神经科学">社会神经科学</a></li> <li>環境（<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="環境社會科學">社會科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境研究 (學科)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6_(%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境研究 (學科)（页面不存在）">研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental studies</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="传播学">传播学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社區研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Community studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社區研究（页面不存在）">社區研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Community studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Community studies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="文化研究">文化研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="發展研究">發展研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="人類生態學">人類生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="信息科学">信息科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="媒體研究">媒體研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="性别研究">性别研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="食品研究">食品研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%87%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="人與動物關係學">人與動物關係學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C" title="社會工作">社會工作</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关分類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="精神科学">精神科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="規範科學">规范科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" title="人文学科">人文學科</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="人文科學">人文科學</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="技术" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 臺 mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Template:技術"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Template talk:技术"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:技術"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="技术" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="技术">技术</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="水利">水利</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建筑工程">建築</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="水利工程">水利工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建筑工程">建築工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="结构工程">结构工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大地工程">大地工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E5%AE%87%E8%A3%9D%E5%82%99%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="屋宇裝備工程">屋宇裝備工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="安全工程">安全工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="消防工程">消防工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋工程">海洋工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="交通">交通</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="交通工程">交通工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="交通工程">流量工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="載具">車輛工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7" title="航海">航海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航海工程">航海工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="航空">航空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航空工程">航空工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="航天工程">航天工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工业工程学">工業工程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工业工程学">工業工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-disambig" title="工程技術">工程技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="系统工程">系统工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="控制工程">控制工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7" title="生产">製造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="冶金學">冶金學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="冶金工程">冶金工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="陶瓷工程">陶瓷工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="纳米技术">纳米技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="自動化">自動化技術</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0" title="机械">机械</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="机械工程">机械工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0" title="机械制造">機械製造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5" title="木工">木工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%85%B7" title="模具">模具</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%84%E9%80%A0" title="鑄造">鑄造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E9%80%A0" title="鍛造">鍛造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A3%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="钣金">鈑金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%8A%E6%8E%A5" title="焊接">焊接（銲接）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="熱處理">熱處理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="机械电子学">機電整合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="逆向工程">逆向工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="電機">電機</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="通訊">通訊</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="信息">信息</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="电动机械学">电动机械学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="電機工程學">電機工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電子學">電子學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="电子工程">电子工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="通信工程">通信工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8F%8A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="信息及通信技术">信息及通信技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%86%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="冷冻">冷凍</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="空調">空調</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="計算機科學">計算機科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="計算機工程">計算機工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="本体工程">本体工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AC%E9%AB%94%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硬體工程（页面不存在）">硬體工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="信号处理">信号處理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%96%E9%A0%BB%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="視頻工程（页面不存在）">視頻工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%84%E9%9F%B3" title="錄音">音頻工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">应用数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程">软件工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="信息技术">信息技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%96%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="可視化">可视化技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="图形">图形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="人工智慧">人工智慧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">数据科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="数据挖掘">數據挖掘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">機器學習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="语音识别">语音识别</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="大數據">大數據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE" title="区块链">區塊鏈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="密碼學">密碼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E7%AB%AF%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="雲端運算">云计算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%B7%A3%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="邊緣運算">邊緣運算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="分布式計算">分布式計算</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="能源">能源</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="核工程">核工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="核技术">核技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E8%83%BD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="储能技术">儲能技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="石油工程">石油工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化学工程">化学工程</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學">醫</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="藥理學">藥</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="護理學">護理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化学工程">化学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化學技術（页面不存在）">化學技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="化学信息学">化学信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%AA%A2%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化學檢驗（页面不存在）">化學檢驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生化工程">生化工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生化技術（页面不存在）">生化技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物化學">生物化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物工程学">生物工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物工程学">生物工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="生物技术">生物技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%AA%A2%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物檢驗（页面不存在）">生物檢驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="醫療衛生科學">醫療衛生科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="纳米医学">纳米医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="药学">药学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="护理学">护理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程">基因工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="组织工程学">组织工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物化工程（页面不存在）">物化工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物化技術（页面不存在）">物化技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物理工程學（页面不存在）">物理工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物理技術（页面不存在）">物理技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="材料化学">材料化學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="農業">農業</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="農業工程">農業工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">食品化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="食品工程">食品工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="食品技术">食品技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%A2%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96" title="水產養殖">水產養殖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="漁業">水產學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="營養學">營養學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食品微生物學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Food microbiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食品微生物學（页面不存在）">食品微生物學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" class="extiw" title="en:Food microbiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Food microbiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遺傳利用限制技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Genetic use restriction technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遺傳利用限制技術（页面不存在）">遺傳利用限制技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic use restriction technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Genetic use restriction technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="環境科技">環境科技</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="綠色建築">綠色建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可再生能源">可再生能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="永續設計">永續設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="环境工程">環境工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生態工程">生態工程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潔淨科技" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clean technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%94%E6%B7%A8%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潔淨科技（页面不存在）">潔淨科技</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Clean technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clean technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecotechnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態技術（页面不存在）">生態技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:Ecotechnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecotechnology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境工程科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental engineering science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境工程科學（页面不存在）">環境工程科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental engineering science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental engineering science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="教育科技">教育技術學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="教育科技">教育技術學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="線上學習">線上學習</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="教育軟體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Educational software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教育軟體（页面不存在）">教育軟體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" class="extiw" title="en:Educational software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Educational software</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="虛擬校園" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Virtual campus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%A0%A1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虛擬校園（页面不存在）">虛擬校園</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_campus" class="extiw" title="en:Virtual campus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Virtual campus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程">光学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光學">光學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="聲學">聲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="力學">力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="热学">熱學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="電學">電學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="纳米技术">纳米技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="微技术">微技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體">半導體物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="環境科學">環境科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="考古学">考古学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="軍事">軍事</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E8%A3%85%E5%A4%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="军事技术与装备列表">軍事技術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軍事通信" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military communications"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍事通信（页面不存在）">軍事通信</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" class="extiw" title="en:Military communications"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military communications</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E8%97%A5" title="彈藥">彈藥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E5%BC%B9" title="炸弹">炸弹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0" title="電子作戰">電子作戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%8F%AF%E5%81%B5%E6%B8%AC%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="低可偵測性技術">低可偵測性技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B5" title="工兵">工兵</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">機器人學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="机械电子学">機械電子學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="系统工程">系统工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質組學">蛋白質組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="聚合物工程">聚合物工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="金融科技">金融科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A" title="采矿业">采矿业</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="基礎設施">基礎設施</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="發明">發明</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="发明年表">發明年表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="知識">知識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="機器">機器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD" title="技能">技能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="工藝">工藝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" title="工具">工具</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="技术史">技术史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史前技术纲要" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of prehistoric technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史前技术纲要（页面不存在）">史前技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of prehistoric technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of prehistoric technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="新石器革命">新石器革命</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古代技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代技術（页面不存在）">古代技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀技術（页面不存在）">中世紀技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文藝復興技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Renaissance technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興技術（页面不存在）">文藝復興技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Renaissance technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命">第一次工业革命</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="噴氣時代" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jet Age"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B4%E6%B0%A3%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噴氣時代（页面不存在）">噴氣時代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Jet Age"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jet Age</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第二次工业革命">第二次工业革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="數字化革命">第三次工業革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="信息时代">信息时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第四次工業革命">第四次工業革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB" title="互聯網泡沫">互聯網泡沫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="破壞性創新">破壞性創新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="共享經濟">共享經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="社交網路服務">社交網路服務</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE" title="新零售">新零售</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O2O" title="O2O">O2O</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">信息技术教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="線上學習">線上學習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%AF%BE%E5%A0%82" title="大规模开放在线课堂">大规模开放在线课堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A7%91" title="理工科">STEM教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="Category:資訊科技教育">Category:資訊科技教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技術理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theories of technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術理論（页面不存在）">理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Theories of technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theories of technology</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />和概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技術倫理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethics of technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術倫理（页面不存在）">技術倫理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Ethics of technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethics of technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84" title="技术的社会建构">技术的社会建构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BD%A2%E5%A1%91" title="技術的社會形塑">技術的社會形塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E8%AE%BA" title="技术决定论">技术决定论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="技術中立原則">技術中立原則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超人类主义">超人类主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="技术接受模型">技术接受模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家统治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%A5%87%E7%82%B9" title="技术奇点">技术奇点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F%E5%BA%A6%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="技术成熟度曲线">技术成熟度曲线</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技术类别" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q112057532"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术类别（页面不存在）">技术类别</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112057532" class="extiw" title="d:Q112057532"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q112057532</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軍民兩用技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dual-use technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%85%A9%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍民兩用技術（页面不存在）">軍民兩用技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Dual-use technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dual-use technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="高科技">高科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="破壞性創新">破壞性創新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="适用技术">适用技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="通用技术">通用技术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="关键技术" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Schlüsseltechnologie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="关键技术（页面不存在）">关键技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%BCsseltechnologie" class="extiw" title="de:Schlüsseltechnologie"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Schlüsseltechnologie</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="新兴技术">新兴技术</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="新興技術列表">列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%82%96%E5%A4%AB%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="卡尔达肖夫指数">卡尔达肖夫指数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="Category:各国科技">Category:各国科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="Category:科技公司">Category:科技公司</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E8%80%85" title="技术传播者">技术传播者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="技术新闻学">技术新闻学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Category:技术">Category:技术</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:技術">commons:Category:技術</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Portal:技術">技術主題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="工程学領域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Engineering_fields" title="Template:Engineering fields"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Engineering_fields" title="Template talk:Engineering fields"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Engineering_fields" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Engineering fields"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="工程学領域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程学</a>領域</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木工程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土力工程">土力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="结构工程">結構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建筑工程">建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="地震工程">防震</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="交通工程">交通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="水利工程">水利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="矿业工程">矿业</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="机械工程">机械工程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航空航天工程">航太</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="声学工程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Acoustical engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="声学工程（页面不存在）">声学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Acoustical engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acoustical engineering</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%84%E9%9F%B3" title="錄音">音频</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E5%85%B7" title="载具">汽車</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航海工程">海洋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="机械电子学">机械电子</a>（機電整合）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="铁路工程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Railway engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铁路工程（页面不存在）">铁路</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Railway engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Railway engineering</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="电子工程">电子工程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="計算機工程">計算機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="資訊工程">資訊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="控制工程">控制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="電機工程學">電機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="电动机械学">电动机械</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程">光學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="光子学">光子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="通信工程">通信</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化学工程">化学工程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子工程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Molecular engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子工程（页面不存在）">分子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Molecular engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Molecular engineering</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化學反應工程">反應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学热力学">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%93%E8%BF%90%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="输运现象">输运现象</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">跨领域</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物工程学">生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生物医学工程">生物医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质工程">蛋白質</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="农业工程">農業</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%BB%E6%AE%96%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水产养殖工程（页面不存在）">水产养殖</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工业工程学">工業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="企业工程">企業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="环境工程">环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="食品工程">食品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程">基因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学">冶金学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="计算机网络">網路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="核工程">原子核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="本体工程">本体工程</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程">軟體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="系统工程">系統</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="工程學分支列表">工程學分支列表</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:工程學">工程學分类</a></b> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="Portal:工程">工程主题</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="主要的数学领域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Template:数学领域"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Template talk:数学领域"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:数学领域"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="主要的数学领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">主要的<a class="mw-selflink selflink">数学</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="数学领域">领域</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="数学史">历史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学纲要" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of mathematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学纲要（页面不存在）">纲要</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_mathematics" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of mathematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of mathematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学主题列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lists of mathematics topics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学主题列表（页面不存在）">列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mathematics_topics" class="extiw" title="en:Lists of mathematics topics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lists of mathematics topics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E8%A1%A8" title="数学符号表">符号表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80" title="数学基础">数学基础</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E8%AE%BA" title="范畴论">范畴论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">数理逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Math.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/80px-Math.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/120px-Math.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Math.svg/160px-Math.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="代数">代数</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="抽象代数">抽象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" title="交換代數">交換</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%AE%BA" title="群论">群论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%AD%89%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" title="初等代數">初等代數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="线性代数">线性代数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="多重线性代数">多重线性代数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="泛代数">泛代数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数学分析">数学分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="微积分">微积分</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E5%8F%98%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="实变函数论">实变函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="複分析">复变函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="微分方程">微分方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%87%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="泛函分析">泛函分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="調和分析">調和分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="傅立叶分析">傅立葉分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="几何分析">几何分析</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="离散数学">离散数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="组合数学">组合数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="图论">图论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="序理论">序理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">几何学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="代数几何">代数几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="解析几何">解析几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="微分几何">微分几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="离散几何学">离散几何学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="欧几里得几何">欧几里得几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="非欧几里得几何">非欧几里得几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="有限幾何學">有限几何学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">数论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术">算术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E6%95%B8%E8%AB%96" title="代數數論">代數數論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="解析数论">解析数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="几何数论">几何数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="算术几何">算术几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A2%E7%95%AA%E5%9B%BE%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="丢番图几何">丢番图几何</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学">拓扑学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E9%9B%86%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="点集拓扑学">点集拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="代数拓扑">代数拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="微分拓扑">微分拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="几何拓扑学">几何拓扑</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="测度">测度与概率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="数理统计学">数理统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="数据科学">数据科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">统计推断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="统计学习理论">统计学习理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="数据结构">数据结构</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">算法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="运算数学">计算数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">计算理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数值分析">数值分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" title="最优化">最优化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="計算機代數系統">计算机代数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">应用数学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="计算化学">计算化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">数理生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="数理经济学">数理经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="计量经济学">计量经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="數理金融學">數理金融學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="数学心理学">数学心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="娛樂數學">娱乐数学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="数学与艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mathematics and art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学与艺术（页面不存在）">数学与艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" class="extiw" title="en:Mathematics and art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mathematics and art</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="数学教育">数学教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">注释</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>数学的领域也可根据“<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86" title="数学学科分类标准">MSC分类标准</a>”或“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86/110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国学科分类国家标准/110（页面不存在）">中国学科分类国家标准</a>”进行分类。</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:数学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:数学">主题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mathematics">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:数学">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Matemáticas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576260">西班牙</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mathématiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932434c">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mathématiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932434c">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mathematik"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037944-9">德国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="מתמטיקה"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555885005171">以色列</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mathematics"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85082139">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="数学"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571521">日本</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="matematika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117231&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="수학(학문)[數學]"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2000000191">韩国</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300054522">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=66923">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008274">瑞士历史词典</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=数学&oldid=84703414">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=数学&oldid=84703414</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:数学">数学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:形式科學">形式科學</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E8%AF%9D%E9%A2%98%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:主要话题条目">主要话题条目</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%AA%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:有未列明来源语句的条目">有未列明来源语句的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%AA%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E9%A0%81%E7%A2%BC%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:未列明參考文獻頁碼的條目">未列明參考文獻頁碼的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFwayback%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接">Webarchive模板wayback链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2023%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%E7%BC%BA%E5%B0%91%E6%B3%A8%E8%84%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2023年1月缺少注脚的条目">自2023年1月缺少注脚的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2023%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2023年1月需补充来源的条目">自2023年1月需补充来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%92%E7%BB%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%80%89%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%8F%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目">拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有希臘語的條目">含有希臘語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有拉丁語的條目">含有拉丁語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有法語的條目">含有法語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需要查證來源的維基百科條目">需要查證來源的維基百科條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有德語的條目">含有德語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E8%88%87%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%E4%B8%8D%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:陳述與來源不符的條目">陳述與來源不符的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNLK%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目">包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABEMU%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目">包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABHDS%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目">包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年10月24日 (星期四) 06:04。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pqfbt","wgBackendResponseTime":240,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.046","walltime":"2.417","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31129,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1329362,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":51281,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":32,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":82,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":220872,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1683.069 1 -total"," 69.34% 1166.976 17 Template:Navbox"," 23.19% 390.259 1 Template:STEM"," 18.31% 308.148 1 Template:NoteTA"," 13.71% 230.792 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.58% 194.844 1 Template:Natural_sciences-footer"," 9.44% 158.826 929 Template:CItem"," 7.20% 121.110 1 Template:Authority_control"," 7.10% 119.569 18 Template:Category_handler"," 6.22% 104.608 1 Template:数学话题侧边栏"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.031","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16662242,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","300","27.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","260","23.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","20","1.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","20","1.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getUrl","20","1.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","20","1.8"],["[others]","120","10.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-twlxc","timestamp":"20241124101959","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u6570\u5b66","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q395","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q395","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-30T05:34:28Z","dateModified":"2024-10-24T06:04:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/21\/Euclid.jpg","headline":"\u5229\u7528\u7b26\u865f\u8a9e\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u6578\u91cf\u3001\u7d50\u69cb\u3001\u8b8a\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u7a7a\u9593\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5b78\u79d1"}</script> </body> </html>