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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Earlier attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mission overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mission objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mission planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entering_Mars_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entering_Mars_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Entering Mars orbit</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Entering_Mars_orbit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Entering Mars orbit subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Entering_Mars_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbital_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Orbital elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_on_Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_on_Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Landing on Mars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landing_on_Mars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landing on Mars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landing_on_Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landing_area_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_area_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Landing area selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_area_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>The landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration_of_Martian_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_of_Martian_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Exploration of Martian surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_of_Martian_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Scientific instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbiter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbiter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Orbiter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbiter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zhurong_rover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zhurong_rover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span><i><span><i>Zhurong</i></span></i> rover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zhurong_rover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Lander</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Other instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_collaborations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_collaborations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>International collaborations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_collaborations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tianwen-1</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86-1" title="تيان وين-1 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيان وين-1" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A7" title="থিয়েনওয়েন-১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থিয়েনওয়েন-১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thianb%C5%ABn-1" title="Thianbūn-1 – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thianbūn-1" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C-1" title="Цяньвэнь-1 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цяньвэнь-1" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD-1" title="Тянвен-1 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тянвен-1" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchien-wen-1" title="Tchien-wen-1 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tchien-wen-1" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian%C5%ADen-1" title="Tianŭen-1 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tianŭen-1" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DB%B1" title="تیان‌ون ۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیان‌ون ۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen_1" title="Tianwen 1 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tianwen 1" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%88%EC%9B%90_1%ED%98%B8" title="톈원 1호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="톈원 1호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="2020 चीनी मंगल मिशन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="2020 चीनी मंगल मिशन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F-1" title="טיאנוון-1 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיאנוון-1" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C-1" title="Тяньвэнь-1 – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тяньвэнь-1" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen_1" title="Tianwen 1 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tianwen 1" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%95%8F1%E5%8F%B7" title="天問1号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天問1号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C-1" title="Тяньвэнь-1 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тяньвэнь-1" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchien-wen-1" title="Tchien-wen-1 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tchien-wen-1" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%A1" title="تیان وین-١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیان وین-١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD-1" title="Тјанвен-1 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тјанвен-1" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen_1" title="Tianwen 1 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tianwen 1" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-1" title="தியன்வென்-1 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தியன்வென்-1" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BD-1" title="Тянвэн-1 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тянвэн-1" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tianwen-1" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C-1" title="Тяньвень-1 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тяньвень-1" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86_1-%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B1" title="تيەنۋېن 1-نومۇر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تيەنۋېن 1-نومۇر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_v%E1%BA%A5n_1" title="Thiên vấn 1 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên vấn 1" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7" title="天问一号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天问一号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7" title="天问一号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天问一号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23580572#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tianwen-1&params=25.066_N_109.925_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°03′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°55′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.066°N 109.925°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.066; 109.925</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interplanetary mission by China to place an orbiter, lander, and rover on Mars</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen-1</span></span>天问一号</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_(2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_%282020%29.png/220px-Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_%282020%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_%282020%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="332" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter (below) and the capsule housing the lander and <a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover</a> (top).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Huoxing</span></span>-1 (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">火星-1</span></span>) (2018–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RM_2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RM_2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Mars exploration</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-049A">2020-049A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23580572#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">45935</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1589 days, 15 hours, 8 minutes (<i>since launch</i>)</li><li>Orbiter: 2 Earth years (planned)</li><li>1387 days, 7 hours, 57 minutes (<i>since orbit insertion</i>)</li><li><i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i>: 90 sols (93 earth days) (planned)<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua_03212016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua_03212016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>358 days (<i>since deployment</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Orbiter</li><li>lander</li><li><i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i></li><li>2 <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Deployable Cameras (TDCs)</li><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Remote Camera (TRC)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">CNSA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Total: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Orbiter: 3,715 kg (8,190 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i>: 240 kg (530 lb)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i>: 2.6 m × 3 m × 1.85 m (8 ft 6 in × 9 ft 10 in × 6 ft 1 in)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 2020, 04:41:15 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a> (Y4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site">Wenchang</a> LC-101</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Orbiter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 2021, 11:52 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-cnsa20201117_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnsa20201117-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSF_orbit_insertion_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF_orbit_insertion-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Deployable Camera 1 (TDC-1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">~10 February 2021 (deployed from <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Orbiter in September 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceflightNow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Mars lander</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Lander</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 2021, 23:18 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-cnsa202105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnsa202105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lander202105_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lander202105-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bjd_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjd-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> MSD 52387 06:38 <a href="/wiki/Airy_Mean_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy Mean Time">AMT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a><sup id="cite_ref-landing_site_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landing_site-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tianwen-1&params=25.066_N_109.925_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°03′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°55′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.066°N 109.925°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.066; 109.925</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-space15may21_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space15may21-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LiuEtAl2021_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuEtAl2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Mars rover</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i></a> Rover</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 2021, 23:18 UTC (deployed from <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 lander on 22 May 2021, 02:40 UTC)<sup id="cite_ref-room.eu.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-room.eu.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data">Utopia Planitia<sup id="cite_ref-landing_site_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landing_site-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tianwen-1&params=25.066_N_109.925_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°03′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°55′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.066°N 109.925°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.066; 109.925</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-LiuEtAl2021_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuEtAl2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance driven</th><td class="infobox-data">1.921 km (1.194 mi) as of 5 May 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-May_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Mars lander</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Remote Camera (TRC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 2021, 23:18 UTC (deployed from <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span> rover on 1 June 2021 which itself was deployed from <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 lander on 22 May 2021, 02:40 UTC)<sup id="cite_ref-hiresimagerelease_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiresimagerelease-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data">Utopia Planitia<sup id="cite_ref-landing_site_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landing_site-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tianwen-1&params=25.066_N_109.925_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°03′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°55′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.066°N 109.925°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.066; 109.925</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-LiuEtAl2021_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuEtAl2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Deployable Camera 2 (TDC-2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 2021, 11:52 UTC (entered orbit with the orbiter but was released from <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Orbiter on 31 December 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-mp.weixin.qq.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp.weixin.qq.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Mars_Exploration_Mission_Logo-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chinese Planetary Exploration Mars logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/China_Mars_Exploration_Mission_Logo-2.png/180px-China_Mars_Exploration_Mission_Logo-2.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/China_Mars_Exploration_Mission_Logo-2.png/270px-China_Mars_Exploration_Mission_Logo-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/China_Mars_Exploration_Mission_Logo-2.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Planetary Exploration of China</a> Mars logo <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Tianwen program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1</b> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">天问一号</span> (also referred to as <b>TW-1</b>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:天">天</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%97%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:问">问</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:天">天</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%95%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:問">問</a></span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Questions" title="Heavenly Questions">Heavenly Questions</a>') is an interplanetary mission by the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a> (CNSA) which sent a robotic spacecraft to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, consisting of 6 spacecraft: an <a href="/wiki/Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">orbiter</a>, two deployable cameras, <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a>, remote camera, and the <a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20210514_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210514-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft, with a total mass of nearly five tons, is one of the heaviest probes launched to Mars and carries 14 scientific instruments. It is the first in a series of planned missions undertaken by CNSA as part of its <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Planetary Exploration of China</a> program. </p><p>The mission's scientific objectives include: investigation of Martian <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">surface geology</a> and internal structure, search for indications of <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">current and past presence of water</a>, and characterization of the space environment and the atmosphere of Mars. </p><p>The mission was launched from the <a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site">Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site</a> on 23 July 2020<sup id="cite_ref-AJ23July2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ23July2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a <a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a> heavy-lift <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>. After seven months of transit through the inner <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, the spacecraft entered <a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">Martian orbit</a> on 10 February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSF_orbit_insertion_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF_orbit_insertion-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next three months the probe studied the target landing sites from a reconnaissance orbit. On 14 May 2021, the lander/rover portion of the mission successfully touched down on Mars,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20210514_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210514-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making China the <a href="/wiki/Mars_landing#List_of_Mars_landings" title="Mars landing">third nation</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make a <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (aeronautics)">soft landing</a> on and establish communication from the Martian surface, after the Soviet Union and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 May 2021, the <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover drove onto the Martian surface via the descent ramps on its landing platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuter_2021_05_22_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuter_2021_05_22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xinhuanet_2021_05_22_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhuanet_2021_05_22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the successful deployment of the rover, China became the second nation to accomplish this feat, after the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua_03212016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua_03212016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radar_2016_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radar_2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woo_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, China is the second nation to orbit and the first one to carry out landing and rovering mission on Mars successfully on its maiden attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 is also the second mission to capture audio recordings on the Martian surface, after United States' <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseverance rover">Perseverance rover</a>. The "smallsat" deployed by the <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover on the Martian surface consists of a "drop camera" which photographed both the rover itself as well as the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 lander.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaSpaceNews_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaSpaceNews-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a mass of less than 1 kg, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 remote camera is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">lightest artificial object</a> on Mars as of May 2021. On December 31, 2021, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter deployed a second deployable camera (TDC-2) into Mars orbit which captured photographs of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 in orbit to celebrate its achievement of the year<sup id="cite_ref-mp.weixin.qq.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp.weixin.qq.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a selfie stick payload was deployed to its working position on orbiter to take images of the orbiter's components and Chinese flag on 30 January 2022 to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>. In September 2022, the mission was awarded the <i>World Space Award</i> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 mission was the second of three Martian exploration missions launched during the <a href="/wiki/Mars_launch_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars launch window">July 2020 window</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">United Arab Emirates Space Agency</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Hope</a></i> orbiter, and before <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> mission, which landed the <i><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a></i> rover with the attached <i><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity</a></i> helicopter drone.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China's planetary exploration program is officially dubbed the "<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span> Series". "<i>Tianwen-1</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">天问一号</span>) is the program's first mission, and subsequent planetary missions will be numbered sequentially.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span> means "questions to heaven" or "quest for heavenly truth", from <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Questions" title="Heavenly Questions">the classical poem of the same name</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Qu_Yuan" title="Qu Yuan">Qu Yuan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span class="nowrap"> </span>340–278 BC), an ancient Chinese poet.<sup id="cite_ref-04242020Xinhua_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-04242020Xinhua-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orbit_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orbit-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1's rover is named <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> (Chinese: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9D%E8%9E%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:祝融">祝融</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:号">号</a></span>), after <a href="/wiki/Zhurong" title="Zhurong">a Chinese mytho-historical figure</a> usually associated with fire and light.<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua202104_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua202104-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was chosen through an online poll held from January to February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earlier_attempt">Earlier attempt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earlier attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China's Mars program started in partnership with Russia. In November 2011, the Russian spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a>, destined for Mars and <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>, was launched from <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>. The Russian spacecraft carried with it an attached secondary spacecraft, the <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a>, which was intended to become China's first Mars orbiter (Fobos-Grunt also carried experiments from the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a> and the American <a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">Planetary Society</a>). However, Fobos-Grunt's main propulsion unit failed to boost the Mars-bound stack from its initial <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> parking orbit and the combined multinational spacecraft and experiments eventually reentered the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere of Earth</a> in January 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2014, China subsequently began an independent Mars project.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_overview">Mission overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mission overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tianwen-1_launch_04_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tianwen-1_launch_04_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tianwen-1_launch_04_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tianwen-1_launch_04_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tianwen-1_launch_04_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tianwen-1_launch_04_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Tianwen-1_launch_04_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Launch of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 from <a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site">Wenchang</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, 23 July 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tianwen-1_schematic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tianwen-1_schematic.png/220px-Tianwen-1_schematic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tianwen-1_schematic.png/330px-Tianwen-1_schematic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tianwen-1_schematic.png/440px-Tianwen-1_schematic.png 2x" data-file-width="8500" data-file-height="4250" /></a><figcaption>A schematic of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 spacecraft stack</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_at_IAC_Bremen_2018_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_at_IAC_Bremen_2018_09.jpg/220px-Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_at_IAC_Bremen_2018_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_at_IAC_Bremen_2018_09.jpg/330px-Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_at_IAC_Bremen_2018_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_at_IAC_Bremen_2018_09.jpg/440px-Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover_at_IAC_Bremen_2018_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Mockup of the <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover at the 69th <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Congress" title="International Astronautical Congress">International Astronautical Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The new Mars spacecraft, consisting of an orbiter and a lander with an attached rover, was developed by the <a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation</a> (CASC) and is managed by the National Space Science Centre (NSSC) in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was formally approved in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE2019article_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE2019article-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 November 2019, CNSA invited some foreign embassies and international organizations to witness hovering and obstacle avoidance test for the Mars Lander of China's first Mars exploration mission at the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China#Extraterrestrial_celestial_landing_test_site" title="Planetary Exploration of China">extraterrestrial celestial landing test site</a>. It was the first public appearance of China's Mars exploration mission.<sup id="cite_ref-mars-landing-test_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mars-landing-test-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the mission preparation proceeded, in April 2020, the mission was formally named "<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1".<sup id="cite_ref-Tianwen-chinadaily-en_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tianwen-chinadaily-en-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <span data-sort-value="000000002020-07-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 July 2020</span>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 was launched from <a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site">Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> atop a <a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">heavy-lift launch vehicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ23July2020_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ23July2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KomponentenTianwen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KomponentenTianwen1.jpg/485px-KomponentenTianwen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="485" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KomponentenTianwen1.jpg/728px-KomponentenTianwen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/KomponentenTianwen1.jpg/970px-KomponentenTianwen1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Artist's Rendering of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 mission components</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 2020, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter deployed the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 First Deployable Camera (TDC-1), a small satellite with two cameras that took photos of and tested a radio connection with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceflightNow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its mission was to photograph the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter and the lander's heat shield.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceflightNow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the time when it was deployed, it trajectory predicted to do a flyby of Mars with that happening around the orbit insertion date. </p><p>During its cruise to Mars, the spacecraft completed four trajectory correction maneuvers plus an additional maneuver to alter its <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> orbital inclination; it also performed self diagnostics on multiple payloads.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SN-AJ-10022021_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN-AJ-10022021-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After payload checkouts, the spacecraft began scientific operations with the Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer, mounted on the orbiter, which transmitted initial data back to ground control.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lander/rover portion of the mission began its Martian landing attempt on 14 May 2021. About nine minutes after the <a href="/wiki/Aeroshell" title="Aeroshell">aeroshell</a> housing the lander/rover combination entered the Martian atmosphere, the lander (carrying the rover) safely touched down in the <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a> region on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheVerge_2021_05_19_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheVerge_2021_05_19-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2021_05_19_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2021_05_19-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period spent conducting system checkouts and other planning activities (including taking engineering images of itself), the lander deployed the <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover for independent surface operations.<sup id="cite_ref-SN-AJ-14052021_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN-AJ-14052021-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rover is powered by <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> and will probe the Martian surface with radar and conduct chemical analyses on the <a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">soil</a>; it will also look for <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua_03212016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua_03212016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_objectives">Mission objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mission objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the CNSA's first interplanetary mission, as well as its first independent probe to Mars. The primary goal is therefore to validate <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Deep_Space_Network" title="Chinese Deep Space Network">China's deep space communications and control technologies</a>, as well as the Administration's ability to successfully orbit and land spacecraft. </p><p>From a scientific point of view, the mission must meet five objectives: </p> <ul><li>Study the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">geological structure of Mars</a> and that structure's historical evolution. To do this, the probe will analyze topographical data from characteristic regions such as dry riverbeds, the reliefs of <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">volcanoes</a>, glaciers at the poles, areas affected by wind erosion, etc. The two cameras present on the orbiter are dedicated to this objective.</li> <li>Study the characteristics of both the surface and underground layers of Martian soil, as well as the distribution of water ice. This is the role of the radars present on the orbiter and the rover.</li> <li>Study the composition and type of rocks on the Martian surface, carbonate <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> present in ancient lakes, rivers, and other landscapes resulting from the past presence of water on the planet, and weathering mineral such as <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematites</a>, lamellar <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>, sulphate <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometers</a> on board the orbiter and the rover as well as the multispectral camera are dedicated to this objective.</li> <li>Study the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">the climate</a>, the seasons, and more generally <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">the atmosphere of Mars</a>, both in its near-space environment and on its surface. This is the role of the two <a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">particle detectors</a> present on the orbiter as well as of the rover's <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather station</a>.</li> <li>Study the internal structure of Mars, its <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, the history of its geological evolution, the internal distribution of its mass, and its gravitational field. The <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a> as well as the radars present on the orbiter and the rover are dedicated to this objective.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The aims of the mission include searching for evidence of current and past life, producing surface maps, characterizing soil composition and water ice distribution, and examining the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian atmosphere</a>, particularly its ionosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Radar_2016_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radar_2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission also serves as a <a href="/wiki/Technology_demonstration" title="Technology demonstration">technology demonstration</a> that will be needed for an anticipated <a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a> proposed for the 2030s.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> will also cache rock and soil samples for retrieval by the later sample-return mission, and the orbiter will make it possible to locate a caching site.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_planning">Mission planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mission planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tianwen-1_transfer_orbit_and_TCM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tianwen-1_transfer_orbit_and_TCM.png/220px-Tianwen-1_transfer_orbit_and_TCM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tianwen-1_transfer_orbit_and_TCM.png/330px-Tianwen-1_transfer_orbit_and_TCM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Tianwen-1_transfer_orbit_and_TCM.png/440px-Tianwen-1_transfer_orbit_and_TCM.png 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>The orbiter's transfer orbit and trajectory correction maneuvers (TCM)</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 2019, the Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, a subsidiary of CASC, stated that the performance and control of the future spacecraft's propulsion system has been verified and had passed all requisite pre-flight tests, including tests for hovering, hazard avoidance, deceleration and landing. The main component of the lander's propulsion system consists of a single engine that provides 7,500 N (1,700 lb<sub>f</sub>) of thrust. The spacecraft's supersonic parachute system had also been successfully tested.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE2019article_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE2019article-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> initially focused on the <a href="/wiki/Chryse_Planitia" title="Chryse Planitia">Chryse Planitia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elysium_Mons" title="Elysium Mons">Elysium Mons</a> regions of Mars in its search for possible landing sites. However, in September 2019 during a joint meeting in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, in Switzerland, of the European Planetary Science Congress-Division for Planetary Sciences, the presenters announced that two preliminary sites in the <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a> region of Mars have instead been chosen for the anticipated landing attempt, with each site having a landing ellipse of approximately 100 by 40 kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE2019article_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE2019article-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2020, CNSA provided landing coordinates of 110.318° East <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> and 24.748° North <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, within the southern portion of <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a>, as the specific primary landing site. The area was chosen for being both of scientific interest and being safe enough for landing attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-landing_site_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landing_site-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LiuEtAl2021_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuEtAl2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simulated landings have been performed as part of mission preparations by the Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 23 January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a> Y4 rocket's hydrogen-oxygen engine had completed a 100-seconds test, which was the last engine test prior to the final assembly of the launch vehicle. It successfully launched on 23 July 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ23July2020_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ23July2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entering_Mars_orbit">Entering Mars orbit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Entering Mars orbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 spacecraft were launched by <a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a> on 23 July 2020. Having traveled for about seven months, it entered Mars <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> on 10 February 2021 by performing a burn of its engines to slow down just enough to be captured by <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Mars' gravitational pull</a>. The orbiter spent several months scanning and imaging the surface of Mars to refine the target landing zone for the lander/rover.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orbit_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orbit-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It approached at about 265 km (165 mi) (<a href="/wiki/Periareion" class="mw-redirect" title="Periareion">periareion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Periapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapse">periapse</a>) to Mars' surface, allowing a high-resolution camera to return images to Earth and to map the landing site in <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a>, and to prepare for landing.<sup id="cite_ref-SN-AJ-10022021_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN-AJ-10022021-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbital_trajectory_of_Tianwen-1_around_Mars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Orbital_trajectory_of_Tianwen-1_around_Mars.png/220px-Orbital_trajectory_of_Tianwen-1_around_Mars.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Orbital_trajectory_of_Tianwen-1_around_Mars.png/330px-Orbital_trajectory_of_Tianwen-1_around_Mars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Orbital_trajectory_of_Tianwen-1_around_Mars.png/440px-Orbital_trajectory_of_Tianwen-1_around_Mars.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Planned orbital trajectory at Mars</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_elements">Orbital elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orbital elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Values of final <a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">orbital parameters</a><sup id="cite_ref-orbit2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orbit2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parameter</th> <th>Value (unit) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Periareion" class="mw-redirect" title="Periareion">Periareion</a> altitude</td> <td>275 km </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apoareion" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoareion">Apoareion</a> altitude</td> <td>10,749 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inclination</td> <td>86.3° </td></tr> <tr> <td>Period</td> <td>7.08 hours </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landing_on_Mars">Landing on Mars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Landing on Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_area_selection">Landing area selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Landing area selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The landing area selection was based on two major criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-LiZhang2021_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiZhang2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Engineering feasibility</b>, including latitude, altitude, slope, surface condition, rock distribution, local wind speed, visibility requirements during the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">EDL</a> process.</li> <li><b>Scientific objectives</b>, including geology, soil structure and water ice distribution, surface elements, mineral, and rock distribution, magnetic field detection.</li></ul> <p>Three initial areas were selected by the site selection team after a global survey of Mars; the three areas were: <a href="/wiki/Amazonis_Planitia" title="Amazonis Planitia">Amazonis Planitia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chryse_Planitia" title="Chryse Planitia">Chryse Planitia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three candidate landing areas were between five degrees North and thirty degrees North latitude. </p><p>According to the site selection team, Amazonis Planitia was dropped from consideration upon further analysis due to the area's small thermal inertias and the possible presence of thick dust in the region; Chryse Planitia was eliminated next due to its rough terrain in terms of elevations, slopes, crater densities, and rock abundances. Finally, a region measuring approximately 180 km (110 mi) x 70 km (43 mi) in Utopia Planitia and centered on <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tianwen-1&params=24.748_N_110.318_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°44′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">110°19′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.748°N 110.318°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.748; 110.318</span></span></span></a></span></span> was selected as the primary target for further analysis (a backup target with about the same total area and centered on <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tianwen-1&params=26.467_N_131.626_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°28′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">131°37′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.467°N 131.626°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.467; 131.626</span></span></span></a></span></span> was also selected at that time.)<sup id="cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The target landing regions in Utopia Planitia were favored by the selection team also because they present higher chances of finding evidence for the possible presence of ancient ocean on the northern lowlands of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-LiZhang2021_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiZhang2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary target region was further constrained in extent using the high-resolution camera (HiRIC) on board the Tianwen-1 orbiter after it entered Martian orbit in February 2021. The HiRIC camera collected high resolution stereo images of the primary landing region; these images were built into mosaics of varying resolutions (e.g. digital elevation models with a resolution of 5 meters per pixel, and maps for automatic crater detection with a resolution of 0.7 meters per pixel.) The accuracy of some of the HiRIC image results were evaluated by comparing them with images generated by the cameras on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wu-et-al_JGR,Planets_127(4)_Fig-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4b/Wu-et-al_JGR%2CPlanets_127%284%29_Fig-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="529" height="485" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>(a) Hazard index map (5 m/pixel) of the main landing region and candidate landing ellipses 16 and 128; and (b) parameters for the calculation of the hazard indices for candidate ellipses 16 and 128.</figcaption></figure> <p>Using the HiRIC mosaics, the selection team conducted various terrain analyses on potential candidate landing ellipses within the primary target region in an iterative manner; these analyses included the determination of the candidate ellipse's average slope, the percentage of slope with an angle greater than 8%, average rock abundance, the percentage of area within the candidate ellipse with a rock abundance greater than 10%, and the percentage of cratered area. A 'hazard index' is then distilled from the analyses for each candidate ellipse. Candidate ellipse 16, with the lowest hazard index, emerged as the primary target (candidate ellipse 128, with the next lowest hazard index, was the backup).<sup id="cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See the following figure produced by the landing selection team intended to illustrate the calculation of the hazard indices for candidate ellipses 16 and 128. </p><p>Ellipse 16 was selected for the attempted landing in May 2021; it is centered on <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tianwen-1&params=25.1188_N_109.9305_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°07′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°55′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.1188°N 109.9305°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.1188; 109.9305</span></span></span></a></span></span> with major and minor axes of 55 km (34 mi) and 22 km (14 mi) respectively (the boundary of the ellipse is defined by a landing probability uncertainty of 3 sigmas); also, the major axis of the landing ellipse is tilted with respect to the Martian north by 1.35 degrees to the west, this is a consequence of the planned orbital descent path. On 14 May 2021 (UTC), the Zhurong rover and its landing platform touched down at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tianwen-1&params=25.066_N_109.925_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°03′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°55′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.066°N 109.925°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.066; 109.925</span></span></span></a></span></span>, at an elevation of −4,099.4 m (−13,449 ft), about 3.1 km (1.9 mi) south of the center of landing ellipse 16.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tianwen-1_landing_site_candidates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tianwen-1_landing_site_candidates.png/660px-Tianwen-1_landing_site_candidates.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tianwen-1_landing_site_candidates.png/990px-Tianwen-1_landing_site_candidates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tianwen-1_landing_site_candidates.png/1320px-Tianwen-1_landing_site_candidates.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>The two landing site candidates of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 mission are enclosed by red lines on Martian map. The one on the left is located in <a href="/wiki/Chryse_Planitia" title="Chryse Planitia">Chryse Planitia</a> and the one on the right in <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_landing">The landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbstiegsphasenTianwen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AbstiegsphasenTianwen1.jpg/440px-AbstiegsphasenTianwen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AbstiegsphasenTianwen1.jpg/660px-AbstiegsphasenTianwen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AbstiegsphasenTianwen1.jpg/880px-AbstiegsphasenTianwen1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Entry, descent and landing (EDL) sequence of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 lander and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong</a></i> rover</figcaption></figure> <p>At 23:18 UTC, on 14 May 2021, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 lander successfully landed in the preselected landing area in the southern part of the Mars <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnsa202105_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnsa202105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc15052021_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc15052021-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landing phase began with the release of the protective capsule containing the lander/rover. The capsule made an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> followed by a descent phase under parachute, after which the lander used <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retro-propulsion</a> to soft-land on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-lander202105_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lander202105-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bjd_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjd-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc15052021_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc15052021-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 May 2021, CNSA released for the first time images showing the preparation of the final transfer of the <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover from the platform of the lander to the Martian soil. The photographs show the solar panels of <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> already deployed while <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> is still perched on the lander along with two circular windows on the deck under which n-undecane was stored in 10 containers that absorbs heat and melts during the daytime and solidifies and releases heat at night.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheVerge_2021_05_19_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheVerge_2021_05_19-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2021_05_19_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2021_05_19-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long delay for the publication of the first images is explained by the short periods of time when the <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover and the orbiter are in radio contact and can effectively communicate and transfer data.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMonde_2021_05_19_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMonde_2021_05_19-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 June 2021, CNSA released the first batch of scientific images from the surface of Mars including a panoramic image taken by <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> and a group photo of <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> and the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 lander taken by the drop camera. The panoramic image is composed of 24 single shots taken by the NaTeCam before the rover was deployed to the Martian surface. The image reveals that the topography and rock abundance near the landing site was consistent with previous anticipations from the scientist on typical south <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a> features with small but widespread rocks, white wave patterns, and mud volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-hiresimagerelease_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiresimagerelease-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration_of_Martian_surface">Exploration of Martian surface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exploration of Martian surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)#Mission_timeline" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong (rover) § Mission timeline</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tianwen-1_lander_on_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tianwen-1_lander_on_Mars.jpg/220px-Tianwen-1_lander_on_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tianwen-1_lander_on_Mars.jpg/330px-Tianwen-1_lander_on_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tianwen-1_lander_on_Mars.jpg/440px-Tianwen-1_lander_on_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Photo of lander on Mars taken by Zhurong rover</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhurong-with-lander-selfie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Zhurong-with-lander-selfie.png/220px-Zhurong-with-lander-selfie.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Zhurong-with-lander-selfie.png/330px-Zhurong-with-lander-selfie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Zhurong-with-lander-selfie.png/440px-Zhurong-with-lander-selfie.png 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption><i>Zhurong</i> selfie with lander, taken by the deployable Tianwen-1 Remote Camera.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuftaufnahmeTianwen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/LuftaufnahmeTianwen1.jpg/220px-LuftaufnahmeTianwen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/LuftaufnahmeTianwen1.jpg/330px-LuftaufnahmeTianwen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/LuftaufnahmeTianwen1.jpg/440px-LuftaufnahmeTianwen1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>The <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 lander (above) as seen by the High Resolution Imaging Camera (HiRIC) of the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter on 2 June 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 May 2021 (02:40 UTC), the <a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover</a> descended from its lander onto the Martian surface to begin its scientific mission. The first images received on Earth after the rover deployment showed the empty landing platform and the extended rover-descent ramps.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuter_2021_05_22_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuter_2021_05_22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xinhuanet_2021_05_22_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhuanet_2021_05_22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its deployment, the Rover's instrument, Mars Climatic Station, recorded the sound, acting as the second martian sound instrument to record Martian sounds successfully after <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseverance rover">Perseverance rover</a>'s microphones. </p><p>The <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover deployed a drop camera to the surface which was able to photograph both the <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover and the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 lander.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaSpaceNews_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaSpaceNews-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rover is designed to explore the surface for 90 <a href="/wiki/Sol_(day_on_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol (day on Mars)">sols</a>; its height is about 1.85 m (6.1 ft) and it has a mass of about 240 kg (530 lb). After the rover deployment, the orbiter would serve as a telecommunications relay for the rover while continuing to conduct its own orbital observations of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-MW17May2021_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW17May2021-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 July 2021, <i>Zhurong</i> visited the parachute and backshell dropped onto the Martian surface during its landing on 14 May.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 August 2021, <i>Zhurong</i> officially completed its planned exploration tasks and will continue to drive towards the southern part of Utopia Planitia where it landed.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaDaily_1km_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaDaily_1km-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 August 2021, <i>Zhurong</i> outlived its lifespan of 90 sols<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Chinese scientists and engineers announced an extended expedition aiming to investigate an ancient coastal area on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From mid-September to late October 2021, both the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter and <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover entered safe mode due to a communications blackout around <a href="/wiki/Solar_conjunction" title="Solar conjunction">solar conjunction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both devices were back to active mode after the ending of the blackout.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 May 2022, <i>Zhurong</i> was put into hibernation mode to prepare for the approaching sandstorms and Martian winter, and was programmed to self-awake at an appropriate temperature and sunlight condition.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_230120_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature_230120-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 February 2023, the initial results of the meteorological data from the first 325 sols of the mission were published in the journal <i>Nature</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_instruments">Scientific instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scientific instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To achieve the scientific objectives of the mission, the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter is equipped with eight scientific instruments, while the <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover is equipped with six, which include:<sup id="cite_ref-LiZhang2021_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiZhang2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orbiter">Orbiter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Orbiter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tianwen-1_orbiter_payload.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tianwen-1_orbiter_payload.jpg/220px-Tianwen-1_orbiter_payload.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tianwen-1_orbiter_payload.jpg/330px-Tianwen-1_orbiter_payload.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tianwen-1_orbiter_payload.jpg/440px-Tianwen-1_orbiter_payload.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>The configuration and layout of payloads on board the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HiRIC_on_Tianwen-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HiRIC_on_Tianwen-1.jpg/220px-HiRIC_on_Tianwen-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HiRIC_on_Tianwen-1.jpg/330px-HiRIC_on_Tianwen-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HiRIC_on_Tianwen-1.jpg/440px-HiRIC_on_Tianwen-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>HiRIC on <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tianwen-1_MoRIC_image_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mars image taken by MoRIC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tianwen-1_MoRIC_image_02.jpg/220px-Tianwen-1_MoRIC_image_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tianwen-1_MoRIC_image_02.jpg/330px-Tianwen-1_MoRIC_image_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tianwen-1_MoRIC_image_02.jpg/440px-Tianwen-1_MoRIC_image_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Mars image taken by MoRIC</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Moderate Resolution Imaging Camera</b> (<b>MoRIC</b>) with a resolution of 100 m from a 400 km altitude. It takes color photos in visible band.</li> <li><b>High Resolution Imaging Camera</b> (<b>HiRIC</b>) with a resolution of 2.5 m from a 256 km altitude in panchromatic mode, 10 m in color mode.</li> <li><b>Mars Orbiter Magnetometer</b> (<b>MOMAG</b>) is used to map Martian magnetic field.</li> <li><b>Mars Mineralogical Spectrometer</b> (<b>MMS</b>) utilizes the visible and near infrared imaging <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> with detection wavelengths ranging from 0.45 to 3.4 μm to investigate and analyze the Martian surface composition. It also investigate the distribution of regolith types and subsurface structure of Mars.</li> <li><b>Mars Orbiter Scientific Investigation Radar</b> (<b>MOSIR</b>) aims to explore the Martian surface and subsurface water-ice by means of the dual-polarization echo characteristics of radar.</li> <li><b>Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer</b> (<b>MINPA</b>) measures the flux of ions in space environment, distinguishes the main ions and obtains their physical parameters such as the density, velocity and temperature.</li> <li><b>Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer</b> (<b>MEPA</b>) obtains the energy spectrum, flux and elemental composition of energy electrons, protons, α particles and ions.</li> <li>Unknown payload, likely the <b>Mars Orbiter Status Monitoring Sensor (MOSMOS),</b> to monitor and evaluate the condition of key components, the Chinese flag and the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Paralympics" title="2022 Winter Paralympics">Paralympics</a> logo on the orbiter. The selfie rod, 0.8 kg (1.8 lb) in weight and 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) long, is made from shape memory composite material, solar heat makes it extended to working position with two cameras fixed at one end and attached to orbiter on another end along with some degrees of freedom to the arm.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zhurong_rover"><i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zhurong rover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong (rover)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhurong_payload.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Zhurong_payload.jpg/220px-Zhurong_payload.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Zhurong_payload.jpg/330px-Zhurong_payload.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Zhurong_payload.jpg/440px-Zhurong_payload.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>The configuration and layout of payloads on board the <i>Zhurong</i> rover</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_surface_by_Zhurong_rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mars surface captured by Zhurong rover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mars_surface_by_Zhurong_rover.jpg/220px-Mars_surface_by_Zhurong_rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mars_surface_by_Zhurong_rover.jpg/330px-Mars_surface_by_Zhurong_rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mars_surface_by_Zhurong_rover.jpg/440px-Mars_surface_by_Zhurong_rover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>Mars surface captured by Zhurong rover NaTeCam</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Mars Rover Penetrating Radar</b> (<b>RoPeR</b>) <a href="/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar" title="Ground-penetrating radar">Ground-penetrating radar</a> (GPR), two frequencies, to image about 100 m (330 ft) below the Martian surface<sup id="cite_ref-Radar_2016_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radar_2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the two very first ground-penetrating radars deployed on Mars, along with the one equipped by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a> launched and landed in same years.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mars Rover <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</a></b> (<b>RoMAG</b>) obtains the fine-scale structures of crustal magnetic field based on mobile measurements on the Martian surface.</li> <li><b>Mars Climate Station</b> (<b>MCS</b>) (also <b>MMMI</b> Mars Meteorological Measurement Instrument) measures the temperature, pressure, wind velocity and direction of the surface atmosphere, and a microphone to capture Martian sounds. During rover's deployment, it recorded the sound, acting as the second Martian sound instrument to record Martian sounds successfully after <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseverance rover">Perseverance rover</a>'s microphones.</li> <li><b>Mars Surface Compound Detector</b> (<b>MarSCoDe</b>) combines <a href="/wiki/Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy">laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</a> (LIBS) and infrared spectroscopy<sup id="cite_ref-ZouZhu2021_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZouZhu2021-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Multispectral Camera</b> (<b>MSCam</b>) Combined with MarSCoDe, MSCam investigates the mineral components to establish the relationship between Martian surface water environment and secondary mineral types, and to search for historical environmental conditions for the presence of liquid water.</li> <li><b>Navigation and Topography Cameras</b> (<b>NaTeCam</b>) With 2048 × 2048 resolution, NaTeCam is used to construct topography maps, extract parameters such as slope, undulation and roughness, investigate geological structures, and conduct comprehensive analysis on the geological structure of the surface parameters.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lander">Lander</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lander"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lander did not have a scientific payload, but carried a <b>Mars Emergency Beacon</b> designed to survive the force of a catastrophic crash. The beacon would have allowed critical engineering data to be collected to aid future design.<sup id="cite_ref-renminwang_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renminwang-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lander also carried the Chinese flag and <a href="/wiki/Bing_Dwen_Dwen_and_Shuey_Rhon_Rhon" title="Bing Dwen Dwen and Shuey Rhon Rhon">2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics mascots</a> with it like the orbiter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_instruments">Other instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Deployable Cameras</b>, two secondary Payloads deployed in September 2020 in deep space and 31 December 2021 in Mars orbit respectively, that took photos of and tested a radio connection with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceflightNow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first camera's mission was to photograph the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter and the lander's heat shield while the other one had to image the orbiter and Northern Mars Ice Cap from Mars orbit.</li> <li><b><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Remote Camera</b>, secondary Payload deployed on 1 June 2021 that took photos of and tested a wireless connection with <i>Zhurong</i> rover like the deployable cameras did with orbiter. Its mission was to take a group selfie of the <i>Zhurong</i> rover and the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 lander.<sup id="cite_ref-timeofdropcamera_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeofdropcamera-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The photo was released on 11 June 2021, confirming their Martian landing success.<sup id="cite_ref-hiresimagerelease_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiresimagerelease-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_collaborations">International collaborations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International collaborations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Argentina's <a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Actividades_Espaciales" class="mw-redirect" title="Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales">Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales</a> (CONAE) is collaborating on <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 by way of the <a href="/wiki/Espacio_Lejano_Station" title="Espacio Lejano Station">Espacio Lejano tracking station</a> installed in <a href="/wiki/Las_Lajas,_Neuqu%C3%A9n" title="Las Lajas, Neuquén">Las Lajas, Neuquén</a>. The facility played a previous role in China's landing of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></i> spacecraft on the far side of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> in January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-International_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> France's <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Recherche_en_Astrophysique_et_Plan%C3%A9tologie" title="Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie">Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie</a> (IRAP) in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, in France, is collaborating on the <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span></i> rover. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvestre_Maurice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvestre Maurice (page does not exist)">Sylvestre Maurice</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvestre_Maurice" class="extiw" title="fr:Sylvestre Maurice">fr</a>]</span> of IRAP said: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For their Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument, we have delivered a calibration target that is a French duplicate of a target which is on [NASA's] <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i> [Mars rover]. The idea is to see how the two datasets compare.<sup id="cite_ref-International_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Research_Promotion_Agency" title="Austrian Research Promotion Agency">Austrian Research Promotion Agency</a> (FFG) aided in the development of a magnetometer installed on the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter. The Space Research Institute of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> has confirmed the group's contribution to the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 magnetometer and helped with the calibration of the flight instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-International_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 orbiter will dispense commands to the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</i></span> rover, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> orbiter of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> could serve as a backup.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="position: relative; width: 620px; margin: 0 auto;" class="noresize"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Map of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/600px-Mars_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="600" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/900px-Mars_Map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/1200px-Mars_Map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1244" resource="/wiki/File:Mars_Map.JPG" /></span><figcaption> <div style="float: right;">(<a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and artificial objects on Mars">view</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template talk:Features and artificial objects on Mars">discuss</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">Interactive image map</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">global topography of Mars</a>, overlaid with the position of <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Martian rovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">landers</a>. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.<hr /><div style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller; font-style:italic; padding-top:0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mano_cursor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/10px-Mano_cursor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/15px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/20px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="440" /></a></span><b> Clickable image: </b>Clicking on the labels will open a new article.</div><div style="float: left;">(<span style="font-size:85%;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4F00; color:black;"> </span> Active</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000; color:white;"> </span> Inactive</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Planned)</span></span></div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_map" title="Template:Mars map">Mars map</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars#Landing_site_namings_and_memorials" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Mars Memorials list</a>) </span></div></figcaption></figure> <div style="position: absolute; left: 440px; top: 137px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><img alt="Beagle 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Beagle 2</i></small></span></a> </span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 523px; top: 173px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory#Landing_site" title="Bradbury Landing"><img alt="Bradbury Landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 97px; top: 174px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;text-align:right;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Curiosity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 520px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><img alt="Deep Space 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 100px; top: 301px"><span style="display:inline;text-align:right;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Deep Space 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 521px; top: 153px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><img alt="InSight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><span style="color:white"><small><i>InSight</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 373px; top: 234px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><img alt="Mars 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 65px; top: 235px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><img alt="Mars 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 3</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 270px; top: 195px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><img alt="Mars 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 6</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 545px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><img alt="Mars Polar Lander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 54px; top: 283px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars Polar Lander ↓</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 300px; top: 175px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity"><img alt="Opportunity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Opportunity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 417px; top: 125px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance"><img alt="Perseverance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 436.5px; top: 121px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Perseverance</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 116px; top: 28px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix"><img alt="Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Phoenix</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 275px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin"><img alt="Rosalind Franklin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><span style="color:black;background: white;"><small><i>Rosalind Franklin</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 278px; top: 169px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><img alt="Schiaparelli EDM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/EDMIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 342px; top: 170px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 260px; top: 124px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner"><img alt="Sojourner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/SojournerIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Sojourner</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 562px; top: 184px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit"><img alt="Spirit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 38px; top: 201px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Spirit</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 445px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><img alt="Tianwen-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/ZhurongIcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px solid;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Zhurong</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 231px; top: 119px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><img alt="Viking 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 388px; top: 120px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 1</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 495px; top: 67px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><img alt="Viking 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 2</i> </small></span></a> </span></div> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tianwen-1" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a> – Science concerned with life in the universe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Deep_Space_Network" title="Chinese Deep Space Network">Chinese Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a> – Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a>, UAE 2020 Mars mission with its <i>Hope</i> orbiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a> – Mars mission to collect rock and dust samples</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The United Kingdom's <i><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></i>, part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> mission, appears to have landed successfully, but was unable to establish communications after failing to fully deploy its <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasaspaceflight.beagle_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasaspaceflight.beagle-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-times.beagle_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times.beagle-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianwen-1&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takungpao.com/news/232108/2019/1012/360558.html">"中国火星探测器露真容明年发射"</a>. <i>Ta Kung Pao</i> (in Chinese). 12 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216192025/http://www.takungpao.com/news/232108/2019/1012/360558.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ta+Kung+Pao&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8%E9%9C%B2%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%B9+%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.takungpao.com%2Fnews%2F232108%2F2019%2F1012%2F360558.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ger_2018_small_mobile.pdf"><i>The Global Exploration Roadmap</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Space Exploration Coordination Group. January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127160706/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ger_2018_small_mobile.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Exploration+Roadmap&rft.pub=International+Space+Exploration+Coordination+Group&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fger_2018_small_mobile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RM_2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RM_2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2018" class="citation book cs1">Wang, F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2018/copuos2018tech19E.pdf"><i>China's Cooperation Plan on Lunar and Deep Space Exploration</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214163019/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2018/copuos2018tech19E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Cooperation+Plan+on+Lunar+and+Deep+Space+Exploration&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Outer+Space+Affairs&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Fcopuos%2F2018%2Fcopuos2018tech19E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xinhua_03212016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua_03212016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua_03212016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua_03212016_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326123755/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/21/c_135209176.htm">"China Exclusive: China's aim to explore Mars"</a>. Xinhua News Agency. 21 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/21/c_135209176.htm">the original</a> on 26 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Exclusive%3A+China%27s+aim+to+explore+Mars&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2016-03%2F21%2Fc_135209176.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/25/china-breaks-silence-over-status-of-mars-rover-zhurong">"China breaks silence over status of Mars rover Zhurong"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=China+breaks+silence+over+status+of+Mars+rover+Zhurong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F4%2F25%2Fchina-breaks-silence-over-status-of-mars-rover-zhurong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6809882/content.html">"Tianwen-1"</a>. China National Space Administration (CNSA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727020948/http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6809882/content.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tianwen-1&rft.pub=China+National+Space+Administration+%28CNSA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsa.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fn6465652%2Fn6465653%2Fc6809882%2Fcontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF上海卫星2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">上海卫星 (14 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzkyMzI3MTAwMw==&mid=2247495738&idx=1&sn=f026ca3fd0baa5f2e9beb84a1a5502e3&source=41#wechat_redirect">"509所为你解密火星环绕器结构设计！"</a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117061724/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzkyMzI3MTAwMw==&mid=2247495738&idx=1&sn=f026ca3fd0baa5f2e9beb84a1a5502e3&source=41#wechat_redirect">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=509%E6%89%80%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%A0%E8%A7%A3%E5%AF%86%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%8E%AF%E7%BB%95%E5%99%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%EF%BC%81&rft.date=2021-02-14&rft.au=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmp.weixin.qq.com%2Fs%3F__biz%3DMzkyMzI3MTAwMw%3D%3D%26mid%3D2247495738%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Df026ca3fd0baa5f2e9beb84a1a5502e3%26source%3D41%23wechat_redirect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2020" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (23 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-tianwen-1-mars-mission-launch.html">"China launches ambitious <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Mars rover mission"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723073549/https://www.space.com/china-tianwen-1-mars-mission-launch.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China+launches+ambitious+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1+Mars+rover+mission&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-tianwen-1-mars-mission-launch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnsa20201117-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnsa20201117_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6810497/content.html">"天问一号探测器飞行里程突破3亿千米"</a> [<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 has flown more than 300 million kilometres]. <i>cnsa.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 17 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117043310/http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6810497/content.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnsa.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E9%87%8C%E7%A8%8B%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B43%E4%BA%BF%E5%8D%83%E7%B1%B3&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsa.gov.cn%2Fn6758823%2Fn6758838%2Fc6810497%2Fcontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF_orbit_insertion-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSF_orbit_insertion_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSF_orbit_insertion_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebhardt2021" class="citation web cs1">Gebhardt, Chris (10 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/02/china-ready-to-begin-mars-tenure-with-tianwen-1-orbit-insertion/">"China, with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1, begins tenure at Mars with successful orbital arrival"</a>. <i>NASASpaceFlight.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210110620/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/02/china-ready-to-begin-mars-tenure-with-tianwen-1-orbit-insertion/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=China%2C+with+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1%2C+begins+tenure+at+Mars+with+successful+orbital+arrival&rft.date=2021-02-10&rft.aulast=Gebhardt&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2021%2F02%2Fchina-ready-to-begin-mars-tenure-with-tianwen-1-orbit-insertion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpaceflightNow-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2020" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (6 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/10/06/chinas-mars-bound-probe-returns-self-portrait-from-deep-space/">"China's Mars-bound probe returns self-portrait from deep space"</a>. <i>Spaceflight Now</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008122055/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/10/06/chinas-mars-bound-probe-returns-self-portrait-from-deep-space/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Now&rft.atitle=China%27s+Mars-bound+probe+returns+self-portrait+from+deep+space&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2020%2F10%2F06%2Fchinas-mars-bound-probe-returns-self-portrait-from-deep-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnsa202105-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnsa202105_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnsa202105_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6812001/content.html">"我国首次火星探测任务着陆火星取得圆满成功"</a>. <i>cnsa.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 15 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515033018/http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6812001/content.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>科研团队根据"祝融号"火星车发回遥测信号确认，5月15日7时18</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnsa.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E6%AC%A1%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E7%9D%80%E9%99%86%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%8F%96%E5%BE%97%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsa.gov.cn%2Fn6758823%2Fn6758838%2Fc6812001%2Fcontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lander202105-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lander202105_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lander202105_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2021/05-15/9477804.shtml">"天问一号成功着陆火星！"</a> (in Chinese). China News Service. 15 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515015308/http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2021/05-15/9477804.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%9D%80%E9%99%86%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%EF%BC%81&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fgn%2F2021%2F05-15%2F9477804.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bjd-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bjd_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bjd_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhang, Hang (15 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.bjd.com.cn/2021/05/15/87615t133.html">"官宣！7时18分！"天问一号"探测器成功着陆火星"</a>. <i>Beijing Daily</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218203941/https://news.bjd.com.cn/tech/2021/05/15/87615t133.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beijing+Daily&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%98%E5%AE%A3%EF%BC%817%E6%97%B618%E5%88%86%EF%BC%81%22%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%22%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E7%9D%80%E9%99%86%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Hang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftech.bjd.com.cn%2F2021%2F05%2F15%2F87615t133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landing_site-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landing_site_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landing_site_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landing_site_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landing_site_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (28 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-tianwen-1-landing-site">"China chooses landing site for its <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Mars rover"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029100232/https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-tianwen-1-landing-site">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China+chooses+landing+site+for+its+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1+Mars+rover&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-mars-rover-tianwen-1-landing-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-space15may21-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-space15may21_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitering2021" class="citation web cs1">Weitering, Hanneke (15 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-landing-success-tianwen-1-zhurong">"China's 1st Mars rover '<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span>' lands on the Red Planet"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515013311/https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-landing-success-tianwen-1-zhurong">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+1st+Mars+rover+%27%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3EZhurong%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%27+lands+on+the+Red+Planet&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft.aulast=Weitering&rft.aufirst=Hanneke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-mars-rover-landing-success-tianwen-1-zhurong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiuEtAl2021-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LiuEtAl2021_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuEtAl2021_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuEtAl2021_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiuEtAl2021_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLaiZhangRao2021" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, J.; Lai, C.; Zhang, R.; Rao, W.; Cui, X.; Geng, Y.; Jia, Y.; Hiang, H.; Ren, X.; Yan, W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>The same Chinese space watchers who revealed the impending descent also report that <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span> will begin exploration on 22 May</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Room&rft.atitle=China+is+about+to+land+its+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3EZhurong%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+rover+on+Mars&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.aulast=Hebden&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froom.eu.com%2Fnews%2Fchina-is-about-to-land-its-zhurong-rover-on-mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-May-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-May_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0506/c1004-32415530.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"祝融号"火星车准备越冬环绕器持续开展环绕探测"</a> (in Simplified Chinese). 人民网. 6 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506023726/http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0506/c1004-32415530.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%E7%A5%9D%E8%9E%8D%E5%8F%B7%22%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%BD%A6%E5%87%86%E5%A4%87%E8%B6%8A%E5%86%AC+%E7%8E%AF%E7%BB%95%E5%99%A8%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E7%8E%AF%E7%BB%95%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2022-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinance.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2022%2F0506%2Fc1004-32415530.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiresimagerelease-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hiresimagerelease_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiresimagerelease_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiresimagerelease_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6812123/content.html">"天问一号探测器着陆火星首批科学影像图揭幕"</a>. <i>cnsa.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 11 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611092635/http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6812123/content.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnsa.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8%E7%9D%80%E9%99%86%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E9%A6%96%E6%89%B9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E5%9B%BE%E6%8F%AD%E5%B9%95&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsa.gov.cn%2Fn6758823%2Fn6758838%2Fc6812123%2Fcontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mp.weixin.qq.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mp.weixin.qq.com_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mp.weixin.qq.com_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hUJHZD10VONAulzIXnfFtA">"New Year's Day greetings-China National Space Administration releases the images returned by the Tianwen-1 probe"</a>. 1 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101004107/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hUJHZD10VONAulzIXnfFtA">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Mars+Rover+Mission+Lands+on+the+Red+Planet&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Steven+Lee&rft.au=Chang%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F05%2F14%2Fscience%2Fchina-mars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJ23July2020-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJ23July2020_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJ23July2020_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJ23July2020_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Jones, Andrew (23 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/tianwen-1-launches-for-mars-marking-dawn-of-chinese-interplanetary-exploration/">"<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 launches for Mars, marking dawn of Chinese interplanetary exploration"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221110125542/https://spacenews.com/tianwen-1-launches-for-mars-marking-dawn-of-chinese-interplanetary-exploration/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1+launches+for+Mars%2C+marking+dawn+of+Chinese+interplanetary+exploration&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Ftianwen-1-launches-for-mars-marking-dawn-of-chinese-interplanetary-exploration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoulette2021" class="citation web cs1">Roulette, Joey (5 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/5/22266752/uae-china-nasa-mars-missions">"Three countries are due to reach Mars in the next two weeks"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205181816/https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/5/22266752/uae-china-nasa-mars-missions">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Three+countries+are+due+to+reach+Mars+in+the+next+two+weeks&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft.aulast=Roulette&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2021%2F2%2F5%2F22266752%2Fuae-china-nasa-mars-missions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzsimons2021" class="citation web cs1">Fitzsimons, Tim (15 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/china-becomes-only-second-nation-history-land-rover-mars-n1267410">"China becomes only second nation in history to land a rover on Mars"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515005944/https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/china-becomes-only-second-nation-history-land-rover-mars-n1267410">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=China+becomes+only+second+nation+in+history+to+land+a+rover+on+Mars&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft.aulast=Fitzsimons&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fchina-becomes-only-second-nation-history-land-rover-mars-n1267410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2021" class="citation web cs1">Corbett, Tobias (14 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/china-first-mars-landing-attempt-tianwen-1/">"China succeeds on country's first Mars landing attempt with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1"</a>. <i>NASASpaceFlight.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165345/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/china-first-mars-landing-attempt-tianwen-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=China+succeeds+on+country%27s+first+Mars+landing+attempt+with+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2021%2F05%2Fchina-first-mars-landing-attempt-tianwen-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasaspaceflight.beagle-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasaspaceflight.beagle_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2016" class="citation web cs1">Graham, William (13 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/03/proton-m-first-exomars-spacecraft/">"Proton-M successfully launches first ExoMars spacecraft"</a>. <i>NASASpaceFlight.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160318014347/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/03/proton-m-first-exomars-spacecraft/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=Proton-M+successfully+launches+first+ExoMars+spacecraft&rft.date=2016-03-13&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fproton-m-first-exomars-spacecraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times.beagle-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-times.beagle_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2021" class="citation news cs1">Goddard, Jacqui (13 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/us-rover-perseverance-taste-touch-listen-mars-9fvp9hmrq">"US rover Perseverance will taste, touch and listen to Mars"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210516152132/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/us-rover-perseverance-taste-touch-listen-mars-9fvp9hmrq">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=US+rover+Perseverance+will+taste%2C+touch+and+listen+to+Mars&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Jacqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fus-rover-perseverance-taste-touch-listen-mars-9fvp9hmrq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuter_2021_05_22-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuter_2021_05_22_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuter_2021_05_22_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooSun2021" class="citation news cs1">Woo, Ryan; Sun, Yilei (22 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/china-says-martian-rover-takes-first-drive-surface-red-planet-2021-05-22/">"China says Martian rover takes first drive on surface of Red Planet"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522063611/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/china-says-martian-rover-takes-first-drive-surface-red-planet-2021-05-22/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+says+Martian+rover+takes+first+drive+on+surface+of+Red+Planet&rft.date=2021-05-22&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Sun%2C+Yilei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Flifestyle%2Fscience%2Fchina-says-martian-rover-takes-first-drive-surface-red-planet-2021-05-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xinhuanet_2021_05_22-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xinhuanet_2021_05_22_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xinhuanet_2021_05_22_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/tech/2021-05/22/c_1127478626.htm">"祝融号火星车成功驶上火星表面"</a> [<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span> rover successfully descended onto the surface of Mars] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 22 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614072822/http://www.xinhuanet.com/tech/2021-05/22/c_1127478626.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E7%A5%9D%E8%9E%8D%E5%8F%B7%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%BD%A6%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E9%A9%B6%E4%B8%8A%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2&rft.date=2021-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Ftech%2F2021-05%2F22%2Fc_1127478626.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radar_2016-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radar_2016_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radar_2016_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radar_2016_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouShenJiLu2016" class="citation conference cs1">Zhou, Bin; Shen, Shaoxiang; Ji, Yicai; Lu, Wei; Zhang, Feng; Fang, Guangyou; Su, Yan; Dai, Shun (2016). "The subsurface penetrating radar on the rover of China's Mars 2020 mission". <i>2016 16th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)</i>. 2016 16th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Hong Kong, China. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICGPR.2016.7572700">10.1109/ICGPR.2016.7572700</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-5181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-5181-6"><bdi>978-1-5090-5181-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:306903">306903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+subsurface+penetrating+radar+on+the+rover+of+China%27s+Mars+2020+mission&rft.btitle=2016+16th+International+Conference+on+Ground+Penetrating+Radar+%28GPR%29&rft.place=Hong+Kong%2C+China&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A306903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICGPR.2016.7572700&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-5181-6&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Bin&rft.au=Shen%2C+Shaoxiang&rft.au=Ji%2C+Yicai&rft.au=Lu%2C+Wei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Feng&rft.au=Fang%2C+Guangyou&rft.au=Su%2C+Yan&rft.au=Dai%2C+Shun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Matt (30 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universetoday.com/151321/zhurong-is-rolling-on-mars/">"<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span> is Rolling on Mars"</a>. <i>Universe Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530232436/https://www.universetoday.com/151321/zhurong-is-rolling-on-mars/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3EZhurong%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+is+Rolling+on+Mars&rft.date=2021-05-30&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F151321%2Fzhurong-is-rolling-on-mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woo-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woo_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2021" class="citation news cs1">Woo, Ryan (15 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/chinese-spacecraft-successfully-lands-surface-mars-xinhua-2021-05-15/">"China completes historic Mars spacecraft landing"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515011643/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/chinese-spacecraft-successfully-lands-surface-mars-xinhua-2021-05-15/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+completes+historic+Mars+spacecraft+landing&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Flifestyle%2Fscience%2Fchinese-spacecraft-successfully-lands-surface-mars-xinhua-2021-05-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-zhurong-milestone-took-nasa-decades">"On its first try, China's Zhurong rover hit a Mars milestone that took NASA decades"</a>. space.com. July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025110128/https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-zhurong-milestone-took-nasa-decades">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+its+first+try%2C+China%27s+Zhurong+rover+hit+a+Mars+milestone+that+took+NASA+decades&rft.pub=space.com&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-mars-rover-zhurong-milestone-took-nasa-decades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaSpaceNews-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaSpaceNews_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaSpaceNews_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/w_3t4yp7pGjSMl7CTJ1-Gw">"科学影像图揭幕，一次性绕着巡！我国首次火星探测任务取得圆满成功"</a> [The scientific image map was unveiled, and it was a one-time tour! my country's first Mars exploration mission was a complete success]. <i>China Space News</i> (in Chinese). 11 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611025131/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/w_3t4yp7pGjSMl7CTJ1-Gw">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span> – via WeChat. <q>The picture of the "touring group photo" shows the rover traveling about 10 meters south of the landing platform, releasing the separate camera installed at the bottom of the vehicle, and then retreating to the vicinity of the landing platform.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Space+News&rft.atitle=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E5%9B%BE%E6%8F%AD%E5%B9%95%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%95%E7%9D%80%E5%B7%A1%EF%BC%81%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E6%AC%A1%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E5%8F%96%E5%BE%97%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmp.weixin.qq.com%2Fs%2Fw_3t4yp7pGjSMl7CTJ1-Gw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iafastro.org/events/iac/iac-2022/plenary-programme/highlight-lectures/iaf-world-space-award.html">"IAF WORLD SPACE AWARD: ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE TIANWEN-1 MISSION"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAF+WORLD+SPACE+AWARD%3A+ACHIEVEMENTS+OF+THE+TIANWEN-1+MISSION&rft.pub=International+Astronautical+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iafastro.org%2Fevents%2Fiac%2Fiac-2022%2Fplenary-programme%2Fhighlight-lectures%2Fiaf-world-space-award.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-tianwen-1-mars-mission-wins-award">"China's Tianwen-1 Mars mission wins international space award"</a>. Space.com. 22 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923011754/https://www.space.com/china-tianwen-1-mars-mission-wins-award">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Tianwen-1+Mars+mission+wins+international+space+award&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-tianwen-1-mars-mission-wins-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2020/07/08/mars-alert-why-three-spacecraft-must-leave-for-the-red-planet-within-days-or-miss-their-chance/?sh=cd811795f936">"Mars Alert: Why Three Spacecraft Must Leave For The Red Planet Within Weeks Or Miss Their Chance"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207013613/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2020/07/08/mars-alert-why-three-spacecraft-must-leave-for-the-red-planet-within-days-or-miss-their-chance/?sh=cd811795f936">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Mars+Alert%3A+Why+Three+Spacecraft+Must+Leave+For+The+Red+Planet+Within+Weeks+Or+Miss+Their+Chance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjamiecartereurope%2F2020%2F07%2F08%2Fmars-alert-why-three-spacecraft-must-leave-for-the-red-planet-within-days-or-miss-their-chance%2F%3Fsh%3Dcd811795f936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ie.bjd.com.cn/5b165687a010550e5ddc0e6a/contentApp/5b16573ae4b02a9fe2d558f9/AP5ea2496de4b0b1fafa168c9b">"中国首次火星探测任务命名为"天问一号"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [China's first Mars exploration mission named "<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span> No. 1"]. <i>Beijing Daily</i> (in Chinese). 24 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515152917/https://ie.bjd.com.cn/5b165687a010550e5ddc0e6a/contentApp/5b16573ae4b02a9fe2d558f9/AP5ea2496de4b0b1fafa168c9b">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beijing+Daily&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E6%AC%A1%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%B8%BA%22%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%22&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fie.bjd.com.cn%2F5b165687a010550e5ddc0e6a%2FcontentApp%2F5b16573ae4b02a9fe2d558f9%2FAP5ea2496de4b0b1fafa168c9b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-04242020Xinhua-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-04242020Xinhua_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507214646/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/24/c_139004153.htm">"China's first Mars exploration mission named <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1"</a>. Xinhua News Agency. 24 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/24/c_139004153.htm">the original</a> on 7 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%27s+first+Mars+exploration+mission+named+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2020-04%2F24%2Fc_139004153.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orbit-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orbit_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orbit_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung2021" class="citation news cs1">Yeung, Jessie (10 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/10/asia/china-tianwen-1-mars-orbit-hnk-scli-scn/">"<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1, China's mission to Mars, has entered orbit"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211173629/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/10/asia/china-tianwen-1-mars-orbit-hnk-scli-scn/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1%2C+China%27s+mission+to+Mars%2C+has+entered+orbit&rft.date=2021-02-10&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F02%2F10%2Fasia%2Fchina-tianwen-1-mars-orbit-hnk-scli-scn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xinhua202104-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xinhua202104_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/24/c_139902817.htm">"China's first Mars rover named <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%27s+first+Mars+rover+named+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3EZhurong%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2021-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2021-04%2F24%2Fc_139902817.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hunantoday.cn/article/202103/202103021744589495.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"祝融号"荣登榜首！中国首辆火星车全球征名投票结束"</a>. <i>Hunan Today</i> (in Chinese). 2 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210424051731/http://www.hunantoday.cn/article/202103/202103021744589495.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hunan+Today&rft.atitle=%22%E7%A5%9D%E8%9E%8D%E5%8F%B7%22%E8%8D%A3%E7%99%BB%E6%A6%9C%E9%A6%96%EF%BC%81%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E8%BE%86%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%BD%A6%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%BE%81%E5%90%8D%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%9F&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hunantoday.cn%2Farticle%2F202103%2F202103021744589495.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2014" class="citation news cs1">Wu, Nan (24 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1539568/next-stop-mars-china-aims-send-rover-red-planet-within-six-years">"Next stop – Mars: China aims to send rover to Red Planet within six years"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201003953/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1539568/next-stop-mars-china-aims-send-rover-red-planet-within-six-years">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Next+stop+%E2%80%93+Mars%3A+China+aims+to+send+rover+to+Red+Planet+within+six+years&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Nan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Farticle%2F1539568%2Fnext-stop-mars-china-aims-send-rover-red-planet-within-six-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/t/tianwen-1">"<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 (China's first Mars Exploration Mission)"</a>. <i>eoPortal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210163646/https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/t/tianwen-1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eoPortal&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1+%28China%27s+first+Mars+Exploration+Mission%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirectory.eoportal.org%2Fweb%2Feoportal%2Fsatellite-missions%2Ft%2Ftianwen-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE2019article-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE2019article_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE2019article_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE2019article_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2019" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Andrew (8 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/china-says-its-mars-landing-technology-is-ready-for-2020">"China Says Its Mars Landing Technology Is Ready For 2020"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924115737/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/aerospace/robotic-exploration/china-says-its-mars-landing-technology-is-ready-for-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=China+Says+Its+Mars+Landing+Technology+Is+Ready+For+2020&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fchina-says-its-mars-landing-technology-is-ready-for-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mars-landing-test-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mars-landing-test_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6808105/content.html">"CNSA invited embassies and media to witness hovering and obstacle avoidance test for Mars Lander of China's first Mars exploration mission"</a>. <i>cnsa.gov.cn</i>. China National Space Administration. 14 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523050633/http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6808105/content.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnsa.gov.cn&rft.atitle=CNSA+invited+embassies+and+media+to+witness+hovering+and+obstacle+avoidance+test+for+Mars+Lander+of+China%27s+first+Mars+exploration+mission&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsa.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fn6465652%2Fn6465653%2Fc6808105%2Fcontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tianwen-chinadaily-en-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tianwen-chinadaily-en_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2020" class="citation news cs1">Zhao, Lei (24 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125113313/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/24/WS5ea24a82a3105d50a3d188ea.html">"China's first Mars mission named <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span> 1"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/24/WS5ea24a82a3105d50a3d188ea.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=China%27s+first+Mars+mission+named+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+1&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202004%2F24%2FWS5ea24a82a3105d50a3d188ea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/10/c_139429028.htm">"China's Mars probe completes deep-space maneuver"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%27s+Mars+probe+completes+deep-space+maneuver&rft.date=2020-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2020-10%2F10%2Fc_139429028.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SN-AJ-10022021-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SN-AJ-10022021_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SN-AJ-10022021_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Jones, Andrew (10 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/chinas-tianwen-1-enters-orbit-around-mars/">"China's <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 enters orbit around Mars"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210210130625/https://spacenews.com/chinas-tianwen-1-enters-orbit-around-mars/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Country+making+strides+toward+Mars+mission&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F201912%2F03%2FWS5de5b0fca310cf3e3557b7b5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (5 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-tianwen-1-mars-orbit-insertion-february-2021">"China's <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 spacecraft will reach Mars orbit on 10 February 2021"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211200755/https://www.space.com/china-tianwen-1-mars-orbit-insertion-february-2021">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+Mars+mission%3A+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1+spacecraft+enters+into+orbit&rft.date=2021-02-10&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-56013041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orbit2-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orbit2_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Estévez2021" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Estévez (10 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://destevez.net/2021/11/tianwen-1-remote-sensing-orbit/">"Tianwen-1 remote sensing orbit"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308035958/https://destevez.net/2021/02/tianwen-1-phasing-orbit/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tianwen-1+remote+sensing+orbit&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft.au=Daniel+Est%C3%A9vez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdestevez.net%2F2021%2F11%2Ftianwen-1-remote-sensing-orbit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiZhang2021-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LiZhang2021_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiZhang2021_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiZhang2021_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiZhangYuDong2021" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Chunlai; Zhang, Rongqiao; Yu, Dengyun; Dong, Guangliang; Liu, Jianjun; Geng, Yan; Sun, Zezhou; Yan, Wei; Ren, Xin; Su, Yan; Zuo, Wei; Zhang, Tielong; Cao, Jinbin; Fang, Guangyou; Yang, Jianfeng; Shu, Rong; Lin, Yangting; Zou, Yongliao; Liu, Dawei; Liu, Bin; Kong, Deqing; Zhu, Xinying; Ouyang, Ziyuan (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-021-00832-9">"China's Mars Exploration Mission and Science Investigation"</a>. <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>217</b> (4): 57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SSRv..217...57L">2021SSRv..217...57L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-021-00832-9">10.1007/s11214-021-00832-9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=China%27s+Mars+Exploration+Mission+and+Science+Investigation&rft.volume=217&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-021-00832-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SSRv..217...57L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Chunlai&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Rongqiao&rft.au=Yu%2C+Dengyun&rft.au=Dong%2C+Guangliang&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jianjun&rft.au=Geng%2C+Yan&rft.au=Sun%2C+Zezhou&rft.au=Yan%2C+Wei&rft.au=Ren%2C+Xin&rft.au=Su%2C+Yan&rft.au=Zuo%2C+Wei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Tielong&rft.au=Cao%2C+Jinbin&rft.au=Fang%2C+Guangyou&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jianfeng&rft.au=Shu%2C+Rong&rft.au=Lin%2C+Yangting&rft.au=Zou%2C+Yongliao&rft.au=Liu%2C+Dawei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Bin&rft.au=Kong%2C+Deqing&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xinying&rft.au=Ouyang%2C+Ziyuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11214-021-00832-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wu-et-al_JGR_2022_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuDongWangRao2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Bo; Dong, Jie; Wang, Yiran; Rao, Wei; Sun, Zezhou; Li, Zhaojin; Tan, Zhiyan; Chen, Zeyu; Wang, Chuang; Liu, Wai-Chung; Chen, Long; Zhu, Jiaming; Li, Hongliang (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021JE007137">"Landing site selection and characterization of Tianwen-1 (Zhurong rover) on Mars"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>127</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JGRE..12707137W">2022JGRE..12707137W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021JE007137">10.1029/2021JE007137</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=Landing+site+selection+and+characterization+of+Tianwen-1+%28Zhurong+rover%29+on+Mars&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021JE007137&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JGRE..12707137W&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft.au=Dong%2C+Jie&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yiran&rft.au=Rao%2C+Wei&rft.au=Sun%2C+Zezhou&rft.au=Li%2C+Zhaojin&rft.au=Tan%2C+Zhiyan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Zeyu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuang&rft.au=Liu%2C+Wai-Chung&rft.au=Chen%2C+Long&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jiaming&rft.au=Li%2C+Hongliang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2021JE007137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc15052021-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc15052021_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc15052021_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2021" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonothan (15 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914/">"China lands its <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span> rover on Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515235607/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+lands+its+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3EZhurong%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+rover+on+Mars&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonothan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-57122914%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianwen-1_|_Deep_Space_Exploration_of_China2022" class="citation web cs1">Tianwen-1 | Deep Space Exploration of China [@CNDeepSpace] (5 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1478755108074627074">"The secret keeping #Zhurong warm during freezing night is under the two circular windows: N-undecane stored in 10 containers absorbs heat and melts during the daytime and solidifies and releases heat at night. https://t.co/UBT9fD94bw"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105155503/https://twitter.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1478755108074627074">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+secret+keeping+%23Zhurong+warm+during+freezing+night+is+under+the+two+circular+windows%3A+N-undecane+stored+in+10+containers+absorbs+heat+and+melts+during+the+daytime+and+solidifies+and+releases+heat+at+night.+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FUBT9fD94bw&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft.au=Tianwen-1+%7C+Deep+Space+Exploration+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FCNDeepSpace%2Fstatus%2F1478755108074627074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeMonde_2021_05_19-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeMonde_2021_05_19_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthélémy2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barthélémy, Pierre (19 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2021/05/19/le-rover-chinois-zhurong-envoie-ses-premieres-photos-de-mars_6080774_1650684.html">"Le rover chinois <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span> envoie ses premières photos de Mars"</a> [The Chinese rover <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span> sends its first photographies]. <i>Le Monde</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519180649/http://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2021/05/19/le-rover-chinois-zhurong-envoie-ses-premieres-photos-de-mars_6080774_1650684.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Le+rover+chinois+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3EZhurong%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+envoie+ses+premi%C3%A8res+photos+de+Mars&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fsciences%2Farticle%2F2021%2F05%2F19%2Fle-rover-chinois-zhurong-envoie-ses-premieres-photos-de-mars_6080774_1650684.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW17May2021-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW17May2021_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2021" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (17 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-zhurong-first-week/">"China's newly landed Mars rover <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhurong</span></span> likely to roll into action this weekend"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624135152/https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-zhurong-first-week">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+newly+landed+Mars+rover+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3EZhurong%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+likely+to+roll+into+action+this+weekend&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-mars-rover-zhurong-first-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6812290/content.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"祝融号"近距离"看"降落伞与背罩"</a>. <i>CNSA</i> (in Chinese). 16 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114104335/http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6812290/content.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNSA&rft.atitle=%22%E7%A5%9D%E8%9E%8D%E5%8F%B7%22%E8%BF%91%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%22%E7%9C%8B%22%E9%99%8D%E8%90%BD%E4%BC%9E%E4%B8%8E%E8%83%8C%E7%BD%A9&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsa.gov.cn%2Fn6758823%2Fn6758838%2Fc6812290%2Fcontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/chinas-zhurong-mars-rover-visits-own-parachute/">"China's Zhurong Mars rover visits own parachute"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=China%27s+Zhurong+Mars+rover+visits+own+parachute&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchinas-zhurong-mars-rover-visits-own-parachute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaDaily_1km-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaDaily_1km_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202108/23/WS612376cea310efa1bd66a927.html">"China's rover travels over 1 km on Mars"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. Xinhua News Agency. 23 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830172719/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202108/23/WS612376cea310efa1bd66a927.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=China%27s+rover+travels+over+1+km+on+Mars&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202108%2F23%2FWS612376cea310efa1bd66a927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (30 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-zhurong-studies-dunes">"China's Zhurong Mars rover scopes out dunes on journey south"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505190508/https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-zhurong-studies-dunes">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+Zhurong+Mars+rover+scopes+out+dunes+on+journey+south&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-mars-rover-zhurong-studies-dunes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooser2021" class="citation web cs1">Kooser, Amanda (20 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/science/chinas-mars-rover-outlasts-its-life-expectancy-keeps-on-going/">"China's Mars rover outlasts its life expectancy, keeps on going"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314164700/https://www.cnet.com/science/chinas-mars-rover-outlasts-its-life-expectancy-keeps-on-going/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=China%27s+Mars+rover+outlasts+its+life+expectancy%2C+keeps+on+going&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft.aulast=Kooser&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fscience%2Fchinas-mars-rover-outlasts-its-life-expectancy-keeps-on-going%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (5 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-zhurong-mars-rover-communications-blackout-panorama-image">"China's Zhurong Mars rover returns panorama ahead of planetary blackout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204181629/https://www.space.com/china-zhurong-mars-rover-communications-blackout-panorama-image">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+Zhurong+Mars+rover+returns+panorama+ahead+of+planetary+blackout&rft.date=2021-09-05&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-zhurong-mars-rover-communications-blackout-panorama-image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (22 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-tianwen-1-mars-orbiter-rover-radio-blackout-ends">"China's Zhurong Mars rover returns panorama ahead of planetary blackout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113145140/https://www.space.com/china-tianwen-1-mars-orbiter-rover-radio-blackout-ends">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+Zhurong+Mars+rover+returns+panorama+ahead+of+planetary+blackout&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-tianwen-1-mars-orbiter-rover-radio-blackout-ends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature_230120-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature_230120_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallapaty2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mallapaty, Smriti (20 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00111-3">"What's happened to China's first Mars rover?"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-023-00111-3">10.1038/d41586-023-00111-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36670252">36670252</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256056375">256056375</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210150421/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00111-3">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=What%27s+happened+to+China%27s+first+Mars+rover%3F&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256056375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36670252&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-023-00111-3&rft.aulast=Mallapaty&rft.aufirst=Smriti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-023-00111-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooser" class="citation web cs1">Kooser, Amanda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/science/space/chinas-first-mars-rover-may-have-run-into-trouble-on-the-dusty-planet/">"China's First Mars Rover May Have Run Into Trouble on the Dusty Planet"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210150421/https://www.cnet.com/science/space/chinas-first-mars-rover-may-have-run-into-trouble-on-the-dusty-planet/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=China%27s+First+Mars+Rover+May+Have+Run+Into+Trouble+on+the+Dusty+Planet&rft.aulast=Kooser&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fchinas-first-mars-rover-may-have-run-into-trouble-on-the-dusty-planet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangJiangLiDu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Chunsheng; Jiang, Yu; Li, Hengnian; Du, Sen (27 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9971204">"Initial results of the meteorological data from the first 325 sols of the Tianwen-1 mission"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 3325. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatSR..13.3325J">2023NatSR..13.3325J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-30513-2">10.1038/s41598-023-30513-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9971204">9971204</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36849722">36849722</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257208512">257208512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Initial+results+of+the+meteorological+data+from+the+first+325+sols+of+the+Tianwen-1+mission&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3325&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9971204%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257208512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatSR..13.3325J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36849722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-023-30513-2&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Chunsheng&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Yu&rft.au=Li%2C+Hengnian&rft.au=Du%2C+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9971204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianwen-1_|_Deep_Space_Exploration_of_China2022" class="citation web cs1">Tianwen-1 | Deep Space Exploration of China [@CNDeepSpace] (31 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1488051404207902720">"Correction: the stick that I thought to be the selfie stick (MOSMOS) is actually the 3rd Scientific Investigation Radar (MOSIR). The selfie stick should locate at the lower right as shown in the red circle in this attached photo. It seems not deployed yet when the photo was taken https://t.co/a9SupzjrnD"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131073301/https://twitter.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1488051404207902720">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correction%3A+the+stick+that+I+thought+to+be+the+selfie+stick+%28MOSMOS%29+is+actually+the+3rd+Scientific+Investigation+Radar+%28MOSIR%29.+The+selfie+stick+should+locate+at+the+lower+right+as+shown+in+the+red+circle+in+this+attached+photo.+It+seems+not+deployed+yet+when+the+photo+was+taken+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2Fa9SupzjrnD&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft.au=Tianwen-1+%7C+Deep+Space+Exploration+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FCNDeepSpace%2Fstatus%2F1488051404207902720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianwen-1_|_Deep_Space_Exploration_of_China2022" class="citation web cs1">Tianwen-1 | Deep Space Exploration of China [@CNDeepSpace] (30 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1487972985751281668">"Classic way of taking selfie. Tianwen-1 deploys a selfie stick that is made out of shape memory composite. It weighs only 0.8kg and extends to 1.6 meters long. In this video, the folded stick was heated after Mars orbit insertion, and it automatically extended #Zhurong #Tianwen1 https://t.co/qobX0FeulZ"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131022128/https://twitter.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1487972985751281668">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+way+of+taking+selfie.+Tianwen-1+deploys+a+selfie+stick+that+is+made+out+of+shape+memory+composite.+It+weighs+only+0.8kg+and+extends+to+1.6+meters+long.+In+this+video%2C+the+folded+stick+was+heated+after+Mars+orbit+insertion%2C+and+it+automatically+extended+%23Zhurong+%23Tianwen1+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FqobX0FeulZ&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft.au=Tianwen-1+%7C+Deep+Space+Exploration+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FCNDeepSpace%2Fstatus%2F1487972985751281668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianwen-1_|_Deep_Space_Exploration_of_China2022" class="citation web cs1">Tianwen-1 | Deep Space Exploration of China [@CNDeepSpace] (30 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1487977355662426114">"Here is how the selfie stick looks in folded state. How many secrets do #Tianwen1 have that we don't know yet? #Zhurong update: 1524 meters driving distance after 255 sols as of Jan.31 #天问一号 #祝融号火星车 https://t.co/llkBKNp9Ft"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131023351/https://twitter.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1487977355662426114">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here+is+how+the+selfie+stick+looks+in+folded+state.+How+many+secrets+do+%23Tianwen1+have+that+we+don%27t+know+yet%3F+%23Zhurong+update%3A+1524+meters+driving+distance+after+255+sols+as+of+Jan.31+%23%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7+%23%E7%A5%9D%E8%9E%8D%E5%8F%B7%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E8%BD%A6+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FllkBKNp9Ft&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft.au=Tianwen-1+%7C+Deep+Space+Exploration+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FCNDeepSpace%2Fstatus%2F1487977355662426114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianwen-1_|_Deep_Space_Exploration_of_China2022" class="citation web cs1">Tianwen-1 | Deep Space Exploration of China [@CNDeepSpace] (9 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1491283320931758081">"The cameras #Tianwen1 used for selfies. https://t.co/3WWqalmuEd"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209053532/https://twitter.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1491283320931758081">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+cameras+%23Tianwen1+used+for+selfies.+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2F3WWqalmuEd&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft.au=Tianwen-1+%7C+Deep+Space+Exploration+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FCNDeepSpace%2Fstatus%2F1491283320931758081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (22 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/china-raises-the-stakes-with-second-mars-attempt/">"China raises the stakes with second Mars attempt"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=China+raises+the+stakes+with+second+Mars+attempt&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchina-raises-the-stakes-with-second-mars-attempt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZouZhu2021-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZouZhu2021_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZouZhuBaiWang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zou, Yongliao; Zhu, Yan; Bai, Yunfei; Wang, Lianguo; Jia, Yingzhuo; Shen, Weihua; Fan, Yu; Liu, Yang; Wang, Chi; Zhang, Aibing; Yu, Guobin; Dong, Jihong; Shu, Rong; He, Zhiping; Zhang, Tielong; Du, Aimin; Fan, Mingyi; Yang, Jianfeng; Zhou, Bin; Wang, Yi; Peng, Yongqing (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2020.11.005">"Scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China's first Mars exploration mission"</a>. <i>Advances in Space Research</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 812–823. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AdSpR..67..812Z">2021AdSpR..67..812Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2020.11.005">10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0273-1177">0273-1177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=Scientific+objectives+and+payloads+of+Tianwen-1%2C+China%27s+first+Mars+exploration+mission&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=812-823&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0273-1177&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asr.2020.11.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021AdSpR..67..812Z&rft.aulast=Zou&rft.aufirst=Yongliao&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Yan&rft.au=Bai%2C+Yunfei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lianguo&rft.au=Jia%2C+Yingzhuo&rft.au=Shen%2C+Weihua&rft.au=Fan%2C+Yu&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chi&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Aibing&rft.au=Yu%2C+Guobin&rft.au=Dong%2C+Jihong&rft.au=Shu%2C+Rong&rft.au=He%2C+Zhiping&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Tielong&rft.au=Du%2C+Aimin&rft.au=Fan%2C+Mingyi&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jianfeng&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Bin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yi&rft.au=Peng%2C+Yongqing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.asr.2020.11.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renminwang-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-renminwang_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2021/0517/c1004-32105010.html">"为天问一号装上"会打电话的黑匣子"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>人民网</i>. 17 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831173237/http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2021/0517/c1004-32105010.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%BA%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7%E8%A3%85%E4%B8%8A%22%E4%BC%9A%E6%89%93%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E7%9A%84%E9%BB%91%E5%8C%A3%E5%AD%90%22&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinance.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2021%2F0517%2Fc1004-32105010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeofdropcamera-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timeofdropcamera_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1X5411M7sz"><i>火星之后我们会去哪里？| 《火星来了》第三季第⑨集</i></a> (in Chinese). China National Space Administration. 11 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611163643/https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1X5411M7sz">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span> – via Bilibili.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%BB%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%9F%7C+%E3%80%8A%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%86%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%A3%E7%AC%AC%E2%91%A8%E9%9B%86&rft.pub=China+National+Space+Administration&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilibili.com%2Fvideo%2FBV1X5411M7sz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2020" class="citation web cs1">David, Leonard (22 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-mars-mission-tianwen-1-international-partners.html">"China's <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Mars rover mission gets a boost from international partners"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725163810/https://www.space.com/china-mars-mission-tianwen-1-international-partners.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1+Mars+rover+mission+gets+a+boost+from+international+partners&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-mars-mission-tianwen-1-international-partners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2021" class="citation magazine cs1">O'Callaghan, Jonathan (14 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-lands-tianwen-1-rover-on-mars-in-a-major-first-for-the-country/">"China Lands <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tianwen</span></span>-1 Rover on Mars in a Major First for the Country"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624140829/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-lands-tianwen-1-rover-on-mars-in-a-major-first-for-the-country/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=China+Lands+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+romanization%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%22+lang%3D%22zh-Latn%22%3ETianwen%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E-1+Rover+on+Mars+in+a+Major+First+for+the+Country&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fchina-lands-tianwen-1-rover-on-mars-in-a-major-first-for-the-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATianwen-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/HY_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="HY (satellite)">HY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1" title="Jilin-1">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Shiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMMS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMMS (page does not exist)">SMMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanSat" title="TanSat">TanSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Tansuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhui_1B" title="Tianhui 1B">Tianhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication and engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Fang_Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Fang Hong">Dong Fang Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FH-1_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FH-1 (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">FH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings" title="APT Satellite Holdings">Apstar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APMT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APMT (page does not exist)">APMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsiaSat" title="AsiaSat">Asiasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinasat" title="Chinasat">ChinaSat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChinaStar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChinaStar (page does not exist)">ChinaStar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HKSTG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HKSTG (page does not exist)">HKSTG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Geostationary_Satellite_Platform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Large Geostationary Satellite Platform (page does not exist)">LGSP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OlympicSat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OlympicSat (page does not exist)">OlympicSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Qianfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Satellite_Communications" title="Sino Satellite Communications">Sinosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_(Satellite)" title="Tiantong (Satellite)">Tiantong 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsinghua-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsinghua-1 (page does not exist)">Tsinghua-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiwang_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiwang 1 (page does not exist)">Xiwang 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data relay satellite system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite navigation system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">Beidou-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" class="extiw" title="fr:Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuafu_project" title="Kuafu project">Kuafu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang-2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_Eye_Imager_for_Astronomy" title="Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy">Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> (joint with ESA)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">SST</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planetary exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microsatellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fengniao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fengniao (page does not exist)">Fengniao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinyan_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinyan (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">Xinyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future spacecraft in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CNSA_space_program" title="Template:CNSA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CNSA_space_program" title="Template talk:CNSA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CNSA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CNSA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration (CNSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Agency" title="China Manned Space Agency">China Manned Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Astronaut_Corps" title="People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps">People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a> and landing sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siziwang_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Siziwang Banner">Siziwang Banner</a> (landing site)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">Long March 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2" title="Long March 2">Long March 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">Long March 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">Long March 3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">Long March 3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">Long March 3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4" title="Long March 4">Long March 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">Long March 4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">Long March 4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">Long March 4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">Long March 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">Long March 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">Long March 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">Long March 9</a> (In development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">Long March 10</a> (In development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">Long March 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">Long March 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Exploration programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a> (cancelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">CMS</a> (human spaceflight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a> (lunar exploration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a> (space station)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Tianwen</a> (interplanetary exploration)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Projects and missions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–09)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinghuo_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinghuo 1">Yinghuo 1</a>† <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu rover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2 rover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tianwen-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong rover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2029)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" class="extiw" title="fr:Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSES" class="mw-redirect" title="CSES">CSES</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–07)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HY_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="HY (satellite)">Haiyang Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanSat" title="TanSat">TanSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Brazil_Earth_Resources_Satellite_program" title="China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program">CBERS</a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind_Magnetosphere_Ionosphere_Link_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer">SMILE</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Human<br />spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Uncrewed expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_1" title="Shenzhou 1">Shenzhou 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_2" title="Shenzhou 2">Shenzhou 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_3" title="Shenzhou 3">Shenzhou 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_4" title="Shenzhou 4">Shenzhou 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_8" title="Shenzhou 8">Shenzhou 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Crewed expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_6" title="Shenzhou 6">Shenzhou 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_9" title="Shenzhou 9">Shenzhou 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_10" title="Shenzhou 10">Shenzhou 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_11" title="Shenzhou 11">Shenzhou 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_12" title="Shenzhou 12">Shenzhou 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_13" title="Shenzhou 13">Shenzhou 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_14" title="Shenzhou 14">Shenzhou 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_15" title="Shenzhou 15">Shenzhou 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_16" title="Shenzhou 16">Shenzhou 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_17" title="Shenzhou 17">Shenzhou 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_18" title="Shenzhou 18">Shenzhou 18</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">List of Chinese astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Space laboratories and cargos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangong 1">Tiangong 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangong 2">Tiangong 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_1" title="Tianzhou 1">Tianzhou 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_2" title="Tianzhou 2">Tianzhou 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_3" title="Tianzhou 3">Tianzhou 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_4" title="Tianzhou 4">Tianzhou 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_5" title="Tianzhou 5">Tianzhou 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_6" title="Tianzhou 6">Tianzhou 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a> modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianhe_core_module" title="Tianhe core module">Tianhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentian_module" title="Wentian module">Wentian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengtian_module" title="Mengtian module">Mengtian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou Navigation Satellite System</a> (BDS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings" title="APT Satellite Holdings">Apstar Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinasat" title="Chinasat">Chinasat Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian I">Tianlian I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian II">Tianlian II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Qianfan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft">Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanhui_Shi_Weixing" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing">FSW Program</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969–2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Experiments_at_Space_Scale" title="Quantum Experiments at Space Scale">QUESS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Shijian 13">Shijian Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar-based_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray pulsar-based navigation">XPNAV 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue Lunar Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Future missions marked in <i>italics</i>. Failed missions marked with † sign</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astrobiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrobiology" title="Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrobiology" title="Template talk:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astrobiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">Geomicrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space<br /> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Earth orbit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_program" title="Biosatellite program">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility#EXOSTACK" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O/OREOS" title="O/OREOS">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREOcube" title="OREOcube">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpopo (mission)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Production_System" title="Vegetable Production System">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Comets and<br />asteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Heliocentric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRUIE" title="BRUIE">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEO" title="THEO">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled and <br />undeveloped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institutions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Life_Detection_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Life Detection Science">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astrobiology_Network_Association" title="European Astrobiology Network Association">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astrobiology_Institute" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" title="Category:Astrobiology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrobiology">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Orbiter"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2019Orbital_launches_in_20202021_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2020" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2020"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2020" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2020"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2020" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2020"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2019Orbital_launches_in_20202021_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2019_in_spaceflight" title="2019 in spaceflight">← 2019</a></div><a href="/wiki/2020_in_spaceflight" title="2020 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2020</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2021_in_spaceflight" title="2021 in spaceflight">2021 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L2</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongxin_Jishu_Shiyan" title="Tongxin Jishu Shiyan">TJS-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#Wideband_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_Konnect" title="Eutelsat Konnect">Eutelsat Konnect</a>, <a href="/wiki/GSAT-30" title="GSAT-30">GSAT-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L3</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-294</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L2</a> (34 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS-Optical 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/TechEdSat#TechEdSat-10" title="TechEdSat">TechEdSat-10</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-13" title="Cygnus NG-13">Cygnus NG-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L4</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-17" title="JCSAT-17">JCSAT-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(satellite)" title="Meridian (satellite)">Meridian-M 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-20" title="SpaceX CRS-20">SpaceX CRS-20</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lynk_Global#Satellites_launched" title="Lynk Global">Lynk 04</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">G2Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2545</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L5</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L3</a> (34 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30-06</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-298" title="USA-298">USA-298</a> / <a href="/wiki/AEHF" class="mw-redirect" title="AEHF">AEHF</a>-6</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-16" title="Soyuz MS-16">Soyuz MS-16</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_(satellite)" title="Noor (satellite)">Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L6</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-14" title="Progress MS-14">Progress MS-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_crewed_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Next-generation crewed spacecraft">Chinese next-generation crewed spacecraft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flexible_Inflatable_Cargo_Return_Module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flexible Inflatable Cargo Return Module (page does not exist)">Flexible Inflatable Cargo Return Module</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xingyun-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xingyun-2 (page does not exist)">Xingyun-2</a> 01, 02</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-299" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-299">X-37B OTV-6</a> / <a href="/wiki/FalconSAT" title="FalconSAT">FalconSAT</a>-8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_9" title="Kounotori 9">HTV-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EKS_(satellite_system)" title="EKS (satellite system)">EKS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a>†, <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STARSHINE_(satellite)" title="STARSHINE (satellite)">Starshine 4</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XJS-G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XJS-G (page does not exist)">XJS-G</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=XJS-H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XJS-H (page does not exist)">XJS-H</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> 7 (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> 8 (58 satellites)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen DUOMO</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-4e</a> × 5†</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Shiyan 6-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofek-16" title="Ofek-16">Ofek-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings#List_of_satellites" title="APT Satellite Holdings">Apstar 6D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-02E</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-305</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-306</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-307</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANASIS-II" title="ANASIS-II">ANASIS-II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tianwen-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-15" title="Progress MS-15">Progress MS-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan III-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress-80" title="Ekspress-80">Ekspress-80</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekspress-103" title="Ekspress-103">Ekspress-103</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 9-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L9</a> (57 satellites), <a href="/wiki/BlackSky" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackSky">BlackSky Global 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackSky" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackSky">BlackSky Global 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAT-4b" title="BSAT-4b">BSAT-4b</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_30" title="Galaxy 30">Galaxy 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Extension_Vehicle" title="Mission Extension Vehicle">MEV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L10</a> (58 satellites), <a href="/wiki/SkySat" title="SkySat">SkySat</a> × 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 9-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAOCOM" title="SAOCOM">SAOCOM 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capella_Space#Satellites" title="Capella Space">Capella 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Photon" title="Rocket Lab Photon">Photon <i>First Light</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ION_Satellite_Carrier" title="ION Satellite Carrier">ION-SCV 001</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs#Flock" title="Planet Labs">Flock-4v</a> × 12</span>), <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/UPM-Sat#UPM-Sat_2" title="UPM-Sat">UPM-Sat 2</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs#Flock" title="Planet Labs">Flock-4v</a> × 14</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 8</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Napa-1" title="Napa-1">NAPA-1</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 12</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L11</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft">Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 11-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-02C</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-03B</a> × 6, <a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-03C</a> × 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiyang" title="Haiyang">HaiYang 2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanjing_(satellite)" title="Huanjing (satellite)">Huanjing 2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huanjing_(satellite)" title="Huanjing (satellite)">Huanjing 2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonets-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonets-M">Gonets-M</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/ICEYE" title="ICEYE">ICEYE X6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICEYE" title="ICEYE">ICEYE X7</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kepler_Communications" title="Kepler Communications">Kepler 4</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kepler_Communications" title="Kepler Communications">Kepler 5</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/NanoAvionics#Implemented_missions" title="NanoAvionics">LacunaSat-3</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-14" title="Cygnus NG-14">Cygnus NG-14</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 2</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Research_Laboratory#The_Spectral_Ocean_Color_(SPOC)_Satellite" title="Small Satellite Research Laboratory">SPOC</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L12</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen-13</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-17" title="Soyuz MS-17">Soyuz MS-17</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L13</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L14</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2547</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K" title="GLONASS-K">GLONASS-K</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">15L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30-07</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-4e'</a> × 9</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA-309" title="USA-309">USA-309</a> / <a href="/wiki/GPS_Block_III" title="GPS Block III">GPS IIIA</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites#Block_III" title="List of GPS satellites">04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat</a> × 10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-01" title="EOS-01">EOS-01</a> / <a href="/wiki/RISAT" title="RISAT">RISAT-2BR2</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kleos_Space#Satellite_constellation" title="Kleos Space">KSM</a> × 4</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_(Satellite)" title="Tiantong (Satellite)">Tiantong-1 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-310</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_NRO_launches" title="List of NRO launches">NROL-101</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">SpaceX Crew-1</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEOSat-Ingenio" title="SEOSat-Ingenio">SEOSat-Ingenio</a>†, <a href="/wiki/TARANIS" title="TARANIS">TARANIS</a>†</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Landmapper" title="Landmapper">Landmapper-BC 5</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 18</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-6_Michael_Freilich" title="Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich">Sentinel-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0 L15</a> (60 satellites)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonets" title="Gonets">Gonets-M</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2548</a> / ERA-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-21" title="SpaceX CRS-21">SpaceX CRS-21</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nanoracks_Bishop_Airlock" title="Nanoracks Bishop Airlock">Nanoracks Bishop Airlock</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-311</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orion_(satellite)" title="Orion (satellite)">Orion 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM#Satellites" title="Sirius XM">SXM-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMS-01" title="CMS-01">CMS-01</a> / <a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAR-12R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L4</a> (36 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-312</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-313</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composante_Spatiale_Optique" title="Composante Spatiale Optique">CSO-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2020_in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_in_space" title="Template:2020 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2020_in_space" title="Template talk:2020 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2020_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2020 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2020_in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <a href="/wiki/Template:2019_in_space" title="Template:2019 in space">2019</a></div> <div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_in_space" title="Template:2021 in space">2021</a> »</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2020_in_spaceflight" title="2020 in spaceflight">Space probe <br />launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2020" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2020"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (Feb 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a> (Jul 2020)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tianwen-1</a></i> (Jul 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> (Jul 2020) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Helicopter_Ingenuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Helicopter Ingenuity">Mars Helicopter <i>Ingenuity</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> (lunar sample return mission; Nov 2020)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg/150px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg/225px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg/300px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2245" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg/150px-OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg/225px-OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg/300px-OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_2020_F3_(NEOWISE)_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg/150px-Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg/225px-Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg/300px-Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_China_bolide" title="2020 China bolide">2020 China bolide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <br /><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2020" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2020">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/594913_%EA%9E%8CAyl%C3%B3%EA%9E%8Cchaxnim" title="594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim">594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_BX12" title="2020 BX12">2020 BX<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">12</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_CW" title="2020 CW">2020 CW</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_CD3" title="2020 CD3">2020 CD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Temporary_satellite" title="Temporary satellite">temporary satellite</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(52768)_1998_OR2" title="(52768) 1998 OR2">(52768) 1998 OR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_HS7" title="2020 HS7">2020 HS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">7</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_JJ" title="2020 JJ">2020 JJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_LD" title="2020 LD">2020 LD</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(163348)_2002_NN4" title="(163348) 2002 NN4">(163348) 2002 NN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_OY4" title="2020 OY4">2020 OY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_QG" title="2020 QG">2020 QG</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_ES4" title="2011 ES4">2011 ES<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_VP1" title="2018 VP1">2018 VP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_SO" title="2020 SO">2020 SO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_SW" title="2020 SW">2020 SW</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_SL1" title="2020 SL1">2020 SL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_UA" title="2020 UA">2020 UA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_VV" title="2020 VV">2020 VV</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_VT4" title="2020 VT4">2020 VT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(153201)_2000_WO107" title="(153201) 2000 WO107">(153201) 2000 WO<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">107</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(501647)_2014_SD224" title="(501647) 2014 SD224">(501647) 2014 SD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">224</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_XL5" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 XL5">2020 XL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2020">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2020"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AU_Microscopii" title="AU Microscopii">AU Mic</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_229" title="Gliese 229">Gliese 229</a> Ac</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_414" title="Gliese 414">Gliese 414</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_414_Ab" title="Gliese 414 Ab">Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_414_Ac" title="Gliese 414 Ac">Ac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_433" title="Gliese 433">Gliese 433</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJ_1151" title="GJ 1151">GJ 1151</a> b radio emissions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-315b" title="K2-315b">K2-315b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1649c" title="Kepler-1649c">Kepler-1649c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-456.04" class="mw-redirect" title="KOI-456.04">KOI-456.04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacaille_9352#Planetary_system" title="Lacaille 9352">Lacaille 9352</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacaille_9352_c" title="Lacaille 9352 c">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M51-ULS-1b" class="mw-redirect" title="M51-ULS-1b">M51-ULS-1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2016-BLG-1928" class="mw-redirect" title="OGLE-2016-BLG-1928">OGLE-2016-BLG-1928</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(rogue planet)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a> j <span style="font-size:85%;">(predicted)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-561" title="TOI-561">TOI-561</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOI-561_b" title="TOI-561 b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-561#TOI-561_c" title="TOI-561">c</a></li> <li>d</li> <li>e</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-700#Planetary_system" title="TOI-700">TOI-700</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-700_d" title="TOI-700 d">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI_732#Planetary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="TOI 732">TOI-732</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-1338_b" class="mw-redirect" title="TOI-1338 b">TOI-1338 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_191939#Planetary_system" title="HD 191939">TOI-1339</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TYC_8998-760-1#Planetary_system" title="TYC 8998-760-1">TYC 8998-760-1 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WD_1856%2B534" title="WD 1856+534">WD 1856+534 b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> dimming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FRB_180916.J0158%2B65" title="FRB 180916.J0158+65">FRB 180916</a> location and periodicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_wave" title="Radcliffe wave">Radcliffe wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus_Supercluster_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion">Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSO_J030947.49%2B271757.31" title="PSO J030947.49+271757.31">PSO J03094+27</a> (distant blazar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J10475385%2B2124234" title="2MASS J10475385+2124234">2MASS J1047+21</a> wind speed measurements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGR_1935%2B2154" title="SGR 1935+2154">SGR 1935+2154</a> (soft gamma ray repeater)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_6819" title="HR 6819">HR 6819</a> black hole hypothesis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHL_293B" title="PHL 293B">PHL 293B</a> ending of P Cygni profile hydrogen emission lines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_J1818.0%E2%80%931607" title="Swift J1818.0–1607">Swift J1818.0–1607</a> (young magnetar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190814" title="GW190814">GW190814</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Wall" title="South Pole Wall">South Pole Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190521" title="GW190521">GW190521</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a> detection in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Water</a> detection on the sunlit surface of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2020" title="Category:Comets in 2020"><img alt="Comets in 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2019_LD2_(ATLAS)" title="P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)">P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_T2_(PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS)">C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(LEMMON)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2019 U6 (LEMMON)">C/2019 U6 (LEMMON)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">2P/Encke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/88P/Howell" title="88P/Howell">88P/Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/156P/Russell%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="156P/Russell–LINEAR">156P/Russell–LINEAR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space <br />exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a></i> retirement (Jan 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (Earth gravity assist; Apr 2020, Venus gravity assist; Oct 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> (sample collection from asteroid <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">Bennu</a>; Oct 2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> (sample return from asteroid <a href="/wiki/162173_Ryugu" title="162173 Ryugu">Ryugu</a>; Dec 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> (lunar sample return; Dec 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2019_in_outer_space" title="Category:2019 in outer space">Category:2019 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2020_in_outer_space" title="Category:2020 in outer space">Category:2020 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2021_in_outer_space" title="Category:2021 in outer space">Category:2021 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2021_in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_in_space" title="Template:2021 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2021_in_space" title="Template talk:2021 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2021_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2021 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2021_in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2021 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <a href="/wiki/Template:2020_in_space" title="Template:2020 in space">2020</a></div> <div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2022_in_space" title="Template:2022 in space">2022</a> »</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2021_in_spaceflight" title="2021 in spaceflight">Space probe and<br />telescope launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2021" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2021"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tianhe_core_module" title="Tianhe core module">Tianhe</a></i> (April 2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i> (Oct 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a></i> (Nov 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (Dec 2021)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg/150px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg/225px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg/300px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg/150px-PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg/225px-PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg/300px-PDS_70_closeup_-_eso2111a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg/150px-Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg/225px-Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg/300px-Illustration_of_Comet_Bernardinelli-Bernstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_meteorite" title="Winchcombe meteorite">Winchcombe meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2021" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2021">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_AV7" title="2021 AV7">2021 AV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">7</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_XR" title="2020 XR">2020 XR</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_DV1" title="2016 DV1">2016 DV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_DW1" title="2021 DW1">2021 DW<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(231937)_2001_FO32" title="(231937) 2001 FO32">(231937) 2001 FO<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">32</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_GW4" title="2021 GW4">2021 GW<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_PH27" title="2021 PH27">2021 PH<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">27</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_AJ193" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 AJ193">2016 AJ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">193</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_SG" title="2021 SG">2021 SG</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_TP21" title="2021 TP21">2021 TP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">21</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_UA1" title="2021 UA1">2021 UA<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_XS" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 XS">2019 XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3361_Orpheus" title="3361 Orpheus">3361 Orpheus</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_WR12" title="1994 WR12">1994 WR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">12</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4660_Nereus" title="4660 Nereus">4660 Nereus</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(163899)_2003_SD220" title="(163899) 2003 SD220">(163899) 2003 SD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">220</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_AH" title="2018 AH">2018 AH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2021">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2021"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidate 1">Alpha Centauri Ab</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unconfirmed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COCONUTS-2b" title="COCONUTS-2b">COCONUTS-2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_486" title="Gliese 486">Gliese 486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_108236#Planetary_system" title="HD 108236">HD 108236 f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_110082_b" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 110082 b">HD 110082 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1704b" title="Kepler-1704b">Kepler-1704b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-5#Planetary_system" title="KOI-5">KOI-5Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_98-59#Planetary_system" title="L 98-59">L 98-59</a> <ul><li>e</li> <li>f?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalande_21185#Planetary_system" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Serpentis#Planetary_system" title="Lambda Serpentis">Lambda Serpentis b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHS_1678" title="LHS 1678">LHS 1678</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGTS-13b" title="NGTS-13b">NGTS-13b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGTS-14Ab" title="NGTS-14Ab">NGTS-14Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb" title="OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb">OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDS_70c" class="mw-redirect" title="PDS 70c">PDS 70c</a> <a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIC_172900988_b" class="mw-redirect" title="TIC 172900988 b">TIC 172900988 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-178#Orbital_resonance" title="TOI-178">TOI-178</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-178c" title="TOI-178c">c</a></li> <li>d</li> <li>e</li> <li>f</li> <li>g</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_110113" title="HD 110113">TOI-755</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega#Possible_planetary_system" title="Vega">Vega b</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unconfirmed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YSES_2_b" title="YSES 2 b">YSES 2 b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QSO_J0313%E2%88%921806" title="QSO J0313−1806">QSO J0313−1806</a> (distant quasar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID2299" title="ID2299">ID2299</a> (elliptical galaxy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIC_168789840" title="TIC 168789840">TIC 168789840</a> sextuple system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V723_Monocerotis" title="V723 Monocerotis">V723 Mon</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nearest black holes">black hole</a> candidate</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_AG37" title="2018 AG37">2018 AG<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">37</span></span></a></span> (TNO)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_DR15" title="2021 DR15">2021 DR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">15</span></span></a></span> (TNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALESS_073.1" title="ALESS 073.1">ALESS 073.1</a> (spiral galaxy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ352%E2%80%9315" title="PJ352–15">PJ352–15</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">astrophysical jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J03480772%E2%88%926022270" title="2MASS J03480772−6022270">2MASS J0348−6022</a> (rapidly-rotating brown dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTF_J1901%2B1458" title="ZTF J1901+1458">ZTF J1901+1458</a> (massive white dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_1534%E2%80%931043" title="WISE 1534–1043">WISE 1534–1043</a> (brown dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy%27s_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy's object">Andy's object</a> (radio source)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2021" title="Category:Comets in 2021"><img alt="Comets in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_J1_(Maury-Attard)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)">C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(248370)_2005_QN173" title="(248370) 2005 QN173">(248370) 2005 QN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">173</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8P/Tuttle" title="8P/Tuttle">8P/Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_OG392_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 OG392 (PanSTARRS)"><span class="nowrap">C/2014 OG<sub>392</sub></span> (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli-Bernstein)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein)"><span class="nowrap">C/2014 UN<sub>271</sub></span> (Bernardinelli-Bernstein)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_T4_(Lemmon)" title="C/2021 T4 (Lemmon)">C/2021 T4 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2021_U3_(Attard-Maury)" title="P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury)">P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space <br />exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i> Mars mission</a> (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> Mars landing: Feb 2021)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tianwen-1</a></i> (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; <a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a> Mars landing: May 2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2020_in_outer_space" title="Category:2020 in outer space">Category:2020 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2021_in_outer_space" title="Category:2021 in outer space">Category:2021 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2022_in_outer_space" title="Category:2022 in outer space">Category:2022 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template talk:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_outer_space" title="Politics of outer space">Politics of outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Spacefaring_civilization:_nations_and_other_entities" title="Spaceflight">Spacefaring nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_traffic_management" title="Space traffic management">Space traffic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Space Debris Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Space Debris Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li>Asteroid impact <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_races" title="List of space races">Space races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Cold War space race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_propaganda" title="Space propaganda">Space propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese<br />space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine</a> (1966–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang program</a> (1966–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">Chinese ASAT program</a> (1964–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">2007 test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Project_921_(Shenzhou)" title="Chinese space program">Project 921</a> (1992–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou program"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">Shenzhou</span></span> program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">Tiangong</span></span> program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Space station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Mission_to_Mars_and_beyond" title="Chinese space program">Mars and beyond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Planetary Exploration of China</a> (2016–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">ESA Science Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a> (1960–1975) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa launcher programme</a> (1962–1973)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (1964–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (1975–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">European Cooperation for Space Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">European Space Research and Technology Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a> (1983–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">European Space Astronomy Centre</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre" title="European Space Security and Education Centre">European Space Security and Education Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane launcher programme</a> (1973–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega launcher programme</a> (1998–)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Space Policy Institute (page does not exist)">European Space Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">Future Launchers Preparatory Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li>Mars and beyond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-<i>Newton</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a> (2015–2025)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="EnVision (spacecraft)">EnVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">ATHENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">EU Space Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union Satellite Centre</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU Satellite Centre</a> (2002–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space</a> <ul><li>European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)</li> <li>European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EU Agency for the Space Programme</a> (2021–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">EUSST programme</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European<br /> initiatives and bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospace" title="Eurospace">Eurospace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_Aerospace_Societies" title="Council of European Aerospace Societies">Council of European Aerospace Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_Civil_Aviation_Equipment" title="European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment">European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">European Patent Organisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">European Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian space policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">Indian ASAT programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Shakti" title="Mission Shakti">Mission Shakti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British<br />space programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="British National Committee for Space Research">Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_programme" title="Ariel programme">Start of the Ariel programme</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow launcher</a> (1964–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">Creation of the British National Space Centre</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Act_1986" title="Outer Space Act 1986">Outer Space Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Juno" title="Project Juno">Project Juno</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Innovation_and_Growth_Team" title="Space Innovation and Growth Team">Space Innovation and Growth Team</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">Creation of the UK Space Agency</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industry_Act_2018" title="Space Industry Act 2018">Space Industry Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">UK Global Navigation Satellite System</a> (2018–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Review" title="Integrated Review">2021 Integrated Review</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_a_Competitive_Age" title="Defence in a Competitive Age">Defence in a Competitive Age</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">US space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Truman_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Truman<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobee" title="Aerobee">Aerobee rocket program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation#History" title="RAND Corporation">RAND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station#History" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Establishment of Cape Canaveral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Eisenhower<br />space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">WS-117L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Outer_Space" title="Introduction to Outer Space">Introduction to Outer Space</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">1958 NASA Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Launch of Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">Launch of X-15 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Kennedy<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Launch of the Mariner program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Launch of the Gemini project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Launch of the Apollo program</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Johnson_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Johnson<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">1967 Outer Space Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Nixon<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law" title="Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law">Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Launch of the Space Shuttle Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Ford_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Ford<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Launch of the Viking program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Carter_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Carter<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Reagan_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Reagan<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Advisory_Council_on_National_Space_Policy" title="Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy">Citizens' Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Act_of_1984" title="Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984">1984 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">1985 anti-satellite missile test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">George H. W. Bush<br />space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">1990 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Clinton<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin#NASA_administrator" title="Daniel Goldin">Faster, better, cheaper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Launch of the Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Act_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Act of 1998">1998 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadal_Planning_Team" title="Decadal Planning Team">Decadal Planning Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Launch of the X-37 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush<br />space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">Aerospace Industry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">2002 National missile defense directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">ESAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2005" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2005">2005 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Launch of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Burnt_Frost" title="Operation Burnt Frost">Operation Burnt Frost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Obama<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">2009 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration#Space_policy_speech_at_Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Kennedy Space Center speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program#Obama_administration" title="Constellation program">Cancellation of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Launch of the Space Launch System program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Redesign of the Orion program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible path">Flexible path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2010" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2010">2010 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_51_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 51 of the United States Code">Title 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Development of the Commercial Crew Program">Development of the Commercial Crew Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2014" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2014">2014 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Competitiveness_Act_of_2015" title="Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015">2015 Space Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Trump<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">Re-establishment of the National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Creation of the Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Launch of the Artemis program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Launch of the Lunar Gateway project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">Executive Order 13959</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_exclusion_policy_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="China exclusion policy of NASA">China exclusion policy of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Aerospace_and_Electronic_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society">Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Antennas_%26_Propagation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society">Antennas & Propagation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Broadcast_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Broadcast Technology Society">Broadcast Technology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology Society</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR and Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet<br /> space<br /> program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stalin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim</a> (1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Khrushchev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> (1957)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok program</a> (1960–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System" title="Fractional Orbital Bombardment System">Fractional Orbital Bombardment System</a> (1960–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> (1961–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod program</a> (1964–1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Brezhnev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz program</a> (1967–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut program</a> (1971–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1973–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran program</a> (1974–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Gorbachev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> (1986–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Yeltsin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Yeltsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> (1993–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Medvedev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2010_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2010 Military doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Putin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a> (2013–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2014_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2014 Military doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">2015 Creation of Roscosmos</a></li> <li>Mars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Program" title="National Space Program">Australian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_space_program" title="Brazilian space program">Brazilian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">Emirati space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_space_program" title="Kazakh space program">Kazakh space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_of_Kenya" title="Space programme of Kenya">Kenyan space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_space_program" title="Lebanese space program">Lebanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng_program" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng program">North Korean space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Pakistani space program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_2040" class="mw-redirect" title="Space programme 2040">Space programme 2040</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">Philippine space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_space_initiatives" title="Ugandan space initiatives">Ugandan space initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics of the International Space Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UN-SPIDER" title="UN-SPIDER">UN-SPIDER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Generation_Advisory_Council" title="Space Generation Advisory Council">Space Generation Advisory Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Fourth_Committee" title="United Nations General Assembly Fourth Committee">General Assembly Fourth Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other intergovernmental<br /> or inter-agency bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">Committee on Earth Observation Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">Committee on Space Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">International Planetary Data Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">Group on Earth Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">Global Standards Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">International Mobile Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">International Space Exploration Coordination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">Regional African Satellite Communication Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arab Satellite Communications Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">US-USSR Cooperation Agreement</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Distribution_of_Programme-Carrying_Signals_Transmitted_by_Satellite" title="Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite">Satellite Convention</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogota_Declaration" title="Bogota Declaration">Bogota Declaration</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space" title="Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space">Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Intergovernmental_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement">International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Docking_System_Standard" title="International Docking System Standard">International Docking System Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty#Space_Assets" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jurisdiction" title="Space jurisdiction">Space jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">Common heritage of mankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_naming_conventions" title="Astronomical naming conventions">Astronomical naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">ITU Radio Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">International Designator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG standards</a></li> <li>Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space industry</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Launch market competition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Space advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Space-based economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_trade" title="Space trade">Space trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces,<br /> units and formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space forces</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">AJA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">IRGC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Self Defense Force">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">New Zealand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">North Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">South Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_space_forces" title="Ranks and insignia of space forces">Ranks and insignia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space commands</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Operations_Command_(Italy)" title="Space Operations Command (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/15px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/23px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/30px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Air_Command" title="Allied Air Command">NATO</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/15px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/23px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/30px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="317" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">Space domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard Missile 3">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_vehicle" title="Kill vehicle">Kill vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite#Jamming" title="Satellite">Satellite jamming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Space_Development" title="Alliance for Space Development">Alliance for Space Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Society" title="Moon Society">Moon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Institute_for_Modern_Technologies" title="Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies">Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Deep_Space_Exploration" title="Coalition for Deep Space Exploration">Coalition for Deep Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Explorers_Society" title="Lunar Explorers Society">Lunar Explorers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Alliance" title="Space Exploration Alliance">Space Exploration Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Fellowship" title="Space Fellowship">Space Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Force_Association" title="Space Force Association">Space Force Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Foundation" title="Space Foundation">Space Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template talk:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African<br />and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America<br />and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/15px-CELAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/23px-CELAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/30px-CELAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li> <li>CGWIC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Agency" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">IRIAF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/23px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/35px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/46px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (page does not exist)">UKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li> <li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul> 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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