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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-3rd_millennium_to_1st_century_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3rd_millennium_to_1st_century_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>3rd millennium to 1st century BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3rd_millennium_to_1st_century_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_to_10th_century_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_to_10th_century_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1st to 10th century AD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_to_10th_century_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_to_19th_century_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_to_19th_century_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>11th to 19th century AD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_to_19th_century_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Ethiopian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_administrative_reorganisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_administrative_reorganisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>2020 administrative reorganisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_administrative_reorganisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tigray_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tigray_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Tigray War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tigray_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Location and size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Fossils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_uses_of_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_uses_of_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Traditional uses of rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_uses_of_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Major mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Water challenge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Large_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Large mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_rodents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_rodents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Small rodents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_rodents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Bats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_zones_and_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_zones_and_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative zones and districts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_zones_and_districts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative zones and districts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_zones_and_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Executive branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>National politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agriculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cropping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cropping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cropping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cropping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terracing_and_dam_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terracing_and_dam_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Terracing and dam construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terracing_and_dam_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation_and_enclosures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation_and_enclosures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Vegetation and enclosures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation_and_enclosures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ground travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Air travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-governmental_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-governmental_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Non-governmental organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-governmental_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigray Region</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray-streek" title="Tigray-streek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tigray-streek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%8D" title="ትግራይ ክልል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትግራይ ክልል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="إقليم تغراي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إقليم تغراي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Тыграй – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыграй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Тиграй (регион) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тиграй (регион)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrae" title="Tigrae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tigrae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre_(regi%C3%B3)" title="Tigre (regió) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tigre (regió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigraj" title="Tigraj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tigraj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray" title="Tigray – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tigray" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_(Region)" title="Tigray (Region) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tigray (Region)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_osariik" title="Tigray osariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tigray osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Τιγκράι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιγκράι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_de_Tigray" title="Región de Tigray – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Región de Tigray" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiono_Tigrajo" title="Regiono Tigrajo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Regiono Tigrajo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray" title="Tigray – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tigray" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="منطقه تیگرای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه تیگرای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigr%C3%A9_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Tigré (région) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tigré (région)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexi%C3%B3n_de_Tigray" title="Rexión de Tigray – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rexión de Tigray" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A3%BC" title="티그라이주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티그라이주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Տիգրայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիգրայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="तिग्राय प्रदेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिग्राय प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigraj_(regija)" title="Tigraj (regija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tigraj (regija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_Tigray" title="Region Tigray – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Region Tigray" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Tigray Region" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regione_dei_Tigr%C3%A8" title="Regione dei Tigrè – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regione dei Tigrè" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99" title="תיגראי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיגראי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტიგრაის რეგიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიგრაის რეგიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbo_la_Tigray" title="Jimbo la Tigray – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jimbo la Tigray" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigraj%C5%B3_regionas" title="Tigrajų regionas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tigrajų regionas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigr%C3%A9_(sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9gi_%C3%A1llam)" title="Tigré (szövetségi állam) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tigré (szövetségi állam)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89" title="تيجراى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيجراى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_Tigray" title="Wilayah Tigray – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wilayah Tigray" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray" title="Tigray – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tigray" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E5%B7%9E" title="ティグレ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティグレ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_(region)" title="Tigray (region) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tigray (region)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrayregionen" title="Tigrayregionen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tigrayregionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_regional_de_Tigrai" title="Estat regional de Tigrai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat regional de Tigrai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naannoo_Tigraay" title="Naannoo Tigraay – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Naannoo Tigraay" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%D9%B9%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%92" title="صوبہ ٹگرے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوبہ ٹگرے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigraj" title="Tigraj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tigraj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigr%C3%A9_(regi%C3%A3o)" title="Tigré (região) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tigré (região)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statul_Tigray" title="Statul Tigray – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statul Tigray" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Тыграй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тыграй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tigray Region" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Регион Тиграј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Регион Тиграј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regija_Tigraj" title="Regija Tigraj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Regija Tigraj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray" title="Tigray – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tigray" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray" title="Tigray – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tigray" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திக்ரே பிரதேசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திக்ரே பிரதேசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%8D_%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%AD" title="ክልል ትግራይ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ክልል ትግራይ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Tigray Bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tigray Bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Тиграй – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тиграй" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%92_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81" title="تیگراے علاقہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیگراے علاقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejon_de_i_Tigr%C3%A8" title="Rejon de i Tigrè – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rejon de i Tigrè" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_(v%C3%B9ng)" title="Tigray (vùng) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tigray (vùng)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_(rehiyon)" title="Tigray (rehiyon) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigray (rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%B7%9E" title="提格雷州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="提格雷州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%B7%9E" title="提格雷州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="提格雷州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=14_7_28_N_38_43_26_E_region:ET-TI_adm1st_type:city(5443000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°7′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°43′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.12444°N 38.72389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.12444; 38.72389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern region. For the historical province, see <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray Province</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tigray_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tigray (disambiguation)">Tigray (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tigray_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Tigray Region">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tigray+Region%22">"Tigray Region"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tigray+Region%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tigray+Region%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tigray+Region%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tigray+Region%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tigray+Region%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regional state in Ethiopia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tigray Region</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ti">ክልል ትግራይ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Regional state</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Tigray National Regional State</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tigray Region"><img alt="Flag of Tigray Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigray_Regional_government_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Tigray Region"><img alt="Official seal of Tigray Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Tigray_Regional_government_seal.svg/100px-Tigray_Regional_government_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Tigray_Regional_government_seal.svg/150px-Tigray_Regional_government_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Tigray_Regional_government_seal.svg/200px-Tigray_Regional_government_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The birthplace of Ethiopian civilization</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"<span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti" style="font-style: normal;">ዘይንድይቦ ጎቦ ዘይንሰግሮ ሩባ</span></span>"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"There are no mountains we would not climb"</span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigray_in_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Ethiopia showing Tigray Region"><img alt="Map of Ethiopia showing Tigray Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tigray_in_Ethiopia.svg/250px-Tigray_in_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tigray_in_Ethiopia.svg/375px-Tigray_in_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tigray_in_Ethiopia.svg/500px-Tigray_in_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of Ethiopia showing Tigray Region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=14_7_28_N_38_43_26_E_region:ET-TI_adm1st_type:city(5443000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°7′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°43′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.12444°N 38.72389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.12444; 38.72389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Regions_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of the Regions of Ethiopia">Chief Administrator</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Getachew_Reda" title="Getachew Reda">Getachew Reda Kahsay</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2006_stats_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006_stats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">50,079 km<sup>2</sup> (19,336 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">6th</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2019)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,443,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">5th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">110/km<sup>2</sup> (280/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ET" title="ISO 3166-2:ET">ET-TI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.522 <sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#900">low</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ethiopian_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Ethiopian regions by Human Development Index">5th of 11</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethiopia.gov.et/regional-states/tigray-regional-state/">www<wbr />.ethiopia<wbr />.gov<wbr />.et<wbr />/regional-states<wbr />/tigray-regional-state<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Ethiopic characters.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Tigray Region</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or simply <b>Tigray</b>; officially the <b>Tigray National Regional State</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">regional state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The Tigray Region is the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Tigrayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrayan">Tigrayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irob_people" title="Irob people">Irob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunama_people" title="Kunama people">Kunama people</a>. Its capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a>. Tigray is the fifth-largest by area, the fourth-most populous, and the fifth-most densely populated of the 11 regional states. </p><p>Tigray is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara Region</a> to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> to the west. <sup id="cite_ref-2009map_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009map-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towns in Tigrai include: <a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adigrat" title="Adigrat">Adigrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shire_(Tigray)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire (Tigray)">Shire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humera" title="Humera">Humera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dansha" title="Dansha">Dansha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mai_Kadra" title="Mai Kadra">Mai Kadra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enticho" title="Enticho">Enticho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wukro" title="Wukro">Wukro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agula%27e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agula'e (page does not exist)">Agula'e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freweyni" title="Freweyni">Freweyni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korarit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korarit (page does not exist)">Korarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Daero" title="Adi Daero">Adi Daero</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketema_Ngus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketema Ngus (page does not exist)">Ketema Ngus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Remets" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Remets">Adi Remets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheraro" title="Sheraro">Sheraro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Addi" title="Abiy Addi">Abiy Addi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atsbi" title="Atsbi">Atsbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawzen" title="Hawzen">Hawzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Gudem" title="Adi Gudem">Adi Gudom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Shu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adi Shu (page does not exist)">Adi Shu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chercher_province" title="Chercher province">Chercher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korem" title="Korem">Korem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maychew" title="Maychew">Maychew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamata" title="Alamata">Alamata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekoni" title="Mekoni">Mekoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/May_Tsebri" title="May Tsebri">May Tsebri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addi_Remets" title="Addi Remets">Addi Remets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagere_Selam_(Degua_Tembien)" title="Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)">Hagere Selam</a>,<a href="/wiki/Dowhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowhan">Dowhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zalambessa" title="Zalambessa">Zalambessa</a>. </p><p>Tigray's official language is <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, similar to that of southern Eritrea. The estimated population as of 2019 is approximately 5,443,000.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the population (c. 80%) are farmers, contributing 46% to the regional gross domestic product (2009). The highlands have the highest population density, especially in <a href="/wiki/Misraqawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Misraqawi Zone">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maekelay_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Maekelay Zone">central</a> Tigray. The much less densely populated lowlands comprise 48% of Tigray's area. Although the percentage of Muslims in Tigray is less than 5%, it has supposedly been historically Islam's doorway to the region and to Africa at large.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 96% of <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayans</a> are <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Orthodox Christian</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayans</a> have the highest percentage of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Orthodox Christians</a> in the world. </p><p>The government of Tigray consists of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a>, led by the president, <a href="/wiki/Getachew_Reda" title="Getachew Reda">Getachew Reda</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a>, which comprises the state council; and the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial branch</a>, which is led by the state supreme court. In early November 2020, a conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray People's Liberation Front</a> (TPLF) and the Ethiopian federal government (with support from Eritrea)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rapidly escalating into the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a>, destabilizing the region,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exposing a well-organized campaign to wipe out the region of ethnic Tigrayans.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 600,000 people <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Tigray War">were killed</a> as a result of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, the region is run by the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Regional_Administration_of_Tigray" title="Interim Regional Administration of Tigray">Interim Regional Administration of Tigray</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3rd_millennium_to_1st_century_BC">3rd millennium to 1st century BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 3rd millennium to 1st century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tigray is often regarded as the cradle of Ethiopian civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its landscape has many historic monuments. Three major monotheistic religions, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> arrived in Ethiopia through the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and then Tigray. </p><p>Given the presence of a large temple complex and fertile surroundings, the capital of the 3,000-year-old kingdom of <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a> may have been near present-day <a href="/wiki/Yeha" title="Yeha">Yeha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thurstan612_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurstan612-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dʿmt developed irrigation schemes, used the <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plough</a>, grew <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, and made <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">iron tools and weapons</a>. Some modern historians, including Stuart Munro-Hay, Rodolfo Fattovich, Ayele Bekerie, <a href="/wiki/Cain_Felder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cain Felder">Cain Felder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Isaac" title="Ephraim Isaac">Ephraim Isaac</a> consider this civilization to be indigenous, although <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaean</a>-influenced due to the latter's dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Others, including Joseph Michels, Henri de Contenson, Tekletsadik Mekuria, and Stanley Burstein, have viewed Dʿmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaean and indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tihama_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tihama-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent research, however, shows that <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>, the ancient Semitic language spoken in Tigray, Eritrea and northern Ethiopia in ancient times, is not likely to have been derived from <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence of a Semitic-speaking presence in Tigray, Eritrea and northern Ethiopia at least as early as 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Tihama_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tihama-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities and disappearing after a few decades or a century, It may have represented a trading or military colony, in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller, unknown successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite Kingdom</a>, which succeeded in reunifying the area<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is, in effect, the ancestor of medieval and modern states in Eritrea and Ethiopia using the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_B._Henze_2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_B._Henze_2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1st_to_10th_century_AD">1st to 10th century AD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1st to 10th century AD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stelenpark_in_Axum_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stelenpark_in_Axum_2010.JPG/220px-Stelenpark_in_Axum_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stelenpark_in_Axum_2010.JPG/330px-Stelenpark_in_Axum_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stelenpark_in_Axum_2010.JPG/440px-Stelenpark_in_Axum_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Axum Stele in the city <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ousas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ousas.jpg/220px-Ousas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ousas.jpg/330px-Ousas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ousas.jpg/440px-Ousas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Aksumite gold coins.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire rooted in northern Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It existed from approximately 100–940 AD, growing from the proto-Aksumite <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> period c. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Axum" title="Book of Axum">Book of Axum</a></i>, Axum's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital was later moved to <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Aksum</a> in northern Ethiopia. </p><p>The Empire of Aksum, at its height, at times extended across most of present-day <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The capital city of the empire was <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>, now in northern Ethiopia. Today a smaller community, the city of Axum was once a bustling metropolis and a cultural and economic hub. Two hills and two streams lie on the east and west expanses of the city; perhaps providing the initial impetus for settling this area. Along the hills and plain outside the city, the Aksumites had cemeteries with elaborate grave stones, which are called <a href="/wiki/Stelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stelae">stelae</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a>. Other important cities included <a href="/wiki/Yeha" title="Yeha">Yeha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawulti-Melazo" title="Hawulti-Melazo">Hawulti-Melazo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matara,_Eritrea" title="Matara, Eritrea">Matara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qohaito" title="Qohaito">Qohaito</a>, the last three of which are now in Eritrea. By the reign of <a href="/wiki/Endubis" title="Endubis">Endubis</a> in the late 3rd century, Aksum had begun minting its own currency and was named by <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> as one of the four great powers of his time, along with <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> empires. It converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in 325 or 328 under <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">King Ezana</a> and was the first state to use the image of <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">the cross</a> on its coins.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_cent_Tigray_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/19th_cent_Tigray_map.png/220px-19th_cent_Tigray_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/19th_cent_Tigray_map.png/330px-19th_cent_Tigray_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/19th_cent_Tigray_map.png/440px-19th_cent_Tigray_map.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Handtke's map is 39 cm wide and 66 cm tall, and is printed on paper that has been bonded to fabric. The scale is approximately 1:5,600,000; relief is shown by short lines representing slope aspect and a general sense of steepness (hachures).The work was created in one of the few stronger cartographic publishing houses in 19thcentury Germany, managed by Carl Flemming (1806–1878). Flemming was aided by cartographer Friedrich Handtke (1815–1879), who worked on nearly every map assignment for the firm.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_to_19th_century_AD">11th to 19th century AD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 11th to 19th century AD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img26_Atse_Yohannes_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img26_Atse_Yohannes_Museum.jpg/220px-ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img26_Atse_Yohannes_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img26_Atse_Yohannes_Museum.jpg/330px-ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img26_Atse_Yohannes_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img26_Atse_Yohannes_Museum.jpg/440px-ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img26_Atse_Yohannes_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6444" data-file-height="4296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a> palace of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a> (emperor of the whole <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 11th century the Tigrinya-speaking lands (Tigray-<a href="/wiki/Medri_Bahri" title="Medri Bahri">Mareb Melash</a>) were divided into two provinces, separated by the Mereb River, by the newly enthroned Agaw emperors. The governor of the northern province received the title Bahre Negash (Ruler of the sea), whereas the governor of the southern province was given the title of Tigray Mekonen (Lord of Tigray). The Portuguese Jesuit Emanuele Baradas's work titled "Do reino de Tigr", written in 1633–34, states that the "Reino de Tigr" (Kingdom of Tigray) extended from <a href="/wiki/Hamasien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamasien">Hamasien</a> to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tembien">Temben</a>, from the borders of <a href="/wiki/Danakil_Depression" title="Danakil Depression">Dankel</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa</a> mountain. He also stated that Tigray-Mereb Melash was divided into 24 smaller political units (principalities), twelve of which were located south of the Mereb and governed by the Tigray Mekonen, based in <a href="/wiki/Enderta_Province" title="Enderta Province">Enderta</a>. The other twelve were located north of the Mereb, under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Medri_Bahri" title="Medri Bahri">Bahre Negash</a>, based in the district of <a href="/wiki/Serae" class="mw-redirect" title="Serae">Serae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 259">: 259 </span></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Aksum">Book of Aksum</a></i>, written and compiled mainly in the period from the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries, shows a traditional schematic map of Tigray with the city of <a href="/wiki/Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksum">Aksum</a> at its center, surrounded by the 13 principal provinces: "Tembien, Shire, Serae, Hamasien, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buri_province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buri province (page does not exist)">Bur</a>, Sam’a, <a href="/wiki/Agame" title="Agame">Agame</a>, Amba Senayt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gar%27alta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gar'alta (page does not exist)">Garalta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enderta_Province" title="Enderta Province">Enderta</a>, Sahart and Abergele."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the Middle Ages, the position of Tigray Mekonnen ("Governor of Tigray") was established to rule over the area. Other districts included <a href="/wiki/Akkele_Guzay" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkele Guzay">Akele Guzay</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>), and the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_negus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahr negus">Bahr negus</a>, who ruled much of what is now Eritrea and <a href="/wiki/Shire,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire, Ethiopia">Shire</a> district and town in Western Tigray. At the time when Tigray Mekonnen existed simultaneously with that of Bahr negus, their frontier seems to have been the <a href="/wiki/Mareb_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareb River">Mareb River</a>, which is currently constitutes the border between the Ethiopian province of Tigray and Eritrea. </p><p>After the loss of power of the Bahr negus in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Bahr_negus_Yeshaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahr negus Yeshaq">Bahr negus Yeshaq</a>'s rebellions, <span class="failed-verification-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">the title of Tigray mekonnen gained power in relation to the Bahr negus and at times included ruling over parts of what is now Eritrea, especially in the 19th century.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material highlighted is not verifiable using the citation(s) presented. (January 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the unsettled <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a> period ("Era of the Princes"), both designations had declined to little more than empty titles, and the lord who succeeded them used (and received from the Emperor) the title of either <a href="/wiki/Ras_(title)" title="Ras (title)">Ras</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dejazmach" class="mw-redirect" title="Dejazmach">Dejazmach</a>, beginning with Ras <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Sehul" title="Mikael Sehul">Mikael Sehul</a>. Rulers of Tigray such as Ras <a href="/wiki/Wolde_Selassie" title="Wolde Selassie">Wolde Selassie</a> alternated with others, chiefly those of <a href="/wiki/Begemder" title="Begemder">Begemder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yejju" title="Yejju">Yejju</a>, as warlords to maintain the Ethiopian monarchy during the Zemene Mesafint. </p><p>In the mid-19th century, the lords of Tembien and Enderta managed to establish an overlordship of Tigray. One of its members, Dejazmach Kahsay Mercha, ascended the imperial throne in 1872 under the name <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a>. Following his 1889 death in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Metemma" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Metemma">Battle of Metemma</a>, the Ethiopian throne came under the control of the king of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>, and the center of power shifted south and away from Tigray.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1943, a rebellion <a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">broke out</a> all over southern and eastern Tigray under the slogan, "there is no government; let's organize and govern ourselves". Throughout Enderta Awraja, including <a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a>, Didibadergiajen, <a href="/wiki/Hintalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hintalo">Hintalo</a>, Saharti, <a href="/wiki/Samre,_Ethiopia" title="Samre, Ethiopia">Samre</a> and Wajirat, Raya Awraja, Kilte-Awlaelo Awraja and Tembien Awraja, local assemblies, called gerreb, were formed. The gerreb sent representatives to a central congress, called the shengo, which elected leaders and established a military command system. Although the first <a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Woyane rebellion</a> of 1943 had shortcomings as a prototype revolution, historians agree that it involved a fairly high level of spontaneity and peasant initiative. It demonstrated considerable popular participation and reflected widely shared grievances. The uprising was specifically directed against the central Shoan Amhara regime of <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie I</a>, rather than the Tigrayan imperial elite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopian_Civil_War">Ethiopian Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethiopian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img15_Martyrs_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img15_Martyrs_Memorial.jpg/220px-ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img15_Martyrs_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img15_Martyrs_Memorial.jpg/330px-ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img15_Martyrs_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img15_Martyrs_Memorial.jpg/440px-ET_Mekele_asv2018-01_img15_Martyrs_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7544" data-file-height="4244" /></a><figcaption>Memorial in Mekelle to more than 60,000 TPLF fighters who died and over 100,000 fighters who were injured in the overthrow of the Marxist <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> regime in 1991.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Ethiopian Revolution</a> in February 1974, the first signal of any mass uprising was the actions of the soldiers of the 4th Brigade of the 4th Army Division in Nagelle in southern Ethiopia. The Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, or the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a> "Committee"), was officially announced 28 June 1974 by a group of military officers. The committee elected Major <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> as its chairman and Major <a href="/wiki/Atnafu_Abate" title="Atnafu Abate">Atnafu Abate</a> as its vice-chairman. In July 1974, the Derg obtained key concessions from the emperor, Haile Selassie, which included the power to arrest not only military officers but government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Tsehafi_Taezaz_Aklilu_Habte-Wold" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold">Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endelkachew_Makonnen" title="Endelkachew Makonnen">Endalkachew Makonnen</a>, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers and officials of the Imperial court were imprisoned. In August 1974, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government in order to forestall further developments in that direction. The Derg <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">deposed and imprisoned the emperor on 12 September 1974</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nest_box_for_Columba_guinea_in_Zerfenti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nest_box_for_Columba_guinea_in_Zerfenti.jpg/220px-Nest_box_for_Columba_guinea_in_Zerfenti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nest_box_for_Columba_guinea_in_Zerfenti.jpg/330px-Nest_box_for_Columba_guinea_in_Zerfenti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nest_box_for_Columba_guinea_in_Zerfenti.jpg/440px-Nest_box_for_Columba_guinea_in_Zerfenti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Nest box for <i><a href="/wiki/Speckled_pigeon" title="Speckled pigeon">Columba guinea</a></i> (considered a symbol of peace) in the wall of a homestead in <a href="/wiki/Zerfenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerfenti">Zerfenti</a>, a village in Tigray where hundreds were killed by Derg bombings.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, the Derg in 1975 nationalized most industries and private and somewhat secure urban real-estate holdings. But mismanagement, corruption, and general hostility to the Derg's violent rule, coupled with the draining effects of constant warfare with the separatist guerrilla movements in Tigray, led to a drastic fall in general productivity of food and cash crops. In October 1978, the Derg announced the National Revolutionary Development Campaign to mobilize human and material resources to transform the economy, which led to a Ten-Year Plan (1984/1985-1993/1994) to expand agricultural and industrial output, forecasting a 6.5% growth in GDP and a 3.6% rise in per capita income. Instead per capita income declined 0.8% over this period. Famine scholar <a href="/wiki/Alex_de_Waal" title="Alex de Waal">Alex de Waal</a> observes that while the <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" title="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia">famine</a> that struck the country in the mid-1980s is usually ascribed to drought, "closer investigation shows that widespread drought occurred only some months after the famine was already under way". Hundreds of thousands fled economic misery, conscription, and political repression, and went to live in neighboring countries and all over the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, creating an Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>. </p><p>Toward the end of January 1991, a coalition of rebel forces, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF) captured <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a>, the ancient capital city, <a href="/wiki/Bahar_Dar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahar Dar">Bahar Dar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dessie" title="Dessie">Dessie</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar">Postwar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Young, who visited the area several times in the early 1990s, attributes this delay in part to "central budget restraint, structural readjustment, and lack of awareness by government bureaucrats in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> of conditions in the province", but notes "an equally significant obstacle was posed by an entrenched, and largely Amhara-dominated, central bureaucracy which used its power to block government-authorised funds from reaching Tigray".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a growing urban middle class of traders, businessmen and government officials emerged that was suspicious of and distant from the victorious EPRDF.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From 1991 to 2001, the president of Tigray was <a href="/wiki/Gebru_Asrat" title="Gebru Asrat">Gebru Asrat</a>. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean-Ethiopian War">war erupted between Eritrea and Ethiopia</a> over a portion of territory that had been administered as part of Tigray, which included the town of <a href="/wiki/Badme" title="Badme">Badme</a>. A 2002 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> decision awarded much of this land to Eritrea, but Ethiopia did not accept the ruling until 2018, when a <a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">bilateral agreement</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">border conflict</a>. The text of this agreement has not been publicly availed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From 2001 to 2010 the president was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsegay_Berhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsegay Berhe (page does not exist)">Tsegay Berhe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_administrative_reorganisation">2020 administrative reorganisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2020 administrative reorganisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2018 and 2020, as part of a reform aimed to deepen and strengthen decentralisation, woredas were reorganised, and new boundaries established. As smaller towns had been growing, they had started providing a larger range of services, such as markets and even banks, that encouraged locals to travel there rather than to their formal woreda centre. However, these locals still had to travel to their local woreda centre for most local government services - often in a different direction. In 2018 and 2019, after multiple village discussions that were often vigorous in the more remote areas, 21 independent urban administrations were added and other boundaries re-drawn, resulting in an increase from 35 to 88 woredas in January 2020.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tigray_War">Tigray War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tigray War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2020_Tigray_regional_election" title="2020 Tigray regional election">2020 Tigray regional election</a>, on 4 November, after the attacks by TDF on Northern Command units in Tigray, the Ethiopian military launched counterattacks. Ethiopian and Amhara forces advanced through southern Tigray, while Eritrean troops occupied northern border towns.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amhara militias continued to control <a href="/wiki/Western_Zone,_Tigray" title="Western Zone, Tigray">Western Tigray</a> as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warfare, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia">COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_locust_infestation" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 locust infestation">locust outbreak</a> contributed to an <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_the_Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine in the Tigray War">emergency food situation in the region</a> by January <a href="/wiki/2021_in_Ethiopia" title="2021 in Ethiopia">2021</a>. Approximately two million people faced food shortages, with a critical situation in <a href="/wiki/Shire_Inda_Selassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire Inda Selassie">Shire Inda Selassie</a>, hosting 100,000 refugees. The <a href="/wiki/Famine_Early_Warning_Systems_Network" title="Famine Early Warning Systems Network">Famine Early Warning Systems Network</a> indicated that parts of central and eastern Tigray were likely in emergency phase 4, a step below famine.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_size">Location and size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Location and size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tigray is situated between 12° – 15°N and 36° 30' – 40° 30'E. </p><p>A 2006 national statistics report stated the land area as 50,079 km<sup>2</sup> (19,336 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-2006_stats_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006_stats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 National Statistics gave an area of 41,410 km<sup>2</sup> (15,990 sq mi), but the sum of the figures it gave for the Tigray zones was substantially different,<sup id="cite_ref-2011_stats_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_stats-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rendering the 2011 report internally inconsistent. The figure of 50,079 km<sup>2</sup> is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a> area calculator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_African_Orogeny" title="East African Orogeny">East African Orogeny</a> led to the growth of a mountain chain in the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> (up to 800 Ma [million years ago]), which was largely eroded afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 600 Ma, the <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> break-up led to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic structures</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Planation_surface" title="Planation surface">planation surface</a>, that extents to the north and west of the <a href="/wiki/Dogu%27a_Tembien" title="Dogu'a Tembien">Dogu'a Tembien</a> massif.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, there was the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> formations, from older (at the foot of the massif) to younger, near the summits. From Palaeozoic to <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, Tigray was located near the South Pole. The (reactivate) Precambrian extensional faults guided the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">glacial sediments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edaga_Arbi_Glacials" title="Edaga Arbi Glacials">Edaga Arbi Glacials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enticho_Sandstone" title="Enticho Sandstone">Enticho Sandstone</a>). Later alluvial plain sediments were deposited (<a href="/wiki/Adigrat_Sandstone" title="Adigrat Sandstone">Adigrat Sandstone</a>). The break-up of Gondwana (<a href="/wiki/Late_Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Palaeozoic">Late Palaeozoic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a>) led to an extensional <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_phase" title="Tectonic phase">tectonic phase</a>, what caused the lowering of large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. As a consequence a <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">marine transgression</a> occurred, leading to the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Marine_sediments" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine sediments">marine sediments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antalo_Limestone" title="Antalo Limestone">Antalo Limestone</a> and Agula Shale).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region has an estimated 3.89 billion tons of mostly "excellent" quality <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antalo_Limestone_cliff_in_Mishlam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antalo_Limestone_cliff_in_Mishlam.jpg/220px-Antalo_Limestone_cliff_in_Mishlam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antalo_Limestone_cliff_in_Mishlam.jpg/330px-Antalo_Limestone_cliff_in_Mishlam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antalo_Limestone_cliff_in_Mishlam.jpg/440px-Antalo_Limestone_cliff_in_Mishlam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Antalo_Limestone" title="Antalo Limestone">Antalo Limestone</a> cliff at Mishlam in the southeastern part of Dogu'a Tembien</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> tectonic phase, a new (<a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>) planation took place. After that, the deposition of continental sediments (<a href="/wiki/Amba_Aradam_Formation" title="Amba Aradam Formation">Amba Aradam Formation</a>) indicates the presence of less shallow seas, probably caused by a regional uplift. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Caenozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Caenozoic">Caenozoic</a>, there was a relative tectonic quiescence, during which the Amba Aradam Sandstones were partially eroded, which led to the formation of a new planation surface.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, the Afar <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">plume</a>, a broad regional uplift, deformed the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, leading to the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a>. Three major formations may be distinguished: <a href="/wiki/Ashangi_Basalts" title="Ashangi Basalts">lower basalts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intra-volcanic_sedimentary_rock_in_North_Ethiopia" title="Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia">interbedded lacustrine deposits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaji_Basalts" title="Alaji Basalts">upper basalts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-miruts2019_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miruts2019-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost at the same time, the Mekelle <a href="/wiki/Dolerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolerite">Dolerite</a> intruded into the Mesozoic sediments, following joints and <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new magma intrusion occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a>, which gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Phonolite_series_in_North_Ethiopia" title="Phonolite series in North Ethiopia">phonolite</a> plugs, mainly in the Adwa area and also in Dogu’a Tembien.<sup id="cite_ref-miruts2019_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miruts2019-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present geomorphology is marked by deep valleys, eroded as a result of the regional uplift. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, deposition of <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> and freshwater <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a> occurred in the valley bottoms.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fossils">Fossils</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fossils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Tigray, there are two main fossil-bearing geological units. The <a href="/wiki/Antalo_Limestone" title="Antalo Limestone">Antalo Limestone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Jurassic">upper Jurassic</a>) is the largest. Its marine deposits comprise mainly <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">marine invertebrates</a>. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> <a href="/wiki/Lacustrine_deposits" title="Lacustrine deposits">lacustrine deposits</a>, interbedded in the <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> formations, contain a range of <a href="/wiki/Silicified" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicified">silicified</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a> fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-lerouge&aerts_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lerouge&aerts-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Antalo_Limestone" title="Antalo Limestone">Antalo Limestone</a>: large <i><a href="/wiki/Paracenoceratidae" title="Paracenoceratidae">Paracenoceratidae</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Cephalopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopods">cephalopods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautilus</a>); <i><a href="/wiki/Nerineidae" title="Nerineidae">Nerineidae</a></i> indet.; <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea urchins">sea urchins</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rhynchonellid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchonellid">Rhynchonellid</a> <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopod</a>; <a href="/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a>; <a href="/wiki/Coral_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral colonies">coral colonies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoid</a> stems.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lerouge&aerts_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lerouge&aerts-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Tertiary <a href="/wiki/Intra-volcanic_sedimentary_rock_in_North_Ethiopia" title="Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia">silicified lacustrine deposits</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Pila_(gastropod)" title="Pila (gastropod)">Pila (gastropod)</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Lanistes" title="Lanistes">Lanistes</a></i> sp.; <i><a href="/wiki/Pirenella_conica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirenella conica">Pirenella conica</a></i>; and land snails (<i><a href="/wiki/Achatinidae" title="Achatinidae">Achatinidae</a></i> indet.).<sup id="cite_ref-lerouge&aerts_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lerouge&aerts-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All snail shells, both fossil and recent, are called <i>t’uyo</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya language</a>, which means ‘<a href="/wiki/Helicoidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicoidal">helicoidal</a>’. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_uses_of_rock">Traditional uses of rock</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Traditional uses of rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Tigray holds a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Rock_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock types">rock types</a>, there is expectedly a varied use of rock. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Natural <a href="/wiki/Stone_masonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone masonry">stone masonry</a></b>. Preferentially, the easier shaped <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> are used to build homesteads and churches, but particularly in the upland areas, <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> is also used. Traditionally, fermented mud will be used as mortar</li> <li><b>Fencing</b> of homesteads, generally in <a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stones</a></li> <li><b>Church bells</b>, generally three elongated plates in <a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">phonolite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clinkstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinkstone">clinkstone</a>, with different tonalities</li> <li><b>Milling stone</b>: for this purpose plucked-bedrock pits, small <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">rock-cut basins</a> that naturally occur in rivers with <a href="/wiki/Kolk_(vortex)" title="Kolk (vortex)">kolks</a>, are excavated from the river bed and further shaped. <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a> is done at home using an elongated small boulder<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Door and window <b><a href="/wiki/Lintels" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintels">lintels</a></b>, prepared from rock types that frequently have an elongated shape (<a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">phonolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>), or that are easily shaped (<a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a>)</li> <li><b>Troughs for livestock</b> <a href="/wiki/Watering" class="mw-redirect" title="Watering">watering</a> and feeding, generally hewn from <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a></li> <li><b>Footpath <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">paving</a></b>, generally done as <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">community work</a>. Some very ancient paved <a href="/wiki/Footpaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Footpaths">footpaths</a> occur on major communication lines dating back to the period before the introduction of the automobile</li> <li>foot travellers stop, pray and put an additional stone</li> <li>Stones collected from farmlands in order to free space for the crop, and heaped in typical <b>rounded metres-high heaps</b>, called <i>zala</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Contour_bunding" class="mw-redirect" title="Contour bunding">Contour bunding</a></b> or <i>gedeba</i>: <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terrace</a> walls in <a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stone</a>, typically laid out along the contour for sake of <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil conservation</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dams</a></b> or <i>qetri</i> in <a href="/wiki/Gullies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gullies">gullies</a> for sake of <a href="/wiki/Gully_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gully erosion">gully erosion</a> control</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cobble_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobble stone">Cobble stones</a></b>, used for paving secondary streets in the towns. Generally <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> is used.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_mountains">Major mountains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrah_Imba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrah Imba (page does not exist)">Ferrah Imba</a>, 3954 metres,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> summit of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsibet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsibet (page does not exist)">Tsibet</a> massif in <a href="/wiki/Endamekoni" title="Endamekoni">Endamekoni</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=12_50_34_N_39_31_03_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°50′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°31′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.84278°N 39.51750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.84278; 39.51750</span></span></span></a></span></span>), and highest peak of Tigray</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_Alagi" title="Amba Alagi">Imba Alaje</a>, 3438 metres, in <a href="/wiki/Alaje" title="Alaje">Alaje</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=12_59_39_N_39_30_13_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°59′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°30′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.99417°N 39.50361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.99417; 39.50361</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugulat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugulat (page does not exist)">Mugulat</a>, 3263 metres, in <a href="/wiki/Ganta_Afeshum" title="Ganta Afeshum">Ganta Afeshum</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=14_16_N_39_25_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">39°25′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.267°N 39.417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.267; 39.417</span></span></span></a></span></span>); one of its spurs is crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Siqurto_foot_tunnel" title="Siqurto foot tunnel">Siqurto foot tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asimba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asimba (page does not exist)">Asimba</a>, 3199 metres, in <a href="/wiki/Irob_(Ethiopian_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irob (Ethiopian District)">Irob</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=14_26_N_39_36_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">39°36′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.433°N 39.600°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.433; 39.600</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li>Upper plateaus of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atsbi_Horst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atsbi Horst (page does not exist)">Atsbi Horst</a> at 3057 metres in <a href="/wiki/Atsbi_Wenberta" title="Atsbi Wenberta">Atsbi Wenberta</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=14_03_N_39_43_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°03′N</span> <span class="longitude">39°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.050°N 39.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.050; 39.717</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maebino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maebino (page does not exist)">Maebino</a>, 3031 metres, in <a href="/wiki/Irob_(Ethiopian_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irob (Ethiopian District)">Irob</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=14_27_N_39_33_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°27′N</span> <span class="longitude">39°33′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.450°N 39.550°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.450; 39.550</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imba_Tsion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imba Tsion (page does not exist)">Imba Tsion</a>, 2917 metres, in <a href="/wiki/Hawzen" title="Hawzen">Hawzen</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=14_06_N_39_26_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°06′N</span> <span class="longitude">39°26′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.100°N 39.433°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.100; 39.433</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekli_Imba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekli Imba (page does not exist)">Ekli Imba</a>, 2799 metres, summit of the <a href="/wiki/Arebay" title="Arebay">Arebay</a> massif in <a href="/wiki/Degua_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Degua Tembien">Degua Tembien</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=13_43_N_39_16_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°43′N</span> <span class="longitude">39°16′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.717°N 39.267°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.717; 39.267</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_Aradam" title="Amba Aradam">Imba Aradom</a> – sometimes transliterated as <a href="/wiki/Amba_Aradam" title="Amba Aradam">Amba Aradam</a>, 2756 metres, in <a href="/wiki/Hintalo_Wajirat" title="Hintalo Wajirat">Hintalo Wajirat</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=13_20_N_39_31_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">39°31′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.333°N 39.517°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.333; 39.517</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soloda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soloda (page does not exist)">Soloda</a>, 2436 metres, part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adwa_plugs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adwa plugs (page does not exist)">Adwa plugs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa</a> <i>woreda</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=14_11_N_38_54_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">38°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.183°N 38.900°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.183; 38.900</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imba_Neway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imba Neway (page does not exist)">Imba Neway</a>, 2388 metres, in <a href="/wiki/Abergele_(woreda)" title="Abergele (woreda)">Abergele (woreda)</a>(<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigray_Region&params=13_16_N_38_57_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">38°57′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.267°N 38.950°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.267; 38.950</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_challenge">Water challenge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water challenge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leakage_from_Gereb_Segen_dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Leakage_from_Gereb_Segen_dam.jpg/220px-Leakage_from_Gereb_Segen_dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Leakage_from_Gereb_Segen_dam.jpg/330px-Leakage_from_Gereb_Segen_dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Leakage_from_Gereb_Segen_dam.jpg/440px-Leakage_from_Gereb_Segen_dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Regularised stream, fed by Gereb Segen dam</figcaption></figure><p>Overall, the region is <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> lasts only for a couple of months. The farmers are adapted to this, but the problem arises when rains are less than normal. Another major challenge is providing water to urban areas. Smaller towns, but particularly Mekelle, face endemic <a href="/wiki/Water_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Water shortage">water shortages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoirs">Reservoirs</a> have been built, but their management is sub-optimal. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Large_mammals">Large mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Large mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_mammals_of_Dogu%27a_Tembien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Large_mammals_of_Dogu%27a_Tembien.jpg/330px-Large_mammals_of_Dogu%27a_Tembien.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Large_mammals_of_Dogu%27a_Tembien.jpg/495px-Large_mammals_of_Dogu%27a_Tembien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Large_mammals_of_Dogu%27a_Tembien.jpg/660px-Large_mammals_of_Dogu%27a_Tembien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Besides <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Tigray" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Tigray">Western Tigray</a> and the endemic <a href="/wiki/Gelada_baboon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelada baboon">gelada baboon</a> on the highest mountains, large mammals in the region, with scientific (italics), English and <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya language</a> names, are:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i>Cercopithecus aethiops</i>; <a href="/wiki/Grivet" title="Grivet">grivet</a> monkey, ወዓግ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">wi’ag</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Crocuta crocuta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a>, ዝብኢ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">zibi</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Caracal caracal</i>, <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracal</a>, ጭክ ኣንበሳ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ch’ok anbessa</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Panthera pardus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, ነብሪ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">nebri</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Xerus rutilus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Unstriped_ground_squirrel" title="Unstriped ground squirrel">unstriped ground squirrel</a>, ምጹጽላይ or ጨጨራ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">mitsutsilay</i></span>, <span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">chechera</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Canis mesomelas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">black-backed jackal</a>, ቡኳርያ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">bukharya</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Canis anthus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, ቡኳርያ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">bukharya</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Papio hamadryas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon" title="Hamadryas baboon">hamadryas baboon</a>, ጋውና (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">gawina</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Procavia capensis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_hyrax" title="Rock hyrax">rock hyrax</a>, ጊሐ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">gihè</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Felis silvestris</i>, <a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat</a>, ሓክሊ ድሙ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">hakili dummu</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Civettictis civetta</i>, <a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet</a>, ዝባድ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">zibad</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Papio anubis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_baboon" title="Olive baboon">olive baboon</a>, ህበይ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">hibey</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>, <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">white-tailed mongoose</a>, ፂሒራ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">tsihira</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Herpestes ichneumon</i>, <a href="/wiki/Large_grey_mongoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Large grey mongoose">large grey mongoose</a>, ፂሒራ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">tsihira</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Hystrix cristata</i>, <a href="/wiki/Crested_porcupine" title="Crested porcupine">crested porcupine</a>, ቅንፈዝ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">qinfiz</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Oreotragus oreotragus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">klipspringer</a>, ሰስሓ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">sesiha</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Orycteropus afer</i>, <a href="/wiki/Aardvark" title="Aardvark">aardvark</a>, ፍሒራ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">fihira</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Genetta genetta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">common genet</a>, ስልሕልሖት (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">silihlihot</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Lepus capensis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_hare" title="Cape hare">cape hare</a>, ማንቲለ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">mantile</i></span>)</li> <li><i>Mellivora capensis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">honey badger</a>, ትትጊ (<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">titigi</i></span>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Small_rodents">Small rodents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Small rodents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common pest <a href="/wiki/Rodents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents">rodents</a> with widespread distribution in agricultural fields and storage areas are three Ethiopian endemic species: the Dembea grass rat (<i>Arvicanthis dembeensis</i>, sometimes considered a subspecies of <i><a href="/wiki/Arvicanthis_niloticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvicanthis niloticus">Arvicanthis niloticus</a></i>), Ethiopian white-footed rat (<i><a href="/wiki/Stenocephalemys_albipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenocephalemys albipes">Stenocephalemys albipes</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Awash_multimammate_mouse" title="Awash multimammate mouse">Awash multimammate mouse</a> (<i>Mastomys awashensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bats">Bats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bats">Bats</a> occur in natural <a href="/wiki/Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves">caves</a>, church buildings and abandoned homesteads. The large colony of bats that roosts in <a href="/wiki/Zeyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeyi">Zeyi</a> cave comprises <i>Hipposideros megalotis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_large-eared_roundleaf_bat" title="Ethiopian large-eared roundleaf bat">Ethiopian large-eared roundleaf bat</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Hipposideridae" title="Hipposideridae">Hipposideros tephrus</a></i>, and <i>Rhinolophus blasii</i> (<a href="/wiki/Blasius%27s_horseshoe_bat" title="Blasius's horseshoe bat">Blasius's horseshoe bat</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-zeyi_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeyi-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With its numerous <a href="/wiki/Exclosure" title="Exclosure">exclosures</a>, forest fragments and <a href="/wiki/Church_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Church forest">church forests</a>, Tigray is a <a href="/wiki/Birdwatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdwatcher">birdwatcher</a>'s paradise. Detailed inventories<sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Land_rehabilitation_and_the_conserv_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land_rehabilitation_and_the_conserv-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> list at least 170 bird species, including numerous <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> species. Species belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_montane_forests" title="Ethiopian montane forests">Afrotropical Highland Biome</a> occur in the dry evergreen montane forests of the highland plateau but can also occupy other habitats. <a href="/wiki/Wattled_Ibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wattled Ibis">Wattled Ibis</a> can be found feeding in wet grassland and open woodland. <a href="/wiki/Black-winged_Lovebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-winged Lovebird">Black-winged Lovebird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banded_Barbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Banded Barbet">Banded Barbet</a>, Golden-mantled or <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_Woodpecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian Woodpecker">Abyssinian Woodpecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montane_White-eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane White-eye">Montane White-eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_Robin-chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rüppell's Robin-chat">Rüppell's Robin-chat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_Slaty_Flycatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher">Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacazze_Sunbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacazze Sunbird">Tacazze Sunbird</a> are found in evergreen forest, mountain woodlands and areas with scattered trees including <a href="/wiki/Fig_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Fig trees">fig trees</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_abyssinica" title="Euphorbia abyssinica">Euphorbia abyssinica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_procera" title="Juniperus procera">Juniperus procera</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Erckel%27s_spurfowl" title="Erckel's spurfowl">Erckel's spurfowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dusky_Turtle_Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusky Turtle Dove">Dusky Turtle Dove</a>, Swainson's or <a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_Sparrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey-headed Sparrow">Grey-headed Sparrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baglafecht_Weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Baglafecht Weaver">Baglafecht Weaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Citril" class="mw-redirect" title="African Citril">African Citril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown-rumped_Seedeater" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown-rumped Seedeater">Brown-rumped Seedeater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streaky_Seedeater" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaky Seedeater">Streaky Seedeater</a> are common <a href="/wiki/Afrotropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotropical">Afrotropical</a> breeding residents of woodland edges, scrubland and forest edges. <a href="/wiki/White-billed_Starling" class="mw-redirect" title="White-billed Starling">White-billed Starling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Thrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock Thrush">Little Rock Thrush</a> can be found on steep cliffs; <a href="/wiki/Columba_guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Columba guinea">Speckled or African rock pigeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-collared_Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="White-collared Pigeon">White-collared Pigeon</a> in gorges and rocky places but also in towns and villages.<sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species belonging to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_desert_and_xeric_shrubland_ecoregions" title="List of desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions">Somali-Masai Biome</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hemprich%27s_Hornbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemprich's Hornbill">Hemprich's Hornbill</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-rumped_Babbler" class="mw-redirect" title="White-rumped Babbler">White-rumped Babbler</a> are found in bushland, scrubland and dense secondary forest, often near cliffs, gorges or water. Chestnut-Winged or <a href="/wiki/Somali_Starling" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Starling">Somali Starling</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_Weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Rüppell's Weaver">Rüppell's Weaver</a> are found in bushy and shrubby areas. <a href="/wiki/Black-billed_wood_hoopoe" title="Black-billed wood hoopoe">Black-billed wood hoopoes</a> have some red at the base of the bill or an entirely red bill in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species belonging to the <a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">Sudan-Guinea Savanna Biome</a>: <a href="/wiki/Green-backed_eremomela" title="Green-backed eremomela">Green-backed eremomela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut-crowned_Sparrow-Weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnut-crowned Sparrow-Weaver">Chestnut-crowned Sparrow-Weaver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species that are neither endemic nor biome-restricted but that have restricted ranges or that can be more easily seen in Ethiopia than elsewhere in their range: <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_Roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian Roller">Abyssinian Roller</a> is an Ethiopian relative of <a href="/wiki/Lilac-breasted_Roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilac-breasted Roller">Lilac-breasted Roller</a>, which is an intra-tropical breeding migrant of south and east Africa, and of <a href="/wiki/European_Roller" class="mw-redirect" title="European Roller">European Roller</a>, an uncommon <a href="/wiki/Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Palearctic</a> passage migrant. <a href="/wiki/Black-billed_Barbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-billed Barbet">Black-billed Barbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow-breasted_Barbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow-breasted Barbet">Yellow-breasted Barbet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_Batis" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey-headed Batis">Grey-headed Batis</a> are species from the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a> but also occur in <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a> woodlands in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most regularly observed raptor birds in crop fields in Tigray are <a href="/wiki/Augur_buzzard" title="Augur buzzard">Augur buzzard</a> (<i>Buteo augur</i>), <a href="/wiki/Common_Buzzard" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Buzzard">Common Buzzard</a> (<i>Buteo buteo</i>), <a href="/wiki/Steppe_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe Eagle">Steppe Eagle</a> (<i>Aquila nipalensis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lanner_falcon" title="Lanner falcon">Lanner falcon</a> (<i>Falco biarmicus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Black_kite" title="Black kite">Black kite</a> (<i>Milvus migrans</i>), <a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_kite" title="Yellow-billed kite">Yellow-billed kite</a> (<i>Milvus aegyptius</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Western_barn_owl" title="Western barn owl">Barn owl</a> (<i>Tyto alba</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> can be done particularly in exclosures and forests. Eighteen bird-watching sites have been inventoried in <a href="/wiki/Enderta_(woreda)" title="Enderta (woreda)">Enderta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Degua_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Degua Tembien">Degua Tembien</a><sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mapped.<sup id="cite_ref-chapmap_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapmap-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_zones_and_districts">Administrative zones and districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Administrative zones and districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_Zones_of_Tigray.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Administrative_Zones_of_Tigray.png/292px-Administrative_Zones_of_Tigray.png" decoding="async" width="292" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Administrative_Zones_of_Tigray.png/438px-Administrative_Zones_of_Tigray.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Administrative_Zones_of_Tigray.png/584px-Administrative_Zones_of_Tigray.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Administrative zones of Tigray</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_boundaries_at_woreda_(district)_level,_as_implemented_in_January_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Administrative_boundaries_at_woreda_%28district%29_level%2C_as_implemented_in_January_2020.jpg/294px-Administrative_boundaries_at_woreda_%28district%29_level%2C_as_implemented_in_January_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Administrative_boundaries_at_woreda_%28district%29_level%2C_as_implemented_in_January_2020.jpg/441px-Administrative_boundaries_at_woreda_%28district%29_level%2C_as_implemented_in_January_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Administrative_boundaries_at_woreda_%28district%29_level%2C_as_implemented_in_January_2020.jpg/588px-Administrative_boundaries_at_woreda_%28district%29_level%2C_as_implemented_in_January_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Tigray</figcaption></figure> <p>Like other Regions in Ethiopia, Tigray is subdivided into administrative zones, and further into <i><a href="/wiki/Woreda" class="mw-redirect" title="Woreda">woredas</a></i> or districts. Up to January 2020, these were the <i>woredas</i> of Tigray: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehakelegnaw_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehakelegnaw Zone">Central Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abergele_(woreda)" title="Abergele (woreda)">Abergele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiy_Addi" title="Abiy Addi">Abiy Addi Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwa_(woreda)" title="Adwa (woreda)">Adwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Aksum Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degua_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Degua Tembien">Dogu'a Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enticho_(woreda)" title="Enticho (woreda)">Enticho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Tembien" title="Kola Tembien">Kola Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27ilay_Maychew" title="La'ilay Maychew">La'ilay Maychew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereb_Lehe" title="Mereb Lehe">Mereb Lehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naeder_Adet" title="Naeder Adet">Naeder Adet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Maychew" title="Tahtay Maychew">Tahtay Maychew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werie_Lehe" title="Werie Lehe">Werie Lehe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misraqawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Misraqawi Zone">East Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adigrat" title="Adigrat">Adigrat Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsbi_Wenberta" title="Atsbi Wenberta">Atsbi Wenberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganta_Afeshum" title="Ganta Afeshum">Ganta Afeshum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulomahda" title="Gulomahda">Gulomahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawzen_(woreda)" title="Hawzen (woreda)">Hawzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irob_(woreda)" title="Irob (woreda)">Irob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilte_Awulaelo" title="Kilte Awulaelo">Kilte Awulaelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saesi_Tsaedaemba" title="Saesi Tsaedaemba">Saesi Tsaedaemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukro" title="Wukro">Wukro Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semien_Mi%27irabawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Semien Mi'irabawi Zone">North West Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asigede_Tsimbela" class="mw-redirect" title="Asigede Tsimbela">Asigede Tsimbela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27ilay_Adiyabo" title="La'ilay Adiyabo">La'ilay Adiyabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medebay_Zana" title="Medebay Zana">Medebay Zana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Adiyabo" title="Tahtay Adiyabo">Tahtay Adiyabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Koraro" title="Tahtay Koraro">Tahtay Koraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tselemti" title="Tselemti">Tselemti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraro,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraro, Ethiopia">Shiraro Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire, Ethiopia">Shire Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debubawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Debubawi Zone">South Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaje" title="Alaje">Alaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamata_(woreda)" title="Alamata (woreda)">Alamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamata" title="Alamata">Alamata Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endamehoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Endamehoni">Endamehoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korem" title="Korem">Korem Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maychew" title="Maychew">Maychew Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofla" title="Ofla">Ofla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raya_Azebo" title="Raya Azebo">Raya Azebo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debub_Misraqawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Debub Misraqawi Zone">South East Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderta_(woreda)" title="Enderta (woreda)">Enderta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hintalo_Wajirat" title="Hintalo Wajirat">Hintalo Wajirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_(woreda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samre (woreda)">Samre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27irabawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'irabawi Zone">West Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafta_Humera" title="Kafta Humera">Kafta Humera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humera" title="Humera">Humera Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolqayt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolqayt">Wolqayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsegede" title="Tsegede">Tsegede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a> (special zone)</li></ul> </div> <p>In 2018 and 2019, after multiple village discussions that were often vigorous in the more remote areas, 21 independent urban administrations were added and other boundaries re-drawn, resulting in an increase from 35 to 94 <i>woredas</i> in January 2020: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehakelegnaw_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehakelegnaw Zone">Central Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abergele_Yechila_(woreda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abergele Yechila (woreda) (page does not exist)">Abergele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adet" title="Adet">Adet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiy_Addi" title="Abiy Addi">Abiy Addi Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwa_(woreda)" title="Adwa (woreda)">Adwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahferom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahferom (page does not exist)">Ahferom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahse%27a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahse'a (page does not exist)">Ahse'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Aksum Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chila_(woreda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chila (woreda) (page does not exist)">Chila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edaga_Arbi" title="Edaga Arbi">Edaga Arbi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egela (page does not exist)">Egela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emba_Seneyti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emba Seneyti (page does not exist)">Emba Seneyti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mai_Qnetal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mai Qnetal (page does not exist)">Mai Qnetal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enticho" title="Enticho">Enticho</a> town</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hahayle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hahayle (page does not exist)">Hahayle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyh_Tekli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keyh Tekli (page does not exist)">Keyh Tekli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Tembien" title="Kola Tembien">Kola Temben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27ilay_Maychew" title="La'ilay Maychew">Laelay Maychew</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naeder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naeder (page does not exist)">Naeder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_Adi_Arbaete,_Tigray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rama Adi Arbaete, Tigray (page does not exist)">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahtay_Maichew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahtay Maichew (page does not exist)">Tahtay Maichew</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanqua_Melash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanqua Melash (page does not exist)">Tanqua Melash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misraqawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Misraqawi Zone">East Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adigrat" title="Adigrat">Adigrat Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agulae (page does not exist)">Agulae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsirae_Wenberta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsirae Wenberta (page does not exist)">Tsirae Wenberta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atsbi_Dera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atsbi Dera (page does not exist)">Atsbi Dera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atsbi_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atsbi Town (page does not exist)">Atsbi Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edaga_Hamus_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edaga Hamus Town (page does not exist)">Edaga Hamus Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irob_(woreda)" title="Irob (woreda)">Erob</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freweyni_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freweyni Town (page does not exist)">Freweyni Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganta_Afeshum" title="Ganta Afeshum">Ganta Afeshum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheralta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheralta (page does not exist)">Gheralta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawzen_(woreda)" title="Hawzen (woreda)">Hawzen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawzen_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawzen Town (page does not exist)">Hawzen Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilte_Awulaelo" title="Kilte Awulaelo">Kilte Awulaelo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebha_Saesie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebha Saesie (page does not exist)">Sebha Saesie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsaeda_Emba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsaeda Emba (page does not exist)">Tsaeda Emba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wukro_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wukro Town (page does not exist)">Wukro Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatsi_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatsi Town (page does not exist)">Fatsi Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zalambessa_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zalambessa Town (page does not exist)">Zalambessa Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semien_Mi%27irabawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Semien Mi'irabawi Zone">North West Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Daero" title="Adi Daero">Adi Daero</a> town</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maekel_Adiyabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maekel Adiyabo (page does not exist)">Maekel Adiyabo</a> or Adi Hageray</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgede" title="Asgede">Asgede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laelay_Tselemti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laelay Tselemti (page does not exist)">Laelay Tselemti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inda_Aba_Guna" title="Inda Aba Guna">Inda Aba Guna</a> Town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire_Inda_Slasse" title="Shire Inda Slasse">Shire Inda Slasse</a> Town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27ilay_Adiyabo" title="La'ilay Adiyabo">Laelay Adiabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Tsebri" title="May Tsebri">May Tsebri</a> Town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selekleka" title="Selekleka">Selekleka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seyemti_Adiyabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seyemti Adiyabo (page does not exist)">Seyemti Adiyabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraro" title="Sheraro">Sheraro</a> Town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Adiyabo" title="Tahtay Adiyabo">Tahtay Adiyabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Koraro" title="Tahtay Koraro">Tahtay Koraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tselemti" title="Tselemti">Tselemti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimbla" title="Tsimbla">Tsimbla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zana,_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zana, Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Zana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debubawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Debubawi Zone">South Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamata" title="Alamata">Alamata Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bora,_Tigray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bora, Tigray (page does not exist)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raya_Chercher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raya Chercher (page does not exist)">Raya Chercher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emba_Alaje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emba Alaje (page does not exist)">Emba Alaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endamehoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Endamehoni">Endamehoni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korem_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korem Town (page does not exist)">Korem Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maichew_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maichew Town (page does not exist)">Maichew Town</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekhoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekhoni (page does not exist)">Mekhoni</a> Town</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neqsage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neqsage (page does not exist)">Neqsage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofla" title="Ofla">Ofla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raya_Alamata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raya Alamata (page does not exist)">Raya Alamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raya_Azebo" title="Raya Azebo">Raya Azebo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selewa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selewa (page does not exist)">Selewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zata" title="Zata">Zata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debub_Misraqawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Debub Misraqawi Zone">South East Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Gudem" title="Adi Gudem">Adi Gudem</a> town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogu%27a_Tembien" title="Dogu'a Tembien">Dogu'a Temben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enderta_(woreda)" title="Enderta (woreda)">Enderta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagere_Selam_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hagere Selam Town (page does not exist)">Hagere Selam Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hintalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hintalo">Hintalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eisra_Adi_Wajirat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eisra Adi Wajirat (page does not exist)">Eisra Adi Wajirat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saharti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saharti (page does not exist)">Saharti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_(woreda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samre (woreda)">Samre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27irabawi_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'irabawi Zone">West Tigray</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awura (page does not exist)">Awura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansha" title="Dansha">Dansha</a> town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafta_Humera" title="Kafta Humera">Kafta Humera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qorarit_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qorarit Town (page does not exist)">Qorarit Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Kadra" title="Mai Kadra">May Kadra</a> town</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mai_Gaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mai Gaba (page does not exist)">Mai Gaba</a> town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humera" title="Humera">Humera</a> town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsegede" title="Tsegede">Tsegede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolqayt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolqayt">Welkalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a> (special zone) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadnet_Sub_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadnet Sub city (page does not exist)">Hadnet Sub city</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawelti_Sub_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawelti Sub city (page does not exist)">Hawelti Sub city</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Haqi_Sub_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adi Haqi Sub city (page does not exist)">Adi Haqi Sub city</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quiha_Sub_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quiha Sub city (page does not exist)">Quiha Sub city</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semien_Sub_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semien Sub city (page does not exist)">Semien Sub city</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedamay_Weyane_Sub_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedamay Weyane Sub city (page does not exist)">Kedamay Weyane Sub city</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayder_Sub_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayder Sub city (page does not exist)">Ayder Sub city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Major cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_Tigray_RegionSource:" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_Tigray_RegionSource:" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Tigray Region<br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_the_Tigray_Region" title="List of districts in the Tigray Region">District</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adigrat_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adigrat"><img alt="Adigrat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Adigrat_03.jpg/120px-Adigrat_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Adigrat_03.jpg/180px-Adigrat_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Adigrat_03.jpg/240px-Adigrat_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Adigrat" title="Adigrat">Adigrat</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Enderta_(woreda)" title="Enderta (woreda)">Enderta</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">800,000 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Afternoon_In_The_Neighborhood,_Axum,_Ethiopia_(3163995792).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Axum"><img alt="Axum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Late_Afternoon_In_The_Neighborhood%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%283163995792%29.jpg/120px-Late_Afternoon_In_The_Neighborhood%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%283163995792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Late_Afternoon_In_The_Neighborhood%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%283163995792%29.jpg/180px-Late_Afternoon_In_The_Neighborhood%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%283163995792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Late_Afternoon_In_The_Neighborhood%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%283163995792%29.jpg/240px-Late_Afternoon_In_The_Neighborhood%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%283163995792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adigrat" title="Adigrat">Adigrat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ganta_Afeshum" title="Ganta Afeshum">Ganta Afeshum</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La%27ilay_Maychew" title="La'ilay Maychew">La'ilay Maychew</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shire_Inda_Selassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire Inda Selassie">Shire Inda Selassie</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Koraro" title="Tahtay Koraro">Tahtay Koraro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,284 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Humera" title="Humera">Humera</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kafta_Humera" title="Kafta Humera">Kafta Humera</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,653 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alamata" title="Alamata">Alamata</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alamata" title="Alamata">Alamata</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,214 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wukro" title="Wukro">Wukro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kilte_Awulaelo" title="Kilte Awulaelo">Kilte Awulaelo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maychew" title="Maychew">Maychew</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Endamehoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Endamehoni">Endamehoni</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sheraro" title="Sheraro">Sheraro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Adiyabo" title="Tahtay Adiyabo">Tahtay Adiyabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,045 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a>, home to <a href="/wiki/Mekelle_University" title="Mekelle University">Mekelle University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekelle_Institute_of_Technology" title="Mekelle Institute of Technology">Mekelle Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Institute_of_Policy_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigray Institute of Policy Studies (page does not exist)">Tigray Institute of Policy Studies</a>, Admas University, Microlink College, Nile College, and Mekelle College of Teacher Education is the capital of Tigray, near the geographic center of the state. </p><p>Other Tigray cities functioning as centers of Ethiopian metropolitan areas include: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adigrat" title="Adigrat">Adigrat</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/Adigrat_University" title="Adigrat University">Adigrat University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debre_Damo" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Damo">Debre Damo monastery</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addis_Pharmaceutical_Factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addis Pharmaceutical Factory (page does not exist)">Addis Pharmaceutical Factory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/Adwa_Pan-African_University" title="Adwa Pan-African University">Adwa Pan African University</a>,)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/Aksum_University" title="Aksum University">Aksum University</a>,)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maychew" title="Maychew">Maychew</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/Raya_University" title="Raya University">Raya University</a>)</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Of the 10 largest cities in Tigray, <a href="/wiki/Maychew" title="Maychew">Maychew</a> has the highest elevation at 2479 meter above sea level. Plenty of smaller towns, like <a href="/wiki/Atsbi" title="Atsbi">Atsbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idaga_Hamus_(Saesi_Tsaedaemba)" title="Idaga Hamus (Saesi Tsaedaemba)">Edaga Hamus</a> are located at even higher elevations. Of the large cities, <a href="/wiki/Humera" title="Humera">Humera</a> is located at the lowest altitude (585 m). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The executive branch is headed by the Chief Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Regional_Administration_of_Tigray" title="Interim Regional Administration of Tigray">Interim Regional Administration of Tigray</a>. The current president is <a href="/wiki/Getachew_Reda" title="Getachew Reda">Getachew Reda Kahsay</a>, a TPLF member, appointed in 2023. A Vice President of Tigray succeeds the president in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the Regional Health Bureau (<i>Ato</i> Hagos Godefy),<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Educational Bureau (<i>Ato</i> Gebre'egziabher),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auditor General (<i>Ato</i> Alemseged Kebedew), and 12 other officials.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three levels of the Tigray state <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each woreda maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over all justiciable matters.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system. Four courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in an administrative zone. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected. </p><p>The highest-ranking court, the Tigray Supreme Court, is Tigray's "court of last resort".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters. The chief judge is called the President of Tigray Supreme Court (<i>W/ro</i> Hirity Miheretab). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The State Council, which is the highest administrative body of the state, is made up of 152 members.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_politics">National politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: National politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tigray is represented by 38 representatives in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives" title="House of Peoples' Representatives">Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia House of Peoples' Representatives</a>. But currently after the illegitimate postponement of the national election of Ethiopia Tigray has pulled it representative from the House of House of Peoples' Representatives and has no representation in the Federal parliament <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.dw.com/en/crisis-looms-in-ethiopia-as-elections-are-postponed/a-53829389">[1]</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santarfas_washing_place.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Santarfas_washing_place.jpg/220px-Santarfas_washing_place.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Santarfas_washing_place.jpg/330px-Santarfas_washing_place.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Santarfas_washing_place.jpg/440px-Santarfas_washing_place.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Tigrayan women washing clothes in <a href="/wiki/Santarfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Santarfa">Santarfa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People_in_Aksum_Tsion.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/People_in_Aksum_Tsion.jpeg/220px-People_in_Aksum_Tsion.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/People_in_Aksum_Tsion.jpeg/330px-People_in_Aksum_Tsion.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/People_in_Aksum_Tsion.jpeg/440px-People_in_Aksum_Tsion.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3266" data-file-height="2449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion" title="Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion">Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Based on the 2007 census conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)">Central Statistical Agency</a> of Ethiopia (CSA), the Tigray Region has a population of 4,316,988, of whom 2,126,465 are men and 2,190,523 women; urban inhabitants number 844,040 or 19.55% of the population. With an estimated area of 84,722 km<sup>2</sup>, the region had an estimated density of 51 people per km<sup>2</sup>. In the entire region 992,635 households were counted, for an average of 4.4 people per household, with urban households having on average 3.4 and rural households 4.6.<sup id="cite_ref-Census07_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census07-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was 3,136,267, of whom 1,542,165 were men and 1,594,102 women; urban inhabitants numbered 621,210, or 14% of the population. </p><p>According to the CSA, as of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 53.99% of the total population had access to <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia">safe drinking water</a>, of whom 42.68% were rural inhabitants and 97.28% were urban.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Values for other reported common indicators of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> for Tigray as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> include: 31.6% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 67.5% and for women 33.7%; and the <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> is 67 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, less than the national average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants' first month of life.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The predominant religion in Tigray is Orthodox Christianity<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th rowspan="1">Religion </th> <th colspan="1">1994 Census </th> <th colspan="1">2007 Census <sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity">Orthodox Christians</a> </td> <td>96.5% </td> <td>96.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Muslim</a> </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholics</a> </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1994 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,136,267</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2007 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,316,988</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+37.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source:<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hijra_Abyssinia_(Rashid_ad-Din).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hijra_Abyssinia_%28Rashid_ad-Din%29.jpg/260px-Hijra_Abyssinia_%28Rashid_ad-Din%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hijra_Abyssinia_%28Rashid_ad-Din%29.jpg/390px-Hijra_Abyssinia_%28Rashid_ad-Din%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hijra_Abyssinia_%28Rashid_ad-Din%29.jpg/520px-Hijra_Abyssinia_%28Rashid_ad-Din%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>The king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a> refusing a request from pagan Meccans for Muslims <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> had sent there as refugees (1314 artwork).</figcaption></figure> <p>With 96.55% of the local population, the region is predominantly inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan people</a>. The Tigrinya language belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> family of languages. Most other residents hail from other <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a>-speaking communities, including the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irob_people" title="Irob people">Irob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a>. Partly assimilated Oromo live in remoter villages in <a href="/wiki/Raya_Azebo" title="Raya Azebo">Raya Azebo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alamata_(woreda)" title="Alamata (woreda)">Alamata (woreda)</a>, whereas there are Agaw in <a href="/wiki/Abergele_(woreda)" title="Abergele (woreda)">Abergele (woreda)</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Kunama_people" title="Kunama people">Kunama</a> as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th rowspan="1">Ethnic<br />group </th> <th colspan="1">1994 Census </th> <th colspan="1">2007 Census <sup id="cite_ref-Census07_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census07-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrayan">Tigrayan</a> </td> <td>94.98% </td> <td>96.55% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> </td> <td>2.60% </td> <td>1.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Irob_people" title="Irob people">Irob</a> </td> <td>0.70% </td> <td>0.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>0.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kunama_people" title="Kunama people">Kunama</a> </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.07% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The working language is <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunama_language" title="Kunama language">Kunama</a> are also spoken, and people in urban areas are also able to speak Amharic.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehari_Taddele_Maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehari Taddele Maru (page does not exist)">Mehari Taddele Maru</a>, author, professor at <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_university_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European university Institute (page does not exist)">European university Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus</a>, Director General, World Health Organization WHO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi_Asres" class="mw-redirect" title="Meles Zenawi Asres">Meles Zenawi Asres</a>, Prime Minister, Ethiopia 1995–2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeresenay_Alemseged" title="Zeresenay Alemseged">Zeresenay Alemseged</a>, Anthropologist, known for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Selam_(Australopithecus)" title="Selam (Australopithecus)">Selam</a>, also referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)" title="Lucy (Australopithecus)">Lucy</a>'s child", the almost-complete <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilized</a> remains of a 3.3 million-year-old child of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araya_Zerihun" title="Araya Zerihun">Araya Zerihun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebhat_Gebre-Egziabher" title="Sebhat Gebre-Egziabher">Sebhat Gebre-Egziabher</a> well known fiction writer and phylosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewolde_Berhan_Gebre_Egziabher" title="Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher">Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher</a>, well known environmentalist and brother of Sibhat Gebregziabhier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miruts_Yifter" title="Miruts Yifter">Miruts Yifter</a>, Olympic Runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebrehiwot_Baykedagn" title="Gebrehiwot Baykedagn">Gebrehiwot Baykedagn</a>, was an Ethiopian doctor, economist, and intellectual.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV </a>, the king of kings of Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Alula" title="Ras Alula">Ras Alula</a>, the first full African general</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashai_Awalom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashai Awalom (page does not exist)">Bashai Awalom</a>, The first Ethiopia spy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Yared" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Yared">Saint Yared</a>, the first church singer, composer and writer of three books</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deqiqe_Estefanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deqiqe Estefanos (page does not exist)">Deqiqe Estefanos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cropping">Cropping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cropping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulsas_in_Tigray_photo_Nena_Terrell_USAID.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kulsas_in_Tigray_photo_Nena_Terrell_USAID.jpg/220px-Kulsas_in_Tigray_photo_Nena_Terrell_USAID.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kulsas_in_Tigray_photo_Nena_Terrell_USAID.jpg/330px-Kulsas_in_Tigray_photo_Nena_Terrell_USAID.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kulsas_in_Tigray_photo_Nena_Terrell_USAID.jpg/440px-Kulsas_in_Tigray_photo_Nena_Terrell_USAID.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Heaped straw or <i>kulsas</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terracing_and_dam_construction">Terracing and dam construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Terracing and dam construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inda_Abba_Hadera_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Inda_Abba_Hadera_forest.jpg/220px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Inda_Abba_Hadera_forest.jpg/330px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Inda_Abba_Hadera_forest.jpg/440px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gestet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestet">Gestet</a> forest</figcaption></figure> <p>An important aspect of the agricultural work in Tigray after the end of the 1991 civil war was to minimize the problems of drought. In the past, Tigray was covered with forests and had a micro-climate that favoured the rains. Subsequently, the forests were cut down, usually to impoverish the population during the wars. Consequently, Tigray achieved a fair amount of rainfall during the rainy season, from August to September, but quickly lost these waters downstream. In the process the fertile soil of the fields eroded. After a few weeks of rain, the country again dried up.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crop_harvesting_in_Khunale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Crop_harvesting_in_Khunale.jpg/220px-Crop_harvesting_in_Khunale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Crop_harvesting_in_Khunale.jpg/330px-Crop_harvesting_in_Khunale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Crop_harvesting_in_Khunale.jpg/440px-Crop_harvesting_in_Khunale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Crop harvesting in <a href="/wiki/Khunale" class="mw-redirect" title="Khunale">Khunale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The government undertook two projects in Tigray. The first was the construction of terraces which, with the agreement and help of local communities, go up to the tops of the mountains at 2,500 metres. The goal was to prevent the rainfall flowing away immediately so that it could be conserved for the agricultural season. On the highest terraces were planted trees, mainly <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, the dominant tree in Ethiopia and native to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. These plants created a new microclimate.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terracing method was very simple but required good organization. Long stretches of the fields were terraced by the villagers using stone walls from stones that erosion had exposed. The rains eroding the still non-terraced ground formed mudslides that were held by the topmost walls, which permitted construction of a new terrace field and another wall with uncovered stones, creating new ground terraced farmland every year. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2._Addi_Amharay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2._Addi_Amharay.jpg/220px-2._Addi_Amharay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2._Addi_Amharay.jpg/330px-2._Addi_Amharay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2._Addi_Amharay.jpg/440px-2._Addi_Amharay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Addi_Amharay" title="Addi Amharay">Addi Amharay</a> reservoir</figcaption></figure> <p>Another endeavour involved the construction of small <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> for local irrigation. As rains last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season. The dams needed to create these basins are typically an embankment of a few hundreds of meters, closing off one part of a valley, with a maximum height of 20 metres. Each took months of work, in which people carried earth on their back, and with assistance of donkeys. Generally 2,000–3,000 people — men, women and children — carried the earth in simple baskets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The small reservoirs in Tigray include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addi_Abagi%C3%A8" title="Addi Abagiè">Addi Abagiè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addi_Akhor" title="Addi Akhor">Addi Akhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addi_Amharay" title="Addi Amharay">Addi Amharay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Leiba" title="May Leiba">May Leiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiza%27iti_Wedi_Cheber" title="Hiza'iti Wedi Cheber">Hiza'iti Wedi Cheber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addi_Asme%27e" title="Addi Asme'e">Addi Asme'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chini" title="Chini">Chini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addi_Gela" title="Addi Gela">Addi Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addi_Hilo" title="Addi Hilo">Addi Hilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addi_Qenafiz" title="Addi Qenafiz">Addi Qenafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addi_Shihu" title="Addi Shihu">Addi Shihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqushela" title="Aqushela">Aqushela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arato" title="Arato">Arato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belesat" title="Belesat">Belesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betqua" title="Betqua">Betqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichat" title="Chichat">Chichat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibdibo" title="Dibdibo">Dibdibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dur_Anbesa" title="Dur Anbesa">Dur Anbesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbagedo" title="Imbagedo">Imbagedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inda_Zib%27i" title="Inda Zib'i">Inda Zib'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(reservoir)" title="Era (reservoir)">Era (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Quhila" title="Era Quhila">Era Quhila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereb_Mihiz" title="Gereb Mihiz">Gereb Mihiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filiglig" title="Filiglig">Filiglig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereb_May_Zib%27i" title="Gereb May Zib'i">Gereb May Zib'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereb_Bi%27ati" title="Gereb Bi'ati">Gereb Bi'ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereb_Awso" title="Gereb Awso">Gereb Awso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felaga" title="Felaga">Felaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereb_Segen_(Hintalo)" title="Gereb Segen (Hintalo)">Gereb Segen (Hintalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereb_Segen_(May_Gabat)" title="Gereb Segen (May Gabat)">Gereb Segen (May Gabat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereb_Shegal" title="Gereb Shegal">Gereb Shegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginda%27i" title="Ginda'i">Ginda'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godew" title="Godew">Godew</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Overall, these reservoirs suffer from rapid <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">siltation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the water that could be used for irrigation is lost through <a href="/wiki/Seepage" class="mw-redirect" title="Seepage">seepage</a>; the positive side-effect is that this contributes to <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetation_and_enclosures">Vegetation and enclosures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Vegetation and enclosures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misty_Morning_near_Endaselassie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Misty_Morning_near_Endaselassie.JPG/220px-Misty_Morning_near_Endaselassie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Misty_Morning_near_Endaselassie.JPG/330px-Misty_Morning_near_Endaselassie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Misty_Morning_near_Endaselassie.JPG/440px-Misty_Morning_near_Endaselassie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mountains of Lemalimo near <a href="/wiki/Inda_Selassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Inda Selassie">Inda Selassie</a> in western Tigray</figcaption></figure> <p>Tigray holds numerous <a href="/wiki/Exclosure" title="Exclosure">exclosures</a>, areas that are set aside for regreening.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logging and livestock grazing are not allowed there. Besides effects on <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_56-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Water_infiltration" class="mw-redirect" title="Water infiltration">water infiltration</a>, protection from flooding, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> deposition,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people commonly have economic benefits from these exclosures through grass harvesting, beekeeping and other <a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber forest products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local inhabitants also consider it as "land set aside for future generations".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Degua_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Degua Tembien">Dogu'a Tembien</a>, several exclosures are managed by the <a href="/wiki/EthioTrees" title="EthioTrees">EthioTrees</a> project. They have as an additional benefit that the villagers receive <a href="/wiki/Carbon_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon credit">carbon credits</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestered</a> CO<sub>2</sub>,<sup id="cite_ref-chapter_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapter-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">carbon offset</a> programme.<sup id="cite_ref-vivo_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivo-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revenues are then reinvested in the villages, according to the priorities of the communities;<sup id="cite_ref-davines_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davines-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it may be for an additional class in the village school, a water pond, conservation in the exclosures, or a store for <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock">Livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raya_oxen_at_ploughing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Raya_oxen_at_ploughing.jpg/220px-Raya_oxen_at_ploughing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Raya_oxen_at_ploughing.jpg/330px-Raya_oxen_at_ploughing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Raya_oxen_at_ploughing.jpg/440px-Raya_oxen_at_ploughing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Raya oxen at ploughing near Mekelle</figcaption></figure> <p>The CSA estimated in 2005 that farmers in Tigray had a total of 2,713,750 cattle (representing 7.0% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 72,640 sheep (0.42%), 208,970 goats (1.61%), 1,200 horses (less than 0.1%), 9,190 mules (6.24%), 386,600 asses (15.43%), 32,650 camels (7.15%), 3,180,240 poultry of all species (10.3%), and 20,480 beehives (0.47%).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle are an essential component in the dominant grain-plough agricultural system. In the rainy season, a large part of the cattle herds are in <a href="/wiki/Transhumance_in_Ethiopia" title="Transhumance in Ethiopia">transhumance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trans_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trans-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zbelo_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zbelo-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mainly used for <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">draught</a>, there are several cattle landraces in Tigray:<sup id="cite_ref-merha2007_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merha2007-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ch28_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch28-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arado_cattle" title="Arado cattle">Arado cattle</a>, the dominant variety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raya_cattle" title="Raya cattle">Raya cattle</a>, long horned, especially raised in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tigray" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Tigray">Southern Tigray</a> and traded widely as plough oxen</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irob_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irob cattle (page does not exist)">Irob cattle</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Irob_(woreda)" title="Irob (woreda)">Irob woreda</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abergele_cattle" title="Abergele cattle">Abergele cattle</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Abergele_(woreda)" title="Abergele (woreda)">Abergele (woreda)</a> and on the southwestern slopes of <a href="/wiki/Degua_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Degua Tembien">Dogu’a Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begayt_cattle" title="Begayt cattle">Begayt cattle</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Western_Tigray" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Tigray">western Tigray</a>. They are known for better milk production</li> <li>In small towns: Cross-bred <a href="/wiki/Arado_cattle" title="Arado cattle">Arado</a> x <a href="/wiki/Begayt_cattle" title="Begayt cattle">Begayt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arado_cattle" title="Arado cattle">Arado</a> x <a href="/wiki/Holstein_Friesian_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein Friesian cattle">Holstein-Friesian</a> milk cows</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ET_Tigray_asv2018-01_img12_Debre_Damo_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ET_Tigray_asv2018-01_img12_Debre_Damo_Monastery.jpg/220px-ET_Tigray_asv2018-01_img12_Debre_Damo_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ET_Tigray_asv2018-01_img12_Debre_Damo_Monastery.jpg/330px-ET_Tigray_asv2018-01_img12_Debre_Damo_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/ET_Tigray_asv2018-01_img12_Debre_Damo_Monastery.jpg/440px-ET_Tigray_asv2018-01_img12_Debre_Damo_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7398" data-file-height="4932" /></a><figcaption>Debre Damo monastery.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_Gheralta_MonkStanding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ethiopia_Gheralta_MonkStanding.JPG/200px-Ethiopia_Gheralta_MonkStanding.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ethiopia_Gheralta_MonkStanding.JPG/300px-Ethiopia_Gheralta_MonkStanding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ethiopia_Gheralta_MonkStanding.JPG/400px-Ethiopia_Gheralta_MonkStanding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption> Monk standing in front of the rock-hewn <a href="/wiki/Abuna_Yemata_Guh" title="Abuna Yemata Guh">Abuna Yemata Guh</a>'s entrance, situated at a height of 2,580 metres (8,460 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that has to be climbed on foot to reach.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/200px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/300px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/400px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5058" /></a><figcaption>Rock hewn Church interior at <a href="/wiki/Abuna_Yemata_Guh" title="Abuna Yemata Guh">Abuna Yemata Guh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A distinctive feature of Tigray are its rock-hewn churches. Similar in design to those of <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara Region</a>, these churches are found in four or five clusters – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheralta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheralta (page does not exist)">Gheralta</a>, Teka-Tesfay, <a href="/wiki/Atsbi" title="Atsbi">Atsbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tembien_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tembien Province">Tembien</a> – with Wukro sometimes included. Some of the churches are considered earlier than those of Lalibela, perhaps dating from the eighth century. Mostly <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_architecture" title="Monolithic architecture">monolithic</a>, with designs partly inspired by <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical architecture</a>, they are often located at the top of <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">cliffs</a> or steep hills, for security. For example, Tigray's ancient <a href="/wiki/Debre_Damo" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Damo">Debre Damo</a> monastery is accessible only by climbing a rope 25 metres up a sheer cliff. </p><p>Looting has become a major issue in the Tigray Region, as archaeological sites have become sources for construction materials and ancient artifacts used for everyday purposes by local populations.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area is famous for a single rock sculptured 23 meter long obelisk in <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> as well as for other fallen obelisks. The Axum treasure site of ancient Tigrayan history is a major landmark. <a href="/wiki/Yeha" title="Yeha">Yeha</a> is another important local landmark that is little-known outside the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_travel">Ground travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ground travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major north–south road corridor goes through Tigray. This is facilitated by Highway 2 which goes from Adigrat to Addis Ababa and Highway 3 which goes from Shire to Addis Ababa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_travel">Air travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Air travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:004a_Mekelle_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/004a_Mekelle_Airport.jpg/220px-004a_Mekelle_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/004a_Mekelle_Airport.jpg/330px-004a_Mekelle_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/004a_Mekelle_Airport.jpg/440px-004a_Mekelle_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Alula Aba Nega Airport near to Mekelle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tigray has one international airport and four commercial airports. The international airport is <a href="/wiki/Alula_Aba_Nega_Airport" title="Alula Aba Nega Airport">Alula Aba Nega Airport</a> (MQX) near Mekelle. The region's four other commercial airports are <a href="/wiki/Shire_Airport" title="Shire Airport">Shire Airport</a> (SHC), <a href="/wiki/Humera_Airport" title="Humera Airport">Humera Airport</a> (HUE), <a href="/wiki/Dansha_Airport" title="Dansha Airport">Dansha Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Axum_Airport" title="Axum Airport">Emperor Yohannes IV Airport</a> (AXU), which serves Axum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mekelle_70_Enderta_F.C." title="Mekelle 70 Enderta F.C.">Mekelle 70 Enderta F.C.</a> (Tigrinya: ጋንታ መቐለ 70 እንደርታ) is an Ethiopian football club based in the capital, Mekelle. They are a member of the Ethiopian Football Federation and currently play in the top division of Ethiopian football, the Ethiopian Premier League. They are known by the nickname the <i>Lion's Den</i> (ምዓም ኣንበሳ /ምዓም አናብስት/ኣናብስቶቹ). The club won its first Ethiopian Premier League title in the 2018–2019 Ethiopian Premier League Season. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shire_Endaselassie_F.C." title="Shire Endaselassie F.C.">Shire Indasillasie F.C</a>. (Tigrinya: ጋንታ ስሑል ሽረ, also known as <b>Sihul Shire FC</b>) is an Ethiopian football club based in <a href="/wiki/Shire_Inda_Selassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire Inda Selassie">Shire</a>. They are a member of the Ethiopian Football Federation and play in the Ethiopian Premier League, the first division of football in Ethiopia. </p><p>Mekele City, Suhul Shire, and Adigrat University football clubs were Tigray-based clubs among the 14 clubs to participate in the Ethiopian Premier League in 2020/2021. However, due to the war, they were replaced by other clubs from the League one rank below the Ethiopian Premier League.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tigrayans are known for their good performance in road cycling. For many years cyclists from this region have been dominant in the Ethiopian national cycling championships. <a href="/wiki/Tsgabu_Grmay" title="Tsgabu Grmay">Tsgabu Grmay</a> is one of the best Ethiopian cyclists and the first Ethiopian to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the regional level, the Tigray Education Bureau governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 300 school districts region-wide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adigrat_University" title="Adigrat University">Adigrat University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axum_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Axum University">Axum University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwa_Pan-African_University" title="Adwa Pan-African University">Adwa Pan-African University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raya_University" title="Raya University">Raya University</a></li> <li>Ethio-lmage College</li> <li>Greenwich College</li> <li>Hashenge College</li> <li>Mars Engineering College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekelle_University" title="Mekelle University">Mekelle University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekelle_Institute_of_Technology" title="Mekelle Institute of Technology">Mekelle Institute of Technology</a></li> <li>New Millennium College</li> <li>Nile College</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheba_University_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheba University College (page does not exist)">Sheba University College</a></li> <li>Signal College</li> <li>St. Mary's University College</li> <li>Winner college Axum</li></ul> </div> <p>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_research_institutions_in_Tigray" title="List of research institutions in Tigray">List of research institutions in Tigray</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tigray is home to Ethiopia's most extensive church libraries that are found in the eastern and central zones of the region. There are several ongoing digitization projects to preserve previous historical texts. </p> <ul><li>Axum Heritage Foundation</li> <li>Romanat Qeddus Mika'el Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunda_Gunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunda Gunde">Gunda Gunde Monastery</a></li> <li>Agwaza Monastery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debre_Damo" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Damo">Debre Damo Monastery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-governmental_organisations">Non-governmental organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Non-governmental organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major NGOs, involved in development activities are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Society_of_Tigray" title="Relief Society of Tigray">Relief Society of Tigray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrai_Development_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigrai Development Association (page does not exist)">Tigrai Development Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tdrfund.org/">Tegaru Disaster Relief Fund (TDRF)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cd\/Tigray_VOA_pronunciation.ogg\/Tigray_VOA_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tigray VOA pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Tigray_VOA_pronunciation.ogg/Tigray_VOA_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigray_VOA_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Tigray VOA pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/89\/Tigray_VOA_pronunciation_%28alternative%29.ogg\/Tigray_VOA_pronunciation_%28alternative%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tigray VOA pronunciation (alternative).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Tigray_VOA_pronunciation_%28alternative%29.ogg/Tigray_VOA_pronunciation_%28alternative%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigray_VOA_pronunciation_(alternative).ogg" title="File:Tigray VOA pronunciation (alternative).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>: <span lang="ti">ክልል ትግራይ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: <span lang="am">ትግራይ ክልል</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Amharic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">Tigrāi kilil</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>: <span lang="ti">ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግስቲ ትግራይ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">Bəh̩erawi Kəllelawi Mängəśti Təgrai</i></span>; formerly known as <b>Region 1</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2006_stats-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2006_stats_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2006_stats_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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Edinburgh: University Press. p. 57. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum%3A+An+African+Civilization+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Munro-Hay&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dskmariam.org%2Fartsandlitreature%2Flitreature%2Fpdf%2Faksum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tihama-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tihama_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tihama_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadia Durrani, <i>The Tihamah Coastal Plain of South-West Arabia in its Regional context c. 6000 BC-AD 600 (Society for Arabian Studies Monographs No. 4)</i>, Oxford: Archaeopress, 2005, p. 121 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841718941" title="Special:BookSources/9781841718941">9781841718941</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchenEhretAssefaMulligan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kitchen, Andrew; Ehret, Christopher; Assefa, Shiferaw; Mulligan, Connie J. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40389405">"The First Millennium BC in the Highlands of Northern Ethiopia and South-Central Eritrea: A Reassessment of Cultural and Political Development"</a>. <i>The African Archaeological Review</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 257–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-009-9064-2">10.1007/s10437-009-9064-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389405">40389405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154117777">154117777</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126025347/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389405">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2005) <i>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-522-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-522-7">1-85065-522-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipson,_David2012" class="citation book cs1">Phillipson, David (2012). Neil Asher Silberman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i></a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521026062" title="Special:BookSources/9780521026062"><bdi>9780521026062</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327025546/https://books.google.com/books?id=S9LX8UpI97MC&pg=PA197">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Zeyi Cave Geosite in Northern Ethiopia". <i>Geoheritage</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Geohe..12....6N">2020Geohe..12....6N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12371-020-00446-7">10.1007/s12371-020-00446-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F266630">2268/266630</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210913903">210913903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoheritage&rft.atitle=The+Zeyi+Cave+Geosite+in+Northern+Ethiopia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F266630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210913903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12371-020-00446-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Geohe..12....6N&rft.aulast=Nyssen&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Yonas%2C+Meheretu&rft.au=Annys%2C+Sofie&rft.au=Ghebreyohannes%2C+Tesfaalem&rft.au=Smidt%2C+Wolbert&rft.au=Welegerima%2C+Kiros&rft.au=Gebreselassie%2C+Seifu&rft.au=Sembroni%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Dramis%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Ek%2C+Camille&rft.au=Causer%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALN2019-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ALN2019_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALN2019_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALN2019_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALN2019_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALN2019_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALN2019_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALN2019_56-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAertsLerougeNovember2019" class="citation book cs1">Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546"><i>Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6"><bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308142516/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+forests+and+open+woodlands+in+the+highlands+of+Dogu%27a+Tembien.+In%3A+Geo-trekking+in+Ethiopia%27s+Tropical+Mountains+%E2%80%93+The+Dogu%27a+Tembien+District&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-04954-6&rft.aulast=Aerts&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Lerouge%2C+F.&rft.au=November%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9783030049546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Land_rehabilitation_and_the_conserv-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Land_rehabilitation_and_the_conserv_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAertsLerougeNovemberLens2008" class="citation journal cs1">Aerts, R; Lerouge, F; November, E; Lens, L; Hermy, M; Muys, B (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/145812">"Land rehabilitation and the conservation of birds in a degraded Afromontane landscape in northern Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 53–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008BiCon..17...53A">2008BiCon..17...53A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-007-9230-2">10.1007/s10531-007-9230-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37489450">37489450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Land+rehabilitation+and+the+conservation+of+birds+in+a+degraded+Afromontane+landscape+in+northern+Ethiopia&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-69&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37489450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-007-9230-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008BiCon..17...53A&rft.aulast=Aerts&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Lerouge%2C+F&rft.au=November%2C+E&rft.au=Lens%2C+L&rft.au=Hermy%2C+M&rft.au=Muys%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F145812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeheretu_YonasLeirs2019" class="citation book cs1">Meheretu Yonas; Leirs, H (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546"><i>Raptor perch sites for biological control of agricultural pest rodents. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District</i></a>. SpringerNature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6"><bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308142516/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raptor+perch+sites+for+biological+control+of+agricultural+pest+rodents.+In%3A+Geo-trekking+in+Ethiopia%27s+Tropical+Mountains+%E2%80%93+The+Dogu%27a+Tembien+District&rft.pub=SpringerNature&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-04954-6&rft.au=Meheretu+Yonas&rft.au=Leirs%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9783030049546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chapmap-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chapmap_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob2019" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546"><i>Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District</i></a>. SpringerNature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6"><bdi>978-3-030-04954-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308142516/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geo-trekking+map+of+Dogu%27a+Tembien+%281%3A50%2C000%29.+In%3A+Geo-trekking+in+Ethiopia%27s+Tropical+Mountains+%E2%80%93+The+Dogu%27a+Tembien+District&rft.pub=SpringerNature&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-04954-6&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=M.+and+colleagues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9783030049546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Ethiopia.html">"Tigray (Ethiopia): State, Major Cities, Villages & Places"</a>. City Population. 19 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105164317/https://www.citypopulation.de/Ethiopia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tigray+%28Ethiopia%29%3A+State%2C+Major+Cities%2C+Villages+%26+Places&rft.pub=City+Population&rft.date=2011-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FEthiopia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansford2015" class="citation book cs1">Lansford, Tom (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalhandboo0000unse_f0m6"><i>Political Handbook of the World 2015</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C., United States: CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483371559" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483371559"><bdi>978-1483371559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Handbook+of+the+World+2015&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+United+States&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1483371559&rft.aulast=Lansford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalhandboo0000unse_f0m6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mu.edu.et/index.php/about-mu1?id=335">"Minster of Health Visits MU's Ayder Referral Hospital"</a>. Mekelle University News. 11 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Minster+of+Health+Visits+MU%27s+Ayder+Referral+Hospital&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mu.edu.et%2Findex.php%2Fabout-mu1%3Fid%3D335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mu.edu.et/index.php/news-events/318-mu-donates-100-computers-to-tigray-education-bureau">"MU donates 100 computers to Tigray Education Bureau"</a>. Mekelle University News. 17 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516202148/http://www.mu.edu.et/index.php/news-events/318-mu-donates-100-computers-to-tigray-education-bureau">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cham: Springer Nature. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-04955-3_28">10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_28</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199323600">199323600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cattle+breeds%2C+milk+production%2C+and+transhumance+in+Dogu%27a+Tembien.+In%3A+Geotrekking+in+Ethiopia%27s+tropical+mountains%2C+Chapter+28&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-04955-3_28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199323600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerha_ZerabrukVangen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Merha Zerabruk; Vangen, O. (2005). "The Abergelle and Irob cattle breeds of North Ethiopia: description and on-farm characterization". <i>Animal Genetic Resources Information Bulletin</i>. <b>36</b>: 7–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS101423390000184X">10.1017/S101423390000184X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Genetic+Resources+Information+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Abergelle+and+Irob+cattle+breeds+of+North+Ethiopia%3A+description+and+on-farm+characterization&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=7-20&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS101423390000184X&rft.au=Merha+Zerabruk&rft.au=Vangen%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Rough Guide to Ethiopia</i> (1 ed.). UK: Rough Guides. 2 March 2015. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241181850" title="Special:BookSources/9780241181850"><bdi>9780241181850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Ethiopia&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft.isbn=9780241181850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacke Phillips, Tekle Hagos <i>et alia</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/phillips/index.html">"Combating the destruction of Ethiopia's archaeological heritage", <i>Antiquity</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728014051/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/phillips/index.html">Archived</a> 28 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <b>78</b> (December 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolesa2021" class="citation web cs1">Tolesa, Dawit (26 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/six-clubs-compete-hawassa-replace-tigray-clubs">"Six clubs to compete in Hawassa to replace Tigray clubs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reporter_(Ethiopia)" title="The Reporter (Ethiopia)">The Reporter (Ethiopia)</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804233856/https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/six-clubs-compete-hawassa-replace-tigray-clubs">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reporter+%28Ethiopia%29&rft.atitle=Six+clubs+to+compete+in+Hawassa+to+replace+Tigray+clubs&rft.date=2021-06-26&rft.aulast=Tolesa&rft.aufirst=Dawit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thereporterethiopia.com%2Farticle%2Fsix-clubs-compete-hawassa-replace-tigray-clubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigray+Region" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tigray_Region" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108182113/http://www.tigrai.gov.et/">Tigray Region Web Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trda.gov.et">Tigray Revenue Development Authority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028193123/https://www.trda.gov.et/">Archived</a> 28 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tigraionline.com/tigraistate.html">Tigray State Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219032252/http://www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/infotgry.htm">FDRE States: Basic Information – Tigray</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204228/http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/administrative/Atlas_Tigray.pdf">Map of Tigray Region at DPPA of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.effortgroup.org/">Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/aksum.htm">Ethiopian Treasures – Queen of Sheba, Aksumite Kingdom – Aksum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/mekele.htm">Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Yohannes IV Castle – Mekele</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003124143/http://futureobservatory.dyndns.org/9115.htm">Future Observatory</a> – Dam Building in Tigray by David Mercer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7148096.stm">"Tigrayans want end to border row"</a> by Elizabeth Blunt, <i>BBC News</i>, 20 December 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iri9Y4A5YfI">Tigray: Then and Now</a> – the son of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Amin" title="Mohamed Amin">Mohamed Amin</a> covers sustainable agriculture in Tigray following the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="Horn of Africa drought">Horn of Africa drought</a> in 2011.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_the_Tigray_Region" title="Template:Districts of the Tigray Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_the_Tigray_Region" title="Template talk:Districts of the Tigray Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_the_Tigray_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of the Tigray Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zones_and_Woredas_of_the_Tigray_Region_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia" title="List of zones of Ethiopia">Zones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woredas_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Woredas of Ethiopia">Woredas</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tigray Region</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tigray_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_the_Tigray_Region" title="List of districts in the Tigray Region">List of districts in the Tigray Region</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Zone,_Tigray" title="Central Zone, Tigray">Central Zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abergele_(Ethiopian_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abergele (Ethiopian District)">Abergele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwa_(woreda)" title="Adwa (woreda)">Adwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa">Adwa Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enticho_(Ethiopian_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enticho (Ethiopian District)">Enticho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Tembien" title="Kola Tembien">Kola Tembien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiy_Addi" title="Abiy Addi">Abiy Addi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27ilay_Maychew" title="La'ilay Maychew">La'ilay Maychew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereb_Lehe" title="Mereb Lehe">Mereb Lehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naeder_Adet" title="Naeder Adet">Naeder Adet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Maychew" title="Tahtay Maychew">Tahtay Maychew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanqua_Millash" title="Tanqua Millash">Tanqua Millash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werie_Lehe" title="Werie Lehe">Werie Lehe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zone,_Tigray" title="Eastern Zone, Tigray">Eastern Zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adigrat" title="Adigrat">Adigrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsbi_Wenberta" title="Atsbi Wenberta">Atsbi Wenberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganta_Afeshum" title="Ganta Afeshum">Ganta Afeshum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulomahda" title="Gulomahda">Gulomahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawzen_(Ethiopian_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawzen (Ethiopian District)">Hawzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irob_(Ethiopian_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irob (Ethiopian District)">Irob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilte_Awulaelo" title="Kilte Awulaelo">Kilte Awulaelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saesi_Tsaedaemba" title="Saesi Tsaedaemba">Saesi Tsaedaemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukro" title="Wukro">Wukro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Zone,_Tigray" title="South Eastern Zone, Tigray">South Eastern Zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogu%27a_Tembien" title="Dogu'a Tembien">Dogu'a Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enderta_(Ethiopian_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enderta (Ethiopian District)">Enderta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hintalo_Wajirat" title="Hintalo Wajirat">Hintalo Wajirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharti_Samre" title="Saharti Samre">Saharti Samre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Zone,_Tigray" title="Southern Zone, Tigray">Southern Zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaje" title="Alaje">Alaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamata_(woreda)" title="Alamata (woreda)">Alamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endamekoni" title="Endamekoni">Endamekoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korem" title="Korem">Korem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maychew" title="Maychew">Maychew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofla" title="Ofla">Ofla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raya_Azebo" title="Raya Azebo">Raya Azebo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Zone,_Tigray" title="Western Zone, Tigray">Western Zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafta_Humera" title="Kafta Humera">Kafta Humera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsegede" title="Tsegede">Tsegede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welkait" title="Welkait">Welkait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Western_Zone,_Tigray" title="North Western Zone, Tigray">North Western Zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgede_Tsimbla" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgede Tsimbla">Asgede Tsimbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%27ilay_Adiyabo" title="La'ilay Adiyabo">La'ilay Adiyabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medebay_Zana" title="Medebay Zana">Medebay Zana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraro" title="Sheraro">Sheraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire_Inda_Selassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire Inda Selassie">Shire Inda Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Adiyabo" title="Tahtay Adiyabo">Tahtay Adiyabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtay_Koraro" title="Tahtay Koraro">Tahtay Koraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tselemti" title="Tselemti">Tselemti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimbla" title="Tsimbla">Tsimbla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special Zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Ethiopia_28px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ethiopia&#124;link=Ethiopia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Template:First-level administrative divisions of Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:First-level administrative divisions of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First-level administrative divisions of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Ethiopia_28px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ethiopia&#124;link=Ethiopia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Subdivisions of Ethiopia">First-level administrative divisions of</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/28px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/56px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_Region" title="Benishangul-Gumuz Region">Benishangul-Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ethiopia_Regional_State" title="Central Ethiopia Regional State">Central Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambela_Region" title="Gambela Region">Gambela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_Region" title="Sidama Region">Sidama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ethiopia_Regional_State" title="South Ethiopia Regional State">South Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Ethiopia_Peoples%27_Region" title="South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region">Southwest Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tigray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Chartered cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_regions_of_Ethiopia" title="List of governors of the regions of Ethiopia">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_and_emblems_of_the_regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Flags and emblems of the regions of Ethiopia">Flags and emblems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Earth">Earth</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200127#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200127#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027862720">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&oldid=1258021111">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigray_Region&oldid=1258021111</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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