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'\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .mapboxgl-map { font: 12px/20px Helvetica Neue,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); } .mapboxgl-canvas { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; } .mapboxgl-map:-webkit-full-screen { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .mapboxgl-canary { background-color: salmon; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass { cursor: -webkit-grab; cursor: grab; -moz-user-select: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive.mapboxgl-track-pointer { cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive:active, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass:active { cursor: -webkit-grabbing; cursor: grabbing; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pan-x pan-y; touch-action: pan-x pan-y; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pinch-zoom; touch-action: pinch-zoom; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: none; touch-action: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { position: absolute; pointer-events: none; z-index: 2; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left { bottom: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right { right: 0; bottom: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl { clear: both; pointer-events: auto; -webkit-transform: translate(0); transform: translate(0); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 0 0 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 10px 0 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 0 10px 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 10px 10px 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group { border-radius: 4px; background: #fff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button { width: 29px; height: 29px; display: block; padding: 0; outline: none; border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid #ddd; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled { cursor: not-allowed; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { opacity: .25; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible) { -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child { border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child { border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child { border-radius: inherit; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23666'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); } } @keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); transform: rotate(1turn); } } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { width: 88px; height: 23px; margin: 0 0 -4px -4px; display: block; background-repeat: no-repeat; cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 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0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg opacity='.3' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211028065658im_/https://www.bbc.com/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg opacity='.9' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo.mapboxgl-compact { width: 23px; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211028065658im_/https://www.bbc.com/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 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.mapboxgl-ctrl.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib { padding: 0 5px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); margin: 0; } @media screen { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact { min-height: 20px; padding: 0; margin: 10px; position: relative; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 3px 12px 12px 3px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 24px 2px 4px; visibility: visible; margin-top: 6px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 4px 2px 24px; border-radius: 12px 3px 3px 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: block; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { content: ""; cursor: pointer; position: absolute; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); width: 24px; height: 24px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; left: 0; } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); text-decoration: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a:hover { color: inherit; text-decoration: underline; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib .mapbox-improve-map { font-weight: 700; margin-left: 2px; } .mapboxgl-attrib-empty { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-scale { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75); font-size: 10px; border: 2px solid #333; border-top: #333; padding: 0 5px; color: #333; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .mapboxgl-popup { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; will-change: transform; pointer-events: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right { -ms-flex-direction: column-reverse; flex-direction: column-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right { -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-tip { width: 0; height: 0; border: 10px solid transparent; z-index: 1; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-top: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-bottom: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-left: none; border-right-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-right: none; border-left-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 0 3px 0 0; cursor: pointer; background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-popup-content { position: relative; background: #fff; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 10px 10px 15px; pointer-events: auto; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer * { pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-map:hover .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .mapboxgl-map:active .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-marker { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; will-change: transform; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot, .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { background-color: #1da1f2; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { content: ""; position: absolute; -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:after { border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #fff; content: ""; height: 19px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 19px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } @keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale { background-color: #aaa; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale:after { display: none; } .mapboxgl-user-location-accuracy-circle { background-color: rgba(29, 161, 242, 0.2); width: 1px; height: 1px; border-radius: 100%; } .mapboxgl-crosshair, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive:active { cursor: crosshair; } .mapboxgl-boxzoom { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; background: #fff; border: 2px dotted #202020; opacity: .5; } @media print { .mapbox-improve-map { display: none; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { color: #4a4a4a; margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video__border-line { padding: 0 10px; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin: 0 10px 0 3%; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-video__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 28px 0 18px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; margin: 0 10px; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 20px 0 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { /* CreateSMPAudio */ display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { height: 50px; position: relative; /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising * { cursor: initial; pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising button { opacity: 0.6; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__open { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video--tablet .hero-video__video { margin-bottom: 10px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--tablet .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 36px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { color: #010101; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.17px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .most-popular-item__title--desktop { font-size: 16px; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--index { margin-right: 0; max-width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--index { -ms-flex-align: initial; align-items: initial; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index { color: #000; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.53px; line-height: 30px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--tablet { font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.74px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--desktop { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--index { color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; margin-top: 4px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index { left: 0; margin-right: 40px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--tablet { margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; padding: 30px 36px 0; top: -80px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--desktop { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 560px; top: -88px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 43px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet { padding: 31px 0; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 23px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable */ @media screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 900px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 999px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 300px; } } .related-articles { position: relative; } .related-articles__header { text-align: center; background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-articles__header--bright { margin: 20px 0 1.15ex; font-size: 13px; background-color: #d8d8d8; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 3; } .related-articles__list { list-style: none; padding: 0 0 1.5ex 0; margin: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; /* .with-numbers */ } .related-articles__list li { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; } .related-articles__list li > div { -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers { counter-reset: related-numbers; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); margin: 0 35px; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li::before { counter-increment: related-numbers; content: counter(related-numbers); font-weight: bold; font-size: 40px; -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; line-height: 1.85; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18); -ms-flex: 0.1 0.1; flex: 0.1 0.1; -ms-flex-preferred-size: 1ex; flex-basis: 1ex; padding-right: 1ex; text-align: center; display: block; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li { margin-bottom: 10px; } .related-articles--wide-layout { background-color: initial; margin-top: 20px; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide) li { max-width: 100%; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide).with-borders li:not(:last-of-type) { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide li { max-width: 49.8%; } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide.with-borders li { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .related-article { -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; min-height: 90px; } .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); -ms-flex: 0.3 0.3; flex: 0.3 0.3; min-width: 90px; max-width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); margin: 0; display: block; line-height: 0; -ms-flex-order: -1; order: -1; } .related-article__image img { width: 100%; border: 0; margin: 0 12px 0 0; } .related-article__text { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column nowrap; flex-flow: column nowrap; width: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: start; align-content: flex-start; position: relative; padding: 12px 6px 12px 0; line-height: 1.5; } .related-article__text a { width: 100%; padding-left: 12px; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; text-decoration: none; } .related-article__text a + a { margin-top: 1ex; } .related-article__text br { display: none; } .related-article__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); letter-spacing: -0.01em; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-article__title:hover { color: #2e2e2e; } .related-article__collection { display: block; color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.5px; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-article__collection span { display: none; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article { margin: 0.75ex 0; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article:hover { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .related-articles__list.square-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images a:hover { color: #000; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__title { padding-left: 10px; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 15px); max-width: calc(90px + 15px); margin: 0; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image img { border-radius: 50%; } .related-articles__list.round-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.75ex 1.75ex; } .vertical-story-card-item { cursor: pointer; font-family: 'ReithSans'; height: 456px; margin: 20px 10px; position: relative; width: 297px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } .vertical-story-card-item img { width: 100%; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { background-color: #fff; bottom: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 111px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: absolute; right: 0; width: 275px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { width: 261px; } } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1 { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; text-transform: uppercase; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2 { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.06px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .vertical-story-group { font-family: 'ReithSans'; position: relative; } .vertical-story-group img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container { height: 370px; position: relative; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container img { height: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-mask { background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)); bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container { top: 120px; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 70%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { margin-top: 50px; } } .vertical-story-group__container { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; grid-auto-rows: minmax(auto, auto); grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px)); height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; justify-items: center; margin-top: -210px; width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__container { margin-top: -120px; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .mapContainer .mapTitle { background: transparent; color: #fff; display: block; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 1.1875em; margin-top: 2%; min-width: 25%; padding: 2%; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 0.375em; position: relative; text-align: center; z-index: 100; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapTitle { font-size: 2.4em; } } .mapContainer .styled-line { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .mapContainer button { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 60px; outline: none; padding: 2px; width: 60px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { color: #589e50; font-size: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle; } .mapContainer button:hover { background-color: #f2f2f2; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer button { height: 50px; width: 50px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { font-size: 2em; } } .mapContainer .navigationPanel { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; max-width: 1200px; padding: 10px; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, 0); transform: translate(-50%, 0); width: 100%; } .mapContainer .zoomControls { background-color: #fff; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; cursor: default; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 300px; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 300px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { max-width: 190px; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 190px; } } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { display: none !important; } .mapContainer .map-marker svg { -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out; transition: all 0.1s ease-out; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(0.75); transform: scale(0.75); } } .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { -webkit-transform: scale(1.3); transform: scale(1.3); } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } } .mapContainer__articleInfo { padding: 0 18px; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-vertical a { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0.725em 0; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title a { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); text-decoration: none; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 1.7em; } } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 1.45em 0; text-decoration: none; } .location-header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .temperature-switcher { background: transparent; border: 0; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; white-space: nowrap; } .temperature-switcher:active { color: currentColor; } .temperature-switcher__active { font-weight: bold; } .temperature-switcher span { margin: 0 0.2ex; } .day { --w-day-font-size: 14px; --w-day-temp-font-size: 20px; --w-day-temp-font-size-big: 32px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: 600; --w-day-name-font-weight: 500; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #959595; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: var(--w-day-font-size); } .day--desktop { --w-day-temp-font-size: 24px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: normal; --w-day-name-font-weight: 600; } .day:first-of-type { color: #4b4b4b; } .day__name { font-weight: var(--w-day-name-font-weight); line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase; } .day__symbol-header { display: block; height: 80px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 98px; } .day__symbol { display: block; height: 40px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 50px; } .day--desktop .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-top: 15px; width: 70px; } .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size); font-weight: var(--w-day-temp-font-weight); line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0.75em; text-transform: lowercase; } .day__temp--header { color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; } .day--mobile:first-of-type { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 3em; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-right: 10px; overflow: visible; width: 80px; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size-big); font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location { font-size: 120%; font-weight: 500; margin: 1em 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { color: #959595; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location, .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { text-align: center; width: 100%; } .weather { --w-height: 50px; --w-wrapper-margin: 24px; --w-days-flexbasis: 33%; margin-bottom: 2rem; } .weather--desktop { --w-height: 80px; --w-wrapper-margin: 50px; --w-days-flexbasis: initial; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .weather__days { -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .day:first-of-type { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; width: auto; } .weather__separator { border-right: 1px solid #dcdcdc; display: block; height: var(--w-height); } .weather__days { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-preferred-size: var(--w-days-flexbasis); flex-basis: var(--w-days-flexbasis); -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; margin-top: 2.5rem; } .weather__days--desktop { margin-top: 4rem; } .weather__header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column; flex-flow: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--w-wrapper-margin); } .weather__header button { margin-top: 1.5rem; } .weather__header--desktop { /* position the temperature switcher on desktop */ position: relative; } .weather__header--desktop button { margin: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .image-card { position: relative; } .image-card img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-card__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .image-card__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .image-card__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 90%; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } .destination-header { width: 100%; } .destination-header__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 380px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 16px; position: relative; } .destination-header__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .destination-header__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text { color: #fff; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.95px; line-height: 37.4px; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text a { color: #fff; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; } .destination-header__text--desktop { font-size: 36px; } .destination-header__text-container { border-bottom: solid 1px #fff; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3; padding-bottom: 17px; } .destination-header__text-container--desktop { padding-bottom: 0.75ex; } .destination-header__link-page, .destination-header__advert { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; margin-top: 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; } .destination-header__link-page span, .destination-header__advert span { display: block; width: 100%; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop, .destination-header__advert--desktop { margin-top: 40px; } .destination-header__link-page { left: 14px; margin: 0; position: absolute; text-transform: uppercase; top: 20px; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop { left: 25px; top: 36px; } .destination-header__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .destination-header a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .filter { display: inline-block; max-width: 160px; position: relative; } .filter__button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 16px; padding: 16px; width: 160px; } .filter__content { background-color: #000; display: none; position: absolute; width: 160px; z-index: 1; } .filter:focus .filter__content, .filter:hover .filter__content { display: block; } .filter__content--open { display: block; } .filter__content button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-style: italic; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; width: 100%; } .filter__content button:hover { background-color: #494848; } .callout-box-card { background-color: #eaeaea; color: #4a4a4a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; } .callout-box-card img { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .callout-box-card__container { padding: 0.2rem 1.5rem; } .callout-box-card__container h3 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 1rem 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .callout-box-card__container h4 { font-size: 28px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; } .callout-box-card__container .body { font-size: 16px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; } .callout-box-card__container .body a { color: #4a4a4a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-video:hover { background-color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-video:hover .gelicon--play { color: #000; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-p-tag--medium { font-size: 27px; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; } .simple-p-tag--quote { color: #575757; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; }/* stylelint-disable */ html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .vertical-index { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .vertical-index__collection-swimlane { min-height: 400px; } .vertical-index .article-hero__content { margin-top: 106px; padding-left: 25px; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad { background-color: #f1f1f1; padding: 25px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles { margin-top: 35px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile { margin-top: 28px; } .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { max-width: 976px; } } .vertical-index__storyworks-section > div > div.bbccom_visible > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; padding: 8px !important; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad .bbccom_standard_slot, .vertical-index__hero-article-leaderboard .bbccom_standard_slot { background-color: transparent !important; } .latest-articles__container { margin-bottom: 24px; } .latest-articles__container--tablet { margin-bottom: 26px; } .latest-articles__container--desktop { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__articles { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle { margin: auto 8px; } .latest-articles__editor { color: #020202; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2.92px; margin: 0 0 22px; } .latest-articles__editor--tablet { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__editor--desktop { margin-bottom: 36px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu > div { padding: 0 8px 8px !important; } .latest-articles__rectangle 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data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"article-hero","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="article-hero b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300 article-hero--gradient article-hero--small-mobile article-hero--small-tablet article-hero--desktop article-hero--large-desktop"><div class="article-hero__content"><div class="article-hero__content-labels"><div class="article-labels b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300"><a class="article-labels__text b-reith-sans-font" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/carbon-cost"><span>Carbon Cost</span><span class="article-labels__delimiter b-font-weight-300"> | </span></a><a class="article-labels__text b-reith-sans-font" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/climatechange">Climate change</a></div></div><div class="article-hero__content-title 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more carbon than most (Credit: Getty Images)" id="article-hero-img-js"/></picture></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--tablet">Editor's Picks</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How the Dutch are ditching natural gas" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b0bpm8.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b0bpm8.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b0bpm8.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b0bpm8.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b0bpm8.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b0bpm8.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b0bpm8.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b0bpm8.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The Netherlands is closing its largest gas field, and seeking new methods to heat homes instead (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b0bpm8.jpg" alt="The Netherlands is closing its largest gas field, and seeking new methods to heat homes instead (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--future"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/towards-net-zero"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future">Towards Net Zero</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">How the Dutch are ditching natural gas</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--light-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif b-reith-sans-font">By Laura Cole</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How face masks affect young children" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b05v61.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b05v61.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b05v61.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b05v61.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b05v61.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b05v61.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b05v61.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b05v61.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="In Singapore, it's common for young children to wear masks against Covid – but some parents worry it might affect their development (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b05v61.jpg" alt="In Singapore, it's common for young children to wear masks against Covid – but some parents worry it might affect their development (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree"><span>Family Tree</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children"><span>How face masks affect young children</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Sandy Ong</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Why "Agents of Doom" threaten the world" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym94c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym94c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym94c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym94c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym94c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym94c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym94c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym94c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="In the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack (Credit: Yoshikazu Tsuno/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym94c.jpg" alt="In the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack (Credit: Yoshikazu Tsuno/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/comment-analysis"><span>Comment & Analysis</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why"><span>Why "Agents of Doom" threaten the world</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Luke Kemp</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Scotland's experiment to value nature" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09zs02w.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09zs02w.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09zs02w.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09zs02w.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09zs02w.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09zs02w.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09zs02w.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09zs02w.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="In Scotland, researchers are intricately mapping a woodland ecosystem as it regenerates – and what that translates to in monetary value (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09zs02w.jpg" alt="In Scotland, researchers are intricately mapping a woodland ecosystem as it regenerates – and what that translates to in monetary value (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/carbon-cost"><span>Carbon Cost</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature"><span>Scotland's experiment to value nature</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Kelly Oakes</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__full-width-image-article"><div data-bbc-container="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-title="America's greatest source of emissions" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"full-width-image-article","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="full-width-image-article"><div class="full-width-image-article__container"><div class="full-width-image-article__image"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z6p75.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z6p75.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z6p75.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z6p75.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z6p75.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z6p75.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z6p75.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z6p75.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The transport sector makes up the largest share of the US's carbon emissions, with cars the primary source of CO2 (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z6p75.jpg" alt="The transport sector makes up the largest share of the US's carbon emissions, with cars the primary source of CO2 (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="full-width-image-article__background"></div></div><div class="full-width-image-article__text"><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/towards-net-zero"><span class="full-width-image-article-text__label b-reith-sans-font">Towards Net Zero</span></a><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less"><h2 class="full-width-image-article-text__header b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">America's greatest source of emissions</h2></a><p class="full-width-image-article-text__author b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">By Ula Chrobak</p></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--tablet">Covid-19</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Should young kids get the Covid-19 jab?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yb5kx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yb5kx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yb5kx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yb5kx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yb5kx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yb5kx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yb5kx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yb5kx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Israel has vaccinated more than half of 12 to 15-year-olds against Covid-19 – and even some younger children who are at special risk (Credit: Reuters)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028065658im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yb5kx.jpg" alt="Israel has vaccinated more than half of 12 to 15-year-olds against Covid-19 – and even some younger children who are at special risk (Credit: Reuters)" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--future"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future">Family Tree</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">Should young kids get the Covid-19 jab?</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--light-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif b-reith-sans-font">By Josie Glausiusz</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Do we really need third vaccine doses?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028065658/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" 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Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xqt82.jpg","title":"CN2225.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09xqt82","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xqt82.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218732},"p09xqv2f":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09xqv2f","_id":"616ff53145ceed2fc767b957","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1104990,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2249,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9x\u002Fqv\u002Fp09xqv2f.jpg","sourceWidth":3999,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Jumping spiders have large eyes that provide them with excellent vision – they can perceive colour and depth, and see in more detail than some vertebrates (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"A female jumping spider next to her nest on a red rain guage (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xqv2f.jpg","title":"2A1AETK.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09xqv2f","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xqv2f.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218732},"p09xqspw":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09xqspw","_id":"616ff54445ceed36da5dd994","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1289800,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2247,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9x\u002Fqs\u002Fp09xqspw.jpg","sourceWidth":3997,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Spiders don't just trigger fear in many people, but intense disgust – and this can eclipse our ability to feel compassion (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"A yellow clutch of baby garden spiders (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xqspw.jpg","title":"RYKMA8.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09xqspw","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xqspw.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218732},"p09xqtjh":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09xqtjh","_id":"616ff54045ceed301c0e2351","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":2972007,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1971,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9x\u002Fqt\u002Fp09xqtjh.jpg","sourceWidth":3504,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Trapdoor spiders spend most of their lives underground, waiting for their prey to turn up and generate tiny vibrations – so they can jump out and pounce (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"A trapdoor spider's funnel-style nest (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xqtjh.jpg","title":"2CC08C2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09xqtjh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xqtjh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218732},"p09xql1d":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09xql1d","_id":"616ff54f45ceed3e8d288827","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1861243,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2288,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9x\u002Fql\u002Fp09xql1d.jpg","sourceWidth":4067,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"A close up of a huntsman spider's hairy face (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xql1d.jpg","title":"D1Y97C.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09xql1d","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09xql1d.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218733},"p09z6fxz":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09z6fxz","_id":"6170012145ceed61de7201f4","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1608128,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9z\u002F6f\u002Fp09z6fxz.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Tackling climate change and nature loss will be among the defining global challenges of the 21st Century (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A protester holds up a globe (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09z6fxz.jpg","title":"A protester holds up a globe","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09z6fxz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09z6fxz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218733}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions","_id":"6179db2c45ceed6b71473480","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Flaura-paddison"],"bodyIntro":"The world's wealthiest people make a huge contribution to climate change through carbon-hungry activities. How can we reduce emissions from the rich?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, Stefan Gössling and his team spent months scouring the social media profiles of some of the richest celebrities, from Paris Hilton to Oprah Winfrey. The tourism professor from Linnaeus University in Sweden was looking for evidence of how much they were flying. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe answer was a lot. Bill Gates, one of the world's most high-profile environmental advocates, took 59 flights in 2017, according to Gössling's \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F336666551_Celebrities_air_travel_and_social_norms\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS016073831930132X?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecalculations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, covering a distance of around 343,500km (213,000 miles) – more than eight times around the world – generating more than 1,600 tonnes of greenhouse gases (that's equivalent to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FEN.ATM.CO2E.PC?locations=US\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eaverage yearly emissions of 105 Americans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGössling's aim was to try to uncover the individual consumption levels of the mega rich, whose lifestyles are often shrouded in secrecy. His research coincided with a growing environmental movement, spearheaded by Greta Thunberg, which put a spotlight on personal accountability. Flying, one of the most carbon-intensive forms of consumption, became a symbol of this new accountability. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The bigger your carbon footprint, the bigger your moral duty,\" Thunberg \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002F2019\u002Fjan\u002F25\u002Four-house-is-on-fire-greta-thunberg16-urges-leaders-to-act-on-climate\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002F2019\u002Fjan\u002F25\u002Four-house-is-on-fire-greta-thunberg16-urges-leaders-to-act-on-climate\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewrote in the Guardian\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2019. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe last few decades have shone a spotlight on global inequality. From the 2008 financial crisis, to the pandemic and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200618-climate-change-who-is-to-blame-and-why-does-it-matter\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eincreasingly severe impacts of climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – disruptive events tend to hit the poorest first and hardest. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Wealthy people set the tone on consumption to which everybody aspires. That's where the toxic effects are – Halina Szejnwald Brown","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut in debates about how to solve inequality, over-consumption is often overlooked. \"Each unit you overshoot means someone has to give [something] up,\" says Lewis Akenji, managing director of Hot or Cool Institute, a Berlin-based think tank. As a result, the outsized carbon footprints of society's richest entrench inequality and threaten the world's ability to stave off catastrophic climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWhen we think of \"the rich\", we might think of millionaires and billionaires with private jets and multiple mansions. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBut an income of $38,000 (£27,500) is enough to put someone in the world's richest 10%, and $109,000 (£79,000) puts them in the top 1%.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E(Source: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sei.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F09\u002Fresearch-report-carbon-inequality-era.pdf\"\u003EOxfam\u002FStockholm Environment Institute\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Who is the 1%?","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe statistics are startling. The world's wealthiest 10% were responsible for around half of global emissions in 2015, according to a 2020 \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sei.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F09\u002Fresearch-report-carbon-inequality-era.pdf\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sei.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F09\u002Fresearch-report-carbon-inequality-era.pdf\"\u003Ereport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from Oxfam and the Stockholm Environment Institute. The top 1% were responsible for 15% of emissions, nearly twice as much as the world's poorest 50%, who were responsible for just 7% and will feel the brunt of climate impacts despite bearing the least responsibility for causing them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the rich race through the remaining \"carbon budget\" – the amount of greenhouse gas it's possible to emit without pushing the world beyond 1.5C of warming by the end of the century – they \"aren't making the space for the bottom 50% of the population to grow their emissions to the point where they're actually getting their needs met\", says Emily Ghosh, a staff scientist at the Stockholm Environment Institute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDario Kenner, the author of Carbon Inequality: The Role of the Richest in Climate Change, coined the term \"polluter elite\" to describe the wealthiest in society who invest extensively in fossil fuels, as well as having a strong climate impact from their high-carbon lifestyles. But while the polluter elite have a disproportionate impact, the world's wealthiest encompasses a much broader swathe of the population \u003Cem\u003E(see fact box: \u003Cstrong\u003EWho is the 1%?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs things stand, most people in wealthy countries are consuming in ways that are accelerating climate catastrophe. When you take into account the emissions from imported goods, the average person in the \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhotorcool.org\u002Fhc-posts\u002Frelease-governments-in-g20-countries-must-enable-1-5-aligned-lifestyles\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhotorcool.org\u002F1-5-degree-lifestyles-report\u002F\"\u003EUK emits 8.5 tonnes of carbon a year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E according to the Hot or Cool Institute\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, a figure that rises to 14.2 tonnes in Canada, the country with highest emissions among those the institute surveyed. In order to stay within 1.5C of warming, these figures need to come down dramatically \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwedocs.unep.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.11822\u002F34432\u002FEGR20ch6.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwedocs.unep.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.11822\u002F34432\u002FEGR20ch6.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y\"\u003Eto 0.7 tonnes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E per person by 2050.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b0ksbm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPersonal consumption is a thorny topic to address. It can quickly spiral into a well-worn debate about whether tackling climate change hinges on individual actions or systemic changes from governments and corporations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This is a false dichotomy,\" says Akenji. \"Lifestyles don't exist in a vacuum, lifestyles are shaped by context.\" People live their lives within the mostly unsustainable political and economic systems that exist. But, without addressing the lifestyles of the wealthiest and most polluting in our societies, and the power they hold, \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-020-16941-y\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-020-16941-y\"\u003Ewe won't be able to address climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Wealthy people set the tone on consumption to which everybody aspires. That's where the toxic effects are,\" says Halina Szejnwald Brown, professor emerita of environmental science and policy at Clark University in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETake aviation. \"As soon as you fly, you belong to a global elite,\" says Gössling. More than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0959378020307779\"\u003E90% of people have never flown and just 1% of the world's population is responsible for 50% of emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from flying. From the business elite crisscrossing the globe to the celebrities who have made travel part of their personal brands, their behaviour has helped make a high carbon lifestyle aspirational and desirable, says Gössling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe SUVs that ferry around presidents, business leaders and celebrities – and increasingly middle class families in cities – have also become a status symbol despite their environmental impact. Making up \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk\u002Fentry\u002Fsuv-sales-car-emissions_n_6008b39ec5b62c0057c31b72\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fcommentaries\u002Fcarbon-emissions-fell-across-all-sectors-in-2020-except-for-one-suvs\"\u003E42%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of global car sales in 2019, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less\"\u003ESUVs were the only sector to see emissions rise in 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The increase in people buying SUVs last year effectively \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002F2265449-people-buying-suvs-are-cancelling-out-climate-gains-from-electric-cars\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002F2265449-people-buying-suvs-are-cancelling-out-climate-gains-from-electric-cars\u002F\"\u003Ecancelled out the climate gains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of electric cars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBigger homes are another consumption hotspot. \"Housing choices signify prestige and social status,\" writes Kimberley Nicholas, a sustainability scientist at Lund University, and her co-authors in a recent \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41560-021-00900-y\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41560-021-00900-y\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the role of wealthy people in driving climate change. In Europe, nearly \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41560-021-00900-y\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41560-021-00900-y\"\u003E11% of emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from housing came from the top 1% of emitters who own large – and often multiple – homes. \u003Cem\u003E(\u003Cstrong\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field\"\u003Ehow gas-dependent countries are moving to zero-carbon heating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b0ksjc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe last few years, however, have seen social norms start to shift. In Sweden, Thunberg's activism helped inspire \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190909-why-flight-shame-is-making-people-swap-planes-for-trains\"\u003Eflygskam (the Swedish word for \"flight shame\")\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a concept which led people to question how much they should be flying. The movement was linked to a \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-51067440\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-51067440\"\u003E4% drop\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the number of people flying from Sweden's airports in 2018 – a rare fall at a time when global passenger numbers were increasing. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECovid-19, which dramatically curtailed business travel, proved that video calls can replace in-person meetings. A Bloomberg survey found \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Ffeatures\u002F2021-08-31\u002Fwill-business-travel-come-back-data-show-air-hotel-travel-forever-changed?sref=6flipp83\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Ffeatures\u002F2021-08-31\u002Fwill-business-travel-come-back-data-show-air-hotel-travel-forever-changed?sref=6flipp83\"\u003E84% of businesses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E plan to spend less on work travel post-pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFrom carbon markets to flight levies, economic interventions have the potential to drastically reduce the world's carbon emissions. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon-cost\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECarbon Cost\u003C\u002Fa\u003E analyses some of the most powerful economic measures that could reshape the way we live, and our relationship with the planet and nature.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Cost","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPeople have also started to consider the impact of their diets, leading to a \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fa9916e57-1b1c-4484-a5e0-576a5ecd3182\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fa9916e57-1b1c-4484-a5e0-576a5ecd3182\"\u003Eboom in plant-based meat and dairy companies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \"That's not coming from an edict or a government policy requirement,\" says Peter Newell, a professor of international relations at the University of Sussex. \"That's just businesses seeing that's where the market is shifting.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut these changes are too gradual for the emergency we are in, says Kenner: \"We're going past climate tipping points and species are going extinct.\" The issue is about speed, and for that government action is necessary, he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETargeted \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk\u002Fentry\u002Fmeat-tax-red-meat-processed-meat_n_5be2be22e4b0dbe871a513d0\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk\u002Fentry\u002Fmeat-tax-red-meat-processed-meat_n_5be2be22e4b0dbe871a513d0\"\u003Etaxes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on unsustainable behaviours, such as frequent flying and the overconsumption of meat, could help shift people to low carbon behaviours more quickly, says Newell, especially if there is a direct link between punishing polluting behaviour and investments that benefit many. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, proceeds from a frequent flyer tax could be invested into a cheaper or even free public transport system, and money from a \"mansion tax\" could be put towards insulating houses, bringing down levels of fuel poverty. The problem, though, is if the richest can simply absorb these costs and continue as before. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA more radical idea is a personal carbon allowance (PCA), where individuals are allocated an equal, tradable carbon allowance. If people want to emit more, they must buy the unwanted allowances of others. Versions of a PCA have been explored in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.feasta.org\u002F2008\u002F05\u002F29\u002Fcap-and-share-a-fair-way-to-cut-greenhouse-emissions\u002F\"\u003EIreland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0967070X05000259?via%3Dihub\"\u003EFrance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0301421508001833?via%3Dihub\"\u003ECalifornia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In 2018, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublications.parliament.uk\u002Fpa\u002Fcm200708\u002Fcmselect\u002Fcmenvaud\u002F565\u002F565.pdf\"\u003EUK government analysed its feasibility\u003C\u002Fa\u003E but concluded that a PCA would be too expensive, difficult to administer and unlikely to be accepted socially.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in the context of a climate emergency and a pandemic, which has forced people to accept individual restrictions in the name of collective gain, it may be a policy worth reconsidering, according to a recent \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41893-021-00756-w\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41893-021-00756-w\"\u003Eanalysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA PCA is appealing on one level, says Newell, \"because it makes it really clear what our per capita entitlements are.\" But, he adds, \"it's an extreme version of individualising responsibility.\" It could end up unjustly penalising people who, for example, live in areas with few public transport options. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother policy idea that's gaining popularity is \"choice editing\", where governments restrict carbon-intensive products – like private jets or mega yachts – from coming to market in the first place. The idea is low-carbon options, many of which already exist, will fill the gap.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChoice editing may sound radical but it's not new, says Akenji. The UK government, for example, uses choice editing on public safety grounds to ban the sale of guns or cars with no seatbelts. \"Undoing unsustainable behaviours is a whole lot harder than preventing unsustainable products from coming to market in the first place,\" concluded an April \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fservices\u002Faop-file-manager\u002Ffile\u002F6074b388afaab2339e656540\u002FExecutive-summary-FINAL.pdf\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fservices\u002Faop-file-manager\u002Ffile\u002F6074b388afaab2339e656540\u002FExecutive-summary-FINAL.pdf\"\u003Ereport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on behaviour change co-authored by Newell. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut even as \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Fbusiness\u002Fenvironment\u002Fun-sounds-clarion-call-over-irreversible-climate-impacts-by-humans-2021-08-09\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Freport\u002Far6\u002Fwg1\u002F\"\u003Etime runs out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for tackling climate change, many governments baulk at behaviour-change policies fearing they will be politically toxic to voters and unpalatable to the rich. The control that the wealthiest have over governments through lobbying and hefty donations gives them huge influence to dilute climate action and\u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41560-021-00900-y\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41560-021-00900-y\"\u003E shape the choices \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eavailable for everyone, says Kenner. \"There's this other future, this alternative future, which is being denied on a daily basis,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b0kzm2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor all the policies that target the behaviour of consumers, ultimately, it's very hard to bring down emissions if the infrastructure isn't there for people to live low-carbon lives. \"There's a lot that needs to go into building a more sustainable society and it's beyond just reducing private jets and luxury yachts,\" says Ghosh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome governments are making big changes. The Welsh government has suspended \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fuk-news\u002F2021\u002Fjun\u002F22\u002Fwelsh-government-to-suspend-all-future-road-building-plans\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-wales-politics-57552390\"\u003Einvestment in new road building\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to meet emissions targets, the Netherlands has proposed \u003Ca title=\"http:\u002F\u002Ftheguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002F2021\u002Fsep\u002F09\u002Fnetherlands-proposes-radical-plans-to-cut-livestock-numbers-by-almost-a-third\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ftheguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002F2021\u002Fsep\u002F09\u002Fnetherlands-proposes-radical-plans-to-cut-livestock-numbers-by-almost-a-third\"\u003Ecutting livestock numbers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by 30% to reduce pollution and councils in UK cities such as \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fartanddesign\u002F2019\u002Fjul\u002F16\u002Fnorwich-goldsmith-street-social-housing-green-design\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.passivhaustrust.org.uk\u002Fprojects\u002Fdetail\u002F?cId=101\"\u003ENorwich\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.exeter.gov.uk\u002Fstunning-new-passivhaus-council-homes-unveiled-in-exeter\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.exeter.gov.uk\u002Fstunning-new-passivhaus-council-homes-unveiled-in-exeter\u002F\"\u003EExeter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have started building energy-efficient social housing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOthers have targeted the role of advertising in driving unsustainable consumption. \"People try to stake out their place in society by distinguishing themselves from those that are below them,\" says Brown, and advertising \"builds its entire industry on this insecurity.\" In 2021, Amsterdam \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pri.org\u002Fstories\u002F2021-05-13\u002Famsterdam-bans-fossil-fuel-ads-its-metro\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pri.org\u002Fstories\u002F2021-05-13\u002Famsterdam-bans-fossil-fuel-ads-its-metro\"\u003Ebanned adverts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for emissions-intensive products including SUVs and cheap short-haul flights, following in the footsteps of cities such as São Paulo and Chennai, which have banned or strictly limited billboard advertising.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"But this is really not enough,\" says Akenji. The pace is glacial and the world is running out of time. Governments need to overhaul infrastructure, he says, putting sustainability at the heart of policy. That means creating fast, extensive and affordable public transport networks; decarbonising electricity; building denser, well-insulated housing; banning the use of gas-powered cars; and considering measures such as a \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2021\u002Foct\u002F11\u002Fshould-we-work-less\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2021\u002Foct\u002F11\u002Fshould-we-work-less\"\u003Efour-day working week\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGovernments and the wealthy, with their outsized role in influencing social norms, can also help to change the narrative that climate action is all about loss of personal freedom and quality of life. \"The sad thing about this is that things that have been shown to be more sustainable for the environment are almost always better for our own wellbeing and social cohesion,\" says Akenji.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEating less meat has \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lancetcountdown.org\u002Fdata-platform\u002Fmitigation-actions-and-health-co-benefits\u002F3-5-food-agriculture-and-health\u002F3-5-2-awaiting-data-diet-and-health-co-benefits\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lancetcountdown.org\u002Fdata-platform\u002Fmitigation-actions-and-health-co-benefits\u002F3-5-food-agriculture-and-health\u002F3-5-2-awaiting-data-diet-and-health-co-benefits\"\u003Ehealth benefits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Having fewer SUVs and gas-powered cars increases the air quality and \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheicct.org\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-impacts-transport-sector-pr-20190227\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheicct.org\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-impacts-transport-sector-pr-20190227\"\u003Ereduces air pollution deaths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And a four-day working week could allow for a better work life balance, more family time and fewer child-care costs for parents. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"No one gets up in the morning and says, 'I'm going to wreck the environment',\" says Akenji. People consume for many reasons: to meet their needs, to show affection, to feel good or because they feel pressured into it by advertising or social expectations. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVery few people ever really question their consumption, says Brown. \"These are pretty deep questions: 'Who am I and what do I need for a good life?' I mean, how many people want to sit down and actually ask that question?\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndividual actions won't be enough to tackle climate change, says Akenji, and guilt and shame won't help. But choices and actions do matter. \"I think we should all become political activists in one way or another,\" he says. \"What we're going to do is very deliberately and decisively go after our governments and ask them to live up to their commitments.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fcarbon-cost"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-28T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How the rich are driving climate change","headlineShort":"The lifestyle that emits most CO2","image":["p0b0krqv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The world's wealthiest people make a huge contribution to climate change through carbon-hungry activities. How can we reduce emissions from the rich?","summaryShort":"A small section of society has an outsized impact on the climate","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-27T23:05:08.559974Z","entity":"article","guid":"9ef01a62-77ae-4faf-a44c-bf98dd58258b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-27T23:05:56.94908Z","project":"future","slug":"20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218722},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field","_id":"617889ba45ceed0527298412","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Flaura-cole"],"bodyIntro":"Natural gas has provided the Netherlands with cheap heat for generations. As the country's largest gas field slowly closes down, a wealth of clean alternatives are opening up to keep homes warm.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGerrit Biert's feet have never been so warm. Leaning out of his doorway to point out new gas-free construction in his village, he keeps them planted inside. \"It's wonderful,\" he says of his low-carbon underfloor heating, a recent addition in his rented house. \"And completely off-grid.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA housing company tore down then rebuilt his home last year as part of a larger project on several streets in the village of Loppersum in Groningen, a northern province in the Netherlands. Biert is especially proud that the rebuild has allowed him to come off the natural gas network. \"I have nothing to do with gas anymore,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe effort to disconnect from fossil fuels in Loppersum is noteworthy, given its location. The village sits atop the largest deposit of methane, or natural gas, in Europe. The giant reservoir stretches under almost the entire province of Groningen and has fed the country's gas boilers, electricity plants and heavy industries since the 1960s. But eventually the extraction caused the ground beneath the province to sink. As a result, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-22542982\"\u003Eearthquakes have increased in force and frequency across the north in the last few decades, damaging many of the homes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Houses right on top of the gas field going gas-free seems like a clear sign the heat transition has arrived in the Netherlands","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"We have three earthquakes in a day sometimes,\" says Fanny Flikkema, 41, a long-time resident. \"They can wake you up at night, and you have to check for new cracks in the walls.\" In Groningen, reinforcing homes to be building earthquake-resistant is expensive, and it is cheaper to build new resilient homes from scratch. On the plus side, this gives them the opportunity to go\u003Cem\u003E aardgasvrij\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, or free of natural gas.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHouses right on top of the gas field going gas-free seems like a clear sign the heat transition has arrived in the Netherlands. The nation is among many starting a drastic shift to low or zero-carbon alternatives to fossil fuels for heating homes. The Netherlands has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Feurostat\u002Fdatabrowser\u002Fview\u002Ft2020_31\u002Fdefault\u002Fbar?lang=enEurostat\"\u003Eamong the lowest share of renewables in its total energy use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Europe: this transition will mean a complete overhaul of its heating system. With some of the most ambitious climate targets for its residential heating sector, the nation is now hoping to set itself up as a climate frontrunner in this area. At the heart of the heat transition debate is the question: what can replace the gas boiler?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b0bg1f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the Netherlands, the rising outcry over the danger of earthquakes from Groningen sealed the decision in 2019 to close the gas field eight years earlier than the scheduled closure date of 2030. Out in the cornfields and grass pastures, the 350 or so \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-netherlands-gas-idUSKCN1VV1KE\"\u003Ewellheads will go dormant by 2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A small number will remain on standby for a few years, with extraction at a minimum, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl\u002Factueel\u002Fnieuws\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F24\u002Fdefinitief-einde-gaswinning-groningen-wettelijk-geregeld\"\u003Ejust in case the stores are called upon in a severe winter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There is hope that these pilots will show the country how to meet its goal of getting every house off fossil fuels by 2050. All 8 million of them.","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECommunities across the country are now faced with deciding what to replace this natural gas with. Loppersum village is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl\u002Fonderwerpen\u002Faardgasvrije-wijken\u002Fdeelnemende-gemeenten-aardgasvrij-maken\"\u003Eone of 50 \"natural gas-free districts\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who are piloting alternative low-carbon technologies, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fthe-netherlands-2020\"\u003Esupported by €400m ($460m\u002F£340m) in government funding up to 2030\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. With the government's initial goal of converting 50,000 houses by 2028, the government hopes that these pilots will show the country how to meet its goal of getting every house off fossil fuels by 2050. All 8 million of them.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt will be an immense shift, says Casper Tigchelaar, senior researcher on energy in the built environment at the Dutch Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). \"Five years ago this kind of scenario was just a hypothetical.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Netherlands has a near-total dependence on gas as its energy source for heat. According to the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbs.nl\u002Fnl-nl\u002Fnieuws\u002F2021\u002F07\u002F92-procent-woningen-op-aardgas-begin-2019\"\u003E92% of households use the gas for heating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, making it the only country in Europe with proportionately more gas-connected houses than the UK. With domestic gas production dropping, the Netherlands is relying more and more on imported gas. As of 2018, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbs.nl\u002Fen-gb\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F11\u002Fnatural-gas-trade-deficit-for-the-first-time-in-2018\"\u003Ethe country was already a net importer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"IFrame","iFrameInfographicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fkalas-kajsa.github.io\u002Fwelcome\u002FBBC\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon_net_zero\u002Fimport_export.html","iFrameType":"infographic","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe country has proposed a raft of ambitious heat policies under its 2019 Climate Act, which aims to achieve an overall \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.government.nl\u002Flatest\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F28\u002Fclimate-deal-makes-halving-carbon-emissions-feasible-and-affordable\"\u003E49% reduction in CO2 emissions across its economy by 2030 compared with 1990 levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. At the moment, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenergypost.eu\u002Fa-revolution-the-netherlands-kisses-gas-goodbye-but-will-it-help-the-climate\u002F\"\u003E38% of energy consumed in the Netherlands is used to heat buildings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with half of this going to homes. The government \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.omgevingsweb.nl\u002Fnieuws\u002Fgasvrije-nieuwbouw-vanaf-1-juli-2018-wat-is-de-wetswijziging-en-wat-zijn-de-implicaties-voor-lopende-nieuwbouwprojecten\u002F\"\u003Eruled in 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that all new houses \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.delta-ee.com\u002Fdelta-ee-blog\u002Fdo-gas-boilers-still-have-a-role-to-play-in-dutch-new-build-homes.html\"\u003Emust not be connected to the gas grid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, starting that same year. By 2030, 1.5 million existing homes must have changed their heat source. And \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tno.nl\u002Fnl\u002Faandachtsgebieden\u002Fenergietransitie\u002Froadmaps\u002Fsysteemtransitie\u002Fsuccesvolle-wijkaanpak-motiveer-bewoners\u002Fmaak-het-de-huiseigenaar-aantrekkelijk\u002F\"\u003Eall buildings in the Netherlands must be using a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels by 2050\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe scale of the challenge is immense. Since the Climate Act was introduced, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pbl.nl\u002Fpublicaties\u002Fklimaat-en-energieverkenning-2020\"\u003Efewer than 10,000 houses have been renovated to become carbon-free\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"To meet these goals we would have to speed up the rate to 200,000 carbon-free renovations per year,\" says Tigchelaar.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike other countries such as the UK, which has more centralised policies, the onus is on each of the Netherlands' 355 local municipalities to decide which type of heat to use. All are required to devise their heat transition plans by the end of this year. \"This is a new task for us,\" says Anne Marie van Osch, project manager for sustainable energy for the municipality of Almere. \"We have to learn about all of these technologies and seek them out for the communities.\" With much debate around which technologies are the best option, these are not always easy decisions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor households that are well insulated and which would be tricky to connect to a wider heat grid, an individual heat pump might be the answer. Heat pumps work like a reverse air conditioner, transferring heat from outdoors to indoors via a refrigerant flowing through an internal loop. The heat can be released in the house in different ways, such as warm water in radiators, underfloor heating or warm air in the home. They use electrical energy, which can come from the grid or – even better – from solar panels, but they are up to four times more efficient than a gas boiler. Through energy savings, they tend to pay back their cost over a period of years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I'm excited to get it working for the first time this winter,\" says Boudewijn Wiersma, who owns one of the first heat pumps to be installed in Paddepoel, a suburb of Groningen city. The pump is nested in the garden of his home, which was renovated by an EU funded project called Making City. \"We wanted to demonstrate heat pumps work with real people living inside,\" says Els Struiving, coordinator for the demo-houses in Paddepoel who organises open house evenings for local residents to see the tech at work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's a downside to heat pumps, though. \"They're expensive,\" says Wiersma. \"Without the grant I couldn't have paid for it.\" Depending on the type, a heat pump and its installation costs from €6,000-20,000 ($7,000-23,200\u002F£5,000-16,800). According to Tigchelaar, the cost of heat pumps needs to drop for them to become a widespread solution in the Netherlands, \"or more subsidies made available for households\". Cheaper, hybrid solutions, which combine heat pumps and natural gas, are now being discussed as a more feasible option than all-electric heat pumps.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p0b0cqtv"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut there are other alternatives to heat pumps. In theory, gas boilers could be low carbon if they use a non-fossil gas made from clean sources. This means that gas made from the anaerobic fermentation of biomass such as manure and farm waste could play a role. According to the Climate Act, the country's biogas industry aims to deliver two billion cubic metres of green gas by 2030\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2071-1050\u002F13\u002F3\u002F1148\"\u003E, of which a substantial amount could\u003C\u002Fa\u003E be used to heat buildings. Current annual production still stands at 0.14 billion cubic metres. For comparison, buildings in the Netherlands currently use around 11 billion cubic metres of natural gas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some quarters, hydrogen is also a talking point as a fossil fuel alternative. In the rural village of Valthe, in the north-eastern Drenthe province, a group of engineers are showcasing a \"tiny hydrogen house\" which travelled here on the back of a lorry. It smells of sawn timber and, thanks to the food truck opposite, hot chips and \u003Cem\u003Emaatjes\u003C\u002Fem\u003E – fresh herring sandwiches. There's a fairground feel as residents roll up to see the new invention.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHydrogen provides both electricity and heat to the house. The main attraction is a coveted product around the back: a small electrolyser. By virtue of solar panels on the roof, the electrolyser splits water into hydrogen and oxygen via an electric current. The hydrogen gas can then be burned for heat in a special boiler.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The house shows on a mini scale what you could do for towns,\" says Remco de Vries, a renewable energy specialist who designed the system. Inside, it's a cosy bungalow with a working kitchen and a sitting room. \"Can I just live here?\" asks one resident. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"IFrame","iFrameInfographicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fkalas-kajsa.github.io\u002Fwelcome\u002FBBC\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon_net_zero\u002Fgas_total.html","iFrameType":"infographic","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOutside, Renske Bouden, a Valthe resident, is explaining the village's plan to buy a hydrogen electrolyser and power it with a field of solar panels. \"We actually get a lot of sun here,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's an unusual scheme given the government has cautioned hydrogen will likely only become affordable and widely available after 2030. But Bouden argues that rural homes are not energy efficient enough for individual heat pumps, and are too far apart to make it worth putting a heat network in the ground. \"With all the gas infrastructure in the village already, it would be more efficient to convert it to hydrogen,\" she says. Twenty miles (32km) to the west of the village, the Hoogeven municipality is already constructing an all-hydrogen neighbourhood, to be ready by 2023.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Marjan Minnesma, founder of the Urgenda Foundation – a Dutch environmental group which has become \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-32300214\"\u003Ea household name after taking the state to court over its climate commitments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – warns that hydrogen is not a silver bullet for residences. As hydrogen will be needed to decarbonise industrial processes like steelmaking due to the high temperatures it can provide, homes should use limited amounts of the gas, and only when there is no other option, says Minnesma. \"The government focus should be on renewable electrification with heat pumps,\" she says. \"District heating, by different methods, could provide the rest.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Netherlands has in fact already set its sights on district heating, which funnels heat from a large, single source to many homes via an underground network of pipes. The system has proven an energy efficient option in countries such as Denmark, where two-thirds of homes are part of heat networks. An analysis by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency estimates that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pbl.nl\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdownloads\u002Fpbl-2019-achtergronddocument-effecten-ontwerp-klimaatakkoord-gebouwde-omgeving_3711.pdf\"\u003Ea quarter of homes will be connected to heat networks by 2030, up from around 5% currently\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Because heat grids require digging up the roads and laying heat pipes between houses, they will be most effective in urban, densely populated areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b0blhk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome districts plan to drill for this heat. In Maasland, a town in the west of the country near the banks of the Rotte river, densely packed greenhouses stretch from horizon to horizon, steamed up with heat. Such vistas are behind the Netherland's position as the second largest agriculture exporter in the world after the United States, and they demand a lot of heat energy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe greenhouses in Maasland are heated carbon-free. In the southern corner of the complex is a geothermal well, pumping up 90C hot water from underground. \"With every kilometre down you get around 30C of heat warmer,\" says Danny van den Berg, policy advisor at Geothermie Nederland. At 3km deep, this one has enough heat up for all the greenhouses for 7km around.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt uses a simple process, similar to a household heat pump. The hot water is pumped up from an outdoor well and channelled through a large mattress-shaped bit of kit – the heat transfer – which is filled with alternating plates. The transfer acts like two interlocking radiators: the hot geothermal plates heat up a circuit of cooler fresh-water plates. The heated fresh water is then fed into the network of greenhouses, while the geothermal water is pumped back underground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe geothermal industry believes the technology has massive potential for homes across the country, which currently use little geothermal energy. \"One well like this could heat 3,000 to 4,000 homes,\" says van den Berg.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018 the geothermal industry created a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgeothermie.nl\u002Fimages\u002Fbestanden\u002FMasterplan_Aardwarmte_in_Nederland_ENG.pdf\"\u003Emasterplan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, claiming it could meet 7% of residential heat needs by 2030, and 35% by 2050. Hans Bolscher, chairman of Geothermie Nederland, says the largest hurdles are finding the needed investment and the planning that needs to take place on a local level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there are also other sources of energy for district heating. Amsterdam, which is ringed by a conurbation of data centres, could be an interesting case. Hundreds of rooms lined with blinking servers combine processing power to make it one of the largest internet exchanges in the world. They also create a considerable amount of heat, says van Osch, from the neighbouring municipality of Almere. But there's currently no infrastructure connecting them to nearby houses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Amsterdam's heat transition vision the municipality estimates that as much as 2.2 million kilowatt hours – around 30% of the city's heat demand – could be generated by data centres.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"IFrame","iFrameInfographicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fkalas-kajsa.github.io\u002Fwelcome\u002FBBC\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon_net_zero\u002Fnl_per_capita.html","iFrameType":"infographic","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe burning of vegetation in biomass plants is another source of district heating that is being explored, but this presents its own complications. Though currently responsible for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flongreads.cbs.nl\u002Fthe-netherlands-in-numbers-2020\u002Fhow-much-energy-do-we-get-from-biomass\u002F\"\u003E60% of the country's renewable energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, debate among policymakers about the sustainability of burning forest biomass for energy have resulted in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.euractiv.com\u002Fsection\u002Fenergy\u002Fnews\u002Fthe-dutch-have-decided-burning-biomass-is-not-sustainable\u002F\"\u003Ea freeze on new subsidies for the technology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Netherlands' Climate Act stands apart from other countries' climate laws when it comes to the role of the local municipalities. The accord puts the districts in charge of choosing their heating system, with participation a key tenet of the final accord. \"It's new for the municipalities,\" says Tigchelaar. \"Sourcing their energy supply was not something they were previously involved in.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEls Stuiving, founder of a prospective local energy cooperative in Paddepoel, believes the challenge of asking residents to change their heat source is as much a social issue as it is a climate or technological one. \"Imagine if someone knocked on your door and told you that your district is going to dig up the road and replace your heating with something new,\" says Stuiving. \"You'd probably have a few questions.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA failure to achieve local consensus and support is leading some of the gas-free pilot neighbourhoods to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eib.nl\u002Fpdf\u002FEIB_rapport_proeftuinen_aardgasvrije_wijken_5_maart_2021.pdf\"\u003Efall behind its schedule of 50,000 dwellings by several thousand households\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The lag has led to debate about whether district heating should be made obligatory. But this is not the only option, says Tigchelaar. \"You can start with more financial support and subsidies. At the moment none of the options are competitive enough against natural gas.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tno.nl\u002Fnl\u002Fover-tno\u002Fnieuws\u002F2021\u002F9\u002Ftno-brengt-energiearmoede-gedetailleerd-in-kaart\u002F\"\u003EAround 7% households in the Netherlands, around 550,000 homes, live in energy poverty\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Rising gas prices increase this to 9% – an additional 150,000 households. \"A big question for the district approach is how we can help people who simply cannot afford to invest in their homes,\" says Tigchelaar. \"Insulation, particularly, must be made cheaper and available to people who need it via subsidies. Low-income households need to be better considered in the transition plans.\" But he believes the pilot projects have been valuable, despite the delays. \"The living labs show us what is working and what isn't,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese pilots bring a sense that previously abstract climate targets are now meeting the bricks-and-mortar reality of peoples' homes and lifestyles. \"It's vital that it's done in a way that improves residents' quality of life,\" says Struiving. \"For the transition to happen, you need to bring everybody with you.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EData research and visualisation by Kajsa Rosenblad\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnimation by Adam Proctor\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETowards Net Zero\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince signing the Paris Agreement, how are countries performing on their climate pledges? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ftowards-net-zero\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETowards Net Zero\u003C\u002Fa\u003E analyses nine countries on their progress, major climate challenges and their lessons for the rest of the world in cutting emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field-16"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ftowards-net-zero"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-27T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How the Netherlands is turning its back on natural gas","headlineShort":"How the Dutch are ditching natural gas","image":["p0b0bpm8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Natural gas has provided the Netherlands with cheap heat for generations. As its largest gas field slowly closes down, a wealth of clean alternatives are opening up to keep homes warm.","summaryShort":"Going 'aardgasvrij' is about finding a life after natural gas","tag":["tag\u002Fenergy","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-26T23:05:22.477214Z","entity":"article","guid":"bb41744c-fa9a-420e-8d72-05df0a853ae6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-27T16:41:04.333003Z","project":"future","slug":"20211025-netherlands-the-end-of-europes-largest-gas-field","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218722},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children","_id":"6177451e45ceed534246a6a4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsandy-ong"],"bodyIntro":"In Singapore and many other countries around the world, it's common for young children to wear masks against Covid-19 – but aside from the protection they provide against the virus, might they pose a risk to their longer-term development?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike many children his age, three-year-old Eshan Evans is energetic and boisterous. But as soon as he has to put on a face mask at school, something changes. \"You can see he's a different boy, much tamer and quieter,\" says his mother Herne.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Singapore, where Eshan and his family live, children aged six and above are legally required to wear masks. But many kindergartens and pre-schools also strongly encourage the practice for younger children. It means that for roughly eight hours every weekday, except while eating, drinking, or napping, Eshan wears a disposable three-ply mask. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe moment he's let out, however, he rips off his mask, shoving it into his pocket or thrusting into his grandmother's hands. Once, on a particularly bad day in July, he threw his mask on the ground and ran out the school gates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"He hates it,\" says his mother, who doesn't make her son wear a mask outside of school. \"I have nothing against masks... but we don't want to force it on him and know he's uncomfortable.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe decision of whether to mask young children is one that many parents and regulators around the world are facing as they try to prevent new waves of Covid-19, while also allowing children to develop, socialise and thrive emotionally. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom a regulatory standpoint, as of early October, countries fall largely into three camps. Singapore and European countries such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.service-public.fr\u002Fparticuliers\u002Factualites\u002FA14422\"\u003EFrance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.salute.gov.it\u002Fportale\u002Fnuovocoronavirus\u002FdettaglioFaqNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&id=235\"\u003EItaly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E recommend masking up from the age of six. This is in line the World Health Organization's \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwho.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002FWHO-2019-nCoV-IPC_Masks-Children-2020.1\"\u003Eguidelines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which recommend that children over six wear masks in certain circumstances, for example when there is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Fq-a-detail\u002Fq-a-children-and-masks-related-to-covid-19\"\u003Ewidespread transmission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in their area. Some only apply the rule to specific indoor settings, such as school.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther regulatory bodies, including the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fcommunity\u002Fschools-childcare\u002Fk-12-guidance.html\"\u003ECenters for Disease Control and Prevention\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the United States, recommend mask-wearing for those aged two and older. And then there are those countries that have dropped requirements for in-classroom face coverings – for instance, in the UK, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fpublications\u002Factions-for-schools-during-the-coronavirus-outbreak\u002Fschools-covid-19-operational-guidance\"\u003Eneither children nor their teachers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are advised to wear masks to school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b05vhn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe only globally accepted consensus is that babies and children under two \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fprevent-getting-sick\u002Fabout-face-coverings.html\"\u003Eshould not wear masks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, due to the risk of suffocation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The age limit for the use of masks by children is not yet a scientific definition,\" says Adamos Hadjipanayis, president of the European Academy of Paediatrics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F33533522\u002F\"\u003Erelatively few studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E investigating mask-wearing in children, due to ethical and logistical challenges. Those few studies, which focused on the physical impact of masks on breathing, did not find any harmful effects. But the debate around the wider pros and cons has been heated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProponents of mask-wearing argue that masks protect the wearer and those around them from Covid-19, and that the risk factors of the disease for young children should not be overlooked. Most countries do not vaccinate children under 12, or only in exceptional cases, which leaves them comparatively exposed. Serious cases of Covid-19 in young children are still \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fcovid-data\u002Finvestigations-discovery\u002Fhospitalization-death-by-age.html\"\u003Erelatively rare \u003C\u002Fa\u003E– according to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-57766717\"\u003Elarge UK study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published this July, roughly one in 50,000 children with Covid end up in intensive care, and two in a million die. But the rapidly spreading \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F373\u002Fbmj.n1513\"\u003EDelta variant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which is at least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fvariants\u002Fdelta-variant.html#:~:text=The%20Delta%20variant%20is%20more,previous%20variants%20in%20unvaccinated%20people.\"\u003Etwice as contagious\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared with previous strains, is putting pressure on countries to contain and prevent outbreaks, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdownloads.aap.org\u002FDOFA\u002FAAP%20Letter%20to%20FDA%20on%20Timeline%20for%20Authorization%20of%20COVID-19%20Vaccine%20for%20Children_08_05_21.pdf\"\u003Eincluding among children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Delta makes the situation far worse,\" says Deepti Gurdasani, a clinical epidemiologist at Queen Mary University of London. \"Post-Delta, we're seeing a lot of outbreaks in schools all over the world.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is that mask-wearing has been linked to lower rates of Covid-19 in schools. For example, in the US state of North Carolina, where masking is compulsory for students above six, schools reported \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabcsciencecollaborative.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F06\u002FABCs-Final-Report-June-2021.06-esig-DB-KZ-6-29-21.pdf\"\u003Eextremely low transmission rates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – although more than 7,000 children and staff attended school while carrying the virus between March and June 2021, only 363 Covid-19 cases were found to have been caused as a result.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Masks provide an additional layer of protection against Covid-19 and have been shown to decrease the risk of getting the disease – Annabelle de St. Maurice","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn another survey involving 169 elementary schools in Georgia, researchers found that when teachers and staff were required to wear masks, reported \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjama\u002Ffullarticle\u002F2781847\"\u003ECovid-19 cases were 37% lower\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to schools without a mask mandate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Masks provide an additional layer of protection against Covid-19 and have been shown to decrease the risk of getting the disease,\" says Annabelle de St. Maurice, an assistant professor of paediatrics at the University of California, Los Angeles. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, masking may not solely be responsible for reducing transmission. Other protective factors such as \"personal hand hygiene, safe distancing, and whether an area is well-ventilated may play a part,\" says Mark Ng, an infectious disease specialist at Singhealth Polyclinics in Singapore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFamily Tree\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a new series of features from the BBC that examine the issues and opportunities that parents, children and families face all over the world. It examines the role that families have in today's society and how they will be part of the world tomorrow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou might also be interested in some other stories about how the pandemic is affecting children:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children\"\u003EShould we vaccinate young children?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210913-the-little-known-virus-that-surged-in-children-this-summer\"\u003EHow Covid-19 led a children's virus to surge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-how-covid-19-is-changing-the-worlds-children\"\u003EHow the pandemic is changing children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E","calloutTitle":"Family Tree","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut masks are an efficient and effective preventive measure, which is probably why many parents of young children in Singapore still stuck to it even after the island state \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.straitstimes.com\u002Fsingapore\u002Flegal-cut-off-age-for-children-to-wear-masks-to-be-raised-to-6-years-old-and-above\"\u003Eraised the legal mask-wearing age to six\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last September. The initial ruling, imposed half a year earlier, required children over two to be masked. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-coronavirus-what-is-the-best-kind-of-face-mask\"\u003Ehow face masks reduce transmission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Mimi Zainal, mother to two children aged three and five years old, the change in ruling made no difference. \"I prefer the kids to wear masks... it gives me a peace of mind to know they are more protected,\" she says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe children struggled with wearing masks at first, Zainal admits, but she and her husband \"hyped it up\" into a fun activity that the family would do together before heading out. She bought a variety of patterns – astronauts, unicorns, and other colourful prints – for the children to choose from. Within a matter of weeks, the kids got used to their masks, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome argue that even the jolliest pattern can't change one fundamental problem with masks: they hide half the face, and may make it harder to decode people's moods and feelings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChildren begin to recognise basic emotions – happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and so on – from as early as 10 months of age, with development peaking around five or six years, says Kang Lee, a developmental psychologist at the University of Toronto.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b05z4m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBeing able to see faces in their entirety is a key part of such development and masking can hinder that process, he says: \"We learn emotions mostly through the face.\" (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200603-how-covid-19-is-changing-the-worlds-children\"\u003Ehow the pandemic might be changing the world's children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut other experts are skeptical of how much of an impediment masks really are. \"Faces aren't necessarily the only or the most important cue to someone else's emotions,\" says Ashley Ruba, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Child Emotion Lab. There are other vital signals too, she says, \"things like tone of voice, body posture, and overall social situation\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F22892280\u002F\"\u003E2012 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that children under the age of nine could still correctly pinpoint the emotions of the faces they were viewing, even if they couldn't see their mouths. And in an experiment conducted last year, Ruba and her colleague discovered that while masks slightly impaired children's ability to recognise sadness, anger, and fear, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0243708\"\u003Eoverall effect was the same with sunglasses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This is another piece of evidence to suggest that masks may not have such a negative impact on children's emotional development,\" she says. After all, people usually don't worry about wearing sunglasses around kids.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEva Chen, a developmental psychologist at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, points out that in any case, people are not wearing masks or sunglasses all the time: \"So children are not 100% deprived of facial information.\" And in places like China, South Korea, and Japan, where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-52015486\"\u003Emasking was commonplace\u003C\u002Fa\u003E even before the pandemic struck, children have developed normally, she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne potentially greater area of concern may be the impact of masks on children's language development. Here, experts too are somewhat divided in their views, but they agree on one thing: there's a lot parents can do to bridge any budding problems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Children learn through observation,\" says Lynette Teo, who teaches childhood language and literacy development at Singapore's Ngee Ann Polytechnic. \"They look at the movement of the mouth, and see the lips and tongue move. If you just think about the 'th' sound, the placement of the tongue is so important.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b0600x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut parents shouldn't worry too much, says Lee. \"Kids are very adaptable to the environment. If one channel is blocked, they will go to another channel.\" To help kids understand, he suggests teachers and parents enhance their speech, posture, body movement and gestures when speaking with them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe situation for children with special needs is different, however, says Stephen Camarata, a professor of hearing and speech sciences at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee, who works extensively with such kids. \"Children with disabilities, especially hearing loss, use facial features to fill in the information they're not hearing,\" he says. \"They really need that visual information to understand what you're saying. With masks on, they're just not getting access to those cues.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe also expects masks to generally make it harder for young children to learn new words: \"In the short term, in terms of comprehending new words and vocabulary, [masks are] going to have an attenuating effect.\"      \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZainal, the Singaporean mother of two, noticed such a potential lag in her own son, but was able to solve through additional support. Worried that the five-year-old \"was a bit slow in learning his phonics,\" she sent him for extra classes at a tuition centre earlier this year. \"I found that even though teachers had masks on, he was still able to pick up the sounds and learn.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In the long run, I don't see any negative psychological effects on children – Kang Lee","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETammy Lim, a consultant with the Child Development Unit at Singapore's National University Hospital, agrees. She highlights how a local study found that two-year-olds were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8236912\u002F\"\u003Estill able to learn and recognise words\u003C\u002Fa\u003E even when spoken from behind a mask. In her view, the impact of masks on children is negligible compared to the other ways in which Covid-19 has disrupted their lives. She's more worried about how increased screen time, for example, has displaced exercise, playtime, and other activities. Already, her unit has seen an increase in young patients with developmental delays and behavioural issues, which she partly ascribes to the lack of opportunities for free play and socialising.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy comparison, the lasting effects of masking, if any, may be trivial. \"In the long run, I don't see any negative psychological effects on children,\" says Lee.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChen takes a similar view. \"Kids acclimatise surprisingly easily,\" she says. If parents are worried, she suggests the best solution is to spend as much time as possible with their kids. \"There's plenty of research to show that it's really important to have a child feel securely attached to their parents – to have their parents listen to them and reflect their emotions back to them, and to communicate extensively with one another.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECreating those warm family moments may be the best way to weather the upheaval of pandemic-induced rules and disruptions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Zainal, that involved coming up with creative ways for her kids to have fun at home, such as picnicking on the balcony, having an indoor scavenger hunt, and doing weekly craft activities. Masks are annoying, she says, but there's still fun to be had indoors. And when they do venture out, masks provide \"a sense of assurance to know that the kids are at least protected in a way, and can continue going to school and interacting with their friends\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAll content within this article is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of health care professionals. The BBC encourages anyone interested in further information to seek advice from their health care provider.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDisclaimer: The BBC is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis or actions taken by a user based on the content of this site. The BBC is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. Always consult your own GP if you're in any way concerned about your health or the health of your child.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E -- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-25T14:50:40.217Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Should young children be made to wear face masks?","headlineShort":"How face masks affect young children","image":["p0b05v61"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In many countries, it's common for young children to wear masks against Covid-19 – but do the benefits of protection against the virus pose a risk to their long term development?","summaryShort":"Should youngsters wear face masks to help curb the spread to Covid-19?","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fchildren","tag\u002Fhealth"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-26T00:00:22.496249Z","entity":"article","guid":"51403b48-ec2a-4d1c-8f5f-19c8bf650941","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-26T00:00:22.496249Z","project":"future","slug":"20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218723},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","_id":"6177d7ab45ceed023711ee53","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fluke-kemp"],"bodyIntro":"There are a handful of actors who are the most likely to cause a global catastrophe, but their power goes unchecked, says Luke Kemp.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1995, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-35975069\"\u003Edoomsday cult in Japan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E killed 13 people and injured more than 6,000 others. They were the victims of a Sarin gas attack in the Tokyo subway committed during rush hour by the apocalyptic terrorist group known as Aleph (at the time called Aum Shinrikyo). Afterwards, 13 of the perpetrators were tried and executed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the metro lines attacked on that day (the Marunouchi Line) leads to Shinjuku Station. Shinjuku is home to numerous sites where the Japanese government \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2011\u002Ffeb\u002F21\u002Fjapan-excavates-site-human-experiments\"\u003Eallegedly buried the bodies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the victims of wartime experiments. The corpses are purported to have been the grisly result of the actions of Unit 731: Japan’s infamous World War Two biological weapons programme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver more than a decade, Unit 731 was responsible for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2002\u002Faug\u002F28\u002Fartsandhumanities.japan\"\u003Eperhaps 300,000 or more deaths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The programme \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjama\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F417896\"\u003Eexperimented with weaponising a host of biological agents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from botulism and bubonic plague to syphilis and smallpox. New deployment methods were trialed, including the dropping of plague-infected fleas onto Chinese cities. Unit 731 engaged in some of the worst atrocities imaginable, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.waterstones.com\u002Fbook\u002Funit-731-testimony\u002Fhal-gold\u002F9780804835657\"\u003Eincluding the live vivisection of prisoners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter WW2 came to an end and Japan surrendered, the scientists of Unit 731 were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjama\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F417896\"\u003Egranted immunity by the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In exchange for avoiding prosecution for war crimes, they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjme.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F43\u002F4\u002F270.short?casa_token=0OwEuMsRs2wAAAAA:tWg5H2-daXSQr1MMhv_cp0O-8HXisLUKirlJB9WOb4EAq2XxC8CrZhMH4sA7MMovksQCqWmeowYE\"\u003Ehanded over data from human experimentation and bioweapons research to the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (although not its allies).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"After WW2 came to an end and Japan surrendered, the scientists of Unit 731 were granted immunity by the US","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe story of Aum Shinrikyo is well known and discussed among scholars who study global catastrophe and human extinction. It is frequently used as an example of the dangers if terrorists with apocalyptic motivations are well-funded and scientifically-literate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnit 731 is far less analysed. This is despite the fact that it illustrates the chilling lengths powerful actors can and will go to for an advantage. In addition to the harms caused to the Chinese people and others, Unit 731 could also have had terrible consequences for the global population, if its weaponised biological arsenal had been more extensively developed or widely deployed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, many catastrophic risk researchers focus on a \"citizen terror narrative\", concerned with \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0016328717302732\"\u003Eagential risks\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: doomsday level-threats from minor actors such as ambitious terrorists. Across the masses of citizens, the concern is that there will be at least one individual or group motivated to bring about Ragnarök. Hence, one of the greatest problems is the increased availability of dangerous information and technologies. Some have even suggested that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002F1758-5899.12718\"\u003Epreventive policing and ubiquitous surveillance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may be required to control these hypothetical wide-spread weapons of mass destruction.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith this view, the most powerful are trusted to not destroy the world due to rational self-interest. As the UK's Astronomer Royal Lord Martin Rees frames it in his book Our Final Century, a human-triggered apocalypse would likely be a case of \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.ee\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FOur_Final_Hour.html?id=GqvgCDPFZ18C&redir_esc=y\"\u003Eterror or error\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: malicious action by a small group or a mistake by the powerful.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ym97c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETerrorists and lone wolves are undoubtedly a problem. However, it appears they are highly unlikely to be the source of global destruction. The historical and present reality of human-made global hazards suggests that a different set of actors are culpable. Destroying large swathes of the world requires power and secrecy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the past few years, I have been studying the forces that cause historical catastrophes and collapses, as well as working with colleagues at the University of Cambridge's Centre for the Study of Existential Risk to analyse the modern dangers we face in the present-day. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse\"\u003EAre we on the road to civilisation collapse?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring my research I have become convinced that only a few institutions have the resources – and lack of oversight – to imperil the world. This is an enduring predicament that is unlikely to change. The greatest threats are not born from average citizens, but from a desire from the powerful for control, profit, and military advantage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse\"\u003EAre we on the road to civilisation collapse?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers\"\u003EThe 'Stomp Reflex': When governments abuse emergency powers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210217-the-moments-that-we-could-have-destroyed-humanity\"\u003EThe moments that could have accidentally ended humanity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScholars of castastophic risk often point to a handful of infamous human-made global threats: artificial general intelligence (AGI), catastrophic biological threats, climate change, lethal autonomous weapons, nuclear weapons and mass surveillance. The impact of each of these threats is uncertain and some are more likely than others: we have already experienced around 1C of global warming since industrialisation, but whether AGI can or will be created is uncertain. They are best thought of as interconnected threats that could cause significant worldwide loss of life and liberty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll of these are the product of a small group of often overlapping, powerful industries dominated by a few actors. These are primarily: military-industrial complexes, the fossil fuel industry and Big Tech. All of these are concentrated in a handful of countries, particularly the US. Let us call them the \u003Cem\u003EAgents of Doom\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlobal catastrophe is a case of public costs and private benefits. Too often we mistakenly think of the future of global catastrophe as a set of (falsely) separate hazards and technologies. The true risk underlying all of these is unaccountable, concentrated power.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EArtificial general intelligence (AGI)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguin.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002F307\u002F307948\u002Fhuman-compatible\u002F9780141987507.html\"\u003ESome scholars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are concerned that the creation of advanced artificial intelligence could have dire impacts. In 2020, approximately \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgcrinstitute.org\u002F2020-survey-of-artificial-general-intelligence-projects-for-ethics-risk-and-policy\u002F\"\u003E72 projects were openly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E researching AGI across 37 countries. These are primarily corporate and academic projects. About half of these are in the US and eight of the nine projects that have military connections are in the US. These can be taken as an underestimate as existing military programmes are likely to be kept confidential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ym7ws"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E(Note: \"lead\" designates countries where the projects' administrative and operational leadership are located. \"Partner\" refers to countries contributing to a project involving other nations.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECatastrophic biological threats\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe intentional development and cultivation of bioweapons didn’t truly begin until around World War One. Approximately 11 countries had bioweapons programmes over the course of the 20th Century resulting in around 18 bioweapons related incidents. The worst act during this time was the use of Typhus, Cholera and other agents by the Japanese (namely through Unit 731) against China during WW2.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBioterrorism has been more frequent but less impactful. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28806130\u002F\"\u003EA survey of multiple studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggests an average incident rate of 0.35-3.5 for biocrime and bioterrorism (in other words, approximately one every 2.9 years to 3.5 every year). But this includes a large number of hoaxes and threats. The vast majority of actual attacks result in a few casualties at most. This has led \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002F1469-0691.12699\"\u003Esome researchers to conclude\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"even if considerable financial, structural and logistical resources are available, successfully delivering a large-scale biological attack is harder than it may seem to be\". In contrast, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F14702436.2015.1113665\"\u003Escholars note that the revolution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in biotechnology will be one that likely gives an enormous advantage to stronger, militarised states.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EClimate change\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fb8f65cb373b1b7b15feb-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com\u002Fcms\u002Freports\u002Fdocuments\u002F000\u002F002\u002F327\u002Foriginal\u002FCarbon-Majors-Report-2017.pdf\"\u003E100 companies are responsible for 71%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions since 1988. Some of these fossil fuel giants have funded a complex of firms, think tanks and scientists that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMerchants_of_Doubt\"\u003Ehave been responsible for sewing doubt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on climate science. These \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.waterstones.com\u002Fbook\u002Fmerchants-of-doubt\u002Ferik-m-conway\u002Fnaomi-oreskes\u002F9781408824832\"\u003E\"merchants of doubt\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are a small, concentrated group. For countries, the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fenergyatlas.iea.org\u002F#!\u002Ftellmap\u002F1378539487\"\u003Etop 10 historical emitters account for three-quarters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of cumulative global emissions (counting the EU as single emitter), with the US alone accounting for around a quarter. A similar pattern appears when we look at the actual spread of fossil fuel reserves throughout the Earth’s land. Six countries and one region (collectively 18 countries) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F14693062.2018.1483885\"\u003Etogether hold 80%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of fossil fuel reserves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymvbp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELethal autonomous weapons (LAWs)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the first intentional initiatives to attempt to develop general lethal autonomous weapons was the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agencies’ (Darpa) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com.au\u002Fbooks?id=TnkVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT401&lpg=PT401&dq=1983+smart+weapons+program+darpa&source=bl&ots=ImdRoeyld1&sig=ACfU3U1lZr3NP_oBxICEQp_XtVht7Q8kYw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOhMvg8sjqAhVezjgGHYygA8AQ6AEwAXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1983%20smart%20weapons%20program%20darpa&f=false\"\u003E1983 Smart Weapons Program,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which contained a \"Killer Robots\" project. Its slogan was \"The battlefield is no place for humans\". Since then, interest in automated killers has grown. The most recent review of the lethal AI arms race found that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002F1758-5899.12713\"\u003EUS was the outright forerunner\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, followed by China, Russia, South Korea and the EU. They are abetted \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.paxforpeace.nl\u002Fpublications\u002Fall-publications\u002Fslippery-slope\"\u003Eby what the NGO Pax describes as 30 \"high-risk\" companies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E working on LAWs, or relevant technologies, who do not have any policy to ensure meaningful human control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ypmdx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ypmkb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENuclear weapons\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 1942-1946 Manhattan Project produced the 1945 successful Trinity test. The 1954 Castle Bravo test produced the first thermonuclear device. Both were deliberate, well-funded and organised enterprises by the US government. Scientists involved with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210217-the-moments-that-we-could-have-destroyed-humanity\"\u003Eprogramme first performed calculations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and then took bets as to whether the first test would potentially ignite the atmosphere, killing all life on Earth. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210217-the-moments-that-we-could-have-destroyed-humanity\"\u003EThe moments that could have accidentally ended humanity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECurrently, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fnuclear-weapons\"\u003E89% of nuclear weapons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are held by two countries: the US and Russia. The entire global nuclear arsenal belongs to just nine countries. The production and maintenance of nuclear weapons is overwhelmingly reliant \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dontbankonthebomb.com\u002F2019-producers-executive-summary\u002F\"\u003Eon just 28 major companies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (primarily US based).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymv9m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMass surveillance\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are concerns not just of global calamity, but the risk of dystopias, such as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201014-totalitarian-world-in-chains-artificial-intelligence\"\u003Elong-lasting, AI-surveillance power totalitarian\u003C\u002Fa\u003E state. The social scholar and author Shoshana Zuboff at Harvard University has branded the modern era as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.publicaffairsbooks.com\u002Ftitles\u002Fshoshana-zuboff\u002Fthe-age-of-surveillance-capitalism\u002F9781610395694\u002F\"\u003EAge of Surveillance Capitalism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is a situation in which human attention, experience and data are captured and commercialised en-masse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is dominated by a few, familiar titans: Alphabet (Google), Microsoft, Facebook, Amazon, Tencent, Baidu, Alibaba and Apple. All of which are in the top 10 largest companies in the world by market capitalisation. These are accompanied by tech firms tailored to provide cyberweapons and surveillance, such as Palantir and the NSO Group. The latter has recently been exposed by investigative journalists as having provided malware that has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2021\u002Fjul\u002F18\u002Frevealed-leak-uncovers-global-abuse-of-cyber-surveillance-weapon-nso-group-pegasus\"\u003Eused to infect the devices of activists, politicians, union leaders and journalists around the world,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including by repressive regimes. (NSO \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Ftechnology-57881364\"\u003Edenies any wrongdoing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBig Tech and surveillance firms are accompanied by intelligence communities to form what I call a \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers\"\u003EStalker Complex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E that constantly watches the world. The breadth and intrusiveness of this mass surveillance apparatus is carried out by a small number of intelligence agencies such as the National Security Agency (NSA) and its UK counterpart the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). While the future of AI surveillance technologies such as facial recognition technology is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcarnegieendowment.org\u002F2019\u002F09\u002F17\u002Fglobal-expansion-of-ai-surveillance-pub-79847\"\u003Edominated by US and Chinese firms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. China already possesses \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fmagazine\u002Farchive\u002F2020\u002F09\u002Fchina-ai-surveillance\u002F614197\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fmagazine\u002Farchive\u002F2020\u002F09\u002Fchina-ai-surveillance\u002F614197\u002F\"\u003Eadvanced surveillance systems, including widespread use of facial recognition,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and even the deployment of drones to help enforce Covid-19 regulations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConcentrated, captured and covert\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are three distinct lessons here. First, the production of human-made global catastrophic hazards is highly concentrated. The US military is responsible for pioneering work in nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, LAWs, surveillance, and AI. To this day, the US plays an outsized role in endangering the world. It is the world’s largest historical emitter, possesses the second largest, and most advanced nuclear arsenal, is the leader in developing LAWs, houses the largest agencies and firms working on surveillance, and has by-far the highest number of groups working on developing AGI.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ym9mx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESecond, the producers of such threats have frequently played an active role in suffocating action to address them. This is commonly referred to as \"regulatory capture\": regulatory efforts become captured by those that they are supposed to oversee. For climate change it is the fossil fuel lobby. For nuclear weapons, the arms race was stoked by the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002Fbomber-gap\"\u003Ebomber gap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" and \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002Fmissile-gap\"\u003Emissile gap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" myths perpetuated by the US military industrial complex. Key US military and political figures claimed that the Soviets had a swelling superiority in strategic bombers and ballistic missiles. Later U2 surveillance flights showed that these were serious overestimates. While fictitious, it was enough to justify surges in defence spending.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA similar dyanmic occurs in international negotiations, with just a few key countries blocking regulation of catastrophic hazards. For biological weapons it was the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F414675a\"\u003EUS who was the primary culprit in preventing the adoption of a global verification scheme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E under the Biological Weapons Convention. For LAWs, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Flife-style\u002Fgadgets-and-tech\u002Fnews\u002Fkiller-robots-un-meeting-autonomous-weapons-systems-campaigners-dismayed-a8519511.html\"\u003Eapproximately five countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Australia, Israel, Russia, South Korea and the US) have actively blocked progress on banning or strongly regulating lethal autonomous weapons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThird, producing the worst global threats is almost always done in the shadows.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESecrecy hazards\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe history of anthropogenic global threats is a history of hidden information. I call these \u003Cem\u003Esecrecy hazards\u003C\u002Fem\u003E: harms arising from intentionally concealed or obscured knowledge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESecrecy hazards are almost always a tool of the Agents of Doom and history is rife with them. Both Castle Bravo and the Manhattan Project were among the most secretive projects in US history. The NSA’s mass surveillance programmes were intentionally hidden from the public eye while whistle-blowers such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-23123964\"\u003EEdward Snowden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were marginalised and hunted for prosecution. The fossil fuel industry has spent decades burying its own \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fstories-53640382\"\u003Eprivate knowledge of climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and obscuring scientific evidence. Research on LAWs and numerous other powerful weapons have been performed in confidential programmes in agencies such as Darpa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Tom Mueller shows in his overview of whistleblowing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com\u002Fbooks\u002F318606\u002Fcrisis-of-conscience-by-tom-mueller\u002F\"\u003E\"Crisis of Conscience\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the military and intelligence communities frequently use secrecy provisions, and companies deploy commercial non-disclosure agreements, to conceal corruption and avoid embarrassment and public scrutiny rather than hide genuinely dangerous information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERisk and responsibility\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll of this could change in the future. The potential threat of future bio-terrorism seems particularly notable given the rising accessibility of bioengineering tools. This has led some catastophic risk scholars to become concerned with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnickbostrom.com\u002Finformation-hazards.pdf\"\u003E\"information hazards\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: the dissemination of true information that could cause harm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet there appears to be little concrete reason as to why we should expect the burden of catastrophic hazards to undergo a dramatic shift from powerful states and companies to individuals and small groups. Currently, citizen terror fears tend to revolve around either \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002F1758-5899.12718\"\u003Efar-flung thought experiments of \"easy nukes\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (nuclear weapons, or similarly destructive devices, that can be feasibly produced at a low cost by individuals and small groups) or naive extrapolation of technological trends assuming no limits or regulation. An empirical investigation of the past and present is a far more reliable basis for thinking about an uncertain future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ym9rc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven if a catastrophic global terrorist incident was to occur due to futuristic dangerous dispersed technology, it would almost certainly be traced back to the Agents of Doom in developing, overproducing, and preventing the regulation of such technologies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERather than fearing the public, scholars of catastrophic risk should see them as a wellspring of hope. The Agents of Doom should embrace rather than evade public scrutiny if they are genuinely concerned about global catastrophe.  For all of these hazards there is abundant evidence that one of the best forms of risk management would be to hand their regulation and development over to citizens.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPublic opinion polls across \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Fwcc.639\"\u003EChina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Fscience\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F23\u002Ftwo-thirds-of-americans-think-government-should-do-more-on-climate\u002F\"\u003Ethe US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2020-02-05\u002Faustralia-attitudes-climate-change-action-morrison-government\u002F11878510?nw=0\"\u003EAustralia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Fclima\u002Fcitizens\u002Fsupport_en\"\u003Ethe EU\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have showed strong majority support for greater action on climate change. In a poll across 26 countries, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipsos.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fnews-polls\u002Fhuman-rights-watch-six-in-ten-oppose-autonomous-weapons\"\u003E61% opposed the use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of lethal autonomous weapons. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icanw.org\u002Fpolls_public_opinion_in_eu_host_states_firmly_opposes_nuclear_weapons\"\u003EEuropeans strongly favour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E an international ban on nuclear weapons. Similarly, a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.thesimonsfoundation.ca\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2007%20Poll%20on%20Global%20Public%20Opinion%20on%20Attitudes%20Towards%20Nuclear%20Weapons_0.pdf\"\u003Esurvey of six countries including the US and Israel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that a substantial majority of citizens in each country supported eliminating all nuclear weapons through an enforceable international agreement. Most recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobalchallenges.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002FGCF_Global_Challenges_2020-High.pdf\"\u003Eextensive surveys by the Global Challenges Foundation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that strong majorities across numerous countries are open to creating a new supra-national body to manage global risks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENotably this is from citizens who have often poor, distorted information. Deliberative democratic approaches in which juries or assemblies of randomly selected citizens are briefed by experts and then discuss among themselves, tend to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fgov\u002Finnovative-citizen-participation-and-new-democratic-institutions-339306da-en.htm\"\u003Evastly improve their judgement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The problem isn’t these threats being publicly neglected; it is that they are actively hidden and any attempts at regulation are often delayed, distorted or destroyed","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA popular way to explain the lack of action on global risk is cognitive biases. This misses the point. The problem isn’t these threats being publicly neglected; it is that they are actively hidden and any attempts at regulation are often delayed, distorted or destroyed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIronically, the common response during crises to empower governments and the Stalker Complex through emergency powers is entirely counter-productive. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers\"\u003EThis \"Stomp Reflex\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is largely a movement of power from citizens to the Agents of Doom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is hard to characterise the actions of the Agents of Dooms as an \"error\", as Lord Martin Rees does. Yes, their goal is not to ruin the entire world, including themselves. But this is not about bias or motivation, it is about risk. The simple, unavoidable fact is that there are only a small number of powerful actors who produce most global catastrophic hazards and benefit from it. The motivation may not be cause global catastrophe, yet their actions are nonetheless deliberate. A drunk driver who gets behind the wheel may not intend to hit anyone, but they are still responsible for any inebriation-fuelled collision. Particularly if they are undertaking the dangerous journey to earn billions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe citizen terror narrative is mistaken. Instead, calamity is being secretly birthed for profit and power by the Agents of Doom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E*\u003Cem\u003ELuke Kemp is a research associate at the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-19"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-26T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Agents of Doom: Who is creating the apocalypse and why","headlineShort":"Why \"Agents of Doom\" threaten the world","image":["p09ym94c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"There are a handful of actors who are the most likely to cause a global catastrophe, but their power goes unchecked, says Luke Kemp.","summaryShort":"They are hastening the apocalypse – why?","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fmilitary","tag\u002Frisk","tag\u002Fnuclear"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-14T08:26:43.108917Z","entity":"article","guid":"3aca5cf9-4e3b-4d9d-978d-0c4f843d3834","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-26T10:25:40.081347Z","project":"future","slug":"20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218724},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature","_id":"6175e6ab45ceed39324b9026","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkelly-oakes"],"bodyIntro":"Fresh water, clean air, peace of mind – natural landscapes make life better for humans in myriad ways. Now scientists are trying to put a dollar figure on exactly how much nature is worth.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETucked away in the Scottish Highlands, in an old commercial forest known as Birchfield near Loch Ness, is a rewilding project with a difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 100-acre (40-hectare) site is a hive of technological activity. Drones fly overhead to track the extent and condition of the various habitats below, from recently felled woodland to a newly discovered peat bog. Meanwhile, camera traps and audio recording equipment capture evidence of the huge variety of species that live on the land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, as well as tracking the physical changes taking place as the land is restored, researchers are busy calculating exactly how much we benefit from that restoration, in the cold hard currency of money and economic worth. This is the Natural Capital Laboratory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of putting a price on carbon is familiar by now – buy a plane ticket and you might have the option to pay extra to offset your emissions – but nature does a lot more than absorb carbon. Around the world forests provide homes, food and resources for humans and animals alike. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-which-trees-reduce-air-pollution-best\"\u003ETrees also cut air pollution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-35777927\"\u003Ereduce the risk of flooding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and help maintain soil quality. Landscapes like grasslands and coastal wetlands provide for humans, and countless other species, in many ways. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210915-the-worlds-most-expensive-animals\"\u003EAnimals within these ecosystems also provide services\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as insect pollination or the carbon storage of elephants or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-why-saving-whales-can-help-fight-climate-change\"\u003Ewhales\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. What happens when we try to put a price on those things too?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zs2px"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETalks at the United Nations' 26th Climate Change Conference of the Parties in Glasgow this November, known as COP26, will address \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market\"\u003Ehow to implement a global carbon market\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, enabling countries to trade carbon credits in order to meet their emissions targets. At the same time, private sector investors and companies are looking to carbon markets as a solution to regulatory measures that will enforce decarbonisation. \"There's a tremendous political push for this,\" says Alain Frechette, director of strategic analysis and global engagement at Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI), a community land rights coalition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn theory, a global carbon market should mean we reduce emissions across the whole planet. Rich countries could meet targets while continuing to emit by paying for reductions elsewhere – and lower income countries could benefit financially from restoring their climate-friendly landscapes. But the devil will be in the details. If we don't get it right, a global carbon market could lead to a land grab that devastates communities living in the world's richest landscapes, and wreaks havoc on wildlife, too. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ehow a global carbon market could affect the climate\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever happens at COP26, action on climate change is already affecting the way we value land and ecosystems. Gabon is a net sequester of carbon thanks to the rainforest that covers most of the country. This year the UN-backed Central African Forest Initiative \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-57567829\"\u003Epaid the country $17m (£12m) for reducing emissions from deforestation in recent years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, the Seychelles \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200803-the-deal-that-saved-seychelles-troubled-waters\"\u003Ehad almost $22m (£16.8m) of national debt paid off\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by US conservation group The Nature Conservancy in return for protecting its coastal wetlands, another habitat that is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdrawdown.org\u002Fsolutions\u002Fcoastal-wetland-protection\"\u003Ea significant carbon sink\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and home to endangered species, including the hawksbill sea turtle and scalloped hammerhead shark.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For some, putting a price on ecosystem services is how we can make sure nature – or rather, natural capital – is given due weight at the decision-making table","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the myriad ways that land provides for humans by supplying clean air and water, mitigating flood risk, and more – known as \"ecosystem services\" – have not always been afforded a monetary value. Felling a woodland for timber has a market value, but protecting it to reduce the risk of devastating floods in a local town, for example, usually does not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe concept of ecosystem services was developed in the 1970s. It was originally intended to highlight our dependence on nature and get people interested in conservation, but later evolved into a way of putting a price tag on those benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow there is a growing movement towards \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41893-018-0033-0\"\u003Epaying to protect these services\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It's not a wholly new idea: in 1989 bottled water brand Vittel, now owned by Nestle, began a consultation that resulted in a financial agreement with farmers upstream of the company's water source, essentially \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagris.fao.org\u002Fagris-search\u002Fsearch.do?recordID=GB2013203281\"\u003Epaying them to ensure an aquifer provided clean water\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor some, putting a price on ecosystem services is how we can make sure nature – or rather, natural capital – is given due weight at the decision-making table.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zs3x0"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It's about 'what is the value that we've not been recognising in the past?', and making sure that we do recognise it today,\" says Adam Eagle, chief executive of conservation charity \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flifescapeproject.org\u002F\"\u003EThe Lifescape Project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that set up the Natural Capital Laboratory (NCL) in 2019, alongside infrastructure firm AECOM and the landowners of Birchfield. \"It's a really powerful tool when you're talking to decision-makers and policy-makers, explaining to them that actually there is a direct negative economic impact of what they're doing, even if it's hard to see.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom carbon markets to flight levies, economic interventions have the potential to drastically reduce the world's carbon emissions. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon-cost\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECarbon Cost\u003C\u002Fa\u003E analyses some of the most powerful economic measures that could reshape the way we live, and our relationship with the planet and nature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Cost","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo how exactly do we arrive at those financial values? That's what researchers working on the NCL are figuring out. Using a variety of technology – drones, camera traps, audio recording equipment, and more – they are taking stock of the changes in ecosystem services the site provides as it undergoes rewilding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETake the peat bog the team discovered on the land. They are now monitoring its water level. \"We're not fixing it yet, so to speak, we're just leaving it as it was for some time so we can get a baseline,\" says Eagle. \"Once we've taken restoration actions in a couple of years' time, we'll run the same tests again, and we'll be able to show the difference in the water levels.\" From that they'll be able to work out the net financial gain from restoring the peat bog in terms of its impacts on flood mitigation, water quality and carbon storage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe project has involved designing a natural capital accounting tool to keep track of the habitats and species present, and the monetary values of the services they provide, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feia.aecom-digital.com\u002Fnatcap\u002Fproject-information\"\u003Esits alongside a virtual version of the NCL accessible online\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. At the end of the first year, climate regulation benefits had the largest estimated annual value at £15,238 ($20,710), followed by air quality regulation (£5,958\u002F$8,100) and flood regulation (£4,496\u002F$6,100).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile this approach might work for economists, focusing on ecosystem services doesn't necessarily resonate with other people. \"It's certainly skyrocketing in prominence in terms of the language and the thinking that we use to try and promote biodiversity,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rmit.edu.au\u002Fcontact\u002Fstaff-contacts\u002Facademic-staff\u002Fb\u002Fbekessy-professor-sarah\"\u003ESarah Bekessy \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rmit.edu.au\u002Fcontact\u002Fstaff-contacts\u002Facademic-staff\u002Fb\u002Fbekessy-professor-sarah\"\u003Eat RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"But has it really filtered down to being something that is therefore more valued in society?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBekessy \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS000632071731755X\"\u003Eand her colleagues argue that it has not\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, pointing to plateauing media coverage of biodiversity, while the planet faces continued deforestation and the extinction risk faced by animals, plants and fungi heads in the wrong direction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's not all just in pounds and pence and dollar signs. There is something else that is somewhat intangible that we're missing – Adam Eagle","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome types of landscape risk being overlooked, too. Bekessy and her colleagues looked at habitats over the world and found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F116\u002F3\u002F909\"\u003Esmall patches of nature – often the kind found in urban environments, or leftover from clearing land for agriculture – have an outsize importance when it comes to conservation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"There's such a lot of valuable biodiversity left in these small, scrappy places that we have systematically degraded over time,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut looking at them through an ecosystem services lens \"often leads to the diminishing of those places, because they get low scores in terms of their value\", she says, because of their size and the fact that they tend to no longer be ecologically intact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":["p09zs4j9"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Eagle, while ecosystem services is a useful concept, it doesn't capture all of the value in the natural world. \"It's not all just in pounds and pence and dollar signs,\" he says. \"There is something else that is somewhat intangible that we're missing.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe fact that numbers don't tell the whole story is clear when we consider our reaction to changes in our local environment, too. There may be no net difference in carbon if some trees on your street are cut down and replanted elsewhere, for example, but you'll still feel their loss when you step outside. \"That's not those trees, that those people have walked past every day,\" says Bekessy. \"That place-based value is a really under-appreciated aspect of nature.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to action on climate change, focusing too heavily on just carbon storage comes with pitfalls – ecosystems are not simple carbon storage devices but rather complex systems that require complex management to thrive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's either a massive opportunity that's going to be a kind of biodiversity renaissance, or a huge global risk to biodiversity conservation – Sarah Bekessy","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBekessy works with conservation organisation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bushheritage.org.au\u002F\"\u003EBush Heritage Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and says the cost of land has already noticeably increased in the face of a global carbon market. \"The land grab that's happening in Australia right now is extraordinary,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The risk is that organisations that buy land for conservation are going to be pushed out,\" she says. \"The carbon market is going to have some sort of responsibility, therefore, to fill that space and actually be part of the biodiversity solution as well.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether or not that happens is down to the details ironed out in Glasgow this November. \"It's either a massive opportunity that's going to be a kind of biodiversity renaissance, or a huge global risk to biodiversity conservation, and [the difference] is just going to be a few tweaked policies,\" she says. \"That's why COP26 is so important.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the people who live in these valuable landscapes, and whose livelihoods depend on them, the stakes are even higher.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA report published earlier this year by Rights and Resources Initiative investigated \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frightsandresources.org\u002Fpublication\u002Fcarbon-rights-brief\u002F\"\u003Ethe legal rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, and Afro-descendant peoples to the carbon in their lands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 31 countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America, which together are home to two-thirds of the world's tropical rainforests. It found that few countries explicitly recognise those rights, and the countries that do often don't have clear legal frameworks to regulate carbon-linked transactions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Countries have not made the headway in terms of developing the legal frameworks that would support engagement in these arenas,\" says Frechette, lead author of the report. \"And yet we're plunging straight into this, with the hope that all of these questions will be resolved in the next couple of months.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zs4z9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWithout clear community rights, those who depend on that land are unlikely to benefit when countries trade in its emissions-reducing capabilities, and could face additional challenges. \"It's unclear how carbon markets will affect people's rights to pursue their own livelihoods and ensure that they can access the forest for food, timber or resources to meet their basic needs,\" says Frechette.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Fundamentally, people love the awe and wonder of nature, and it's an absolutely fundamental part of who we all are – Sarah Bekessy","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf those community rights were secured, however, the planet would benefit too. A growing body of research shows that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fipccresponse.org\u002F\"\u003Eindigenous people and local communities are the best guardians of their land\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsrccl\u002F\"\u003Ewhen they have clear land rights they can play a vital role in climate change mitigation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and biodiversity conservation. A UN report on forest governance in Latin America and the Caribbean, for example, showed that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fnews\u002Fstory\u002Fen\u002Fitem\u002F1391139\u002Ficode\u002F\"\u003Ewhen governments formally recognise collective land rights, rates of deforestation are lower\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Communities have been doing this largely by themselves without support,\" says Frechette. \"Just imagine if they had access to that – if carbon markets did provide benefits for them.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the problem is that governments do not always have people in mind when assessing land for its potential to combat climate change. \"When countries draw maps and identify areas where they can do emission reduction studies and so forth, those maps do not show people living there, they never show communities that have been there for decades and centuries,\" says Frechette.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis idea that humanity exists apart from the rest of nature is dangerous not just for indigenous people and local communities. Some, including philosopher Val Plumwood, have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhumanity-and-nature-are-not-separate-we-must-see-them-as-one-to-fix-the-climate-crisis-122110\"\u003Eargued that this dualism is at the heart of our environmental crises. \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn her bestselling book Braiding Sweetgrass, scientist and member of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Robin Wall Kimmerer makes the case for reconnecting with our environment in order to heal the planet: \"Restoring land without restoring relationship is an empty exercise. It is relationship that will endure and relationship that will sustain the restored land. Therefore, reconnecting people and the landscape is as essential as reestablishing proper hydrology or cleaning up contaminants. It is medicine for the earth.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zs5xs"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDuring Covid-19 lockdowns around the world, many people started to do just that, developing an attachment to the – perhaps scrappy – nature they found on their doorstep. To many of us the inherent value in nature, and the incalculable ways in which we benefit from connecting with it, are obvious.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The weird thing is that people do value nature, but it hasn't got the political elevation to affect decision-making in a way that would reflect the values that people have for nature,\" says Bekessy. \"Fundamentally, people love the awe and wonder of nature, and it's an absolutely fundamental part of who we all are.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether nurturing our individual relationships with the Earth can trickle up to influence policy – and even keep a global carbon market in check – remains to be seen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there are signs that those who favour a more holistic, rather than transaction-based, relationship with the planet are beginning to have their voices heard. After much debate between delegates from different parts of the world, members of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) – an IPCC-like initiative for biodiversity – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1462901115001069\"\u003Eagreed to use the term Mother Earth, alongside the language of ecosystem services, in their conceptual framework\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I've never seen such language in an international agreement,\" says Frechette. \"It shows that people are shifting and recognising that this is the only ship and mother that we will ever have and if we don't start taking care of her, things are going to go awry.\"            \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature-20"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fcarbon-cost"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-22T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The great experiment to put a price on nature","headlineShort":"Scotland's experiment to value nature","image":["p09zs02w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Natural landscapes make life better for humans in myriad ways. Now scientists are trying to put a dollar figure on exactly how much nature is worth.","summaryShort":"Putting a dollar figure on nature could help protect it from destruction","tag":["tag\u002Fecology","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-24T23:05:08.582656Z","entity":"article","guid":"bec62bbc-0a96-4b13-8b88-6054ad8f7ffb","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-25T09:47:08.593407Z","project":"future","slug":"20211018-scotlands-great-experiment-to-calculate-the-value-of-nature","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218724},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less","_id":"6170a0db45ceed6e485ea563","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fula-chrobak"],"bodyIntro":"Combustion-engine cars occupy a special place in American culture, but to reach net zero by 2050 the US needs to rethink its relationship with the automobile.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EArlington, Texas has the strange honour of being the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.planetizen.com\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F03\u002F97588-arlington-texas-replaces-public-transit-ride-share\"\u003Elargest city in the United States with no public transport service\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – not a single bus line or rail track. Its 400,000 residents have only their own cars and a city-sponsored rideshare service to get around in. It's an extreme example, but not a huge contrast with hundreds of other American cities where travelling without a private vehicle is time-consuming and difficult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's easy to see why having a car in the US is synonymous with mobility and freedom to travel – without one, you're beholden to poor transit services that might include one-hour waits for buses that may or may not arrive, minimal or non-existent bike lanes and limited rail service, among other challenges. The car-centric infrastructure and culture of the US is also the crux of its greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2017, transport has been the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fgreenvehicles\u002Ffast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions\"\u003Esingle largest source of \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fgreenvehicles\u002Ffast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Egreenhouses gases in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – higher than electricity or industry emissions – and these emissions are dominated by cars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf the US is going to meet its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whitehouse.gov\u002Fbriefing-room\u002Fstatements-releases\u002F2021\u002F04\u002F22\u002Ffact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eclimate commitments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to reduce emissions to half of 2005 levels by 2030 and reach net zero emissions by 2050, it's going to have to do something about this.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's certainly creating a lot of environmental challenges, but also social and political challenges, given the isolation that people are experiencing in suburbs – Ethan Elkind","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe country's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fafdc.energy.gov\u002Fdata\u002F10315\"\u003Eskyrocketing car use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E isn't necessarily the fault of individual drivers. Historic development patterns and policies which continue to prop up car-dependent infrastructure mean there are often few other options. Incentives for people to buy electric cars can help reduce emissions, but many experts believe moving to clean transport also requires rethinking how we move about in the first place. Massive investment is needed to move American cities in the direction of bike and public transit-friendly metropolises in Europe and Asia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z6d7x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince the mid-20th Century, federal funding for transport has largely gone to car infrastructure such as highways, says Ethan Elkind, who leads the climate program at the University of California, Berkeley's Center for Law, Energy and the Environment. Many cities in the US are built on a 1950s blueprint of sprawling subdivisions reliant on cars. Pedestrian, biking and public transit have taken the backseat. \"Now we're just locked into it,\" says Elkind. \"It's certainly creating a lot of environmental challenges, but also social and political challenges, given the isolation that people are experiencing in suburbs.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2019, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.census.gov\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002FCensus\u002Flibrary\u002Fpublications\u002F2021\u002Facs\u002Facs-47.pdf\"\u003Emore than three-quarters of American workers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E drove alone to work. The vast majority of their cars burn petrol, each emitting an average of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fgreenvehicles\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle\"\u003E4.6 tonnes of CO2 per year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – equivalent to the\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FEN.ATM.CO2E.PC?most_recent_value_desc=true\"\u003E total yearly emissions of someone living in France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The US also lags behind China and Northern European countries in electric car sales – electric vehicles made up only \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fglobal-ev-outlook-2021\u002Ftrends-and-developments-in-electric-vehicle-markets\"\u003E2% of all new cars sold in 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (75% of cars sold in Norway the same year were electric).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd when they need to travel longer distances, Americans tend to fly. The US was responsible for about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheicct.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fco2-emissions-commercial-aviation-2020\"\u003Ea quarter of global passenger aviation emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2019. Travelling by plane is estimated to result in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0967070X21001633\"\u003Eseven times the carbon emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of high-speed rail. While more than 20 countries now have high-speed trains zooming people to their destinations at more than 200 miles per hour, the US has yet to complete a single true high-speed rail line.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"IFrame","iFrameInfographicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fkalas-kajsa.github.io\u002Fwelcome\u002FBBC\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon_net_zero\u002Fus_projection.html","iFrameType":"infographic","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMajor infrastructure projects like passenger rail are slow in the US for a number of reasons. Local and regional governments have relatively more power in land-use decisions than elsewhere, says Elkind, making big projects subject to the politics of city councils and county boards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProjects that push ahead despite bureaucratic and legal hurdles are often later derailed thanks to cost overruns and minimal support from federal funding. Often, they run over budget simply due to a lack of institutional knowledge, says Jonathan English, transport director of the chamber of commerce and advocacy group Toronto Region Board of Trade, who has researched public transport development in the US, Canada and in Europe. In places where public transit development is common, there are experts who can work efficiently and avoid going over-budget. But in the US, planners may have to negotiate many unforeseen challenges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETake the California High Speed Rail system, for example. After more than a decade of delays, the project is low on funds, and construction is currently limited to a 119-mile (190km) segment in the Central Valley. The goal of the project is eventually to connect San Francisco to Los Angeles. \"The [funding] offer from the federal government for highways is much more generous than for rail,\" says Elkind, adding that California has mostly had to finance the project on its own with bond money and funds from its carbon trading program.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETransport officials at Oregon Metro – a regional planning agency covering Portland and portions of surrounding counties – express similar frustrations. While the agency has managed to forge ahead with various light rail, bus and bike path improvements since the 1990s, securing funds has been challenging. \"We receive a very small amount of flexible [federal] funds that can be used for active transportation and transit projects,\" says Margi Bradway, deputy director of planning at Oregon Metro. \"They really pale in comparison to the overall funding available.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"IFrame","iFrameInfographicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fkalas-kajsa.github.io\u002Fwelcome\u002FBBC\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon_net_zero\u002Fby_sector.html","iFrameType":"infographic","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome politicians have leaned into policies to electrify our cars. President Biden has committed to invest \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whitehouse.gov\u002Fbriefing-room\u002Fstatements-releases\u002F2021\u002F03\u002F31\u002Ffact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan\u002F\"\u003E$174bn (£126bn) in electric\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whitehouse.gov\u002Fbriefing-room\u002Fstatements-releases\u002F2021\u002F03\u002F31\u002Ffact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan\u002F\"\u003E vehicles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E, or EVs, and their infrastructure\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F06\u002F1025372214\u002Fbidens-order-targets-half-of-new-vehicles-to-be-zero-emissions-by-2030\"\u003Epledged that half of all new vehicles sold in 2030 will be zero-emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E vehicles, up from just 2% today. The climate analysis non-profit Climate Action Tracker \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fclimateactiontracker.org\u002Fcountries\u002Fusa\u002Fpolicies-action\u002F\"\u003Esays closer to 100% of new cars in the US should be zero-emissions by 2030\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to be compatible with the Paris Agreement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEVs certainly have a role to play. In the US, the lifetime carbon footprint of an EV, which include the impact of manufacturing the cars, is less than that of a petrol-burning vehicle. The same is true in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41893-020-0488-7\u002F\"\u003Emajority of countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (the only exceptions are nations that source electricity mostly by burning coal).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, EVs alone are not enough to tackle ballooning transport emissions. Cutting climate-warming gases by 2050 from light-duty transport solely by transitioning to EVs would \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41558-020-00921-7.epdf?sharing_token=2xraFoUenY1jWzmj59pBsNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MwZgD9OhVz9I1pdqn5uP1kguAxyR9PnRlU8t2S8CDMeXUs5zNLNGIYGu5m2XxH4pNTgmdM0HuVi5tmo0LPdfA2WApFmazvgPjpbCJHELEbgvb42uVUo_Ac9taW5VEshaE%3D\"\u003Estrain the US electricity grid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Emaking up half of national electricity demand, while possibly creating new environmental problems through soaring demand for minerals such as lithium and cobalt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p09z6d1s"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUS states with commitments to cut their emissions are coming to terms with that reality. In September, state officials in Colorado said that while the state is on track to meet climate goals in its utility sector, transport is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cpr.org\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F20\u002Fstate-reduce-emissions-electricity-transportation-oil-gas-sector\u002F?utm_content=buffer0880a&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\"\u003Ethe \"most complicated\" part of \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cpr.org\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F20\u002Fstate-reduce-emissions-electricity-transportation-oil-gas-sector\u002F?utm_content=buffer0880a&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\"\u003Eemissions cuts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The state estimates that one-third of emissions reductions in transport need to come from developing denser urban areas and more public transit, but policies to get there have yet to be put in place. Meanwhile, fuel-intensive SUVs and light trucks now make up the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cpr.org\u002F2021\u002F10\u002F01\u002Fcolorado-suvs-sales-carbon-emissions-pedestrian-safety\u002F\"\u003Emajority of new car registrations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Colorado and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics\u002Fcharts\u002Fshare-of-suvs-in-total-car-sales-in-key-markets-2010-2019\"\u003Eoutsell sedans nationwide\u003C\u002Fa\u003E too, reversing climate gains from the development of more fuel-efficient cars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There's ample free parking, which incentivises people to drive, which incentivises people to purchase cars – Adie Tomer","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne overlooked feature that might have a surprisingly powerful role to play in reducing car use is parking. It's been estimated that the US has as many as two billion parking spaces – that's around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002F5\u002F3\u002F034001\u002Fpdf\"\u003Eeight spots for every car\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In many places, local planning laws require developers to build abundant parking into their projects. \"You have an enormous feedback loop,\" says Adie Tomer, expert in metropolitan infrastructure at the Brookings Institution, a non-profit based in Washington. \"There's ample free parking, which incentivises people to drive, which incentivises people to purchase cars, and then more people build both residential and commercial development to accommodate those cars.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConversely, if parking became more costly or scarce, that could tip people toward other modes of transit. Knowing you have to circle the block and compete with other drivers for a spot, you might opt to hop on a bike or bus to get downtown instead. This understanding is leading some city officials such as those in Santa Monica, California to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.latimes.com\u002Fopinion\u002Flivable-city\u002Fla-ol-santa-monica-parking-minimum-density-transit-20170924-story.html\"\u003Erepeal mandatory minimum parking densities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, encouraging more closely built development and greater uptake of walking, biking and public transit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"IFrame","iFrameInfographicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fkalas-kajsa.github.io\u002Fwelcome\u002FBBC\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon_net_zero\u002Fsuv_comparison.html","iFrameType":"infographic","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPolicymakers are exploring other ways to account for the pollution from cars and tackle congested highways. Oregon, Utah and California all have pilot projects in the works to test a tax on vehicle miles travelled. The thought is, just like any other utility, we should pay based on our use of roads – and pay extra when highways are backed up. All new cars already come equipped with technology that could transmit their location and mileage, but it remains to be seen if drivers will be open to having their travel monitored (a report from California's pilot study found \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdot.ca.gov\u002F-\u002Fmedia\u002Fdot-media\u002Fprograms\u002Froad-charge\u002Fdocuments\u002Fhighlights-brochure-a11y.pdf\"\u003Eprivacy not to be a \"significant concern\" for participants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \"It's really about political will at this point,\" says Tomer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, without other changes, adding new taxes on driving and parking could cause some people real difficulties. Many people have to commute by car because they can't afford to live close to a city centre. \"When we don't have any affordable homes near jobs and services, some people are forced to live farther out,\" says Elkind. \"Then they are forced to drive longer distances and spend a lot of money on gasoline and the maintenance associated with those vehicles.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo account for this, Elkind and Tomer say we can divert revenue from parking and driving pricing programs into tax rebates or investing in alternative transport options. For example, congestion pricing – in which toll fees go up at busier times – since 2013 has helped expand public transport in Gothenburg, Sweden, leading to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2015-04-20\u002Fgothenburg-sweden-s-congestion-pricing-program-is-a-big-success\"\u003Edecrease a decrease of traffic during peak hours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and a rise in public transport use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIncentivising people to choose lower-carbon ways to move also means making the alternatives efficient and enjoyable. When highways are widened, congestion inevitably returns because drivers flock to the expanded road (transport planners call this \"induced demand\"). In the same way, growing public transit operations also increases demand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"IFrame","iFrameInfographicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fkalas-kajsa.github.io\u002Fwelcome\u002FBBC\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon_net_zero\u002Fby_vehicle.html","iFrameType":"infographic","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EService frequency is \"enormously impactful\", says English. \"If you run a bus once an hour, it's never going to be busy, because nobody's going to ride that bus unless they have absolutely no choice. You get that big boost in ridership between 10 and 15 minutes because people don't have to check a schedule and plan their lives around it.\" In Canada, this is true even in places like suburban Toronto, English says, where many middle-income people who own cars still choose to take public transit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis realisation is driving some agencies to change. The regional transit agency in Cleveland, Ohio recently reconfigured bus routes to provide a regular 15 to 30-minute service along the most-used routes, while cutting lines that didn't get as much use, says Michael Schipper, the deputy general manager for engineering and project management with Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. The rebalancing effort was cost-neutral and the agency hopes it will bring more passengers, and thus revenue (though it's too early to see results). Other US cities like Seattle, which has invested in more frequent rail and bus services, has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fseattlebusinessmag.com\u002Fseattle-using-public-transit-more-ever\"\u003Ewitnessed an increase in ridership in recent years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – at least before the pandemic, which understandably made people hesitant to share a crowded bus or train car.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, cities have found that if you build safe and reliable infrastructure for walking and biking, the cyclists and pedestrians will come. The majority of trips Americans take are less than three miles (4.8km) – distances that many can make by foot and bike. These modes are truly the greenest travel – daily cyclists on average have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1361920921000687?via%3Dihub\"\u003E84% less emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E associated with their travel than non-cyclists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z6fck"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen cities make it safer – and more enjoyable – to ride or walk, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.peopleforbikes.org\u002Fstatistics\u002Feconomic-benefits\"\u003Emore people choose to travel this way\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One study of 3,000 people in the 50 largest urban areas in the US found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.3141\u002F2587-11\"\u003Ehalf of respondents were \"interested but concerned\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E about cycling,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E meaning they were open to it but found barriers like traffic and too few bike lanes discouraging. The pandemic may have gone some way to changing that in many cities, where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200429-are-we-witnessing-the-death-of-the-car\"\u003Eofficials used pandemic-related shutdowns as chance to implement car-free routes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a change that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.popsci.com\u002Fstory\u002Fenvironment\u002Fcity-shutdowns-covid-bike-lanes\u002F\"\u003Emay be permanent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Ein many places.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, two \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.congress.gov\u002Fbill\u002F117th-congress\u002Fhouse-bill\u002F3684\"\u003Einfrastructure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.congress.gov\u002Fbill\u002F117th-congress\u002Fhouse-bill\u002F1319\"\u003Ebills\u003C\u002Fa\u003E currently going through Congress could set off changes that lead to a much less-carbon intensive transport system. The proposals include \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fus-news\u002F2021\u002Foct\u002F18\u002Fwhat-is-build-back-better-crash-course\"\u003Etax credits for electric vehicles of up to $12,500\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (£9,000) – making EVs suddenly cost-competitive with combustion-powered cars – and investments in charging stations. There are also proposed rebates for e-bikes, and rail funding is also part of the package. The measures also contain funding that could make a dent in the current $176bn (£130bn) backlog in public transport, says Schipper.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"IFrame","iFrameInfographicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028065658\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fkalas-kajsa.github.io\u002Fwelcome\u002FBBC\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon_net_zero\u002Fus_per_capita.html","iFrameType":"infographic","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut even without major new funds, there is still opportunity for change at the local level. In the Portland area, a network of streets designated as greenways was relatively cheap and encouraged a boost in bike travel, says Bradway. In greenways, vehicle speed limits are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.portlandoregon.gov\u002Ftransportation\u002Farticle\u002F554110\"\u003Ebelow 20 mph\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (32kph) and speed bumps and traffic diverters discourage drivers from zooming through. Giving buses a designated traffic lane also takes minimal investment and construction, but makes buses more competitive by being able to beat driving in congested areas, says Elkind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese local changes build momentum and support, says English, which can help the changes stay even as politicians come and go. \"The more riders you have, the more money you have, the more political support you have,\" says English. \"Once you build a strong constituency of riders, you have a strong political voice that makes it impossible to then obliterate transit service down the line.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EData research and visualisation by Kajsa Rosenblad\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnimation by Adam Proctor\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETowards Net Zero\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince signing the Paris Agreement, how are countries performing on their climate pledges? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ftowards-net-zero\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETowards Net Zero\u003C\u002Fa\u003E analyses nine countries on their progress, major climate challenges and their lessons for the rest of the world in cutting emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less-20"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ftowards-net-zero"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-21T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How America is tackling its greatest source of emissions","headlineShort":"America's greatest source of emissions","image":["p09z6p75"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Combustion-engine cars occupy a special place in American culture, but to reach net zero by 2050 the US needs to rethink its relationship with the automobile.","summaryShort":"Car culture is ingrained in American life, but that may have to change","tag":["tag\u002Ftransport","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-20T12:51:12.730488Z","entity":"article","guid":"438f0978-442d-485a-808d-d1ee88d79980","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-20T23:05:57.143813Z","project":"future","slug":"20211019-climate-change-how-the-us-can-drive-less","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218725},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children","_id":"616ff6d345ceed6bfc2c0c45","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjosie-glausiusz"],"bodyIntro":"In Israel, more than half of those over 12 years old and some younger children have had a single dose of Covid-19 vaccine – with a few already onto booster jabs. What can we learn from this?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn late August 2021, Talia Shmuel took her five-year-old son to their local health clinic in Jerusalem, Israel, for his first vaccine against Covid-19. He was born with a heart defect, and as a side-effect has a severely narrowed windpipe, which makes him particularly vulnerable to the disease. \"Any time he gets sick, it generally turns into pneumonia,\" Shmuel says. \"And he gets sick a lot.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShmuel, a mother of three, needed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002FBlobFolder\u002Fnews\u002F27072021-03\u002Fen\u002FNEWS_Corona_27072021.pdf\"\u003Especial \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002FBlobFolder\u002Fnews\u002F27072021-03\u002Fen\u002FNEWS_Corona_27072021.pdf\"\u003Eauthorisation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Israel's Ministry of Health to have her son vaccinated, because of his young age. She felt excited, and confident that it was the right choice. \"My husband and I are both research analysts, and we look at every single number that comes across; we are tracking everything,\" she says. \"We check multiple different sources. From the numbers, yes, there are possible side-effects [of the vaccine]. However, the side-effects of Covid-19 are significantly worse for him.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs more and more countries \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rki.de\u002FDE\u002FContent\u002FKommissionen\u002FSTIKO\u002FEmpfehlungen\u002FPM_2021-08-16.html\"\u003Earound the \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rki.de\u002FDE\u002FContent\u002FKommissionen\u002FSTIKO\u002FEmpfehlungen\u002FPM_2021-08-16.html\"\u003Eworld\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are beginning \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.canada.ca\u002Fen\u002Fpublic-health\u002Fservices\u002Fvaccination-children\u002Fcovid-19.html\"\u003Eto offer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fvaccines\u002Frecommendations\u002Fadolescents.html#:~:text=CDC%20recommends%20everyone%2012%20years,did%20prior%20to%20the%20pandemic.\"\u003ECovid-19 vaccines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.england.nhs.uk\u002F2021\u002F09\u002Fnhs-rolls-out-covid-19-jab-to-children-aged-12-to-15\u002F\"\u003Echildren over 12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Israel offers a glimpse of what the future may hold. The country rapidly vaccinated a large part of its adult population earlier this year. In June, it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002Fen\u002Fdepartments\u002Fnews\u002F21062021-02\"\u003Erecommended vaccinating children over 12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, after outbreaks in schools – and is now already offering \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose\"\u003Ethird doses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002Fen\u002Fdepartments\u002Fnews\u002F24082021-03\"\u003Ebooster shots for that\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E age group\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Since July, it has also offered vaccinations for children aged 5-11 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002Fen\u002Fdepartments\u002Fnews\u002F27072021-03\"\u003E\"in exceptional circumstances\",\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including severe chronic lung illnesses and congestive heart failure. But while the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pfizer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fpress-release\u002Fpress-release-detail\u002Fpfizer-and-biontech-announce-positive-topline-results\"\u003Eshown to be safe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for children, the decision can be more complex than for adults. Since children tend to be less affected by Covid-19, even a small number of adverse reactions to the vaccine can make it harder to justify the jab.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yb5ym"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"The vaccine works,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdkf.unibas.ch\u002Fen\u002Fresearch-groups\u002Ffocal-areas\u002Fimmunology-infectious-diseases\u002Fresearch-group-ritz-n\u002F\"\u003ENicole Ritz\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E, a specialist in paediatric infectious diseases\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E at University Children's Hospital Basel in Switzerland. \"But same as we have done for 12 to 18-year-olds, you need even more caution as you [decrease] in age. Potentially, this is going to be a vaccine which we give in the first year of life, as we do with many other vaccines. The more you [decrease] in age, the more you need data which shows you that this is a safe vaccine. And it's going to be more difficult [to collect that data] because a five-year-old is much less likely to tell you, 'I have a strange feeling in my heart, I don't feel happy today', than a 16-year-old.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIsrael's roll-out of the vaccine for children has been relatively smooth. To date, it has vaccinated more than half of 12 to 15-year-olds. A very small number of people have taken to the streets for sporadic protests. Most Israeli parents, however, appear willing to vaccinate their older children: By October 2021, 53.7% of children aged 12 to 15, and 84% of 16 to 19-year-olds, had received a first shot, according to the Ministry of Health's Covid-19 dashboard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAsked how they felt about the vaccine for younger children, including those without background illnesses, several parents showed enthusiasm. They cited their fear of their kids getting infected, anxiety about incipient lockdowns, burn-out over frequent quarantines and home-schooling, unease about their kids falling behind in school, or the inability of their kids to learn remotely – whether because they find it difficult to focus or due to lack of screens that enable kids to access Zoom. (\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewhy Zoom calls are so exhausting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yb69m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe rise of the highly contagious \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fvariants\u002Fdelta-variant.html\"\u003EDelta variant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has fuelled such fears of future lockdowns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn mid-June 2021, Israel lifted its indoor mask mandate, citing a successful campaign to fully vaccinate about 60% of its total population. Among the elderly, who are most at risk from Covid-19, that proportion is even higher – almost 90% of Israelis over 70 are vaccinated. Ten days later, as the Delta variant spread, the indoor mask mandate was back in place. By late summer, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2021.08.29.21262798v1\"\u003EDelta variant was dominant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Israel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter Israeli public schools opened on 1 September, the number of children testing positive for Covid-19 began to rise dramatically. Over the course of the month, slightly more than 54% of positive tests in Israel were in children aged zero to 19, according to the Israeli Ministry of Health's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdatadashboard.health.gov.il\u002FCOVID-19\u002Fgeneral\"\u003ECovid-19 dashboard\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some children were quarantined after a single day of school. For the second year in a row, Israelis who had planned to observe the Jewish New Year indoors in synagogue found themselves organising impromptu outdoor prayer services in local parks. They blew the traditional ram's horn, or shofar, under the trees as passing joggers paused to listen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVaccinating children could help break that cycle of optimistic re-openings followed by Covid-19 surges and setbacks, some experts say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I believe – and I've said it all along – that we need to vaccinate children in order to control the pandemic, from as early an age as possible,\" says epidemiologist \u003Cspan\u003EManfred Green\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Haifa in Israel. Very early in the pandemic, he explains, \"we knew that this was a very transmissible disease; now it's become more transmissible with Delta.\" Public health officials had hoped that if 60% to 70% of the population had immunity, the pandemic could be controlled, he says. They now realise that that percentage has to be much higher. Vaccinating children would \"diminish that pool\" of non-immune people in the population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yb6k3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs children congregate in schools, they can spread the disease, Green adds. If infected, they are likely to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F209273\u002Fmost-children-experience-mild-covid-19-show\u002F\"\u003Easymptomatic or experience only mild symptoms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but that does not mean all children brush off the disease easily. In the United States, hospitalisations of children and adolescents rose nearly five-fold during late June to mid-August 2021, as Delta was becoming dominant, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmmwr\u002Fvolumes\u002F70\u002Fwr\u002Fmm7036e2.htm\"\u003Eaccording to data from the US Centers for Disease Control\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Israel, of all patients in a serious condition in October, between 0.2 and 0.5% were children aged zero to 19. A total of 12 children aged zero to 19 in Israel have died of Covid-19 since the start of the pandemic, according to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdatadashboard.health.gov.il\u002FCOVID-19\u002Fgeneral\"\u003EMinistry of Health's Covid-19 dashboard\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChildren are also at some risk of prolonged symptoms after infection, mostly headaches and fatigue, known as \"Long Covid\". Although reports vary, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flanchi\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2352-4642(21)00198-X\u002Ffulltext?utm_campaign=lancetcovid21&utm_content=175048732&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&hss_channel=tw-27013292\"\u003Ea recent \u003C\u002Fa\u003Estudy of 258,790\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cidrap.umn.edu\u002Fnews-perspective\u002F2021\u002F08\u002Flong-covid-19-rare-children-study-says\"\u003E children aged five to 17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that, in the UK, between 2% and 4% of 1,734 children who tested positive for Covid-19 experienced such longer-term symptoms. In Israel, a similar study found that 11% of 13,864 children aged three to 18 who had recovered from Covid-19 reported long-term symptoms including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fmore-than-10-of-israeli-kids-who-got-virus-now-suffer-from-long-covid-study\u002F\"\u003Edisturbed sleep and problems concentrating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some of these effects, the study's authors say, could result from prolonged lockdowns and school closures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven these factors, \"it makes a lot of sense\", Green says, to vaccinate children aged 5 to 11, and possibly at even younger ages, even without underlying conditions. From Israel's experience of vaccinating children aged 12 to 15, \"the lesson is that the vaccine has a good safety record. There are not a significant number of severe adverse effects\", he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFamily Tree\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a new series of features from the BBC that examine the issues and opportunities that parents, children and families face all over the world. It examines the role that families have in today’s society and how they will be part of the world tomorrow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Family Tree","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBetween one in 3,000 and one in 6,000 males aged 16 to 24 who received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in Israel developed a rare \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002F06\u002Fisrael-reports-link-between-rare-cases-heart-inflammation-and-covid-19-vaccination\"\u003Eheart muscle inflammation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E called myocarditis, but Green insists that it is \"almost always\" a treatable condition, although it may require hospitalisation. That side effect may also have to be seen in the context of the dangers of a Covid-19 infection. An \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nejm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMoa2110475\"\u003EIsraeli study of adults aged 16 years and older\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that the risk of myocarditis was \"substantially increased\" after infection with Covid-19, compared with its incidence after vaccination.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther Israeli public health officials express more caution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Vaccinating children under the age of 12 years raises difficult medical, ethical and social issues and questions,\" Adi Niv-Yagoda, an expert in health policy at Tel Aviv University and a member of the Israeli Health Ministry’s Covid-19 advisory panel, wrote in an email. \"On the one hand, vaccinating children between the ages of five and 12 years can be very helpful in dealing with the spread of Covid-19 morbidity and reducing the dimensions of the corona epidemic,\" he says. \"On the other hand, the natural concern [is] about possible future health consequences.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose concerns are echoed by Nicole Ritz of University Children's Hospital Basel. \"Do you vaccinate the younger kids to protect themselves or do you vaccinate them to protect society?\" asks Ritz, a pediatric infectious disease specialist who has treated between 20 and 30 children and adolescents with PIMS (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flanchi\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2352-4642(21)00138-3\u002Ffulltext#:~:text=Paediatric%20inflammatory%20multisystem%20syndrome%20temporally,CoV%2D2%20infection%20in%20children.\"\u003Epaediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), a rare and severe syndrome which occurs in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rcpch.ac.uk\u002Fresources\u002Fpims-covid-19-linked-syndrome-affecting-children-information-families\"\u003Eless than 0.5% of children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who have (or who have had) Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf the disease remains benign in most children, then only a small group of them prone to severe illness – those with risk factors \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002Fpidj\u002Ffulltext\u002F2021\u002F04000\u002Frisk_factors_for_severe_covid_19_in_children.2.aspx\"\u003Elike obesity, diabetes or lung diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – will potentially benefit directly from vaccination, Ritz explains. But if the only benefit of immunising kids is to protect their grandparents, then \"that vaccine has to be extremely safe\", she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yb6w8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERitz points to a recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmmwr\u002Fvolumes\u002F70\u002Fwr\u002Fmm7031e1.htm\"\u003ECDC report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Covid-19 safety in adolescents aged 12 to 17, which followed up on 8.9 million US adolescents who had received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Their Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (Vaers) received 9,246 reports of adverse events following vaccination, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aafp.org\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-of-the-public\u002F20210819mmwrcovidvacc.html\"\u003Ea rate of one out of every thousand patients vaccinated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. More than 90% of these adverse events were \"non-serious\" events like dizziness and headache. The remainder, or 9.3%, were for serious adverse events, including chest pain, vomiting, fever and myocarditis. \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmmwr\u002Fvolumes\u002F70\u002Fwr\u002Fmm7031e1.htm\"\u003ENo reports of \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmmwr\u002Fvolumes\u002F70\u002Fwr\u002Fmm7031e1.htm\"\u003Edeath\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to Vaers were determined to be the result of myocarditis,\" the CDC report notes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the rise of the Delta variant has also prompted some researchers to change their position on vaccinating children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Given the rise of the Delta variant, it is now more urgent to vaccinate children 5 to 11 when those [clinical] trials are complete and the vaccine is shown to be safe and effective,\" infectious diseases physician Monica Gandhi of the University of California, San Francisco, told the BBC in an email. Earlier this year, she had not seen the need to vaccinate that age group, but Delta had changed the picture: \"With its higher transmissibility, I would favour vaccinating younger children to help protect those in the household and especially older adults.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGreen concurs. \"I know that some people will say, 'why should children get a vaccine that's not going to help them individually and only going to help society?' The answer is that children are not some kind of species that live outside of society. They are part of society. If their parents get ill, or their grandparents, or their neighbours, that affects them as well.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor parents, it can be difficult to make a confident decision amid the slew of studies and statistics. But some simply feel relief – and a growing sense of hope. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I would get my under-12s vaccinated in a hot second if I could,\" says Gila Rose, a freelance writer and editor in the Israeli town of Modiin. She has an 18-year-old and a 15-year-old (both of whom are vaccinated) as well an 11-year-old and almost-seven-year-old twins. Rose cites the rise of the Delta variant, as well as repeated lockdowns and quarantines, as reasons for speeding up vaccinations of younger children. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESchool closures are taking their toll, as well. \"Kids are really suffering,\" she says. \"It was one thing when we thought it would be a few months, or a year. But now we're heading into our third messed-up school year.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERose has \"no qualms\" about vaccinating her younger children, seeing the jab as a \"get out of quarantine free\" card: \"I will be first in line with my children. Maybe this is the thing that is finally needed, to turn the tide,\" she says.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-12T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What we know about Covid-19 jabs for kids","headlineShort":"Should young kids get the Covid-19 jab?","image":["p09yb5kx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In Israel, more than half of those over 12 years old and some younger children have had a single dose of Covid-19 vaccine – with a few already onto booster jabs.","summaryShort":"Israel is vaccinating vulnerable kids as young as five against Covid-19","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fvaccine","tag\u002Fchildren"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-11T23:05:33.079733Z","entity":"article","guid":"97b1d8ea-9a39-4912-8593-a267bc2b85a5","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-18T09:01:44.053458Z","project":"future","slug":"20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218726},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose","_id":"616ff5df45ceed7dba285a1e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"From squandering global vaccine supplies to the possibility of undermining immunity from the first two doses, booster programmes are a surprisingly complicated business.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe turning point came just after 6:30 on a Tuesday morning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was the 9 December 2020 and 91-year-old Margaret Keenan and 81-year-old William Shakespeare – who delighted the world by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-55233021\"\u003Ehailing from Warwickshire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like the poet – had just become the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-55227325\"\u003Efirst people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to ever receive an initial dose of a Covid-19 vaccine outside clinical trials.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe entire room burst into applause. The day was named \"V-day\", and the atmosphere was giddy. One British newspaper celebrated with the whimsical headline \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk\u002Fhome-news\u002Fcovid-vaccine-william-shakespeare-second-person-b1767857.html\"\u003EThe taming of the flu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" – while footage of a particularly charismatic early vaccine recipient, who was more concerned about his \"rather nasty lunch\" than the needle went \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmashable.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmartin-kenyon-uk-coronavirus-vaccine-interview\"\u003Eviral on Twitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The pandemic was far from over, but this was the first step on the way out. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENine months later, around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fcovid-vaccinations\"\u003E5.7 billion doses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of various vaccines have now been administered worldwide – with 41.8% of the global population at least partially protected. But the list of unknowns is growing by the day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One ghastly thing about this pandemic is that people get cross with us [scientists],\" says Danny Altmann, professor of immunology at University College London, \"because we change our minds, because it's such a moving target.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow that it's clear the world is likely to be riddled with Covid-19 – and its many variant successors – for years to come, the next big question is whether two doses of each vaccine is enough.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAltmann explains that not that long ago – in April and May – he was writing articles and giving interviews saying that most vaccinated people had immunity that was so stupendous, there was no need to worry about booster doses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The expression I used was 'protective headroom',\" says Altmann. \"That you've got lots of protective headroom and even if variants come along that drop the effectiveness of your vaccine 10 times, say, because you've got a 1,000 times excess of antibodies, it wouldn't do any harm.\" The strong antibody response was initially reflected in their efficacy, too – while the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Farticle\u002FS1473-3099(20)30773-8\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eapproving any over 50%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in reality it was orders of magnitude higher.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen the Delta variant came rampaging – and though most people still have high levels of antibodies, breakthrough infections are not rare events. \"We're seeing breakthrough infections in the face of quite decent levels of neutralising antibodies,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6f21"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut are we likely to start seeing significant numbers of deaths? How effective are booster doses anyway – and what's the best way to administer them? From radically diverging immunity in different groups of people to the – small – hypothetical possibility that third doses of certain vaccines could actually decrease the amount of immunity we have, there are many scientific reasons that booster programmes are a very different endeavour to the initial vaccine rollout.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"At the beginning, it was very simple concepts – do we test or don't we? Do we have antibodies, or don't we?\" says Altmann. \"Now it's much more complex.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA fourth wave  \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETake Israel – a country that vaccinated its population so widely and so early, the chief scientific officer at Pfizer recently called it \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fpfizer-exec-calls-israel-a-sort-of-laboratory-for-covid-vaccines\u002F\"\u003Ea sort of laboratory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". By mid-March – when the rest of the world was still scrambling for first doses – over 50% of the country's population was already fully vaccinated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn May, the country had among the lowest rates of infection anywhere in the world. Things looked so good that a month later, the government began to dramatically scale back restrictions. There was no longer any limit to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fisrael-to-lift-all-covid-restrictions-on-gatherings-as-virus-fades\u002F\"\u003Esize of gatherings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Restaurants and other cultural venues opened up to both vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens. People were no longer required to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2021\u002F04\u002F18\u002Fworld\u002Fisraelis-mask-mandate.html\"\u003Ewear masks outdoors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there was a major problem on the horizon – the arrival of the Delta variant. It snuck across the border sometime around early July – the first case was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Ffirst-case-of-delta-plus-covid-variant-found-in-israel-report\u002F\"\u003Edetected on 7 July\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and soon cases were building to an alarming level. Within weeks, they numbered in the hundreds. Later that month, they were clocking several thousand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time the country's Jewish majority began to prepare for the religious festival Yom Kippur in mid-September, there were at least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fover-10000-new-virus-cases-on-saturday-as-transmission-rate-rises\u002F\"\u003E10,000 cases each day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – per person, this was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2021-09-12\u002Fisrael-preparing-for-possible-fourth-covid-vaccine-dose\"\u003Emore than anywhere else on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo begin with, the new variant was given most of the credit for this rapid unravelling. Then data emerged which creased the brows of experts around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"Why%20some%20people%20don't%20want%20a%20Covid-19%20vaccine\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy some people don't want a Covid-19 vaccine\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201103-the-controversial-cells-that-saved-10-million-lives\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe controversial cells that saved 10 million lives \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201027-what-is-added-to-vaccines\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe surprising ingredients found in vaccines\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen a team of Israeli researchers looked at infections among vaccinated people in the country, they found that though they were significantly less likely to develop severe Covid-19 than unvaccinated individuals, the immunity had become less potent over time. For example, those received their second dose in January were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2021.08.24.21262423v1.full.pdf\"\u003E1.7 times more likely to develop severe Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those who had both vaccines just two months later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Luckily it's not a death dataset, simply because if you've vaccinated the population, you have far, far fewer deaths. So it's all about protection from symptomatic disease,\" says Altmann, \"…but there are lots of symptomatic cases, and the curves and the statistical values and things are very striking.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday the fourth wave has spread across much of the world. In recent weeks, the virus has surged to record levels in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-scotland-scotland-politics-58328945\"\u003EScotland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2021\u002Faug\u002F19\u002Fjapan-sees-record-number-of-covid-cases-days-before-paralympics-begin\"\u003EJapan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Fworld\u002Fasia-pacific\u002Fphilippines-sees-record-22820-new-daily-coronavirus-cases-2021-09-09\u002F\"\u003EPhilippines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while many European countries have seen cases creep up again. And the evidence is mounting that waning immunity could be a global problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6fnb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-58322882\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Estudy in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that two doses of the Pfizer\u002FBioNTech vaccine were 88% effective after one month, compared to 74% after five or six months. Meanwhile, the Oxford\u002FAstraZeneca version declined from being 77% to 67% effective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe research is mirrored by analyses from Moderna and Pfizer, which have not yet been peer-reviewed. Moderna found that cases among fully vaccinated people jumped from 88 out of 11,431 people who received their second dose between December and March to 162 out of 16,747 people vaccinated five months earlier – a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fjemimamcevoy\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F15\u002Fmoderna-vaccine-highly-effective-against-delta-but-protection-against-infection-may-wane-over-time-new-data-suggests\u002F\"\u003Ejump of around 36%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Meanwhile, Pfizer revealed that its vaccines decline from being \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabcnews.go.com\u002FPolitics\u002Fpfizer-data-makes-case-booster-shots-months-primary\u002Fstory?id=80023544\"\u003E96% to 83.7%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E effective at preventing symptoms after four months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust like the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.07.09.20148429v1\"\u003Eprotection gained through natural infection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it looks like vaccine-induced immunity gradually wears off – though it's not yet clear whether this matters (more on this later).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAnother vaccine scramble \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnter booster vaccination programmes, which are rapidly springing up across the globe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Israel, third doses are already old news – they were approved for over-60s in late July, and the government has been gradually making them available to more and more people. The extra shot is currently available to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F30\u002Fisrael-doubles-down-on-covid-booster-shots-as-breakthrough-cases-rise.html\"\u003Eeveryone over the age of 12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as long as it's been at least five months since they were vaccinated with the second dose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe list of countries following suit is growing daily. The UK recently announced a booster programme for all over-50s and those with severely weakened immune systems, which is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-58550833\"\u003Edue to start next week\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasia.nikkei.com\u002FSpotlight\u002FCoronavirus\u002FCOVID-vaccines\u002FSingapore-starts-booster-shots-as-COVID-cases-hit-1-year-high\"\u003Eas did Singapore\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (but for the immunocompromised and over-60s).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, hundreds of thousands of extra doses have been given to clinically vulnerable people since 13 August, and the Biden administration has plans to provide them for all American adults once eight weeks have elapsed since their second dose. Other nations with booster programmes include \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fitaly-approves-booster-covid-19-shots-vulnerable-groups-2021-09-09\u002F\"\u003EItaly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2021-08-27\u002Fchina-greenlights-covid-19-booster-shots-for-high-risk-residents\"\u003EChina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rferl.org\u002Fa\u002Frussia-covid-delta-variant-revaccination-campaign\u002F31335476.html\"\u003ERussia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut is this really necessary?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This is a reminder:\" one doctor \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FAbraarKaran\u002Fstatus\u002F1436540755556765702\"\u003Erecently warned on Twitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \"if you have high risk folks at home who were vaccinated during the start of 2021, it is worth being extra careful around them.\" They went on to explain that they had treated several elderly and immunocompromised people in the last week who had been double vaccinated. Some of them had gone on to become seriously ill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's an alarming observation, but the wider picture may not be as dire as it sounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, hospitalisations recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fus-news\u002F2021\u002Faug\u002F26\u002Fus-covid-hospitalisations-rise-cases-vaccines-delta\"\u003Erose above 100,000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the first time since January – and though there were 29 times as many unvaccinated as vaccinated people affected, inevitably some immunised people became seriously unwell because of the sheer numbers of cases. It's not yet clear whether there was indeed a higher probability of being hospitalised among people who were vaccinated earlier rather than later, as in Israel – however even if there were, there are a number of possible explanations other than waning immunity. For example, most countries vaccinated their most vulnerable citizens first.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, what is obvious is that the vaccines are still highly effective at shielding people from death, regardless of when you were inoculated – and it helps that the risk of vaccinated people being killed by Covid-19 was extremely small to start with. In the UK, there were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-58545548\"\u003Ejust 256 fatalities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E linked to the virus among fully immunised people between January and July 2021, out of more than 51,000. These \"breakthrough deaths\" overwhelmingly occurred in the most vulnerable groups, such as elderly people with weakened immune systems.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6h66"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs it happens, this is where a booster programme might be at its most useful. For example, a study of organ transplant recipients – who usually need to take drugs to suppress their immune system and prevent it from attacking the donated organ – found that some vaccinated patients had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjama\u002Ffullarticle\u002F2779852\"\u003Estrikingly low antibody levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which may not have been enough to protect them from Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, there is not yet any evidence that waning immunity is leading to more deaths in healthy people – though in some parts of the world it might put pressure on health services, if more people become seriously unwell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaria Elena Bottazzi, professor of paediatrics, virology, and microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine in Texas, takes the view that current rates of hospitalisation provide a stronger argument for increasing vaccination rates overall, rather than providing third doses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I think the real question, in the context of the fact that certain areas of the world are still needing first and second doses,\" says \"is what is the real evidence that indicates that we should start adding a third dose – and when is it appropriate, which populations should we prioritise.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, what evidence is there that booster shots work?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAgain, it helps to turn to the Israel, which experimented with booster doses long before the rest of the world. One study of fully vaccinated over-60s found that those who had received a booster dose five months after their second shot had much more potent immunity – they were over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nejm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMoa2114255\"\u003E11 times less likely\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to be infected with Covid-19, and 19 times less likely to develop severe illness than those who had not received the third dose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELikewise, Pfizer's own data shows that booster shots can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F15\u002Fcovid-boosters-pfizer-says-israel-data-shows-third-shot-restores-efficacy-to-95percent.html\"\u003Erestore their vaccine's efficacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to 95%. And there are other scraps of evidence from around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a recent trial of booster shots in organ transplant recipients, an international team of scientists found that providing an extra dose of the Moderna vaccine led to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nejm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMc2111462\"\u003Esignificant jump in several markers of immunity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, compared to receiving a placebo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"As far as I know, it's the only randomised-controlled trial to look at a third dose,\" says Atul Humar, a senior scientist at Toronto General Hospital Research Institute. \"And it showed a very convincing benefit.\" Though the study didn't track the patients' disease outcomes, 60% of those who received the third dose reached the threshold for protective levels of neutralising antibodies, versus just 25% in the placebo group.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6hvn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother hint at the immunological benefits of a third exposure to the Covid-19 spike protein comes from India, where a study of vaccinated healthcare workers – which is yet to be peer-reviewed – recently found that their levels of antibodies declined significantly after four months, unless they had been infected with the virus naturally – which the researchers suggest may have acted as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchsquare.com\u002Farticle\u002Frs-888762\u002Fv1\"\u003Ekind of booster\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (though of course, this is not recommended).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn (even more) complicated picture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, even if waning immunity is a major global problem that booster shots can help to overcome it, there are still many things left to work out. In fact, the more you look at the detail, the more complicated it all becomes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, what should a booster programme look like?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Israel, where most people's first two vaccinations were by Pfizer, this is the vaccine that has been used so far for booster doses. The UK government is also currently planning to exclusively use the Pfizer version – however, the majority of the population received the Oxford\u002FAstraZeneca for their first and second doses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor first and second doses, studies suggest that mixing and matching different Covid-19 vaccine technologies can provide \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-021-01359-3\"\u003Esuperior immunity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to having the same one twice. However, though the UK began a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-first-covid-19-vaccine-booster-study-launches-in-uk\"\u003Etrial on mix-and-match booster vaccines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E back in May, there is not yet any data to confirm that this works or is a good idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Again, it's like so many other things – you know that expression, we're trying to build the aeroplane while we fly it, and doing it all as fast as we possibly can,\" says Altmann.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Altmann suspects that boosting with mRNA-based vaccines such as Pfizer and Moderna – which sneak mRNA containing the instructions to make the Covid-19 spike protein into cells, showing them what to look out for – work well, he does have mild concerns about the wisdom of boosting with another kind – the viral vector.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn contrast, vaccines like the Oxford\u002FAstraZeneca rely on a virus – in this case, a chimpanzee adenovirus – to smuggle the code for the Covid-19 spike protein into our bodies. And there's a theoretical possibility that reinfecting yourself with an (inactivated) virus several times could be a bad idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We've never been there before… there's quite a big chance that you're going to induce inhibitory antibodies against the vaccine itself, and stop the vaccine working,\" says Altmann, who explains he's curious to know whether the UK's vaccine advisory committee – the JCVI – have taken this into consideration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6hkh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother question is whether the immunity we gain from booster programmes might last longer if they were designed with updated versions of the vaccines – such as those that can recognise new variants like Delta.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You know, again, you could write a whole PhD on this sort of stuff,\" says Altmann, \"You have a complex world out there, you've got all these different people and all these different patterns of protective immunity.\" To begin with, we were all either people who had been infected or not infected – but out paths are rapidly diverging, and this makes vaccine development more complicated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAltmann explains that one person walking down the street might have been infected with the original Covid-19 variant, then received two doses of the Pfizer vaccine… then been reinfected with the Delta strain. Meanwhile, another person may have received a different brand of vaccine, and been infected with a different variant – such as the Alpha strain first identified in Kent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"So how am I going to guess which spike sequence or mutations to stick into my vaccine to make something that might be useful for the next year or two?\" says Altmann. \"It's so incredibly not as simple as saying 'which is the last variant you last heard of, bung that one in' – it's so not as simple as that.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn an ideal world, Altmann would like to see governments taking this variability in a population's immunity into account – and perhaps even testing people's antibody levels to see if they actually need a third dose at all. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther lingering questions include how large the third dose should be – the UK is planning to experiment with giving people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2021\u002Faug\u002F22\u002Fuk-scientists-look-at-halving-boosters-to-save-vaccine-for-rest-of-the-world\"\u003Eless vaccine in the booster shot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to make more doses available to developing countries – and how long after the second it should be administered. For example, while Israel has run with a five-month gap, the US plans to wait eight months between them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA booster future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, perhaps the most pressing question of all is how long a person's newly restored immunity from their booster shot will last – and here at least, there is a strong suspicion of what is to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I don't think we know that,\" says Humar. \"But I think that that's a very real possibility. That's what it's starting to look like, especially as we see the waning antibodies and the decreased effectiveness against variants.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAltmann could also see booster programmes eventually evolving into annual ones, however he's unsure whether the science would back it up. \"I think that would be a managerial logistics decision, not an immunological decision,\" he says, explaining that it seems unlikely population immunity – with all the antibodies and T cells that involves – would be low enough to justify it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"But I could easily imagine Department of Health planners saying 'well, the easiest thing is to do it at the same time every autumn. So let's just fire up more doses in the world and do it',\" says Altmann.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt looks like Israel is already close to such a scenario. No sooner had they announced that they were providing third doses to all eligible citizens, than the country's \"virus czar\", Salman Zarka, suggested they should start preparing for fourth shots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZarka \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fvirus-czar-calls-to-begin-readying-for-eventual-4th-vaccine-dose\u002F\"\u003Etold the Times of Israel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \"This is our life from now on, in waves.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EZaria Gorvett is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FZariaGorvett\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@ZariaGorvett\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-16T16:53:03.705Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Covid-19: How effective is a third vaccine dose?","headlineShort":"Do we really need third vaccine doses?","image":["p09w6d9z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fvirus"],"summaryLong":"From squandering global vaccine supplies to the possibility of undermining immunity from the first two doses, booster programmes are a surprisingly complicated business.","summaryShort":"Deciding if booster shots are worth it is surprisingly messy","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-17T02:42:28.036169Z","entity":"article","guid":"c0924ecd-b209-418b-b7b9-87c6af0df6f1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-29T12:06:40.220141Z","project":"future","slug":"20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218726},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine","_id":"616ff64a45ceed24c31570f9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fashifa-kassam"],"bodyIntro":"Major backlogs in processing patient data during the pandemic are forcing the healthcare sector to reassess its relationship with fax machines.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs coronavirus cases surged in the city of Austin, Texas, last June, beleaguered public health officials instructed anyone with symptoms to act as though they had Covid-19. The reporting and tracing of new cases had slowed to a crawl, officials explained, partly due to an unexpected culprit: the fax machine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe machines had kicked into overdrive as the pandemic tightened its grip on the city, spitting out printout after printout of results from Covid-19 tests. \"We were probably getting thousands of cases a day that we were responding to. It was madness,\" says Janet Pichette, the chief epidemiologist for Austin Public Health. \"You cannot fight a pandemic using 19th-Century technology.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore than a dozen staff combed through the stacks of printed facsimiles that at times piled up to 18cm (7 inches) thick, tasked with weeding out duplicates and tracking down any missing information. From there the results were manually entered into the city's tracking system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilar scenes were playing out around the world, highlighting the persistence of traditional fax machines in sectors such as healthcare, financial services and real estate, despite the global uptake of email, instant messaging and cloud computing. The inefficient sharing of data has left a growing number of governments promising to finally abandon their use of fax machines. More than 175 years after the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.encyclopedia.com\u002Fscience\u002Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\u002Finvention-fax-machine\"\u003Etechnology was first patented\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and decades after it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20150224-why-the-fax-machine-wont-die\"\u003Epeaked as a must-have tool for businesses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, could the coronavirus pandemic consign the fax machine to history?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180814-the-new-phones-that-are-stuck-in-the-past\"\u003EThe new phones that are stuck in the past\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20161017-your-old-phone-is-full-of-precious-metals\"\u003EWhy your old mobile phone is a gold mine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks\"\u003EHow children are spoofing Covid-19 tests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Ministry of Health in the Netherlands hopes so. In May it proposed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gegevensuitwisselingindezorg.nl\u002Fgegevensuitwisseling\"\u003Elegislation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to parliament that would swap fax machines and DVDs for electronic formats in a bid to modernise how patient data is stored and accessed.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tyvxd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It's really ridiculous that we actually still have fax machines, to be honest,\" says Monica Schagen, a policy advisor with the ministry and registered nurse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in some sectors, such as in healthcare, the fax machine has stubbornly clung on as way of sharing paper health records, test results and documents. Fax isn’t the only outdated technology used in hospitals – doctors rely heavily on pagers to respond to medical emergencies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the Netherlands, the need for change was clear during the pandemic. As hospital admissions soared, healthcare workers lost valuable time tracking down patient records and test results. The Dutch healthcare sector has long grappled with the fact that the fax machine is almost obsolete in mainstream society, but vital to running a hospital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One of the first things that we teach our nursing students is how to use the fax machine,\" says Schagen. \"Because it all comes together at the same time; you have a patient or two in the operating theatre, patients that are going for medical examinations at different departments and patients that need to be discharged and you're trying to remember how the fax machine works.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There was a complete backlog of busy signals and they just couldn't handle the capacity that came in through Covid – Kathryn Brohman","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's a paradox echoed across sectors such as real estate and financial services, where fax machines continue to whirl away despite being shunned by many as an archaic technology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOthers have remained loyal to the machine but updated it for the modern age, adopting technology that allows faxes to be sent and received in electronic formats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Society is amazingly complacent,\" says Kathryn Brohman, an associate professor at Queen's University in Kingston, Canada. \"You think about inertia, always doing it the same way, and every doctor's office had a fax machine and every pharmacy had a fax machine and the infrastructure was all there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's the whole idea of 'If it's not broken, why fix it?'. But it broke in Covid.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe points to the Canadian province of New Brunswick, where a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbc.ca\u002Fnews\u002Fcanada\u002Fnew-brunswick\u002Fnb-covid-test-fax-machines-one-fax-at-a-time-1.5952106\"\u003Ebottleneck of around 1,500 faxes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reportedly left residents waiting days to find out if they had tested positive for Covid-19. \"Fax machines don't scale. It's either the line is open or not,\" she says. \"There was a complete backlog of busy signals and they just couldn't handle the capacity that came in through Covid.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMonths earlier fax machines had also come under fire in Toronto, blamed by public health officials for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.toronto.ca\u002Flegdocs\u002Fmmis\u002F2020\u002Fhl\u002Fbgrd\u002Fbackgroundfile-147548.pdf\"\u003Esignificant delays\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the processing and reporting of results. The response was a new system, unveiled earlier this year, that slashed the number of laboratory results received via fax to around 10% of the total, says Vinita Dubey, a spokesperson for Toronto Public Health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tyv66"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe fax machine dates back to 1842 when Scottish inventor Alexander Bain created and patented a device that could scan a message written with special ink on a metallic surface and transmit it at a distance, using a telegraph circuit. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENone of Bain’s machines were particularly successful. It was Italian priest and inventor Giovanni Caselli who in 1863 built the first commercial fax machine, which was first used in France. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the early 20th Century, fax machines were prized by several professions, including the military who used it to rapidly send maps and charts to and from aircraft, and newspapers, which used them to send photographs for urgent publication.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Japanese popularised the technology in the 1970s, making it a must-have tool for businesses. By the end of the 20th Century, fax machines had become ubiquitous due to their reliable and quick transmission of information. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 2000, fax’s role in business was declining as companies switched to email and the internet to share information. But in other sectors, such as healthcare and real estate, the fax machine has stubbornly clung on. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"The history of fax","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimilar efforts are underway in Japan, where the government promised to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fkonotaromp\u002Fstatus\u002F1309655248877711361\"\u003Edo away with fax machines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after a doctor vented his frustration over the convention of faxing handwritten medical reports to public health officials. \"Come on, let's stop this already,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fcutetanaka\u002Fstatus\u002F1253084766041038848\"\u003Ethe doctor wrote on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"Even with the coronavirus, we're writing by hand and faxing.\" Recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F09\u002Fnational\u002Ffax-machine-phaseout-pushback\u002F\"\u003Ereports\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggest little has changed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe movement isn't just limited to the healthcare sector. Public offices in Greece this year began cutting the cord on their fax machines, after the pandemic reinforced the need to digitise the public sector. \"The Covid pandemic is causing more people to work from home, so much of the physical contact had to be eliminated,\" says Nikos Vettas, the director of the Athens-based Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the fax machine's shortcomings may make it an easy target, its purging may not be enough to address the technological issues seen during the pandemic, says Jonathan Coopersmith\u003Cstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ea professor at Texas A&M University and author of the 2015 book \"Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The fax machine is being used as a scapegoat, as a way of saying look at how screwed up things are,\" he says. \"It's easy to say let's get rid of these machines. It's harder to figure out why are we still using them. But that's the real question that should be asked – why are people still doing this?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe answer likely lies with competing systems that are expensive, difficult to use or which are incompatible with other reporting systems, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike computer software, the fax machine is seen as extremely secure and difficult to hack. \"Your fax machine cannot be intercepted. As opposed to when you're sending something over the internet, unless you're encrypting it - how much security do you really have on sending that information?\" says Coopersmith.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's also relatively easy to use and senders receive a confirmation of receipt, making it a convenient choice for those looking for a legal footprint that can stand up in court, says Brohman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"[The fax] has proven much more resilient than I would have predicted back in 2015. And that reflects weaknesses with the theoretically superior competition,\" says Coopersmith.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoopersmith points to the example of Britain, where the country's health secretary banned the National Health Service (NHS) from buying fax machines, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-and-social-care-secretary-bans-fax-machines-in-nhs\"\u003Estarting in 2019,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the aim of completely phasing out the technology in the service by April 2020. \"The question he should have been asking was 'why are they still being used? What makes them so useful if we've got this other stuff?'\" he says. NHS England did not reply to a query regarding whether fax machines continue to be used.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tyvjl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Austin, last year's deluge of faxes led officials to tweak the system so that faxes are now received in an electronic format. \"When we started getting massive amounts of files, we immediately recognised there has got to be a better way here,\" says Pichette, the chief epidemiologist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the ordeal highlighted the need to improve public health technology infrastructure, she isn't convinced that the pandemic will result in the end of the fax machine. \"I see that it will continue to have somewhat of a role just because old habits are hard to break. And in some cases I don't know what the better solution is,\" says Pichette, noting that ideally a system would exist that allowed everyone from school clinics to laboratories to transfer information seamlessly, electronically and in an encrypted format to public health officials.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"But whether that will happen while I'm still working at this health department, I don't know,\" she says. \"In the meantime, faxes keep coming in.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flife-connected"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-06T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The outdated machine hampering the fight against Covid-19","headlineShort":"How Covid-19 could end the fax","image":["p09tyvct"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p09tyvmp"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Major backlogs in processing patient data during the pandemic are forcing the healthcare sector to reassess its relationship with fax machines.","summaryShort":"Countries are phasing out the clunky machine after pandemic glitches","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fcommunication"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-06T00:00:28.868605Z","entity":"article","guid":"04d3cbb2-d007-4aa8-8cb1-69e9aecb41e3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-06T13:55:09.693092Z","project":"future","slug":"20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218727},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy","_id":"616ff6ae45ceed5cc35d3f45","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"Social media is rife with posts disparaging the vaccine hesitant – but these reactions to a complex and nuanced issue are doing more harm than good.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere should be no doubt about it: Covid-19 vaccines are saving lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsider some recent statistics from the UK. In a study tracking more than 200,000 people, nearly every single participant had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F226413\u002Falmost-100-double-vaccinated-people-england\u002F\"\u003Edeveloped antibodies against the virus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E within two weeks of their second dose. And despite initial worries that the current vaccines may be less effective against the Delta variant, analyses suggest that both the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fvaccines-highly-effective-against-hospitalisation-from-delta-variant\"\u003EAstraZeneca and the Pfizer-BioNTech jabs reduce hospitalisation rates by 92-96%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As many health practitioners have repeated, the risks of severe side effects from a vaccine are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.bmj.com\u002Fbmj\u002F2021\u002F05\u002F06\u002Fputting-risks-into-context-covid-19-vaccines-and-blood-clots\u002F\"\u003Etiny in comparison to the risk of the disease itself\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet a sizeable number of people are still reluctant to get the shots. According to a recent report by the International Monetary Fund, that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FPublications\u002FWP\u002FIssues\u002F2021\u002F05\u002F06\u002FWho-Doesnt-Want-to-be-Vaccinated-Determinants-of-Vaccine-Hesitancy-During-COVID-19-50244\"\u003Eranges from around 10-20% of people in the UK to around 50% in Japan and 60% in France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe result is becoming something of a culture war on social media, with many online commentators claiming that the vaccine hesitant are simply ignorant or selfish. But psychologists who specialise in medical decision-making argue these choices are often the result of many complicating factors that need to be addressed sensitively, if we are to have any hope of reaching population-level immunity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe 5Cs\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, some distinctions. While it is tempting to assume that anyone who refuses a vaccine holds the same beliefs, the fears of most vaccine hesitant people should not be confused with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-57374241\"\u003Ebizarre theories of staunch anti-vaxxers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"They're very vocal, and they have a strong presence offline and online,\" says Mohammad Razai at the Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, who has written about the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F01410768211018951\"\u003Evarious psychological and social factors that can influence people's decision-making\u003C\u002Fa\u003E around vaccines. \"But they’re a very small minority.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210609-how-long-will-long-covid-last\"\u003ESolving the puzzle of long Covid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210203-why-vaccinated-people-may-still-be-able-to-spread-covid-19\"\u003ECan vaccinated people spread Covid-19?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-covid-19-variants-how-the-virus-will-mutate-in-the-future\"\u003EHow Covid-19 will evolve in the future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe vast majority of vaccine-hesitant people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fanti-vaccination-beliefs-dont-follow-the-usual-political-polarization-81001\"\u003Edo not have a political agenda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and are not committed to an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F14760584.2021.1889799\"\u003Eanti-scientific cause\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: they are simply undecided about their choice to take the injection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is that many people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ucl.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002Fmar\u002Fover-4-5-people-who-were-hesitant-would-now-take-covid-19-vaccine\"\u003Ewho were initially hesitant are changing their mind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"But even a delay is considered a threat to health because viral infections spread very quickly,\" says Razai. This would have been problematic if we were still dealing with the older variants of the virus, but the higher transmissibility of the new Delta variant has increased the urgency of reaching as many people as quickly as possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxg7z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, scientists began studying vaccine hesitancy long before Sars-Cov-2 was first identified in Wuhan in December 2019, and they have explored various models which attempt to capture the differences in people's health behaviour. One of the most promising is known as the 5Cs model, which considers the following psychological factors:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConfidence\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe person's trust in the vaccines efficacy and safety, the health services offering them, and the policy makers deciding on their rollout\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EComplacency\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ewhether or not the person considers the disease itself to be a serious risk to their health\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECalculation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe individual's engagement in extensive information searching to weigh up the costs and benefits\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConstraints (or convenience)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E: how easy it is for the person in question to access the vaccine\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECollective responsibility\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E: the willingness to protect others from infection, through one's own vaccination\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, Cornelia Betsch at the University of Erfurt in Germany and colleagues asked participants to rate \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0208601#sec038\"\u003Ea series of statements that measured each of the 5Cs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and then compared the results with their actual uptake of relevant procedures, such as the influenza or the HPV vaccine. Sure enough, they found that the 5Cs could explain a large amount of the variation in people's decisions, and consistently outperformed many other potential predictors – such as questionnaires that focused more exclusively on issues of trust without considering the other factors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is useful to examine the various cognitive biases that are known to sway our perceptions","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn currently unpublished research, Betsch recently used the model to predict people's uptake of the Covid-19 vaccines, and her results so far suggest that the 5Cs model can explain the majority of the variation in people's decisions\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere will be other contributing factors, of course. A recent study from the University of Oxford suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fpsychological-medicine\u002Farticle\u002Finjection-fears-and-covid19-vaccine-hesitancy\u002FA70D5D859CC25804B7AC4FB3AD54F68D\"\u003Ea fear of needles is a major barrier for around 10% of the population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the 5Cs approach certainly seems to capture the most common reasons for vaccine hesitancy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConfirmation bias\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen considering these different factors and the ways they may be influencing people's behaviour, it is also useful to examine the various cognitive biases that are known to sway our perceptions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsider the first two Cs – the \u003Cem\u003Econfidence\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in the vaccine, the \u003Cem\u003Ecomplacency\u003C\u002Fem\u003E about the dangers of disease itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxfq3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJessica Saleska at the University of California, Los Angeles points out that humans have two seemingly contradictory tendencies – a \"negativity bias\" and an \"optimism bias\" that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Ftbm\u002Farticle\u002F11\u002F3\u002F821\u002F6187487?login=true\"\u003Ecan each skew people’s appraisals of the risks and benefits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe negativity bias concerns the way you appraise events beyond your control. \"When you're presented with negative information, that tends to stick in your mind,\" says Saleska. The optimism bias, in contrast, concerns your beliefs about yourself – whether you think you are fitter and healthier than the average person. These biases may work independently, meaning that you may focus on the dangerous side effects of the vaccines while simultaneously believing that you are less likely to suffer from the disease, a combination that would reduce confidence and increase complacency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is easy to dismiss someone else's decisions if you don't understand the challenges they face in their day-to-day lives","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThen there's the famous confirmation bias, which can also twist people's perceptions of the risks of the virus through the ready availability of misinformation from dubious sources that exaggerate the risks of the vaccines. This reliance on misleading resources means that people who score highly on the \"calculation\" measure of the 5Cs scale – the people who actively look for data – are often more vaccine hesitant than people who score lower. \"If you already think the vaccination could be risky, then you type in 'is this vaccination dangerous?', then all you are going find is the information that confirms your prior view,\" says Betsch. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERemember that these psychological tendencies are extremely common. Even if you have accepted the vaccine, they have probably influenced your own decision making in many areas of life. To ignore them, and to assume that the vaccine hesitant are somehow wilfully ignorant, is itself a foolish stance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxj25"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENor should we forget the many social factors that might influence people's uptake – the \"constraints\u002Fconvenience\" factor in the 5Cs. Quite simply, the perception that a vaccine is difficult to access will only discourage people who are already sitting on the fence. When we spoke, Betsch suggested that this \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F1196071\u002Fcovid-19-vaccination-rate-in-europe-by-country\u002F\"\u003Emight have slowed the uptake in Germany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which has a very complicated system to identify who is eligible to receive the vaccine at any one time. People would respond much more quickly, she says, if they received automatic notifications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERazai agrees that we need to consider the question of convenience, particularly for those in poorer communities who may struggle with the time and expense of the journey to a vaccination centre. \"Travelling to and from that may be a huge issue for most people who are on minimum wage or unemployment benefits,\" he says. That's why it's often best for the vaccines to be administered in local community centres. \"I think there has been anecdotal evidence of it being more successful in places of worship, mosque, gurdwaras, and churches.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, we need to be aware of the context of people's decisions, he says – such as the structural racism that might had led certain ethnic groups to have lower overall trust in medical authorities. It is easy to dismiss someone else's decisions if you don't understand the challenges they face in their day-to-day lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOpening a dialogue\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what can be done?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is no easy solution, but health authorities can continue to provide easy-to-digest, accurate information address the major concerns. According to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F221294\u002Fglobal-report-tracks-changing-health-behaviours\u002F\"\u003Ea recent report by Imperial College London's Institute of Global Health Innovation (IGHI)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the major barriers continue to be patient's concerns about the side effects and the fears that the vaccines haven’t been adequately tested.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I would urge governments to stop thinking they can reach the mass of niches out there with one mass-market vaccine message – Sarah Jones","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor the former, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwintoncentre.maths.cam.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fcommunicating-potential-benefits-and-harms-astra-zeneca-covid-19-vaccine\u002F\"\u003Egraphics showing the relative risks of the vaccines, compared to the actual disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, can provide some context. For the latter, Razai suggests that we need more education about the history of the vaccines' development. The use of mRNA in vaccines has been studied for decades, for instance – with long trials testing its safety. This meant \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fvaccines\u002Fdifferent-vaccines\u002Fmrna.html\"\u003Ethe technique could be quickly adapted for the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"None of the technology that has been used would be in any way harmful because we have used these technologies in other areas in healthcare and research,\" Razai says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESarah Jones, a doctoral researcher who co-led the IGHI report, suggests a targeted approach will be necessary. \"I would urge governments to stop thinking they can reach the mass of niches out there with one mass-market vaccine message, and work more creatively with many effective communications partners,\" she says. That might involve closer collaborations with the influencer role models within each community, she says, who can provide \"consistent and accurate information\" about the vaccines' risks and benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxf92"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever they choose to deliver the information, health services need to make it clear that they are engaging in an open dialogue, Razai says – rather than simply dismissing them out of hand. \"We have to listen to people's concerns, acknowledge them, and give them information so they can make an informed decision.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESaleska agrees that it's essential to engage in a two-way conversation – and that's something that we could all learn as we discuss these issues with our friends and family. \"Being respectful and recognising their concerns – I think that could actually be more important than just spitting out the facts or statistics,\" she says. \"A lot of the time, it's more about the personal connection than it is about the actual information that you provide.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdavidrobson.me\u002F\"\u003EDavid Robson\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is the author of The Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things. His next book is The Expectation Effect: Transform Your \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EHealth, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFitness, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EProductivity, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EHappiness and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAgeing, to be published in early 2022. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fimmune-response"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-07-23T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why some people don't want a Covid-19 vaccine","headlineShort":"Why some people don't want a vaccine","image":["p09pxj9r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fvaccine"],"summaryLong":"Social media is rife with posts disparaging the vaccine hesitant – but these reactions are doing more harm than good.","summaryShort":"The reasons for vaccine hesitancy are complex but may prevent herd immunity","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fvaccine","tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-07-23T00:00:00.555572Z","entity":"article","guid":"fd76e8ff-70d5-414a-ac7c-1438cf2abeeb","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:44:51.957837Z","project":"future","slug":"20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218727},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land","_id":"6171f23a45ceed6e4a090543","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Falasdair-lane"],"bodyIntro":"Half of the world's land is used to grow our food. A new generation of 'carbon farmers' are making their land absorb greenhouse gases, rather than emitting them.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELow lying and layered with clay, the soils of Molescroft Farm in East Yorkshire have never been the easiest to cultivate. Driven by ever-dwindling productivity, the land was pushed to its limits for decades – more passes with machinery, more fertilisers, more pesticides. These intensive agricultural practices kept the farm afloat; but beneath the surface, the soil was dying. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The land had been farmed very conventionally, so the ground was overworked and had lost its organic matter,\" recalls managing director Tamara Hall, who joined the estate in 2003. \"We had to change, for environmental reasons as well as profitability.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd so, bit by bit, Molescroft was reworked with sustainability in mind. The farm's main crops – wheat, peas, beans and barley – had their rotation widened, drainage was improved and fewer chemicals were sprayed. Cultivation was also dialled down, with far less ploughing and tilling to keep soil disturbance at a minimum.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the health of the land and its long-term yield potential, Hall believes her interventions have been resoundingly positive. But in the short-term, these regenerative practices were expensive as yields fell, carrying the risk of financial shortfall. The solution, Hall realised, was resting beneath her feet: soil carbon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're planting a lot of [ground] cover plants like phacelia and black oats that capture carbon from air and trap it in the ground. Then, when we've built up enough, we'll sell that carbon as credits to companies trying to offset their emissions. It's called carbon farming.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"After a couple of years and some meticulous measurements to show the changing carbon content of the soil, the sequestered carbon is certified and transferred into credits, before being sold","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fglobal-land-for-agriculture\"\u003EFarmlands cover half of the Earth's habitable land\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the global food system \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsrccl\u002Fchapter\u002Fsummary-for-policymakers\u002F\"\u003Eproduces 21-37% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions from human activity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When fields are worked with heavy machinery, their soils – which store \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fuploads\u002Fsystem\u002Fuploads\u002Fattachment_data\u002Ffile\u002F805926\u002FState_of_the_environment_soil_report.pdf\"\u003Ethree times as much \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fuploads\u002Fsystem\u002Fuploads\u002Fattachment_data\u002Ffile\u002F805926\u002FState_of_the_environment_soil_report.pdf\"\u003ECO2 \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fuploads\u002Fsystem\u002Fuploads\u002Fattachment_data\u002Ffile\u002F805926\u002FState_of_the_environment_soil_report.pdf\"\u003Eas the atmosphere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – leach trapped carbon back into the air.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zjnlr"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECarbon farming, on the other hand, seeks to capture emissions, not create them. The challenge has been to make this form of regenerative farming financially viable, paying landowners to rejuvenate degraded soils by turning their fields into vast CO2 sponges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAchieving this requires a range of regenerative techniques. Cover cropping is particularly popular – fields blanketed with grasses, cereals, legumes and other plant life that pull carbon from the air during photosynthesis, then store it in the soil below. After a couple of years and some meticulous measurements to show the changing carbon content of the soil, the sequestered carbon is certified and transferred into credits, before being sold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor its proponents, carbon farming promises a bold new agricultural business model – one that tackles climate change, creates jobs and saves farms that might otherwise be unprofitable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHaving spent decades on the fringes of the agriculture community, carbon farming is starting to catch on. The European Commission is promoting the practice as part of its new \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Ffood\u002Fhorizontal-topics\u002Ffarm-fork-strategy_de\"\u003EFarm to Fork Strategy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with the launch of an EU-wide carbon credit market expected later this year. Similar moves are underway in the United States, with the recent passage of a carbon-focused \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.agriculture.senate.gov\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fdem\u002Fpress\u002Frelease\u002Fgrowing-climate-solutions-act-passes-us-senate\"\u003EGrowing Climate Solutions Act\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and in the UK, where private projects are springing up at pace.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Sustainable Futures Carbon Bank is one such enterprise. \"The enthusiasm around carbon capture has really increased in the last couple of years,\" says Paul Rhodes, co-director of a Yorkshire-based sustainable agriculture consultancy. Keen to kindle this growing interest in green farming, Rhodes and business partner Steve Cann recently established their carbon bank: a scheme that helps British farmers harness, and ultimately profit from, CO2 sequestration.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOffering advice on soil restoration, crop diversification, cover plants and cultivation techniques, the pair will shortly be marketing an initial 10,000 tonnes of their members' certified soil-stored carbon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We're on the frontline of climate change here – soon there will be whole transects of land that simply won't be able to be farmed like they used to – Lorraine Gordon","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's at this stage, the selling, that problems can arise. While some farmers have made \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002F07\u002F04\u002Fsell-carbon-credits-ease-loss-eu-subsidies-urges-britians-first\u002F\"\u003Etens \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002F07\u002F04\u002Fsell-carbon-credits-ease-loss-eu-subsidies-urges-britians-first\u002F\"\u003Eof \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002F07\u002F04\u002Fsell-carbon-credits-ease-loss-eu-subsidies-urges-britians-first\u002F\"\u003Ethousands of pounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2020-10-28\u002Fiowa-farmer-finds-fortune-in-selling-carbon-credits-to-shopify\"\u003Eor even more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) from their sequestered CO2, there are deep concerns around so-called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.greenpeace.org.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fgolden-age-of-greenwash\u002F\"\u003Ephantom credits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – carbon units of dubious provenance that may have no basis in reality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's an issue the Yorkshiremen take incredibly seriously. \"It's vital to be statistically robust, so we won't sell any credits until satellite and on-farm soil benchmarking analysis has been completed, the crop rotation has been agreed with the farmer, and the certification process has been successfully navigated,\" explains Cann.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith this level of scientific rigour, the pair are confident that they can sell carbon credits in advance, using a modelling system to forecast future capture. Baked into the process are strict checks and balances, including remote sensors to monitor real-time carbon absorption, and a 40% buffer in case predictions come up short. \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E(Read more about \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ewhat makes a strong carbon market\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zjj87"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the north coast of New South Wales in Eastern Australia, similar considerations are being made. For cattle grazier and agriculture academic Lorraine Gordon, carbon farming is as much an existential imperative as it is a financial venture. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're on the frontline of climate change here – soon there will be whole transects of land that simply won't be able to be farmed like they used to,\" says Gordon. \"Just look at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-australia-51087273\"\u003Ethe fires we're having to deal with\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDetermined to play her part in a climate solution, Gordon educates Australian landowners on the merits of regenerative agriculture and carbon farming. On her own property, Moffat Falls, mixed pastures teeming with biodiversity are woven with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fwhy-soil-is-disappearing-from-farms\u002F\"\u003Edeep-rooted tap plants and legumes that slurp CO2 from the air at remarkable speed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom carbon markets to flight levies, economic interventions have the potential to drastically reduce the world's carbon emissions. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon-cost\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECarbon Cost\u003C\u002Fa\u003E analyses some of the most powerful economic measures that could reshape the way we live, and our relationship with the planet and nature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Cost","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECattle farming can be an extremely carbon-intensive form of agriculture, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fnews\u002Fstory\u002Fen\u002Fitem\u002F197623\u002Ficode\u002F\"\u003Eresponsible for 65% of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But Gordon takes measures to minimise her herd's impact, keeping the cattle mobbed up and moving fast, only ever shaving off the top layer of grass to allow the land time to recover. This, she says, is crucial to sequestering carbon in the soil. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Hooved animals are vital, because it's that hoof action that stirs up the grasses and seeds sitting dormant on the ground,\" says Gordon. \"The cows are key to activating the whole carbon capture process and speeding up photosynthesis.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn time, Gordon intends to sell her sequestered carbon, either to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.agriculture.gov.au\u002Fwater\u002Fpolicy\u002Fcarbon-farming-initiative\"\u003EAustralian government\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or a business. With that in mind, she's busy setting up monitoring systems to quantify how much CO2 Moffat Falls is absorbing. This process marks a permanent switch in her agricultural priorities – there's no time to be half-hearted, Gordon says, and reneging on regeneration isn't an option. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There isn't any point trapping emissions in the soil if, a few years later, you're going to return to the same old intensive techniques, which will send a deluge of sequestered carbon right back into the atmosphere.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zjk0b"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOnce a farmer has committed to carbon capture, they must find a platform to sell their credits. Carbon markets operate a bit like stock exchanges – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fember-climate.org\u002Fdata\u002Fcarbon-price-viewer\u002F\"\u003Eprices go up and down\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the shifting forces of supply and demand. As with any tradeable commodity, a level of cost fluctuation is to be expected; less tolerable, experts say, is the lack of clear, universal standards governing the carbon farming community.    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's a lot of momentum behind carbon capture schemes, but there's no global protocol for measuring, reporting, and verifying credits,\" explains Francesca Cotrufo, a soil ecologist at Colorado State University. \"Because of this, there isn't yet a level playing field for farmers, or a set of protocols for them all to follow.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis fragmentation is compounded by the inherent variability of soil chemistry. The carbon concentrations of two patches of ground only a few feet apart can differ dramatically, even if samples are taken at the same depth. This opens the door to misreadings and inconsistency, with the risk of farmers being paid for carbon they haven't actually sequestered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe standardisation of reading and reporting techniques alone won't correct this – technology is also needed. Scientists are working to increase the throughput of soil carbon measurements with infrared spectroscopy, a technique that identifies soil components by analysing how they absorb or reflect infrared light. Coupled with AI-statistics and next generation ecosystem modelling, farmers should be able to calculate their soil's carbon sequestration potential with a higher level of accuracy. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese developments are in the works, Cotrufo says, and while she'd like to see them employed on every farm that trades carbon credits, that's an unrealistic prospect. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Is it financially feasible to sample on every single farm? Most likely not, so we need to understand how we can stratify sampling in a way we can do measurements for verification at scale,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That way, carbon farming could have mass appeal.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zjl1l"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUntil universal standards are in place, some would-be carbon farmers are wary of taking their credits to market. In the meantime, there's still plenty of value to be had from CO2 capture. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I'm hoping that, in the future, our beef, lamb and pork produce will be a byproduct of the carbon that we farm and sell,\" says Loren Poncia, a fourth-generation cattle rancher in northern California. \"But even before that happens, the stuff we're sequestering is helping cut costs in the here and now.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA dryland ranch, Poncia's Stemple Creek requires a significant amount of rainfall to operate – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-56225862\"\u003Ea resource often in short supply in the Golden State\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Increasing the carbon content of the soil lets the pastures store more water, promoting the growth of grasses and other cover crops, which keep the grazing herds fed and healthy. It is a win-win scenario for Poncia, who's hopeful of even greater profitability when his captured carbon is monetised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in East Yorkshire, Tamara Hall is equally upbeat. Having resolved to become a carbon farmer, she's getting ready to take her first measurements. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's an exciting time at Molescroft, going more and more regenerative, doing our bit for the planet,\" she says. \"Funding this was a concern, but with carbon farming, the future's bright.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fcarbon-cost"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-22T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The regenerative revolution in food","headlineShort":"A better use for half Earth's land?","image":["p09zjhfm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p09zjnlr"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Half of the world's land is used to grow our food. A new generation of 'carbon farmers' are making their land absorb greenhouse gases, rather than emitting them.","summaryShort":"A new way of using land could replace intensive agriculture","tag":["tag\u002Ffood","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-21T23:05:22.477323Z","entity":"article","guid":"e2708d50-8a1f-488a-a203-3d6017c745ac","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-25T18:13:59.291401Z","project":"future","slug":"20211020-carbon-farming-a-better-use-for-half-earths-land","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218728},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles","_id":"6171f24745ceed6e4a090549","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park"],"bodyIntro":"Climate impacts are decimating coffee crops in tropical regions. Might we be able to grow coffee in colder countries one day?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe plant growing in the corner of Roastworks Coffee Co started life as a cherry, wrapped in parchment. It was given as a gift by an Ethiopian coffee agent and planted by the Little family out of curiousity. When their coffee roasting business relocated from Finland to Devon in south-west England in the 90s, the sapling came too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 30-year-old plant did nothing for years, says Will Little, who now runs the company his parents started, \"making me a second-generation coffee roaster\", he jokes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the coffee plant (\u003Cem\u003Ecoffea\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) finally flowered, to the surprise of Little, a few years ago. \"The buds smelled like jasmine or orange blossom,\" he says. Little wondered if it flowered because the plant had been moved into a slightly warmer spot in the office, or maybe it had just decided that it was time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnthused by the new blossoms, he started feeding the plant, which was growing in \"ordinary potting compost and some sand\", with regular gardeners' fertiliser. His reward: a handful of cherries, perhaps 50g, \"which is hardly anything in beans\", he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the next few years, the plant produced a modest crop, until 2020 when there was a bumper harvest of cherries – almost 400g in total. Now Little had enough to work with. After removing their flesh, 400g of coffee cherries will produce about 50g of green beans, which is just sufficient to roast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe smallest coffee roaster Little had at hand was a tiny sample roaster, normally used to roast 30-40g of beans so that a coffee seller can quickly sample their product. He split his beans into two 25g batches and roasted half.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen his team gathered around to sip their office-grown coffee (one cup of coffee needs about 12g of beans, so their harvest didn't stretch far), to Little's surprise, it tasted good. \"The chance of it tasting like **** was 99%,\" he says. \"It could have tasted like cardboard, but it wasn't just drinkable – it tasted okay.\" Little sent off the remaining beans to a YouTuber who was also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=ilY4EV9Qqs8\"\u003Epleasantly surprised by the quality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and described it has having a nutty, chocolatey aroma and flavour, though lacking some of the citrus elements of pure Ethiopian coffee.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003ECO2 equivalent is the metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases on the basis of their capacity to warm the atmosphere – their global warming potential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"What is CO2 equivalent?","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf all this sounds like a lot of trouble to go to for a cup of joe, consider the climate cost of this popular morning beverage. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fcalculate-the-environmental-footprint-of-your-food.html\"\u003EA daily cup of coffee produces more than 300g of CO2 equivalent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (CO2e), totalling 116kg of CO2 over the course of a year (or slightly more than the emissions from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Edriving 1,000 miles in an average car\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). One cup of tea per day produces about 9kg of CO2e each year – and even a daily glass of wine has less impact on the environment than coffee (113kg CO2e each year).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while growing coffee in your own backyard might seem appealing, our Foodprint Calculator shows that the carbon emissions from transporting coffee are negligible compared to the other carbon costs involved in producing the drink. About 50% of the total emissions from coffee comes from farming the crop, 20% from waste products, 17% from converting land for use in agriculture. Could these costs be reduced by growing coffee at home?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fcalculate-the-environmental-footprint-of-your-food.html\"\u003ETry\u003Cem\u003E BBC Future's Foodprint Calculator to see the emissions from your own diet.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile reducing transport costs will make a small difference, what matters most is how and where coffee is grown. As the climate continues to change, areas that once were highly productive are becoming less productive, and new areas for coffee production are popping up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe most popular cultivar, the arabica (\u003Cem\u003ECoffea arabica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0167880920300438#bib0145\"\u003Eparticularly sensitive to climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Oriana Ovalle-Rivera, a consultant in tropical agroforestry, and her colleagues modelled predictions about future coffee growing areas based on current estimates of climate change and found that higher altitudes will become more suitable. Kenya and Ethiopia are projected to become even better coffee growing regions, but the area suitable for producing coffee in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0124155\"\u003EBrazil could decline by as much as 60% and by up to 90% in Nicaragua\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as they are at lower elevations. Coffee production might creep uphill, they suggest, moving into previously unfarmed land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zjzfd"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAltitude is key to quality coffee, says Little. \"Coffee needs drier, cooler air like you get in the mountains,\" he says. Coffee grown at greater elevations is called \"high-grown\", and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29433216\u002F\"\u003Eis widely considered to be better\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and fetches a higher price. Little says it is not because of the altitude itself, but the fact that coffee grown at greater altitudes ripens more slowly. The slower the growth, the denser the bean, and the tastier the product.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELittle thinks that this slow ripening may have been what happened with his indoor coffee, possibly improving the taste. It just so happened that Little's office also provided some other key climatic conditions for coffee growth. \"The average temperature for coffee growth is 19C,\" he says. \"It's not like some tropical crops that need heat and humidity, so our office is about right. It never freezes, never falls below 19C in winter in the daytime: perfect for a coffee tree. In terms of humidity, the UK is about 60-80%. It's not perfect but it is not far off.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo a keen coffee grower might be in luck growing a plant indoors. But there are some things that will be near impossible to recreate, Little points out, like the volcanic soil that makes Ethiopian coffee so desirable. \"There is a certain flavour imparted by the terroir,\" he says. \"Putting it in Devon red soil doesn't mean it would be worse, but it won't be the same.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith increasing global temperatures, might we need to find new coffee varieties? It's a reasonable question to ask, says Helena Dove, who oversees the Kitchen Garden in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, UK, adding that if we want to find more climate-resilient crops, now is the time to start looking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose climate-resilient crops might come from heritage or wild varieties. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2020.00616\u002Ffull\"\u003EResearchers recently rediscovered a species of coffee\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (\u003Cem\u003ECoffea stenophylla\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) that had not been seen in the wild since 1954, but was once regarded as a prized variety. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41477-021-00891-4\"\u003EStenophylla thrives in Upper West Africa in temperatures on average 6-7C higher than the temperatures at which arabica normally grows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The robusta variety of coffee (\u003Cem\u003ECoffea robusta\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) is also adapted to grow in warmer temperatures but has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2020.00616\u002Ffull\"\u003Ean inferior flavour to stenophylla\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Other wild varieties, like \u003Cem\u003ECoffea affinis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E might also have useful disease resistence properties that could hybridised, or cross-bred, with crops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinding useful properties in wild varieties to diversify the crop gene pool might make it easier to grow crops in colder countries, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProducing wine in a country like the UK might once have been thought of as a niche pursuit, but today there are more than 500 vineyards in Britain. An analysis from 2018 identified a further \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F1747423X.2018.1537312\"\u003E33,700 hectares of land suitable for wine growing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the UK – an area larger than the Champagne region and on similar terrain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the climate warms, though, the need for colder climate grapes might change. While most British vineyards are on the south coast, the analysis suggests that the best wine-growing regions are now slightly further north in East Anglia. In the United States, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4949187\u002F\"\u003Ewine production has expanded to northern states, such as Michigan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, due to warmer temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-everyday-foods-that-could-become-luxuries\"\u003EThe everyday foods that could become luxuries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201028-the-benefits-of-coffee-is-coffee-good-for-health\"\u003EWhy a cup of coffee may be good for you\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fthe-race-to-improve-food-security\u002F\"\u003EThe race to improve food security\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWine has historically been produced in colder climates, like Canada, though these tend to be \"ice wines\" which are intentionally left to freeze on the vine to produce a sweet dessert wine. But regular wine is now \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.winetourism.com\u002Fwinery\u002Fvingarden-i-klagshamn\u002F\"\u003Egrown and produced in Sweden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, too, and some Scottish and Irish producers are having a go, with limited success so far.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDove says that to prepare for a point in time when the climate in the temperate regions might support coffee, we should start looking for cultivars with resilient properties now. It could be a pressing step considering \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.aav3473\"\u003E60% of wild coffee varieties, like \u003Cem\u003ECoffea Stenophylla, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Efrom which we might find a resilient variety, are threatened with extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo make a coffee plant hardier for a temperate climate, trees can be grafted onto a root stock. In essence, the trunk and branches of a fruiting tree are cut at the base and stuck to the roots and lower parts of a plant that is better adapted to the native climate, says Dove. The hardy roots provide resilience to temperature, moisture and soil conditions, while the trunk and branches flower and fruit as desired.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is a centuries-old practice that has allowed fruit growers to adapt trees for colder climates. This means exotic fruit such as peaches and apricots can now be grown in the UK. \"At one point we could never grow [them],\" says Dove. \"The trees were hardy, but the buds would freeze in February and drop off.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERoot grafting is a common practice with fruit trees like apples, cherries, plums, apricots and peaches, says Dove. Anyone wishing to graft their own coffee plant would first need to identify a suitable root stock. Coffee is part of the Rubiaceae family of flowering plants, which while most of the members are tropical, does contain some temperate varieties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter temperature and soil have been considered, a grower will need to think about how to get the coffee plant to fruit. Unlike tea plants, which will quite comfortably grow in colder regions, coffee not only needs to grow, but it needs to produce cherries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09zjx2h"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome tropical crops can produce their fruits without the need for their native pollinators to fertilise them. These are called parthenocarpic plants – notable examples include cucumbers, bananas and pineapples. The resulting sterile fruit can lack seeds altogether, making some more pleasant to eat. A wild, fertilised banana or pineapple would be filled with little seeds and have a lot less edible flesh, for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut, some crops need to be fertilised. In the case of coffee, the bean is the product of fertilisation. Fortunately for home-growers, arabica plants can self-pollinate (but will produce more fruit if cross-pollinated by insects). So, the presence of a native pollinator is not essential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EWe currently live in an unsustainable world. While the biggest gains in the fight to curb climate change will come from the decisions made by governments and industries, we can all play our part. In \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fsustainability-on-a-shoestring\"\u003ESustainability on a Shoestring\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, BBC Future explores how each of us can contribute as individuals to reducing carbon emissions by living more sustainably, without breaking the bank.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Sustainability on a Shoestring","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGrafting has the added bonus that the root stock can kickstart flowering. The hormones that stimulate flowering and fruiting are found in the roots, so if a mature root stock is grafted to an immature tree, a grower can reduce some of the time spent waiting for a tree to mature (which, for a coffee plant growing in the right environment might be 3-5 years, rather than the 30 it took for Little's to mature indoors). This is very useful for commercial fruit producers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, with a little patience, the right conditions and some selective breeding, one might be able to grow coffee at home in temperate countries, but Little pauses to ask why. \"Crumbs, there are amazing coffees in the world,\" he says. \"What we could produce is nowhere close to the best from Colombia or East Africa.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHaving toyed with the idea of growing British coffee commercially, he has settled on using his plant as an education tool. What does he recommend that you do with your handful of cherries each year?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The best thing to do is to just eat them – they're full of antioxidants,\" he says. \"And they'll leave you buzzing on a caffeine high.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles-9"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fsustainability-on-a-shoestring"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-22T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The coffee with zero air miles","headlineShort":"Can you grow coffee at home?","image":["p09zjt1f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Climate impacts are decimating coffee crops in tropical regions. Might we be able to grow coffee in colder countries one day?","summaryShort":"Why we might drink homegrown coffee one day","tag":["tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-21T23:05:35.98371Z","entity":"article","guid":"79d1eaf3-34c5-435c-b03a-28b7c26245d4","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-22T08:52:10.672754Z","project":"future","slug":"20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218729},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market","_id":"616ff26945ceed6836782fc3","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fisabelle-gerretsen"],"bodyIntro":"For its proponents, a global carbon market could significantly reduce the world's carbon emissions. But its critics say that giving polluters the option to pay for their emissions is not the answer to climate change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn July, wildfires scorched vast swathes of North America. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-57890935\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIn Oregon, the Bootleg fire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E destroyed more than 400,000 acres of forest. As the trees went up in smoke, so did a large number of carbon offsets, including ones that had been bought by firms such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.leg.wa.gov\u002FReportsToTheLegislature\u002FHome\u002FGetPDF?fileName=DNR%20Carbon%20Sequestration%20Report_8f19b00b-5acf-4c97-83b4-16cecb559803.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBP\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.greendiamond.com\u002Fnews\u002Fpdf\u002F21.02%20MS%20Carbon.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EMicrosoft\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Bootleg fire highlighted one of the flaws of the carbon offsetting market: how can we ensure the carbon removal projects we invest in will still be there in 10 years, let alone 100 years? As climate change leads to more intense wildfires and prolonged droughts over the next few decades, the question is whether these offsets are effective tools that can help us drastically reduce carbon emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe largest market for carbon offsetting to date will be under discussion in November at the 26th United Nations' Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26), in Glasgow. Governments say carbon credits, and a global carbon market where these credits can be bought and sold, can help them achieve \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fspeeches\u002Festablishing-the-principles-necessary-for-transparent-functioning-voluntary-carbon-markets\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eambitious emissions reduction targets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But campaigners warn that such a system provides rich countries with a license to keep polluting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The aim is that for every tonne of CO2 that is emitted somewhere, another tonne is captured elsewhere","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAhead of the conference, Future Planet analyses what an effective carbon market would look like, and how much it could make a dent in the world's emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA global marketplace \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEconomists \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feprints.lse.ac.uk\u002F37397\u002F1\u002FClimate_change_and_carbon_markets_a_panoramic_history%28author%29.pdf\"\u003Edevised carbon markets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as a way to increase climate ambition and lower carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere by creating a financial incentive to curb emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea is, if one country pays for emissions to be cut or captured in a second country, for example by planting a forest or installing renewable energy facilities, it can count those reductions towards its own climate goals. The aim is that for every tonne of CO2 that is emitted somewhere, another tonne is captured elsewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z121l"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECountries can trade credits, which each represent one tonne of CO2, with each other in a global marketplace. Theoretically, this exchange should balance out and prevent an overall increase in emissions – provided all emissions from human activity are covered by the scheme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEstablishing a global carbon market, however, has proven to be an enormous challenge. For almost 30 years, countries have tried, and largely failed, to draw up robust rules.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first global scheme dates back to the UN's Kyoto Protocol on climate change, which was adopted in 1997. Known as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), this carbon market came into operation in 2006. Under the CDM, richer countries could reduce their emissions by paying for the development of carbon-lowering projects in poorer nations, and counting these reductions as part of their own targets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom carbon markets to flight levies, economic interventions have the potential to drastically reduce the world's carbon emissions. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon-cost\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECarbon Cost\u003C\u002Fa\u003E analyses some of the most powerful economic measures that could reshape the way we live, and our relationship with the planet and nature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Carbon Cost","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Kyoto Protocol also established \"cap and trade\" schemes, which set a limit on the overall amount of emissions that are permitted from carbon-intensive sources, such as shipping and the energy industry, at regional, national and international levels. The European Union created the world's first emissions trading system, which is based on the cap and trade principle, in 2005. According to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7183178\u002F\"\u003E2020 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the system reduced carbon emissions by more than one billion tonnes between 2008 and 2016.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe CDM, on the other hand, effectively collapsed due to widespread concerns over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-15989873\"\u003Eenvironmental efficacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnews.bbc.co.uk\u002F2\u002Fhi\u002Fscience\u002Fnature\u002F7669215.stm\"\u003Ecorruption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and human rights violations. Eighty-five percent of offset projects used by the European Union under the CDM failed to reduce emissions, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Fclima\u002Fsites\u002Fclima\u002Ffiles\u002Fets\u002Fdocs\u002Fclean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf\"\u003E2017 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by the European Commission found.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2015, 190 countries signed up to the Paris Agreement and set emissions reduction targets. Under Article 6 of the climate pact, they agreed to establish a voluntary global carbon market, intending to avoid the pitfalls that led to the collapse of the CDM.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESix years on, countries are still hammering out the rules and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonbrief.org\u002Fcop25-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-madrid\"\u003Eare some way from consensus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Ministers are hoping to make progress on the issue at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow in November, but deep divisions remain on the design of the carbon market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome say the contentious issue could make or break the Paris Agreement. \"This was what countries promised each other,\" says Cynthia Elliott, associate on the global climate programme at the World Resources Institute. \"If they cannot fulfill this commitment, the Paris Agreement doesn't have the same weight.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z10s7"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf done right, this trading mechanism could almost double the reduction in global emissions and make it substantially cheaper for countries to meet their Paris Agreement climate goals, according to the advocacy group \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edf.org\u002Fclimate\u002Fhow-carbon-markets-can-increase-climate-ambition\"\u003EEnvironmental Defense Fund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Offset projects could channel much needed funds to poorer countries and yield enormous benefits for climate adaptation, providing them with financial incentives to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging\"\u003Erestore their forests and other biodiversity hotspots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Lennon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut if countries are unable to close loopholes or guarantee that the carbon market will lead to real emissions reductions, campaigners say it could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edf.org\u002Fblog\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F29\u002F3-things-you-need-know-about-soaring-voluntary-carbon-market\"\u003Edo more harm than good\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe pitfalls\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA major problem with current carbon market mechanisms is their \"very broad approach to crediting\", says Lambert Schneider, a carbon market expert at the Öko-Institut in Freiburg, Germany. Many offset projects are approved without having to provide very high assurances that they will reduce emissions, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The math has to be perfect, but there are instances where it doesn't all add up – Grayson Badgley","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn reality, the conditions an offset project needs to meet to actually capture a given amount of carbon are very stringent, says Grayson Badgley, a fellow in forest ecology at Columbia University in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The math has to be perfect, [but] there are instances where it doesn't all add up, \" says Badgley.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECalifornia's offsetting programme, for example, has generated between 20 million and 39 million carbon credits that have not achieved real carbon savings, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcarbonplan.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fforest-offsets-explainer\"\u003Eanalysis by CarbonPlan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a non-profit in San Francisco that analyses the scientific integrity of carbon offsetting schemes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis can lead to questions when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcarbonplan.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fforest-offsets-explainer\"\u003Eorganisations whose mission it is to protect forests and wildlife accept credits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that allow companies to continue polluting. Many US conservation organisations, including The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.org\u002Fen-us\u002Fget-involved\u002Fhow-to-help\u002Fplaces-we-protect\u002Fupper-st--john-forest-preserve\u002F\"\u003ENature Conservancy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (TNC) and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewildernesstrust.org\u002Fprojects\u002Fhowland\u002F\"\u003ENortheast Wilderness Trust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have participated in the carbon offsetting market, Badgley notes. \"What would have happened if there wasn't the exchange of money for the carbon offset?\" he says. \"Was the forest really under threat?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe current system \"allows landowners who were already managing their land well to receive credits for what they were doing anyway\", says Barbara Haya, director of the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project at the University of California.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, TNC points out there are situations in which forest conservation can use carbon credits fairly, such as when the funds are used to improve forest management that results in greater carbon sequestration. At the St John River Forest in Maine, the organisation bought 75,000 hectares (290 sq miles) from the pulp and paper manufacturer International Paper. For 20 years, timber harvesting at the site was the primary source of income it generated for TNC. Reducing timber harvesting in exchange for carbon credits allowed the organisation to move away from tree felling, says a spokesperson from TNC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Since 1998, timber harvesting has been The Nature Conservancy's primary source of funds for taxes and stewardship of the Upper St John River Forest. By enrolling it in the forest carbon project, TNC made a long-term commitment to change its active harvesting practices and maintain a higher level of carbon on the property,\" the TNC spokesperson says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Northeast Wilderness Trust also underlines the difference between a forest offset scheme where there was a real risk of logging, and one where there is not. The trust's Wild Carbon programme \"is dedicated to carbon offsets generated exclusively from forever-wild landscapes that were unprotected and open to logging prior to our purchase\", says the trust's executive director, Jon Leibowitz.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It is inaccurately broad to state that conservation organisations shouldn't engage in carbon markets,\" Leibowitz argues. \"Science demonstrates that allowing existing forests to grow old and continue storing and sequestering carbon is among the most efficient and cost-effective carbon capture and storage mechanisms available to us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"For this reason, conservation organisations should have access to carbon revenue, so long as their carbon projects are both new conservation and permanent conservation,\" Leibowitz says. \"Done right, carbon revenue, especially when derived from forever-wild conservation, is a useful tool to help keep the carbon in our forests locked up, and enables the forests to grow and continue to sequester and store even more carbon for centuries to come.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z1112"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETaking carbon sequestration a step further, some of the most rigorous schemes avoid issuing offset credits at all, says Gilles Dufrasne, policy officer at the international non-profit Carbon Market Watch. But when they do, they aim to find projects that could not reduce emissions without the funding coming from offsets. In other words, it is all about making sure the offset schemes don't sell reductions that were going to happen anyway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if a project genuinely does capture carbon that wouldn't otherwise have been captured, offset schemes can falter for other reasons. As the Bootleg fire showed, they can fail to provide the permanent carbon sequestration they are often assumed to offer. A large majority of offsets in the US fall under the Improved Forest Management protocol, which does not take into account varying fire risks in different parts of the country and how these will worsen because of climate change, according to Badgley.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We know that the risk of fires is going to go up. California's system doesn't incorporate those risks,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are ways to try to make sure that offset schemes have longevity, but being certain of their permanence is practically impossible. \"What will the deforestation rate be in Brazil in five or 10 years? Nobody knows. Over the years it has changed tremendously,\" says Schneider. \"The baseline used is always an assumption about the future, which comes with great uncertainty.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew rules \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs countries prepare to renegotiate carbon market rules at COP26 in November, campaigners say it is critical that all forms of cheating and corruption are eliminated. Two issues remain particularly contentious: double counting and whether surplus credits from the old CDM system should be carried forward into a new carbon market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You can negotiate ambition, but you don't negotiate about cheating – Gilles Dufrasne","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFirst, the double counting issue. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-50588128\"\u003EBrazil wants to claim credit for offsets that it sells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to another country, meaning that the reductions achieved would be counted twice. If the UK invests in a scheme protecting the Amazon rainforest, for example, Brazil wants to count the emissions' reduction towards both its own target, as well as the UK's goal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatechangenews.com\u002F2019\u002F10\u002F11\u002Fbrazil-fights-attempt-cancel-old-carbon-credits\u002F\"\u003EBrazil, along with China and India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, also wants to trade old credits from the Kyoto era on the new market, to protect the value of previous investments. \"As these emissions reductions already occurred in the past, using these credits will not change anything in the atmosphere and undermine countries' climate targets,\" argues Schneider.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Dufrasne, it is better to not have a deal at all than accept exemptions on double counting and carrying over old credits. \"You can negotiate ambition, but you don't negotiate about cheating,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z10wf"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe poor human rights and environmental records of past markets such as the CDM are also still a looming concern. Many carbon offsetting projects to date \"have not been clean for the environment and have violated human rights,\" says Erika Lennon, senior attorney at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fciel_tweets\"\u003ECenter for International Environmental Law\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, noting that in many cases project developers failed to consult with and gain consent from local communities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne such project is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ciel.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F02\u002FFactSheet_AltoMaipo_Chile.pdf\"\u003EAlto Maipo hydropower scheme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Ein Santiago, Chile, which was verified under the CDM, despite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ciel.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F02\u002FRights-Carbon-Caution.pdf\"\u003Eserious environmental concerns and opposition from local communities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who said the project, which involved rerouting water from the River Maipo for 100km (62 miles) to generate electricity, threatened their rights to water, food and life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It shouldn't be that hard to respect human rights in the context of climate action,\" says Lennon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnless the loopholes are straightened out and the rules become much more stringent, there isn't much point having a global carbon market flooded with cheap, ineffective offsets, says Haya.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You can't do effective climate mitigation based on fiction. You need to make sure the credits are real, otherwise the market is based on a lie,\" says Haya, suggesting that setting up an incentive fund for mitigation efforts, which companies and countries pay into, would be more effective at reducing overall emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven with robust rules, countries cannot rely on carbon offsetting alone to help them achieve their ambitious climate goals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're in a very different situation than when the Paris Agreement was adopted,\" says Elliott. \"Many countries have come forward with net zero targets, which bring the whole [reason] for markets into question and tell us we need to do something far more transformational.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHaving a global compensation scheme is \"not the crucial element of global climate action,\" says Dufrasne, noting that countries should prioritise adopting domestic and regional policies aimed at slashing emissions. This will lead to the cuts needed to set the world on a path to net zero by 2050. \"Governments should not just bank on buying credits from other countries, but focus on domestic reductions.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-16"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fcarbon-cost"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-19T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How trading CO2 could save the climate","headlineShort":"How trading CO2 could save the climate","image":["p09z2f6g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A global carbon market could significantly reduce the world's carbon emissions. But its critics say that giving polluters the option to pay for their emissions is not the answer.","summaryShort":"Should polluters pay for their emissions?","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-18T23:05:35.018783Z","entity":"article","guid":"1faf51ca-716c-40a7-b11a-a4b04e77f0c8","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-22T17:02:21.601405Z","project":"future","slug":"20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218729},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines","_id":"616feeb145ceed3ec42b9054","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"While many people might claim to be sceptical of autonomous technology, we may have a deep ingrained trust of machines that traces back to our evolutionary past.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs Air France Flight 447 hurtled belly-first towards the Atlantic Ocean at nearly 300km per hour (186mph), pilot Pierre-Cédric Bonin wrestled with the controls. He and his crew had taken over after the autopilot suddenly switched itself off, apparently due to a build-up of ice on the aircraft. It was a situation that demanded manual intervention.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pilots, unfamiliar with this scenario, struggled to steady the plane. Confusing messages and alarms from the aircraft's computer bombarded them and suggested the craft was not stalling when in fact it was. Bonin's last known words, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tailstrike.com\u002F010609.html\"\u003Ecaptured on the flight recorder\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, were, \"We're going to crash – this can't be true. But what's happening?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll 228 passengers and crew on board perished that day, 1 June 2009. When accidents like this occur, involving humans and machines, there are usually multiple factors or causes at work. But analysts have blamed the tragedy of Flight 447 partly on an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2017\u002F09\u002Fthe-tragic-crash-of-flight-af447-shows-the-unlikely-but-catastrophic-consequences-of-automation\"\u003Eexcessive reliance or trust in machines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They pointed to the flight crew's expectation that the autopilot would stay switched on, and that the plane's information systems would provide accurate information. It is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fautomation-can-leave-us-complacent-and-that-can-have-dangerous-consequences-62429\"\u003Efar from the only incident\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in which an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6534180\u002F\"\u003Eover-reliance on technology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has contributed to fatalities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is a well-studied phenomenon known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3240751\u002F\"\u003Eautomation bias\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which sometimes also leads to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2019.00225\u002Ffull\"\u003Eautomation complacency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where people are less able to spot malfunctions when a computer is running the show. But what is perhaps surprising is that our tendency to \"overtrust\" machinery is perhaps directly influenced by millions of years of evolution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Technology overtrust is an error of staggering proportion,\" writes Patricia Hardré of the University of Oklahoma \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FB9780128018736000054\"\u003Ein a book chapter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on why we sometimes put too much faith in machines. She argues that people generally lack the ability to judge how reliable a specific technology is. This can actually go both ways. We might dismiss the help of a computer in situations where it would benefit us – or blindly trust such a device, only for it to end up harming us or our livelihoods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe behaviour of one of our closest relatives, the chimpanzee, may contain a clue about why we are so bad at assessing the trustworthiness of machines. It could be because we are primed to evaluate other members of our species instead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z40r1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"square","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0003347221000282\"\u003EIn a recent experiment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, researchers set up an apparatus in which chimpanzees at a sanctuary in Kenya could pull on a rope to retrieve a food reward. One rope offered a basic food reward – one piece of banana. But they were also presented with a second option – a bigger reward of two pieces of banana and a slice of apple that could be dished out either by a machine or a fellow chimpanzee.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESometimes it was the machine on the other end of the rope, other times it was another chimp, but never both. However, sometimes the machine would not deliver the reward, and sometimes the other chimp would choose not to share. So while there was potentially a bigger reward, it was a less certain choice to pull the second rope.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe chimpanzee participant was thus faced with either a social or a non-social condition. They'd need to trust either the machine or the other chimp in order to have the chance of a bigger food reward.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe study found that, when a fellow chimpanzee presided over the uncertain option, the primates were less likely to go for it. They refused to engage with the social trials 12% of the time, but they only displayed this aversion 4% of the time in non-social trials where a machine presided over the reward. In other words, they had greater trust in the machine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They were much more hesitant… when the partner was another chimpanzee,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mpib-berlin.mpg.de\u002Fstaff\u002Flou-haux\"\u003ELou Haux\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, who designed and ran the experiment with her colleagues. It's one of just a few studies revealing that social risk plays a big part in how chimpanzees and humans navigate the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Imagine how you'd feel if a bartender took your cash and then proceeded to drink your cola right in front of you. You'd probably be livid","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's called \"betrayal aversion\" says Haux: \"The fear of being duped by another human [or chimpanzee], which is thought to cause stronger emotions.\" She likens this to putting money into a vending machine only for it to fail to dispense the soft drink you requested. That could prompt irritation, no doubt, but imagine how you'd feel if a bartender took your cash and then proceeded to drink your cola right in front of you. You'd probably be livid. Of course, the vending machine didn't make a decision to dupe you, it just failed to deliver, while the bartender decided to drink your order despite knowing how that might make you feel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe research team didn't stop there, however. They went on to perform another experiment involving chimpanzees who had already gained an understanding of how likely they were to get a better food reward when selecting the uncertain option, thanks to having participated in the first experiment. The uncertain option was, in truth, no longer completely uncertain – the chimps now possessed a sense of what kind of risk they were taking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd that's when a surprise emerged. The chimpanzees stopped discriminating between the social and non-social options – they no longer seemed to trust the machine more than the fellow chimpanzee.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That's why we think it's an exciting finding, that they distinguish between the social world and the non-social world in cases where there's still a lot of uncertainty around,\" says Haux.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt makes sense when you think about how important it is for primates to negotiate their social environment, says Darby Proctor, a psychologist  at the Florida Institute of Technology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"With a machine, there's no future implications,\" she explains. \"You don't have that additional potential social cost.\" After all, chimpanzees in these experiments often have to go and spend time with their fellow participants once the experiment is over – any displeasure caused by taking part could have onward consequences for their relationships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z4128"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EProctor and colleagues \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F0956797618811877\"\u003Epreviously carried out similar tests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and also found that chimpanzees were more likely to trust objects in the search for food rewards versus other chimpanzees. Proctor mentions that when one of the primates was seemingly let down by another chimpanzee who failed to give out a hearty food reward, the dejected chimp made their feelings known by spitting water at the partner. \"A common display of unhappiness,\" says Proctor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProctor questions whether the chimpanzees in these experiments really trusted the machines more. It could also be described as individuals simply having a more muted reaction to a bad deal when a social partner isn't involved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s not that we have confidence that the machine will give us a good payout, it might be that we don’t see it as emotionally salient, so we might just be more inclined to gamble or take risks with this inanimate object,” she hypothesises.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut either way, evolution seems to have influenced primates' willingness to engage with uncertainty, based on whether we feel we're taking a social risk or not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvolution hasn't really prepared us for the fact that it can be quite costly to be betrayed by a machine, argues \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iast.fr\u002Fpeople\u002Ffrancesca-de-petrillo\"\u003EFrancesca de Petrillo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, who studies primates. For millions of years, there was no need to develop an ability to assess machines as carefully as we assess members of the same species. But today, when technology can have a huge impact on people's lives, there arguably is.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Many surveys have suggested that people are often uncomfortable with the idea of self-driving cars or handing over work responsibilities to machines","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors involved here. Evolution aside, our willingness to trust technology is also influenced by personal knowledge about a machine or device, and cultural expectations. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002FfullHtml\u002F10.1145\u002F3290605.3300768\"\u003EA 2019 study found that\u003C\u002Fa\u003E people were, on average, 29% more likely to give away their credit card details during a text-based chat if they thought they were speaking to a computer versus another human being. The researchers found that this effect was even more pronounced among those who had a pre-existing expectation that machines were more secure or trustworthy than humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen again, sometimes people report a strong aversion to trusting technology. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007%2F978-3-030-01177-2_27\"\u003EMany surveys have suggested\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that people are often uncomfortable with the idea of self-driving cars or handing over work responsibilities to machines. There are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Finnovations\u002Fwp\u002F2016\u002F07\u002F21\u002Fhumans-once-opposed-coffee-and-refrigeration-heres-why-we-often-hate-new-stuff\u002F\"\u003Elots of reasons why suspicions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about new technology can take hold. People might fear losing a part of their identity if an automaton takes over. Or they might simply feel sceptical that a computer will approach certain tasks with the required caution and dexterity. When you've seen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=g0TaYhjpOfo\"\u003Ea hundred videos of robots falling over\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or experienced an obstinate computer refusing to function correctly, that's not necessarily surprising.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210222-how-googles-hot-air-balloon-surprised-its-creators\"\u003EHow Google's balloons surprised their creators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20161110-the-real-risks-of-artificial-intelligence\"\u003EThe real risks of artificial intelligence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine\"\u003EThe outdated machine that hindered the pandemic response\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong those who have studied what can influence an individual's willingness to trust a particular technological system is Philipp Kulms, a social psychologist at Bielefeld University in Germany. He and a colleague came up with a Tetris-style puzzle game in which participants collaborated with a computer partner that also had control over some of the pieces. When the computer played the game well (demonstrating competence) and allowed the human player access to high-value pieces that netted them extra points (demonstrating warmth), the participants were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffdigh.2018.00014\u002Ffull?source=techstories.org\"\u003Emore likely to report that they trusted the computer player\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and also more likely to exchange puzzle pieces with it in a collaborative effort, which shows that they also expressed that confidence in-game. It was trust formed by mechanics, if you like.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"To our surprise, this very limited set of variables that we could manipulate was apparently enough,\" says Kulms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf we accept that people are generally ill-equipped to assess the trustworthiness of machines because, from an evolutionary standpoint, we are primed to judge trustworthiness based on social cues, then this makes perfect sense. It also chimes with other research that suggests gamblers will gamble more \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fslate.com\u002Ftechnology\u002F2015\u002F09\u002Fstudy-gamblers-risk-more-when-slot-machines-seem-humanlike.html\"\u003Ewhen playing on slot machines that have been designed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to display human-like properties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z40xz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, we aren't just bad at weighing up the trustworthiness of a machine, we're also easily seduced by mechanical objects when they start behaving a bit like a social partner who has our best interests at heart.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, in contrast to the person who has been stung by unresponsive computers and therefore distrusts them all, the individual who has learned to put their faith in certain systems – such as aircraft autopilots – may struggle to understand how they could be wrong, even when they are.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDe Petrillo notes that she's experienced a feeling of confidence in computers when interacting with voice-activated assistants like Apple's Siri or Amazon's Alexa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I assume that they are acting in my best interests, so I don't need to question them,\" she says. So long as they appear competent and reasonably warm, Kulms' study suggests, that will continue to be the case, for de Petrillo and many others. Kulm points out that this is why it's so important for designers of technology to make sure their systems are ethical and their functionality transparent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe great irony of all this is that behind a seemingly trustworthy machine may lie a malicious human with nefarious intentions. Undue trust in a faulty machine is dangerous enough, never mind one designed to deceive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If we were taking the same type of risk with a human, we would be much more attuned to what the potential negative outcomes could be,\" says Proctor. She and Haux agree that more work is needed to tease out how much the chimpanzees in their studies genuinely trust machines, and to what extent that reveals truths about human behaviour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there's a hint here that our occasional, sometimes disastrous, overtrust in technology has been influenced by a simple fact: we evolved to be social animals in a world where machines did not exist. Now they do and we put our money, our personal data and even our lives under their supervision all the time. That's not necessarily the wrong thing to do – it's just that we're often pretty bad at judging when it's right.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fmachine-minds"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-20T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why we place too much trust in machines","headlineShort":"Have we evolved to trust machines?","image":["p09z414f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"While many people might claim to be sceptical of autonomous technology, we may have a deep ingrained trust of machines that traces back to our evolutionary past.","summaryShort":"A phenomenon known as automation bias could trace back to our evolutionary past","tag":["tag\u002Fevolution","tag\u002Fartificialintelligence"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-20T00:00:08.57412Z","entity":"article","guid":"c42f7f4b-e724-4c09-abd6-62767744675b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-20T10:25:46.617506Z","project":"future","slug":"20211019-why-we-place-too-much-trust-in-machines","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218730},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks","_id":"616ff60345ceed0a925e8d89","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fandrea-valentino"],"bodyIntro":"Hidden from sight beneath the waves, the seabed around New York's harbour is littered with historic sunken vessels that met a variety of fates in the waters around the great city. Now they face a new threat to their existence from the changing climate.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt might not be the first thing you notice when visiting Calvert Vaux Park, where Brooklyn meets Coney Island. But stand with your back to the highway and your nose to the public housing blocks across the water and you'll spot it if the tide is low enough.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA splash of yellow paint at its top is the only colour other than rust that announces the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003E45 feet (13.7m) long\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003Eshipwreck\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This is what remains of the Quester I, a submarine made in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003E1967 by \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003EJerry Bianco\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Built from salvaged metal, the shipyard worker had hoped to use his craft to explore an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?13691\"\u003EItalian ocean liner\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, sunk off \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.shipwreckworld.com\u002Fmaps\u002Fss-andrea-doria\"\u003EMassachusetts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a decade before. He never managed to. Tipping sideways, the submarine slipped into the mud, before coming loose from its moorings and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003Eending up in the middle of the Coney Island Creek\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It's been there ever since.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Quester I is one of many sunken vessels that now rest within New York's brackish waters. America's gateway for centuries, there are thousands of wrecks packed on the seabed between Manhattan and the shores of Long Island. And though there are almost too many to count, some locals are trying. Often amateurs, these men and women mix technology, tenacity and enthusiasm to locate and visit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fhistory\u002Fthe-search-for-the-guggenheim-treasure-8712138\u002F\"\u003Ebarges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-war-i-uss-san-diego-explosion-discovery\"\u003Ebattleships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.atlasobscura.com\u002Fplaces\u002Ftugboat-graveyard\"\u003Etugboats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newsday.com\u002Flong-island\u002Flong-island-divers-discover-civil-war-era-shipwreck-off-montauk-1.43342488\"\u003Ecivil war-era steamers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E submerged beneath the surface.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETheir work is important – this patchwork of diverse wrecks holds many secrets that can reveal much about the world of yesterday. But they won't last forever. Although the vessels begin deteriorating underwater almost as soon as they are sunk, their destruction is being hastened by climate change and the storms that accompany it. Some are simply ripped apart while others are being lost beneath thick layers of silt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet over the last few years, shipwreck hunters, amateurs and professionals alike have worked hard to save, or at least document, these precious artifacts before they disappear. With powerful new technology, they're systematically imaging hundreds of wrecks, then publishing their findings for a wide audience online. In some cases, specialists even advocate a more drastic solution – artificially covering wrecks until they're safe to explore once again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ytj67"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis work leads to other questions too. Given these wrecks are often graveyards, after all, should divers even be visiting? And when they do, how should they treat the artifacts they find there? None of these questions have straightforward solutions. But every day they go unanswered, the Quester I and hundreds of vessels like it continue to decompose, their secrets and stories vanishing beneath the waves. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere have been shipwrecks in New York before the city even existed. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historytoday.com\u002Farchive\u002Fnew-amsterdam-surrendered-english\"\u003ETwelve years before the Dutch founded New Amsterdam,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu\u002Fdisp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=101#:~:text=In%201664%2C%20the%20English%20sent,his%20brother%20King%20Charles%20II.\"\u003Efive decades before the English renamed it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu\u002Fdisp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=101#:~:text=In%201664%2C%20the%20English%20sent,his%20brother%20King%20Charles%20II.\"\u003E,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theonrust.com\u002Fhistory.html\"\u003ETyger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E ('Tiger') burned in the Hudson. Captained by a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theonrust.com\u002Fhistory.html\"\u003EDutch trader and privateer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=Tc7UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=adriaen+block+tyger+beaver+pelts&source=bl&ots=BsRhcnZZDi&sig=ACfU3U1Kp1lMz-WiGr5I1teexuchjEgaYQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO0s74-bXzAhVcpXIEHcTWDkgQ6AF6BAgtEAM#v=onepage&q=adriaen%20block%20tyger%20beaver%20pelts&f=false\"\u003Ethe ship caught fire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while laden with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=Tc7UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=adriaen+block+tyger+beaver+pelts&source=bl&ots=BsRhcnZZDi&sig=ACfU3U1Kp1lMz-WiGr5I1teexuchjEgaYQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO0s74-bXzAhVcpXIEHcTWDkgQ6AF6BAgtEAM#v=onepage&q=adriaen%20block%20tyger%20beaver%20pelts&f=false\"\u003Ebeaver and otter pelts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the local \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farchaeology.cityofnewyork.us\u002Fcollection\u002Fnyc-timeline\u002Fadriaen-block-landed-with-a-group-of-traders-from-holland\"\u003ELenape\u003C\u002Fa\u003E people. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F529708?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=%22Adriaen%20Block%22%20ship&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Adriaen%2BBlock%2522%2Bship&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_phrase_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A8cb1cb03801d40526030a63f266e1a1a\"\u003EFrom that day in late autumn 1613\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the charred hull of the ship, once the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F529708?seq=1\"\u003Elength of two city buses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F529708?seq=1\"\u003E and boasting guns weighing around 1,500 pounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (680kg), would lie ignored and undisturbed, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nyhistory.org\u002Fexhibit\u002Ffragment-dutch-ship-tyger\"\u003Euntil it was finally rediscovered 303 years later, during construction work for the New York subway.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStart with the Tyger and you can trace a waterlogged story of America in New York's coastlines and rivers. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funtappedcities.com\u002F2013\u002F07\u002F23\u002Fmailbag-are-millions-gold-from-hms-hussar-shipwreck-still-in-east-river\u002F\"\u003EFrom the War of Independence, there's the \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funtappedcities.com\u002F2013\u002F07\u002F23\u002Fmailbag-are-millions-gold-from-hms-hussar-shipwreck-still-in-east-river\u002F\"\u003EHussar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funtappedcities.com\u002F2013\u002F07\u002F23\u002Fmailbag-are-millions-gold-from-hms-hussar-shipwreck-still-in-east-river\u002F\"\u003E, a British frigate lost in the East River.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E From the Gilded Age, there's the Harold, a barge carrying \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fhistory\u002Fthe-search-for-the-guggenheim-treasure-8712138\u002F\"\u003E$20m (£14.5m) of Guggenheim family treasure before it floundered near Staten Island\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And as John Noonan, a diver and wreck hunter from Long Island, explains, more recent dramas have left their prints too. \"There are submarines from World War One and World War Two,\" he says. \"There are American ships sunk by German mines off the coast. We have pretty much every type of shipwreck – ships that were scuttled, sunk during storms, strandings on the beach.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210622-how-shipwrecked-yeasts-could-change-the-taste-of-your-beer\"\u003EThe treasure inside a shipwrecked beer bottle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170822-why-its-not-surprising-that-ship-collisions-still-happen\"\u003EWhy ship collisions are still possible\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-clean-shipping-the-carbon-negative-cargo-boats-made-of-wood\"\u003EThe futuristic cargo boats made of wood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis variety is matched by quantity. There are perhaps 5,000 wrecks in and around New York, says Ben Roberts, another diver and expert. They are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwrecks.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov\u002Fviewer\u002F\"\u003Epeppered like shrapnel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the Jersey Shore, past Manhattan, and on to the far tip of Long Island, about 120 miles (190km) away. \"In this area we probably have one of the highest concentrations of wrecks and submerged history in the world,\" says Roberts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExamine the city's geography and this is easy to understand. With its immense sheltered harbour, New York's port has historically belonged to all of North America. Early Dutch sailors understood this immediately, claiming that the bay could one day host \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=nWM_vEqxTrUC&pg=PT18&lpg=PT18&dq=a+safe+haven+wherein+a+thousand+ship+may+ride+in+safety&source=bl&ots=AFTRYnRShl&sig=ACfU3U2woGuMIqrDIU4tX1nS2YwKNUS6Fw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj27M3Q9MHvAhVvMlkFHY7wCNUQ6AEwA3oECAUQAw#v=onepage&q=a%20safe%20haven%20wherein%20a%20thousand%20ship%20may%20ride%20in%20safety&f=false\"\u003E\"a thousand ships\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on their journey up the Hudson River into the American interior. That only became truer with the completion of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.canals.ny.gov\u002Fhistory\u002Fhistory.html#:~:text=The%20Erie%20Canal%20was%20officially,Hudson%20River%20and%20New%20York.&text=The%20canal%20spanned%20363%20miles,the%20development%20of%20the%20West.\"\u003EErie Canal, in 1825, which via the Hudson linked New York to the Great Lakes and Midwest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And by World War Two, the harbour reached its peak with over 1,000 vessels – including \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nyc.gov\u002Fhtml\u002Frecords\u002Fpdf\u002Fgovpub\u002F6118new_york_harbor_survey_program_celebrating_100_years.pdf\"\u003E575 tugboats and 543 ships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – packed there in March 1943, all flanked by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=CZYVS0Y1c9UC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=new+york+harbour+1943+543+ships&source=bl&ots=sfJwDD3-_6&sig=ACfU3U0X3lKxwQSXY816c8IsFeimGwclwQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJsdmrkrbzAhXlElkFHWU4A_QQ6AF6BAgXEAM#v=onepage&q=new%20york%20harbour%201943%20543%20ships&f=false\"\u003E750 active docks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and 39 shipyards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"First, he fashioned his own makeshift oxygen equipment out of PVC pipes and then tested his new gear in a lake 30 feet deep, for a full 10 minutes","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith so much traffic, sinkings were inevitable. During the 1840s, an average of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Famericanhistory.si.edu\u002Fonthewater\u002Fexhibition\u002F2_5.html\"\u003Ethree vessels wrecked in the shipping lanes approaching the city each month\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet, according to many experts, few New Yorkers appreciate the historical treasures off their shores. There are many explanations here, from a lack of education to the challenges of mapping (let alone visiting) sites hundreds of feet underwater. Kate Sutter, the associate program officer at LabX, a public engagement body at the National Academy of Sciences, has a different take. The blame, she says, may ultimately lie with the power and glamour of the Big Apple itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Everyone thinks about the city, and the people, and the businesses that thrive,\" says Sutter, who in her spare time uses underwater drones to examine New York's wrecks. \"That makes it really easy, myself included for a while, to not even think about the history and the waters that surround it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the rich history hidden underwater doesn't escape everyone's notice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Roberts was growing up, he decided to go diving. That's hardly shocking for an adventurous teenager, but Roberts was different. After reading how an underwater treasure hunter had impressed his childhood friends by sitting in the neighbourhood pool with a homemade scuba kit, Roberts decided to follow suit. First, he fashioned his own makeshift oxygen equipment out of PVC pipes and then tested his new gear in a lake 30 feet (9.14m) deep, for a full 10 minutes. \"I scared my parents pretty bad,\" says Roberts. \"They decided: 'Hey, before this kid hurts himself, maybe we should get him certified!'\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFew shipwreck hunters have a diving baptism to match that. Yet in his dedication and passion – and maybe too in the dash of fanaticism his story betrays – Roberts is typical of his peers. Like him, most are amateurs, with day jobs as machinists or contractors or police officers. They spend their weekends and vacations scouring the seabed for New York's unremembered wrecks. According to both Roberts and Sutter, the falling cost of technology has helped amateur shipwreck hunting enter a golden age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z0561"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor a spectacular example of what this means in practice, consider the Adriatic. Sunk by Confederate raiders off Long Island, towards the end of the American Civil War, the ship was lost for a century and a half. But after years of planning, a team led by Noonan \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.soundingsonline.com\u002Ffeatures\u002Fwreck-hunters\"\u003Efirst explored the wreck in 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Instead of traditional scuba tanks, Noonan, Roberts and several other divers worked with rebreathers, which recirculated breathing gases and helped them stay submerged for longer. Conclusively identifying the ship was helped along by sophisticated sonar equipment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while Noonan calls his excursions a \"thrill\", he also suggests that the wrecks' histories are ultimately what he and his friends love about diving. Just as in landlocked archaeology, finding a vessel that fundamentally rewrites our understanding of history is rare. That's especially true in North America, given written records were already plentiful among Europeans by the time the Tyger floated up the Hudson. Even so, what the team found in the hull of the Adriatic was still revealing. Stoneware ink bottles, rolls of zinc and iron railway tracks all speak poignantly to a continent that was frantically industrialising. The fact the Adriatic was sunk by a raider so far from the Mason-Dixon Line, moreover, hints at how desperate the Confederacy was to disrupt Northern trade during the Civil War.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore generally, however, Roberts says he values wrecks like the Adriatic for the tales they preserve in wood and steel. \"They all have their own stories to tell,\" he says. Remember, after all, that many wrecks aren't just the husks of the vessels themselves. They're also the beds where passengers slept, the pots and pans they used to cook, the lamps they lit to read at night. To put it another way, says Dan Lieb, from the New Jersey Shipwreck Museum, these places are nothing less than a snapshot in time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo explain what he means, Lieb describes a millstone in the museum's collection. Salvaged from a European cargo ship lost near New York in the 1850s, in a parallel universe it might have ground corn on some Nebraska farm. Though it wasn't to be, Lieb says you can still see the chisel marks of the nameless artisan who made it, a striking reminder of an age before mass production and factory quotas. As Lieb says: \"It's literally the thumbprint of manufacture.\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorkupstate.com\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F02\u002Fthat-story-about-beer-salvaged-from-an-old-shipwreck-it-just-got-deeper.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EOther discoveries even drag divers back by their tastebuds.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E After visiting the \u003Cem\u003EOregon\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a passenger liner sunk off Long Island in 1886, some divers managed to collect a few unopened beer bottles – then asked a local brewer to recreate the recipe. The result, Roberts says, was delicious.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet as fascinating as finds like these are, there are signs that future discoveries could become impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaking landfall in October 2012, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww1.nyc.gov\u002Fsite\u002Fcdbgdr\u002Fabout\u002FAbout%20Hurricane%20Sandy.page\"\u003EHurricane Sandy left behind a maelstrom of destruction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, wrecking 300 homes, inflicting $19bn (£14bn) of damage, and leaving 44 people dead. But as residents assessed the wreckage, fixed leaks and filed insurance claims, a beach nearby experienced its own moment of excitement. At Fire Island, a popular tourist spot east of the city, the remains of what might have been the Bessie White, a wrecked 1919 schooner, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewsfeed.time.com\u002F2012\u002F11\u002F18\u002Fsandy-exposes-90-year-old-shipwreck-on-fire-island\u002F\"\u003Ewere uncovered and ripped apart by Sandy's winds.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkatesutter.com\u002Fnyc-wrecks\"\u003ESo badly damaged by the storm were the ship's beams, however, that archaeologists struggled to confirm the vessel's identity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkatesutter.com\u002Fnyc-wrecks\"\u003E. \u003C\u002Fa\u003EMuch of the ship, whatever its real name, had already disintegrated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ytjnk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough the hurricane was unusually violent, the drama at Fire Island speaks to a broader problem. Sat at the bottom of a saltwater bathtub hundreds of feet deep, shipwrecks decay naturally. But now, with climate change \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyaleclimateconnections.org\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fhow-climate-change-is-making-hurricanes-more-dangerous\u002F\"\u003Estrengthening the ferocity of the strongest storms since 1975\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the risk to these wrecks is increasing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJohn Bricker, one of the divers who helped discover the Adriatic, has seen this deterioration with his own eyes. Comparing his first visit to an armoured cruiser, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-war-i-uss-san-diego-explosion-discovery\"\u003Elost off Fire Island in 1918\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to a second, more recent dive, this amateur shipwreck hunter and co-owner of a plant manufacturing machine parts describes an \"amazing\" amount of damage. \"It was almost like things were collapsing week-to-week.\" Explorers from Bricker to Roberts directly link these changes to storms like Sandy, noting that higher winds create bigger waves, which in turn can break or bury deeper wrecks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJennifer McKinnon, a marine archaeologist at East Carolina University, makes a similar point. \"Climate change is definitely something that we need to track,\" she says, adding that in the Pacific, her area of focus, typhoons have started \"wreaking havoc on underwater cultural heritage\". Of course, New York is spared those particular squalls. But as non-renewable resources, McKinnon warns that all shipwrecks are precious, and specialists like her need to take the threats of climate change seriously. As McKinnon puts it: \"There's not going to be another 19th Century trading ship that goes down in New York Harbour – what we have is what we have.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther marine archaeologists are approaching these questions from a slightly different angle. In 2016, for example, Jeneva Wright \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F307444284_Maritime_Archaeology_and_Climate_Change_An_Invitation\"\u003Ewrote a paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E arguing that experts like her can actually make a positive contribution to the fight against climate change. \"Maritime archaeological data,\" Wright wrote, \"can inform on environmental shifts and submerged sites can serve as an important avenue for public outreach by mobilising public interest and action towards understanding the impacts of climate change.\" Roberts agrees. If shipwrecks can't always revolutionise our understanding of history, they can certainly remind us of the \"destructive power of nature\" – both hundreds of years ago and in our current climate emergency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Even weekend to weekend, the sands and currents can take away parts of wrecks that will never be found again – Kate Sutter","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt any rate, the feeling that these underwater treasures are disappearing has affected how divers approach their hobby. \"Even weekend to weekend, the sands and currents can take away parts of wrecks that will never be found again,\" says Sutter. \"It's of the utmost urgency – we need to get things documented, and documented fast.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut some professional archaeologists worry that the rush to find and visit wrecks by amateur enthusiasts, whatever their motivations, could risk causing fragile wrecks more harm than good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough he's keen to highlight his warm working relationship with amateur shipwreck hunters, Joe Hoyt is arguably one of the professional archaeologists who has concerns. Amateurs are both fiercely enthusiastic and have unparalleled knowledge about their chosen patch of ocean, he says. But as a full-time marine archaeologist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, he's been taught since college to understand archaeology contextually.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEssentially, that means studying a wreck and the artifacts it contains as a collective. Bringing a piece of cutlery, a millstone or beer bottle to the surface, for example, can mean less if you can't also examine where it was found or what was nearby. This is especially true given how tricky it is to preserve waterlogged artifacts once they're back on dry land. Even after 20 years, professional archaeologists are still drying out sections of one \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncpedia.org\u002Fmonitor-uss\"\u003ECivil War ship recovered off North Carolina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ytkhq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAll the same, the gap between professionals and amateurs isn't insurmountable. Together with Lieb and other amateurs, Hoyt and his colleagues at the NOAA recently examined the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov\u002Fmaritime\u002Fwalker\u002F\"\u003ERobert J. Walker\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov\u002Fmaritime\u002Fwalker\u002F\"\u003E,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a research ship sunk off New Jersey. Places like the New Jersey Shipwreck Museum also act as depositories of artifacts for the wider community. Ultimately, Hoyt adds, the pressures of climate change might force everyone to make some tough choices about what can be explored – and which wrecks should be prioritised. Older examples, further on the path to oblivion, might need to be abandoned to their fate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot that the situation is completely hopeless. Both McKinnon and Roberts highlight improvements in imaging technology, making it far easier to record vulnerable sites effectively. Over this summer, to give one example, Roberts sailed from Massachusetts down to Virginia. Along the way, he used a custom sonar system to snap over 150 underwater sites in vivid detail – then \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FEastern-Search-Survey-109413857123876\"\u003Eposted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E maps and pictures on a dedicated Facebook page.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMcKinnon, for her part, proposes a different solution. If a wreck risks being destroyed by the next storm, it could always be artificially covered with sand. Of course, this approach might frustrate divers eager to see a vessel with their own eyes. But as McKinnon notes, fragile treasures worth preserving, from national parks to ancient ruins, are often blocked from public view. \"You can literally love a site to death,\" she says. \"You have to be able to make decisions – maybe it's smarter for us to rebury a site. It may mean that we don't see it, but are we thinking about our future generations?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever the future holds for New York shipwrecks as a collective, meanwhile, divers like Ben Roberts are busy hunting for the next Adriatic. A new project, he explains, is finding a freighter that vanished in a storm during World War Two. \"It's been this legend in the wreck community,\" he says. \"I think it'd be neat to bring closure to the mystery.\" As the search continues, and Roberts follows his leads, the Quester I sits just as it always has – largely ignored and waiting for the storm that will one day pull it from the Coney Island Creek and into the waters beyond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-18T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How climate change is threatening New York's shipwrecks","headlineShort":"The race to save New York's shipwrecks","image":["p09ytkby"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Hidden from sight beneath the waves, the seabed around New York's harbour is littered with historic sunken vessels. They are now threatened by the changing climate.","summaryShort":"Some vessels have sat on the seabed for centuries, but now face a new threat","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Farchaeology","tag\u002Foceans","tag\u002Fship"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-18T00:00:22.469772Z","entity":"article","guid":"fe44bbdf-8bd7-4ac4-b9e4-2be2c9c22562","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-18T19:20:11.210017Z","project":"future","slug":"20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218730},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages","_id":"616ff60c45ceed024433f513","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fagnee-ghosh"],"bodyIntro":"Between 1961 and 1971, thousands of languages vanished from Indian census data. One man decided to track them down, before they were lost forever.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt was 2010 and Ganesh N Devy was concerned about the lack of comprehensive data on the languages of India. \"The 1961 [Indian] census recognised 1,652 mother tongues,\" says Devy, \"but the 1971 census listed only 109. The discrepancy in numbers frustrated me a lot.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, Devy decided to find out what was going on himself.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndia is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. K David Harrison, a linguist from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, has labelled the country a \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economist.com\u002Fjohnson\u002F2010\u002F11\u002F23\u002Fseven-questions-for-k.-david-harrison\"\u003Elanguage hotspot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". This, according to Harrison, is a place with a high level of linguistic diversity and endangerment, as well as a low level of documentation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a professor of English at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Gujarat, Devy has always had an interest in languages. He has founded a number of organisations for their study, documentation and preservation, including the Bhasha Research and Publication Centre in Baroda, the Adivasis Academy in Tejgadh, the DNT-Rights Action Group, among others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs part of his work at the organisations, he used to go to villages where tribal populations lived and research them. He started noticing that these tribes have their own languages, which often do not get reported in the official government census.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe unexpected way that Bollywood could help millions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-indias-nostalgic-passion-for-old-typewriters\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIndia's nostalgic passion for old typewriters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe ancient fabric that no one knows how to make\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I had an intuition that the languages of communities with a very small number of people, communities that are economically deprived or communities that are nomadic are getting concealed in official statistics,\" says Devy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDevy felt that it would take a long, arduous process to document every language in India, so he stepped in to help. He launched the People's Linguistic Survey of India (PLSI) in 2010, for which he put together a team of 3,000 volunteers from all over the country. Most of these volunteers weren't researchers, but writers, school teachers, and other non-professional-linguists who possessed an intimacy with their mother tongue that was invaluable to Devy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a survey conducted during 2010-2013, Devy and his team recorded 780 languages and 68 scripts across the country. Devy says that nearly 100 languages could not be documented, either because of remoteness of the region or conflict, so the true number of languages in India continues to be hidden from us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince 2013, the PLSI has published 68 volumes, featuring detailed profiles of each language that Devy came across. The remaining 27 volumes will be published by 2025.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETake the state of Odisha, which has the largest number of tribal communities in India. Devy always knew it would be a linguistic goldmine for him, but he could not find a linguist there who would be able to work on these remote languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yp4y6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAround this time, he came across a taxi driver who used to work for the district magistrate in Odisha. Whenever the district magistrate used to go for a visit in the villages, the driver preferred talking to the villagers rather than sitting in his car.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Over the years, he had mastered four languages and he had constructed grammar for those four languages and had collected folk songs and stories,\" says Devy. \"It was material that was worthy of giving him a doctorate, maybe two doctorates.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDevy has come across several such people, including a schoolteacher in Gujarat who documented an entire epic from a different language in Rajasthan. It took him 20 years to document the epic and the entire project was funded with his own money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What I discovered is that it's not for monetary reasons that people learn and love languages,\" says Devy. \"I always thought that it was only researchers who love languages, who were aware of grants and funds to support their work.\" Devy explains that he had not expected to find so many language specialists, especially among people who had not had much of a formal education. It was people like this whose knowledge proved invaluable to the linguistic survey.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut despite the layman's love for languages, Devy still estimates that close to 220 languages have been lost over the years. The languages spoken by remote communities in the North East and the Andaman Islands have been identified as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com\u002Fhome\u002Feducation\u002Fnews\u002Findigenous-languages-in-northeast-face-extinction-threat-many-confined-to-traditional-rituals\u002Farticleshow\u002F81145194.cms\"\u003Emost vulnerable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by linguists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2003, Anvita Abbi, visiting professor of Indian studies at Simon Fraser University, Canada, undertook a documentation project, Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese (Voga).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAbbi's study of the Andamanese tribe led to the identification of a sixth language family in India, namely the Great Andamanese, which is spoken by indigenous people who inhabit the Andaman Islands. She studied the major languages of the Great Andamanese such as Sare, Bo, Khora and Jeru.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2010, Boa Senior died in the Andaman Islands. She was the last fluent speaker of Bo – one of the oldest languages in the world, dating back to pre-Neolithic times.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Boa Senior died and Bo language went extinct, then the last speaker of Sare died as well as the last speaker of Khora,\" says Abbi. \"To be very frank, a feeling of sheer helplessness engulfs us, especially the linguists, because we have been trying to promote these languages,\" she says, explaining that she had written many letters to politicians, asking them for help, but felt that no one was listening.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2013, Abbi won the Padma Shri – an award handed out by the Indian government for civilian contributions to various fields – for her role in studying and documenting the languages of the Great Andamanese.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yp480"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESometimes it is left to the communities themselves to preserve their endangered languages. One such endeavour was recently undertaken by Wanglung Mossang, a farmer from the village in Arunachal Pradesh, a state in the Northeast of India. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMossang speaks the Tangsa language which is a Sino-Tibetan language, or cluster of languages, spoken by the Tangsa people in northeastern India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Tangsa tribe of Arunachal Pradesh is divided into 40 subtribes, with each subtribe having its own dialect. The population of the Tangsa community is roughly 100,000 (a unit known as a lakh in India) and with so many different dialects, the danger of extinction of the language family increases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When I sat and chatted with elders in the community, I discovered plenty of words and vocabulary which were unknown to me before,\" says Mossang. \"I wanted to write down these words using the English alphabet but it was difficult because of syntactical differences.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is when he discovered Lakhum Mossang (no relation) who had invented a common script in 1990 that could be used by all the tribes of the Tangsa community. Wanglung Mossang took over the mission to preserve the Tangsa language after Lakhum Mossang passed away in 2020.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe common Tangsa script has 48 vowels and 31 consonants. The script has four different tones and each tone has a separate meaning attached to it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEarlier this year, Mossang conducted evening classes for two weeks for college students when they were on holiday to teach them the common Tangsa script. But this was just part of Mossang's strategy to preserve the language.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We created a script development committee in 2019 for the preservation of the common Tangsa script. The committee approached the state government to introduce the common Tangsa script into the primary school curriculum. It was very satisfying when they accepted our proposal,\" says Mossang.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe chief minister of Arunachal Pradesh launched the book of Tangsa script on Teacher's Day – a national holiday to celebrate the contributions of teachers, which occurs on 5 September in India – this year and it will soon be introduced into the school curriculum. Now the Tangsa writing system has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thebetterindia.com\u002F261831\u002Farunachal-pradesh-tangsa-script-lakhum-mossang-tribe-extinct-language-microsoft\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eadopted as a font style by Microsoft Word\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, many other Indian languages are still at risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMossang says that people from tribal communities often lose their languages when they move out of the state or community to earn or when children aren't taught their mother tongue. Children learn the state languages in the school and parents promote these languages over their mother tongues with the hope that it will mean a better life for their children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"People don't pay much attention to the beauty of our tradition and culture. We need to conduct awareness campaigns and hold workshops to teach tribal languages to our people. But we cannot do these things on our own. We need financial assistance and government support to promote our language and culture,\" says Mossang.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yp5dh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Ministry of Education in India launched the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sppel.org\u002F\"\u003EScheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages (SPPEL)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2013, where the objective is to document the endangered languages or the languages that are likely to be endangered in the near future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne such initiative to document endangered languages has been taken by the Centre for Endangered Languages at Sikkim University, which was established in 2016. The Centre promotes the preservation of endangered languages of the Indian state of Sikkim and a region that includes the northwestern part of Bangladesh and the northern part of the Indian state of West Bengal, by digitally documenting the linguistic and cultural diversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcel.cus.ac.in\u002Fhome\"\u003ESikkim-Darjeeling Himalayas Endangered Language Archive (Sidhela)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a regional archive managed by Sikkim University's Centre for Endangered Languages and the university's central library, to house the documented resources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESikkim, like the rest of the eastern Himalayan region, is made up of multi-ethnic villages and people of multi-ethno-linguistic identities. The dominant culture of the state is Nepali or Gorkhali and they have a common set of festivals and foods. The lingua franca is also Nepali, while modern schools and the media have been instrumental in the spread of Hindi and English language as well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, the researchers at Sidhela discovered the Rai-Rokdung community completely by chance, when a student at their university informed them about it. Rokdung is one of the pacha (divisions) of the Bantawa clan within the Rai community. The Rokdung clan is mostly located in East Sikkim and the members of the community claim to possess a distinct language of their own separate from the Bantawa. There has been no earlier mention of the language in the linguistic history of the region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince then, research of the community, which has a population of just 200 people, has been ongoing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHima Ktien, a linguist at Sidhela who spearheaded the documentation project of the language of the Rai Rokdung community, spoke about how most Rokdung community members self-identify as members of the Rai groups, while some say they are Nepali. Only a few members choose to identify themselves as being a part of the Rokdung Yupacha or as Yaku.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We found only 20 people who could speak the Rai-Rokdung language,\" says Ktien. If a language isn't taught in school, then there is no means to get to use the language. So people attempt to assimilate into society by adopting the language of the majority, and because of that the Rai-Rokdung language suffered because people started shifting to other languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yp5ql"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Media, like the schools, and other domains chose to use other languages spoken by the majority in the state and people started speaking the languages in the home too. That is when language becomes extinct, because people forget about the spoken informs and it does not get transferred from generation to generation,\" says Ktien.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Sikkim, the smaller languages tend to be forgotten because of cultural assimilation of the various ethno-linguistic groups into a unified cultural identity of \"Nepali\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A big reason why languages are transferred [from person to person],\" says Ktien, \"is because of [a community's] pride in their own identity and language. So, when a language becomes functionally useless for a community in the outside world, they also do not want to be identified as a speaker of a lesser-known language.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is then compounded by social factors, such as the need to work. \"A speaker of a smaller language group will not be able to get employed in jobs if they only speak their own language,\" says Ktien.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile doing their research about the Rai-Rokdung community, Ktien and their team found that Rokdung is spoken in the home domain only when adults speak with the grandparents. The children of the house do not speak the Rokdung language and are mostly spoken to in Nepali. \"Apart from home and religion, Rokdung is not used in any other domains today,\" says Ktien.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Ktien tells me that they witnessed something remarkable towards the end of their research. In a hopeful turn of events, during their field visit in January 2020, they noticed that the speakers of the Rokdung language were coming together weekly in an effort to revitalise Rokdung. The older generation, who were mostly grandparents, were trying to pass on the language to the generation below, who were mostly parents. These willing pupils would note down the words they were unfamiliar with and actively try to use them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It was very gratifying to witness the change that was brought on by our work in documenting the language,\" says Ktien.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-01T13:30:18Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The race to find India's hidden languages","headlineShort":"India's many hidden languages","image":["p09yp3r6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Findia"],"summaryLong":"Between 1961 and 1971, thousands of languages vanished from Indian census data. One man decided to track them down, before they were lost forever.","summaryShort":"India is home to hundreds of languages that have been hiding in plain sight","tag":["tag\u002Flanguage"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-15T00:00:08.577755Z","entity":"article","guid":"abb73168-0523-442b-b69e-6a968162a79e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-15T01:00:57.036445Z","project":"future","slug":"20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218731},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis","_id":"616ff64645ceed172e0f0027","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Ffeza-tabassum-azmi"],"bodyIntro":"Huge architectural gems built deep into the Earth like inverted fortresses are scattered around India – and restoring them may be a solution to help the country's parched communities.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAn exquisitely carved maze of 3,500 steps, arranged in perfect symmetry, descends with geometrical precision to reach a well. Criss-crossed steps encircle the water on three sides, while the fourth side is adorned by a pavilion with embellished galleries and balconies. Built by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20160305075546\u002Fhttp:\u002Fasijaipurcircle.nic.in\u002FChand%20Baori.html\"\u003ERajput ruler Raja Chanda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the 8th-9th Century, Chand Bawri in Abhaneri, Rajasthan, is India's largest and deepest stepwell. Extending down 13 floors, or 100ft (30m), into the ground, it is a captivating example of inverted architecture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlunging into the earth, stepwells like Chand Bawri were built in drought-prone regions of India to provide water all year round, ensuring communities had access to vital water storage and irrigation systems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECenturies of natural decay and neglect, however, have pushed these structures into oblivion. Dating back more than 1,000 years, the stepwells (\u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cem\u003Ebawri\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, or\u003Cem\u003E vav\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) are crumbling into obscurity. Their value has gone largely \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.in\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FThe_Vanishing_Stepwells_of_India.html?id=PhQ-zQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y\"\u003Eunnoticed by town planners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as modern running water systems eclipsed their importance. Many stepwells are in shambles or have caved in. Some have disappeared completely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in recent years, many of these ancient edifices are being restored to help tackle India's acute water problem. The country is currently undergoing the worst water crisis in its history, according to a recent \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsocial.niti.gov.in\u002Fuploads\u002Fsample\u002Fwater_index_report2.pdf\"\u003Egovernment report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There are hopes that the ancient technology of the stepwells might offer a solution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.unesco.org\u002Fnew\u002Ffileadmin\u002FMULTIMEDIA\u002FHQ\u002FSC\u002Fpdf\u002FWWDR4%20Volume%201-Managing%20Water%20under%20Uncertainty%20and%20Risk.pdf\"\u003EUNESCO\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), India is the world's largest extractor of groundwater. The groundwater level in India is estimated to have declined by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmicensus.gov.in\u002F\"\u003E61% between 2007 and 2017.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E The depletion of this vital resource not only threatens people's access to drinking water but also food security by resulting in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.abd2849#:~:text=Specifically%2C%20groundwater%20depletion%20may%20reduce,future%20groundwater%20availability%20in%202025.\"\u003Ea reduction in food crops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by up to 68% in severely-hit regions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ygcrv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndia receives about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fslusi.dacnet.nic.in\u002Fwatershedatlas\u002Fintroduction.htm#:~:text=Water%20resource%20potential%20of%20India,m%20ha%2Dm%20ground%20water.\"\u003E400 million hectare metres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of rain annually, but nearly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.adriindia.org\u002Fadri\u002Findia_water_facts\"\u003E70% of surface water\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is unfit for human consumption due to pollution.  India is ranked \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpib.gov.in\u002Fnewsite\u002FPrintRelease.aspx?relid=195635\"\u003E120th out of 122 countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the water quality index. An estimated \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsocial.niti.gov.in\u002Fuploads\u002Fsample\u002Fwater_index_report2.pdf\"\u003E200,000 people die every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to inadequate water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe government emphasises \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsocial.niti.gov.in\u002Fuploads\u002Fsample\u002Fwater_index_report2.pdf\"\u003Ethe need to use India's historic water management systems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for solutions to these problems. States can leverage new technologies to modify traditional water systems for local requirements. In a nation where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Findia\u002Fwhat-we-do\u002Fclean-drinking-water\"\u003E600 million people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – around half the population – face severe water shortages daily, traditional water-harvesting solutions are a harbinger of hope. \"With India's water table rapidly declining, stepwells can help refill ground aquifers and harvest runoffs. In three months during the rainy season, millions of litres of water can be collected,\" says Ratish Nanda, a conservation architect and projects' director at the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an organisation leading restoration efforts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, the government of Rajasthan, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.in.undp.org\u002Fcontent\u002Findia\u002Fen\u002Fhome\u002Fsustainable-development\u002Fsuccessstories\u002Fwater_in_the_landofextremesmarwarspeoplefindsolutionstowaterscar.html\"\u003Eone of the most water-scarce regions in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, drew up a comprehensive framework, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F179761563443651430\u002Fpdf\u002FInclusive-Revitalisation-of-Historic-Towns-and-Cities-Strategic-Framework-for-Rajasthan-State-Heritage-Programme.pdf\"\u003Etechnical assistance from the World Bank\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for restoration of the stepwells, including Chand Bawri.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The Rajasthan government, through its flagship program Mukhyamantri Jal Swavalamban Abhiyan\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehas taken initiatives to make villages self-sufficient in water by reviving the non-functional rainwater harvesting structures,\" says Mohit Dhingra, who teaches at Jindal School of Art and Architecture in Sonepat, India, and is associated with conservation projects in India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"India has a comprehensive water eco-system, but most of the traditional water bodies have become defunct. Reviving the stepwells will enable people to reclaim their traditional resources and spaces of community life. With the holding capacity that stepwells like Chand Bawri have, a great burden of water scarcity can be mitigated,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Initially constructed as crude trenches, they slowly evolved into engineering marvels between 11th-15th Century","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBansi Devi, who rears cattle for a living in Rajasthan, has already noticed a change. \"We had to walk for hours searching for water,\" she says. \"Now I can use water from the revived \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ein my village for our domestic use and also for feeding and washing the cattle.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Jodhpur city, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjdh.company\u002F\"\u003Ethe Toorji stepwell was restored\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after a team spent several months pumping out stagnant water. Decades of toxic water had turned the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjdh.company\u002Fstep-well\u002F\"\u003Ered sandstone white\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with half an inch of thick crust covering much of the surface. Sand-blasting was carried out to clean the thick white crust of deposits on the wall, at a cost of about 1.5 million Indian rupees (£14,784). About 28 million litres (6.2 million gallons) of water per day is supplied to the city by other recently cleaned stepwells for irrigation and domestic purposes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGram Bharati Samiti (Society for Rural Development), a non-profit in the Jaipur district of Rajasthan, has carried out restoration work of seven stepwells in the villages of Rajasthan, providing around 25,000 people with a more reliable water source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We have restored seven stepwells where ground water has been recharged and storage capacity has increased,\" says Kusum Jain, secretary of Gram Bharati Samiti. \"Most stepwells can provide ample water for the daily needs of the villagers. It saw a unique coming-in of volunteers from different communities, exemplifying India's religious harmony.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERajkumar Sharma, a head teacher of the Government Primary School, in Shivpura, Rajasthan, is elated to see the revival. \"\u003Cem\u003EBaolis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are an integral part of our cultural life,\" he says. \"The stepwell in our village was the only source of water. With time, it had dried up and had converted into a heap of rubbish. We now have access to clean water for drinking, domestic use and for religious ceremonies. The \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E has become the grandeur of our village.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvidence of stepwells dates back to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002FIndus-civilization\"\u003EIndus Valley Civilisation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between 2500-1700 BC. Initially constructed as crude trenches, they slowly evolved into engineering marvels between 11th-15th Century. In 2016, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fstepwells.org\u002Fatlas.php?cmbm=1\"\u003EStepwell Atlas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, mapped the coordinates of around 3,000 existing stepwells in India. Delhi, the capital, alone has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.niyogibooksindia.com\u002Fbooks\u002FBaolis-stepwells\"\u003E32 stepwells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ygb4s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStepwells are multi-storied subterranean structures with significant ornamental and architectural features. They usually have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpenguin-guide-to-the-monuments-of-india-vol-i-buddhist-jain-hindu-by-george-michell-pp-518-illus-with-photographs-maps-diagrams-vol-ii-islamic-rajput-european-by-philip-davies-pp-605-illus-with-photographs-maps-diagrams-london-viking-1989-3000-each\u002F388FB16CA2462A1848D100DAFCB40556\"\u003Etwo parts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: a vertical shaft of water and the cascading galleries, chambers and a flight of orchestrated steps. \"Stepwells are a repository of India's historical tales, used for social gatherings and religious ceremonies,\" says historian Rana Safvi. \"They served as cool retreats for travellers as the temperature at the bottom was often five-six degrees lesser. Stepwells helped create bonhomie in common spaces as well as providing water for communities. They are an ingenious system for rainwater harvesting and served as water reservoirs. Revival of stepwells could be a significant step in our fight to overcome water shortage.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChicago-based author Victoria Lautman describes them as \"gates to the underworld\" in her book, The vanishing stepwells of India. \"Stepwells are unique since we generally look up at architecture, not down into it,\" she says. \"As one looks around the parade of steps, tall columns loom over, creating shifting views through a powerful play of light and shadow that is beautiful as well as mysterious.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Awareness of India's stepwells has grown exponentially recently. It's ironic that they've been ignored, considering how wonderfully efficient stepwells were at providing water for nearly 1,500 years. Now, thanks to the restoration efforts, stepwells will come full circle.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis\"\u003EThe slums fighting a water crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210816-how-water-shortages-are-brewing-wars\"\u003EHow water shortages are brewing wars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru\"\u003EThe ethereal art of fog catching\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStepwells were built along natural slopes to collect run offs and acted as rainwater catchment areas, often connected to ponds so they could channel rainwater. Excavating and building these underground fortresses with pre-industrial tools and techniques must have been an enormous task, says Lautman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Built using masonry, rubble or brick, stepwells involved careful placement of a long staircase and side ledges around a trench that allowed access to water,\" she adds. \"During rainy seasons, the trench would transform into a huge water cistern, filling to capacity. Their close-packed design helped reduce evaporation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStepwells used for farming had drainage systems that channelled water into the fields. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fashokleyland.com\u002Fin\u002Fen\u002Fcustomers\u002Fpress-release\u002Fashok-leyland-and-hinduja-foundation-undertake-restoration-of-the-historical-moosi-rani-sagar-in-alwar-rajasthan\"\u003EMoosi Rani Sagar revival project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Rajasthan is one such multi-level plan involving wells, dams and canals from the top of the Aravalli hill to the stepwell at the foothills. Restoration work started in 2020 and required extensive cleaning and desilting, removing debris and invasive weeds and firming up  civic structures. From a cesspool, the channel has transformed into a fresh waterway, with thriving fish and turtles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yg9dg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearchers have explored the application of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FFractal-Geometry-in-Water-Conservation-Structures%3A-Parmara-Mishra\u002Fda60de827129209cf0cf2f250425fd3bb6a82ae7\"\u003Efractal geometry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in stepwells, which had both an aesthetic and functional purpose. This provided stability, buttressing walls against water pressure, owing to which many stepwells have survived and have the potential to be restored.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasi.nic.in\u002Fworld-heritage-sites\u002F\"\u003Egovernment identified 15 stepwells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Delhi for restoration. In 2019, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture partnered with the German Embassy in India to restore a stepwell in the Humayun Tomb complex in Delhi. \"It mandated re-grading the earth and rebuilding the walls,\" says Nanda. \"The efforts helped recharge aquifers through an investment of 4.15 million Indian rupees (£40,500\u002F$54,990). This catchment area will help conserve 150,000 litres (32,995 gallons) of rainwater.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 14th-century Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi was restored earlier\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Portions of the \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E had collapsed, threatening the families living nearby, who were relocated to safer places. \"It required rebuilding the collapsed portion with traditional materials, removing 700 years of accumulated debris, extensive cleaning and de-silting 80ft below the ground, and removal of the epoxy layer involving 8,000 man-days of work with the help of volunteers. The efforts helped in recharging underground aquifers,\u003Cem\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E says Nanda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The Dargah \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is special as people consider it sacred and believe that the water has medicinal property. They carry water for drinking and healing purposes. The locals are enthused to see fresh water in the baoli,\" says Kaleemul Hafeez, a resident of Delhi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnfortunately, there is no universal way of restoring a \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Restoration needs to be done using traditional materials with skilled craftsmen, architects and structural engineers, according to Nanda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Restoring stepwells may not solve the country's water problem completely, but can certainly provide solutions at the local level to battle water scarcity - Ratish Nanda","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Undertaking restoration is not easy. It's a complex project involving a multi-disciplinary team,\" says Nanda. \"It requires surveying surrounding structures to prevent any damage. A \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E needs a proper catchment area through which water can reach underground aquifers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost restoration work has been carried out through partnerships between government and non-governmental organisations, local volunteers and donors. \"The restoration projects are a lesson in how local communities can be brought closer to their heritage by offering them a sense of ownership and responsibility,\" says Safvi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut stepwells are not just a water source, they are also part of India's architectural history. They are heritage sites, surrounded by native trees and foliage, which need to be preserved. They can serve as vibrant social centres and can attract tourists. One approach to fund their upkeep has been to use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F179761563443651430\u002Fpdf\u002FInclusive-Revitalisation-of-Historic-Towns-and-Cities-Strategic-Framework-for-Rajasthan-State-Heritage-Programme.pdf\"\u003Eheritage funds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that can be built through municipal revenue generation and donations for restoration and maintenance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Restoring stepwells may not solve the country's water problem completely, but can certainly provide solutions at the local level to battle water scarcity,\" says Nanda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-13T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The ancient stepwells helping to curb India's water crisis","headlineShort":"The 'inverted fortresses' for water","image":["p09yg91f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Huge architectural gems built deep into the Earth like inverted fortresses are scattered around India – and restoring them may be a solution to help the country's parched communities.","summaryShort":"An ancient water storage technology is helping the country's parched communities","tag":["tag\u002Fwater","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-13T02:15:47.299218Z","entity":"article","guid":"e2207753-fe47-4e99-9a17-7a6179852bb0","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-15T11:13:01.573413Z","project":"future","slug":"20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218731},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice","_id":"616ff60d45ceed13d0704007","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"The Inuit are famous for their ability to survive extreme conditions, having inhabited the Arctic for millennia. But as the ice recedes, this hard-earned knowledge is being lost.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAbout 1,600 people live in the village of Pond Inlet, or Mittimatalik as it is known in the Inuit language Inuktitut. It is a community huddled between mountains, on a northern shore of Baffin Island, Canada – a place further north than the northernmost tip of mainland Norway. In winter, temperatures drop to an average of -35C (-31F), though they have been known to dip below -50C (-58F).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's not the sort of place some people would immediately associate with \"global warming\". And yet, climate change is reshaping this part of the world dramatically – and impacting the people who live there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Everything we do involves the ocean and sea ice, which is highly affected by climate change,\" says Natasha Simonee, a member of the Inuit community in Pond Inlet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDiminishing ice, warmer winters and changes to weather patterns are not just background noise for people like Simonee. These things have the potential to alter her whole way of life. She explains how elders in her community have grown reluctant to share \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.colorado.edu\u002Ftoday\u002F2010\u002F04\u002F07\u002Ftraditional-inuit-knowledge-combines-science-shape-arctic-weather-insights\"\u003Etraditional methods for predicting the weather\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, since the climate has changed so much. \"They question whether it's accurate,\" she explains. \"That kind of stuff is not necessarily practised and passed on anymore.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Arctic, Earth's northern polar region, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcouncil.science\u002Fcurrent\u002Fblog\u002Fclimate-explained-why-is-the-arctic-warming-faster-than-other-parts-of-the-world\u002F\"\u003Eis warming about twice as fast as the rest of the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and is home to four million people who are experiencing a particularly rapid and disruptive form of climate change. Among these Arctic residents are many indigenous groups, including Inuit, Saami and Chukchi people, to name a few.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191129-what-will-an-ice-free-arctic-look-like\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhat will an ice-free Arctic look like?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe daring plan to save the Arctic ice with glass\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-how-to-stay-safe-from-polar-bears-on-the-arctic-sea-ice\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe icy camp where polar bears roam\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fwhy-the-arctic-is-warming-so-fast\u002F\"\u003Emany explanations for the accelerated rate of change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the Arctic, such as how the loss of white, reflective ice causes increasing amounts of thermal energy to be absorbed in this part of the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimonee explains how thinning sea ice and slushy rivers make travelling across land using traditional methods more dangerous for people in her community. The skills involved for safe navigation, tracking and hunting are still passed on – but opportunities to do these things are increasingly threatened. Ancient traditions and unique forms of knowledge-sharing are at risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis includes time-honoured practices that few outside the Arctic have heard of. Alex Whiting – who is not Inuit but has lived in the Arctic for around 30 years – lives in the town of Kotzebue, or Qikiqtaġruk, in Alaska. Whiting explains that the traditional practice of burying fish in the ground and leaving it there to ferment, which extends the life of the foodstuff, is harder to do now than it once was. The technique relies on reliably cold temperatures throughout the winter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ybkmg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Those kind of skills are already becoming really tough to pass on to younger generations,\" says Whiting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe also notes how important it is to be able to transmit knowledge about the safe crossing of ice patches. Experienced locals know how to detect cracks in the ice based on its colour or texture, or via careful taps with an ice pick. But societal changes and shorter hunting seasons mean only a few expert seal hunters venture out into such conditions these days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's still a kid or two that is apprentice in that kind of stuff,\" says Whiting. \"It hasn't completely died out.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the threat that it could disappear still hovers. Climate change is far from the only factor threatening the continuance of these activities, though it is becoming more harmful over time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I don't think we've fully grasped it, it's like a whole way of life that's being taken away,\" says Jackie Dawson, professor and holder of the Canada research chair in environment, society and policy at the University of Ottawa. The effects of climate change are so destabilising, they can have major emotional and mental health impacts on Arctic peoples, she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDawson has studied the implications of rising ship traffic in the Canadian Arctic. Because of dwindling sea ice in recent years, it has become easier for ships to traverse the relatively narrow passages and channels scattered around the region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1462901119309451\"\u003EIn a study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published last year on the presence of vessels and how they may be affecting Inuit communities, Dawson and colleagues noted how local people felt that there was a risk to their seasonal hunting activities. For example, ship noise can drive away some animals, such as seals, which are hunted by Inuit at certain times of the year. For many Inuit people, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthesolutionsjournal.com\u002F2016\u002F08\u002F20\u002Fcontinued-importance-hunting-future-inuit-food-security\u002F\"\u003Ehunting is a key part of how they sustain themselves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in this remote part of the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEncouragingly, the team's research has brought them into contact with Simonee and other locals, and prompted greater dialogue between Inuit people and the shipping companies that are taking advantage of warming Arctic waters. Inuit community members have made requests to these firms including asking them to steer clear of certain areas in order to protect local animal populations. To Dawson's delight, the shipping companies have been receptive to such suggestions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's been wonderful. We were so surprised,\" she adds. \"These companies are also asking for real-time information on hunts, for example, so they can avoid them.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ybl7d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut is it possible to actually quantify the extent to which culturally significant activities are changing due to climate change? Among those who have tackled this question is Donna Hauser, research assistant professor at the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Hauser and colleagues have worked with people living in Inuit communities, including Whiting and a team of elder advisers in Kotzebue, to better understand how the hunting season has changed alongside the climate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002Fac1a36\"\u003EThe results of their research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, published in August, show that spring time hunts of bearded seals in Kotzebue ended around three weeks earlier in 2019 than they did in 2003. Meanwhile, historical sea ice records reveal that the conditions there in late spring today are comparable to those observed at the height of summer in the mid-20th Century.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe effect on hunters is nuanced, though, says Hauser. The hunting season is shorter but, on the other hand, so too are hunting trips because less time is required to navigate the ice. It means hunters spend less time out on open water than they once did, and less money on fuel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What we've seen so far is that hunters are able to compensate,\" says Hauser. \"I think the concern is what we don’t know about the future.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt could also be argued that significantly changed activities are already suggestive of loss. Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oulu, has studied various ways in which the culture of his people, the Saami, is threatened by climate change. Saami people live across an area called Sápmi, which stretches from northern Norway to parts of northwest Russia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile it is possible to adapt reindeer herding as a livelihood or source of income to overcome the challenges posed by climate change, herding as a cultural form – a practice unchanged for a very long time – is vulnerable, he argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The greening process makes it difficult to navigate, travel, identify, search for and herd reindeer,\" explains Näkkäläjärvi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIncreasingly warm waters affect the kind of fish that are available for fishing, too. Näkkäläjärvi says that some old Saami words are falling out of use because the conditions or events to which they refer don't occur any more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"No longer can a herder always trust his or her knowledge, the knowledge that has accumulated during centuries and that has safeguarded the success of Saami reindeer culture in harsh conditions to modern times,\" he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002Fgallery\u002F2009\u002Foct\u002F20\u002Fclimate-change-nenet-russia\"\u003EThe Nenets people, who herd reindeer in the Russian Arctic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have also experienced such difficulties. They are used to migrating for hundreds of miles with their animals to find pastures to graze but climate change, and the associated rise of oil and gas infrastructure in this part of the world, has made this incredible journey much more difficult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ybjth"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fminorityrights.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fminority-and-indigenous-trends-2019\u002F\"\u003Ea 2019 report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by human rights organisation Minority Rights Group International noted: \"Some Nenets have already responded to these changes by leaving their nomadic communities and assimilating in urban communities, though many reportedly struggle with high levels of alcoholism, unemployment and mental health issues as a result.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo some extent, all cultures are perpetually in a state of evolution and change. It would be wrong to suggest that they can or should remain static. Perhaps that is why, on closer inspection, people's opinions about what climate change means for their culture can be quite varied.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShirley Tagalik moved north to the Canadian Arctic in the 1970s and, in her words, married into the community in the town of Arviat on the western shore of Hudson Bay. With a population exceeding 2,000 people, Arviat is one of the largest Inuit communities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETagalik insists that, while there are concerns over the pace of climate change today, Inuit people have responded to many different climatic variations in the past.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Inuit culture is all about continually seeking solutions,\" she says. \"And so in the face of climate change, the requirement that we train youth to continually seek solutions becomes paramount.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome animals have become harder to hunt, she acknowledges, though she points out that, on the other hand, the growing season for certain plants has got longer. Vegetables are not a like-for-like replacement for seal meat but there is an opportunity to adapt and make more of one over the other, she suggests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETagalik stresses that it is in the very act of thinking about and responding to climate change that Inuit culture can express itself – and demonstrate its resilience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's well-documented that climate change is leading to losses of many different kinds, in communities across the globe. But however you measure that loss, it's clear that indigenous peoples in the Arctic are experiencing more of it than most.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Climate change is so real up here,\" says Simonee. \"It's my life.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article was updated on 14\u002F10\u002F21. An earlier version incorrectly stated that climate change has led to Inuit hunters spending more time out in open water and more money on fuel (it's the other way around).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. If you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-12T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The Inuit knowledge vanishing with the ice","headlineShort":"The Inuit knowledge that's at risk","image":["p09ybj7c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fconservation"],"summaryLong":"The Inuit are famous for their ability to survive extreme conditions, having inhabited the Arctic for millennia. But as the ice recedes, this hard-earned knowledge is being lost.","summaryShort":"As the ice recedes, hard-earned Inuit knowledge is being lost","tag":["tag\u002Farctic"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-12T00:00:54.67328Z","entity":"article","guid":"7d4b7b6d-2177-4f2c-b03f-49d0771323a6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-14T21:29:06.477261Z","project":"future","slug":"20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218732},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers","_id":"616ff5db45ceed761556d276","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"It's officially arachnicide season in the Northern Hemisphere. Millions of spiders have appeared in our homes – and they'd better be on their guard. Why do we kill them so casually?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs I opened the front door, I mentally prepared myself for the obstacle course ahead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst I needed to fetch something from the shed – the domain of monstrous spiders the size of baby mice, who lurk in corners with just their furry, gangling legs protruding. Then I moved some old paving slabs, carefully side-stepping the scuttling, scorpion-like forms of woodlouse spiders, who had made their homes beneath them. Finally, I guided the new fronds of growth on my jasmine plant up the fence, trying not to get covered in the wiry daddy longlegs who stalk its vertical plains.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEventually my journey ended on the patio – and here there was a shock. Lying on the paving, legs splayed out wildly, as though he had fallen from a great height – was the pallid corpse of Stripy. This talented web-artist had reigned over my garden for three years, and over that time something strange had happened: I had started to like him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeeing him there, dethroned from his latest two-dimensional creation between my bins, he seemed somehow less blood-curdlingly alien – and more like any other animal, with a heart that had just stopped beating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut not all spiders meet such peaceful ends. The moment we sense the pitter-patter of their tiny feet across the living room floor, or catch a glimpse of movement in the corner of an eye as they abseil down from the ceiling, they're likely to end up squashed, poisoned, vacuumed up or simply flushed away from our homes. Why do many of us kill spiders so casually, swatting out their lives with our god-like power, almost like it's a reflex?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, humans routinely kill animals when it's convenient – many activities, from farming to laboratory experiments, wouldn't be possible without this unpleasant reality. But the practice of arachnicide is often described in oddly victorious terms. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There was a spider in the bathroom i sprayed it and watched as the spider slowly died it takes about a min to kick in really good stuff [sic]\", wrote one satisfied reviewer of a spider-killing product on Amazon. \"spider corpses (loads of them) on the ground\u002Fdangling from bits of web,\" said another, describing it as a \"happy result\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqs13"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA complex life form \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpider massacres like these are even more jarring when you consider that spiders and humans are not so different. Though our evolutionary paths diverged at least \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.askabiologist.org.uk\u002Fanswers\u002Fviewtopic.php?id=4606\"\u003E530 million years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, we share many of the same organs and body parts – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fmbe\u002Farticle\u002F33\u002F1\u002F109\u002F2579399?login=true\"\u003Esuch as kneecaps\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and similar brain chemicals, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F6149080\u002F\"\u003Edopamine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to adrenaline. No one has ever studied spider emotions directly, but it's easy to imagine that they might be more relatable than you would think.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEqually, their brains are hardly heavy on their spider shoulders (or in their legs – there sometimes isn't room for a full brain in a spider's head), but there's increasing evidence that some kinds are capable of remarkably complex \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2020.568049\u002Ffull\"\u003Eintellectual feats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as planning strategic detours to trick their prey. They may also have their own \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmg24532680-900-spiders-think-with-their-webs-challenging-our-ideas-of-intelligence\u002F\"\u003Eunique kind of intelligence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in which they're able to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10071-017-1069-7\"\u003Euse their webs to help them think\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd if they can avoid being hunted down by hysterical humans, there are spider species that can live for decades.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170913-the-lab-thats-home-to-10000-spiders\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe room that's home to 10,000 spiders\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210805-the-animals-changed-by-proximity-to-humans\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe animals changed by proximity to humans\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe invasive weed that travelled the world\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe oldest-known spider on the planet – a trapdoor spider known as Number 16 – made it to the venerable \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.publish.csiro.au\u002Fpc\u002FPC18015\"\u003Eage of 43\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That whole time, she had just one home, a burrow in North Bungulla Reserve near Tammin, south-western Australia. At the time of the arachnid's death in 2018, Leanda Mason – an ecologist who had spent years studying her – told the Washington Post how she had been tragically \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fspeaking-of-science\u002Fwp\u002F2018\u002F05\u002F01\u002Fthe-extraordinary-life-and-death-of-the-worlds-oldest-known-spider\u002F\"\u003Ecut down in her prime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", killed by a sting from a parasitic wasp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf we needed any other reason to consider a spider life precious, there's the fact that – just as with all animals alive today – each individual arachnid is the product of an unbroken line of successful ancestors that stretches back to the first life on earth 3.8 billion years ago. Against staggering odds, that particular spider's parents and grandparents and great-grandparents – and so on, for millennia – managed to survive long enough to reproduce. Then a heavy-footed human steps on the spider in the bathroom because it's a minor annoyance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, are we all just cruel – or is there something else going on?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqt82"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Jeffrey Lockwood, there are a number of reasons we struggle to empathise with spiders – in fact, these unlucky creatures possess a constellation of separate features that chance has combined into a package we find uniquely repulsive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I tell people that sort of the perfect storm of evolution and culture is spiders – well that's one, and if you were going to pick an insect it would be bedbugs,\" says Lockwood, professor of natural sciences and humanities at the University of Wyoming and the author of The Infested Mind: Why Humans Fear, Loathe, and Love Insects. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn ancient enemy\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the most obvious reason we view spiders as fair game for crushing is our pathological fear of things with eight legs, which makes empathy particularly challenging. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHuman infants as young as just five months old tend to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0010027707002090\"\u003Emore threatened by images of spiders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those of other organisms, suggesting that our aversion to them is partly innate, perhaps having evolved to prevent us from casually picking up ones that are venomous.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis natural wariness is then thought to be compounded by cultural factors, such as having parents who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F10645578.2020.1865089\"\u003Edescribe them as frightening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as we grow up. Alarmist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biorxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.04.28.065607v1.abstract\"\u003Enews articles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other depictions are likely to add an extra frisson of panic – some experts have linked the irrational fear many people have for sharks \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsearch.informit.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.3316\u002Fielapa.995176603668553\"\u003Eto the 1975 film Jaws\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and it's possible that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrepo.tuni.fi\u002Fhandle\u002F10024\u002F122422\"\u003Evillainous spider trope\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is also having an impact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, fear is not the full picture – especially because we \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS109051380800086X\"\u003Edon't have the same aversion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to other arthropods that are equally dangerous.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne possible explanation is just how extra-terrestrial they seem, with unreasonable numbers of eyes – up to 12 – too many legs and toothless fangs. Their behaviour is also strikingly different to that of most mammals – building webs to trap unwary passersby, then mummifying them and sucking out their insides, or eating their mates and casually producing whole swarms of offspring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"And so their unfamiliarity binds with a kind of commonness so that they're – I think the technical term is we find them creepy,\" says Lockwood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpiders are genetically alien, too. Though humans and spiders are distantly related, we are much less closely related to them than we are to other animals such as mammals or even reptiles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqv2f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is potentially problematic, because the more we \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1207\u002Fs15324834basp2701_2\"\u003Ehave in common with others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – or the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007%2Fs12369-014-0263-x\"\u003Emore closely related\u003C\u002Fa\u003E we are – the more compassion we have for them. One 2019 study found that participants' empathy for animals decreased in line with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-019-56006-9\"\u003Eamount of time since our evolutionary paths diverged\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven scientists are heavily biased towards studying more charismatic, relatable animals. One 2010 study found that, for every research paper published about a threatened amphibian, there were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fconbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1523-1739.2010.01453.x\"\u003E500 about an endangered large mammal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETogether, this heady mix of society-wide fear and alienation may fundamentally be inhibiting our ability to care for spiders, in much the same way that these factors marginalise minority groups of humans. For example, one experiment found that exposing people to alarming images \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2019-79136-001?doi=1\"\u003Emade them less empathetic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but only towards the suffering of people outside their community. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, the combination is so effective at reducing our empathy, it's a classic way to stoke hatred towards the enemy or amplify xenophobia in wartime propaganda – and spiders are often used to achieve both simultaneously. In one iconic British World War Two poster, Hitler is shown as a gangly arachnid straddling the globe, accompanied by a visceral threat: \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iwm.org.uk\u002Fcollections\u002Fitem\u002Fobject\u002F15284\"\u003EOne by one. His legs will be broken\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA loss of control\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of the most chilling stories about spiders have an element of surprise – such as the time a friend donned an old Halloween costume that had been stashed away in the loft for years, and someone said \"wow, I love the spider detail on your neck! It's so realistic…\". Much screaming ensued, because this was most certainly not part of the look, but a real spider who had silently slunk down from their hat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELockwood explains that this likely to be a major factor in our aversion to spiders – their ability to defy our control. \"We think we're in charge of our world, but the spiders and insects keep coming,\" he says. \"They keep crawling out from under the floorboards and whatnot. And so we have a sense – I think it's a good sense – that we don't get to call all the shots.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpiders are simply too good at hiding and too fast. Unlike with stray pigeons or foxes, you can't simply build a wall to keep them out.  Though we now live in a world of ultra-control – where we can even turn on the heating from the other side of he world – they're still turning up unexpectedly in our beds and shoes, as they have done for millennia. Like it or not, they are impossible to eradicate from our homes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA silent scream\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also more practical considerations. One is that spiders don't have emotions that are easily recognisable to us, or make noises that we can relate to – so when a spider is in pain, we are oblivious.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That's the weird space that they occupy,\" says Lockwood. \"If they were completely unrelatable, then I think we wouldn't have such difficulty with them. But there is a sense of animal-ness about them – we recognise them at one level, but then we completely are unable to relate to them at another level,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqspw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the ecologist Stephen Kellert wrote in his book Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia In Human Evolution And Development, \"...perhaps the most disturbing, these creatures [insects, spiders and other invertebrates] appear to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FKinship_to_Mastery\u002FPkufpPphlz8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover\"\u003Elack a mental life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". He explains that, to us, they don't seem to experience human emotions – it's as though their own minds are irrelevant to their existence. (Though of course, this is an illusion.)  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll this means that it's possible to squash a spider without receiving any feedback whatsoever – and unless your target runs away or the gruesome task is incomplete, there aren't many signals that you're doing something unpleasant. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, this is only true when they're small – and many people struggle to kill larger ones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Here we have huntsmans, which are these massive spiders like this big,\" says Greg Neely, demonstrating around six inches (15cm). \"But here people don't kill them, they're our friends. You might try to shoo one out of the house, but you wouldn't murder it,\" says Neely, professor of functional genomics at the University of Sydney, where he studies pain in fruit flies, among other animals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELockwood can relate to this. \"The same thing can be true of some very large cockroaches – my wife was pretty much normally averse to insects, but she would not, and I know others that do not like to, step on a cockroach because they make that crunch,\" he says, explaining that – many years ago – his wife would catch the insects under yoghurt pots for him to despatch when he got home. \"It was like a little death row,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's something about crushing another being that we don't have a big problem with until we get some sort of sensory signal, which says that this is an actual killing or this is violence,\" says Lockwood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA villainous face\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EApart from their menacing fangs and scampering legs, spiders face another challenge in the looks department, at least from a human perspective: they don't look like human babies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160913-the-benefits-of-having-a-babyface\"\u003E\"babyface effect\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a hugely influential hidden bias among humans, which means that we accidentally treat people – and animals – with naturally \"neotenous\", or child-like features as though they are actual babies. For example, oversized eyes, large foreheads, small noses and chins, and cherubic little lips can trigger powerful feelings of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11031-008-9101-5\"\u003Eempathy, compassion and affection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the effect can also lead us into a number of well-documented blunders. In environmental conservation, it's often observed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0199149\"\u003E\"cute\" species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E receive significantly more attention and funding, while \"uglier\" animals under the care of humans – in zoos and laboratories, for example – may have a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2076-2615\u002F10\u002F6\u002F1054\"\u003Elower quality of life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, because we find it harder to identify their suffering. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqtjh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith their tiny, beady eyes, spiders fall into this category – to our flawed ape-brains, they have a decidedly un-cute adult appearance, to which we ascribe off-putting qualities such as being \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0037253\"\u003Eless kind, trustworthy and warm\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In contrast, those few spider species that have larger eyes are generally \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F109258721502000202\"\u003Eseen as less frightening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne example is jumping spiders, which have two main doe-eyes, with their extra pairs hidden towards the backs of their heads. They’re so likeable that the researchers of one paper described them as \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F109258721502000202\"\u003Egateway spiders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" – useful ambassadors for their less wholesome relatives. They've already starred in a number of viral videos, which set their endearingly silly mating dances to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=xYIUFEQeh3g\"\u003Esongs like the YMCA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA flawed hierarchy \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERegardless of why we view spiders as a disposable nuisance, there are plenty of arguments for treating their lives with more respect – and psychological tricks for helping us to do so.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne is to anthropomorphise spiders as much as possible, to hijack the brain's natural compassion for other members of our species – a method which has been suggested as a way to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10531-012-0274-6\"\u003Eget the public to engage more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the conservation of endangered animals (which, incidentally, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.arc-trust.org\u002Fnews\u002Fendangered-spiders-rediscovered-in-surrey\"\u003Emany arachnids are\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This can be achieved by depicting spiders with more human-like physical features, giving them relatable personalities, emotions and genders – \"look, she's so cross!\" – and focusing on our similarities rather than differences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there's also an opposing school of thought: since empathy is so deeply flawed, we should \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F09637214211031943\"\u003Etry to avoid using it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as the basis for our moral decisions altogether.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, we could ascribe spider lives with value based on rational calculations – such as their function within an ecosystem. So we could try reminding ourselves that arachnids kill around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00114-017-1440-1\"\u003E400-800 million tons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (363-726 tonnes) of prey each year, and in doing so help to keep certain insect populations in check, including those that cause disease in humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlternatively, we could avoid killing spiders because of their abilities and biology – arming ourselves with facts about the ingenuity of their brains, which are capable of remarkably complex decision-making, though they're tens of thousands of times \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fthe-genius-of-pinheads-when-little-brains-rule\u002F\"\u003Esmaller than those of mammals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there's also another way. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I think people assume that some forms of life are worth more than others... but they don't think about it. They don't ask themselves those questions,\" says Geraldine Wright, professor of entomology at the University of Oxford. She points out that our disregard for spiders is partly a Western peculiarity, since some cultures and religions – such as Buddhism – have held the view that all living things are precious for millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, some experts are hopeful that we are gradually becoming more accepting of spiders and insects – especially as people start to think more about biodiversity and environmental conservation. \"The other change is the idea that each individual has an intrinsic value, and you shouldn't just kill it for the sake of it,\" says Donald Broom, emeritus professor of animal welfare at the University of Cambridge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust as I was writing this article, I noticed a new Stripy setting themselves up in my garden – perhaps one of my old friend's descendants. I think I'll leave them to it, whether I like them or not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EZaria Gorvett is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FZariaGorvett\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E@ZariaGorvett\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-04T17:19:24.546Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why so many of us are casual spider-murderers","headlineShort":"The reasons we casually kill spiders","image":["p09xql1d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"summaryLong":"It's officially arachnicide season in the Northern Hemisphere. Millions of spiders have appeared in our homes – and they'd better be on their guard. Why do we kill them so casually?","summaryShort":"It's officially arachnicide season in the Northern Hemisphere","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-05T02:46:38.373866Z","entity":"article","guid":"8a36740e-c013-4661-8587-c68055dff370","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-06T15:49:28.983141Z","project":"future","slug":"20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218732},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes","_id":"616ff5fb45ceed0c35211066","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A quarter of the UK's homes sit above abandoned coal mines, long since flooded with water. Now, the mines are being put to a new, zero-carbon use.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECoal mines were the beating heart of Britain's industrial revolution. Their sooty, energy-dense output gave life to new-fangled factories and shipyards, fuelling the nation's march towards modernity. They helped shape a carbon-intensive economy, one that took little notice of the natural world around it. The mines paved the way for a global dependence on fossil fuels, and in doing so, fired the starting pistol on the climate crisis that today confronts us all.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what if, in a serendipitous circle of history, our extractive past could be repurposed for a greener, cleaner future? What if the vast maze of coal mines beneath our feet, now filled with naturally warm water, could help decarbonise the UK's – and the world's – herculean heating needs? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's the question Adam Black, a renewable energy enthusiast employed by one of Britain's largest bottling firms, asked himself a decade ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I had about 400,000 sq ft [37,000 sq m] of warehouse that needed heating,\" says the director of energy projects at Durham-based Lanchester Wines. \"And it was right over four layers of mine workings, which had naturally flooded over time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the help of a few geothermal experts from Iceland, Black sunk a borehole into the murky depths of the old High Main coal seam in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. Warmed by natural geological processes, the water they pumped to the surface was a pleasant 15C (59F).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith a little help from an electrical heat pump – \"a bit like a fridge in reverse\" – it was perfect for keeping the company's warehouse, and the millions of wine bottles within, at the right temperature. \u003Cem\u003E(Watch: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Freel\u002Fplaylist\u002Ffuture-planet?vpid=p09hlqr3\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ehow geothermal heat has been harnessed for centuries\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Nowadays we're \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gateshead.gov.uk\u002Farticle\u002F14170\u002FLanchester-Wines\"\u003Eheating a couple of warehouses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a distribution depot, a local bakery, and soon a nearby car showroom too,\" says Black.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe's not the only one excited by the energy potential of mine water. The UK Coal Authority, which is responsible for the country's disused pits, has big plans for the coming decade. Its geologists believe one-quarter of British homes currently sit on a coalfield, stretching across Wales, central Scotland, northern England, and the Midlands. An estimated 2 billion cubic metres (2 trillion litres\u002F4.4 billion gallons) of warm water occupy the old mine shafts – equivalent to more than a quarter of the volume of Loch Ness in Scotland. Researchers suggest that this makes mine water one of the UK's largest underused clean energy sources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Mining shaped our urban landscape, creating the towns and cities that we live in today,\" says Charlotte Adams, the Coal Authority's principle manager for mine energy. \"Nine out of 10 of our largest urban centres are above areas of former coal mining activity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Mine water is one of our best options to help with the decarbonisation of heating. The resource is readily available all year round at a steady temperature, and there is an abundance to be accessed.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe UK has committed itself to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, with much focus on the nation's heating needs (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Ffuels-and-technologies\u002Fheating\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewhich account for around half of total energy usage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Natural gas remains the primary source for Britain's heat – some 70%, Adams says – though the government has pledged to phase out gas boilers in new-build homes from 2025.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ofgem.gov.uk\u002Fpublications\u002Fofgems-decarbonisation-action-plan\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ealmost half of Britain's electricity supply has been decarbonised\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, swapping residential heating to electric would require a huge ramping up of renewable-energy generation, and put monumental pressure on the grid. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo help meet the country's sweeping carbon-reduction target, the Coal Authority is exploring the feasibility of some 70 mine water heating projects across the UK. It is estimated that around a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bgs.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-maps-reveal-heat-stored-in-britains-abandoned-coal-mines\u002F\"\u003Equarter of the UK's population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E live above abandoned coal mines and that flooded shafts contain around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F199210509.pdf\"\u003E2.2 million GWh of heat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2352484720317078\"\u003Epotential to store more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most ambitious water heating projects being developed by the UK Coal Authority is at Seaham, a seaside town in County Durham, home to the old Dawdon colliery. An existing treatment facility pumps up millions of litres of mine water every year for ecological reasons. Mine water often contains toxic compounds, as a result of chemical reactions with the subterranean rock. At the surface, the warmth from this water is now to be used to heat buildings above ground. Once its heat has been absorbed, the water is then returned to the mine workings where it will be warmed up again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe water is hot enough to heat homes in winter, and cool enough to keep them mild when temperatures rise, with just 25% the carbon emissions of gas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It'll be cheaper than gas, too, by around 10%,\" Adams says, \"and we believe it will help bring new investment and jobs to the area.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe north-east of England has some of the country's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Femploymentandlabourmarket\u002Fpeopleinwork\u002Femploymentandemployeetypes\u002Fbulletins\u002Fregionallabourmarket\u002Fjanuary2021\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elowest levels of economic activity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a legacy of pit closures in the 1980s and 1990s that fractured coal-mining communities, leaving them with high unemployment and few opportunities.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA few hundred miles away across the North Sea, hopes of economic resurgence were central to what is seen as the world's most advanced mine water energy scheme – Heerlen in the Netherlands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELocated in the country's south-east, Heerlen was the crucible of Dutch coal mining before the mass closure of collieries a half-century ago. In 2008, geothermal experts revived the mines, striving to deliver low-impact heating and cooling for hundreds of local homes and businesses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, Mijnwater BV, the scheme's operator, has connected 500 houses and commercial facilities, serving over 250,000 sq m (2.7 million sq ft) of building space to the town's district heating network. The system distributes locally generated heat to a nearby community, in a similar way to the one planned at Seaham, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS187661021400174X\"\u003Ereducing the area's carbon emissions from heating by almost two-thirds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Mijnwater is working to further decarbonise its operation, with plans for solar and wind resources to power the electrical heat pumps that supplement the minewater's temperature.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We have a closed-loop set-up,\" says Herman Eijdems, Mijnwater's director of innovation. \"This means we pipe excess and waste energy back into the underground water to act as a heat store for when demand is high.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There is a data centre that ejects around 45C, enough to supply a nearby school, and a supermarket whose cooling provides enough heat for three hundred dwellings.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis local focus offers Heerlen a high level of energy self-sufficiency – which could be useful given that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fthe-netherlands-2020\"\u003ENetherlands' is set to close its main source of domestic gas production by 2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough ahead of the game in Europe, Heerlen wasn't the first to leverage this sort of technology. In 1989, a packaging firm in Springhill, Nova Scotia, began attempts to draw heat from a network of nearby coal mines that had lain dormant for decades. The company, now owned by Mauser Packaging Solutions, has been refining the process ever since, and now boasts a circular climate control system that is 100% renewable 12 months of the year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In the wintertime, we take the hot water and use it as a heating source, and in the summertime, we have them all in air-conditioning mode,\" says plant manager David MacDonald, who was there when the first borehole went down more than 30 years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProud of their town's pioneering approach to mine water heating, dozens of small Springhill businesses have since hooked up their own geothermal power supplies, with local officials eager to entice new investment with the promise of plentiful green energy. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the mountainous Asturias region of northern Spain, there's a similar story to be told. After years of decline, the area's last remaining pit shut in 2018, cutting deep into a local community reliant on coal for generations. With the advent of mine water heating technology, there's hope for an industrial rebirth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Geothermal energy has given a second life to our coal mines,\" says María Belarmina Díaz Aguado, the Asturias's director of energy. \"We're developing an entirely new business model, one related to pumping water and all the technical expertise that involves.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to hundreds of residential properties, the region's flooded mines provide heat for a hospital, a university, a secondary school, and a number of other public and private buildings. Hunosa, the company in charge of the scheme, guarantees energy prices lower than fossil fuel alternatives, and uses only sustainably generated electricity in its pumping process. In doing so, several thousand tonnes of carbon emissions are avoided each year, Díaz Aguado says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet, while there's mounting evidence of mine water's energy potential, the idea isn't without issue. Retrofitting houses with the means to tap into a geothermal district heating network isn't cheap, and new builds aren't often sited next to derelict collieries. And then there are the technical hurdles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There are some pre-existing treatment plants pumping water up already, as is the case at Seaham,\" says Corinna Abesser, hydrogeologist and groundwater modeller at the British Geological Survey. \"But the real opportunity with mine geothermal lies in drilling new boreholes into the mines wherever the heat is needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This comes with some technical challenges, for example stability concerns around abandoned mine shafts, which were simply left to collapse.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the greatest hurdle, however, is that which motivated the opening of the mines in the first place: money. The capital costs are much higher with mine water geothermal, though \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.groundstability.com\u002Fseaham\u002F\"\u003Eunder the right conditions the energy generated can be cheaper than that from conventional sources\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdam Black at Lanchester Wines hopes that the costs will fall as the technology develops and uptake increases, \"and if the energy authorities do their bit with regulation\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeyond doubt is that the resource is there and waiting: A labyrinth of warrens once laden with men and machinery, now flooded with naturally warm water, ready to be tapped.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-07-07T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How flooded coal mines could heat homes","headlineShort":"The new use for abandoned coal mines","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A quarter of the UK's homes sit above abandoned coal mines, long since flooded with water. Now, the mines are being put to a new, zero-carbon use.","summaryShort":"Old, defunct coal mines around the world are being resurrected for clean energy","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-07-06T23:05:19.034299Z","entity":"article","guid":"e29a3396-5a19-43b9-b2ac-aafbfe085a27","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-06T13:37:21.783201Z","project":"future","slug":"20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218733},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool","_id":"616ff65c45ceed363e45c948","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From ancient Egypt to the Persian Empire, an ingenious method of catching the breeze kept people cool for millennia. In the search for emissions-free cooling, the \"wind catcher\" could once again come to our aid.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe city of Yazd in the desert of central Iran has long been a focal point for creative ingenuity. Yazd is home to a system of ancient engineering marvels that include an underground refrigeration structure called \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheculturetrip.com\u002Fmiddle-east\u002Farticles\u002Fthis-ancient-technique-to-make-ice-in-the-desert-is-mind-boggling\u002F\"\u003Ey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheculturetrip.com\u002Fmiddle-east\u002Farticles\u002Fthis-ancient-technique-to-make-ice-in-the-desert-is-mind-boggling\u002F\"\u003Eakhchāl\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, an underground irrigation system called \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20180619-irans-ancient-engineering-marvel\"\u003Eqanats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, and even a network of couriers called \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-iran-the-surprising-origins-of-the-postal-service\"\u003Epirradazi&scaron;\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E that predate postal services in the US by more than 2,000 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong Yazd's ancient technologies is the wind catcher, or \u003Cem\u003Ebâdgir\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Persian. These remarkable structures are a common sight soaring above the rooftops of Yazd. They are often rectangular towers, but they also appear in circular, square, octagonal and other ornate shapes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYazd is said to have the most wind catchers in the world, though \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind\"\u003Ethey may have originated in ancient Egypt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Yazd, the wind catcher soon proved indispensable, making this part of the hot and arid Iranian Plateau livable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough many of the city's wind catchers have fallen out of use, the structures are now drawing academics, architects and engineers back to the desert city to see what role they could play in keeping us cool in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-57751918\"\u003Erapidly heating world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a wind catcher requires no electricity to power it, it is both a cost-efficient and green form of cooling. With conventional mechanical air conditioning already \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fthe-future-of-cooling\"\u003Eaccounting for a fifth of total electricity consumption globally\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ancient alternatives like the wind catcher are becoming an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning\"\u003Eincreasingly appealing option\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are two main forces that drive the air through and down into the structures: the incoming wind and the change in buoyancy of air depending on temperature – with warmer air tending to rise above cooler, denser air. First, as air is caught by the opening of a wind catcher, it is funneled down to the dwelling below, depositing any sand or debris at the foot of the tower. Then the air flows throughout the interior of the building, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1364032114008351\"\u003Esometimes over subterranean pools of water for further cooling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Eventually, warmed air will rise and leave the building through another tower or opening, aided by the pressure within the building.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe shape of the tower, alongside factors like the layout of the house, the direction the tower is facing, how many openings it has, its configuration of fixed internal blades, canals and height are all finely tuned to improve the tower's ability to draw wind down into the dwellings below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some of the earliest wind-catching technology comes from Egypt 3,300 years ago","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUsing the wind to cool buildings has a history stretching back almost as long as people have lived in hot desert environments. Some of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fascelibrary.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1061\u002F9780784413517.161\"\u003Eearliest wind-catching technology comes from Egypt 3,300 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to researchers Chris Soelberg and Julie Rich of Weber State University in Utah. Here, buildings had thick walls, few windows facing the Sun, openings to take in air on the side of prevailing winds and an exit vent on the other side – known in Arabic as \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Forbi.uliege.be\u002Fbitstream\u002F2268\u002F167581\u002F1\u002FAttia_Designing%20the%20Malqaf%20for%20summer%20cooling%20in%20low-rise%20housing,%20an%20experimental%20study.pdf\"\u003Emalq\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Forbi.uliege.be\u002Fbitstream\u002F2268\u002F167581\u002F1\u002FAttia_Designing%20the%20Malqaf%20for%20summer%20cooling%20in%20low-rise%20housing,%20an%20experimental%20study.pdf\"\u003Eaf architecture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Though some argue that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind\"\u003Ethe birthplace of the wind catcher was Iran itself\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWherever it was first invented, wind catchers have since become widespread across the Middle East and North Africa. Variations of Iran's wind catchers can be found in the \u003Cem\u003Ebarjeels\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Qatar and Bahrain, the \u003Cem\u003Emalqaf\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Egypt, the \u003Cem\u003Emungh\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Pakistan, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003Emany other\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003E places\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003E, notes \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003EFatemeh Jomehzadeh of the University of Technology Malaysia and colleagues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Persian civilisation is widely considered to have added structural variations to allow for better cooling – such as combining it with its existing irrigation system to help to cool the air down before releasing it throughout the home. In Yazd's hot, dry climate, these structures proved remarkably popular, until the city became a hotspot of soaring ornate towers seeking the desert wind. The historical city of Yazd was recognised as a Unesco World Heritage site in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwhc.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Flist\u002F1544\u002F\"\u003E2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E, in part for its proliferation of wind catchers\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as performing the functional purpose of cooling homes, the towers also had a strong cultural significance. In Yazd, the wind catchers are as much a part of the skyline as the Zoroastrian Fire Temple and Tower of Silence. Among them is the wind catcher at the Dowlatabad Abad Gardens, said to be the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Ffigure\u002FThe-eight-sided-wind-catcher-of-Dowlat-Abad-Gardens-edifice-in-Yazd-is-the-tallest-in_fig2_308532117\"\u003Etallest in the world at 33m\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (108ft) and one of the few wind catchers still in operation. Housed in an octagonal building, it overlooks a fountain stretching past rows of pine trees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Inconveniences like pests entering the chutes and the gathering of dust and desert debris have meant many have turned away from traditional wind catchers","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emissions-free cooling efficacy of such wind catchers make some researchers argue that they are due a revival.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EParham Kheirkhah Sangdeh has extensively studied the scientific application and surrounding culture of wind catchers in contemporary architecture at Ilam University in Iran. He says inconveniences like pests entering the chutes and the gathering of dust and desert debris have meant many have turned away from traditional wind catchers. In their place are mechanical cooling systems, such as conventional air-conditioning units. Often, those options are powered by fossil fuels and use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201204-climate-change-how-chemicals-in-your-fridge-warm-the-planet\"\u003Erefrigerants that act as powerful greenhouse gases if released into the atmosphere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe advent of modern cooling technologies has long been blamed for the deterioration of traditional methods in Iran, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F4300566\"\u003Ethe historian of Iranian architecture Elizabeth Beazley wrote in 1977\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Without constant maintenance, the harsh climate of the Iranian Plateau has worn away many structures from wind catchers to ice houses. Kheirkhah Sangdeh also sees the shift away from wind catchers as in part down to a tendency among the public to engage with technologies from the West.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There needs to be some changes in cultural perspectives to use these technologies. People need to keep an eye on the past and understand why energy conservation is important,\" Kheirkhah Sangdeh says. \"It starts with recognising cultural history and the importance of energy conservation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKheirkhah Sangdeh hopes to see Iran's wind catchers updated to add energy-efficient cooling to existing buildings. But he has met many barriers to his work in the form of ongoing international tensions, the coronavirus pandemic and ongoing\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-middle-east-57948717\"\u003E water shortage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Things are so bad in Iran that [people] take it day by day,\" says Kheirkhah Sangdeh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFossil-fuel-free methods of cooling like the wind catcher might well be due a revival, but to a surprising extent they are already present – albeit in a less magnificent form than those in Iran – in many Western countries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the UK, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FEvaluation-of-pressure-coefficients-and-estimation-Karakatsanis-Bahadori\u002F6cfc2eb6ccf3b79c2197db02df62c31ee14e0b99\"\u003Esome 7,000 variations of wind catchers were installed in public buildings between 1979 and 1994\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They can be seen from buildings such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.monodraught.com\u002Fprojects\u002Froyal-chelsea-hospital\"\u003Ethe Royal Chelsea Hospital in London\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1364032116310358?via%3Dihub\"\u003Esupermarkets in Manchester\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese modernised wind catchers bear little resemblance to Iran's towering structures. On one three-storey building on a busy road in north London, small hot pink ventilation towers allow passive ventilation. Atop a shopping centre in Dartford, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.visionventilation.co.uk\u002Farchitectural-inspired-designs\u002F\"\u003Econical ventilation towers rotate to catch the breeze with the help of a rear wing that keeps the tower facing the prevailing wind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe US too has adopted wind-catcher-inspired designs with enthusiasm. One such example is the visitor center at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsipb.sggw.pl\u002FCRC2014\u002Fdata\u002Fpapers\u002F9780784413517.161.pdf\"\u003EZion National Park\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in southern Utah. The park sits in a high desert plateau, comparable to Yazd in climate and topography, and the use of passive cooling technologies including the wind catcher nearly eliminated the need for mechanical air-conditioning. Scientists have recorded a temperature difference of 16C (29F) between the outside and inside of the visitor centre, despite the many bodies regularly passing through.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is further scope for the spread of the wind catcher, as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theccc.org.uk\u002F2017\u002F08\u002F08\u002Fhidden-problem-overheating\u002F\"\u003Ethe search for sustainable solutions to overheating continues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Palermo, Sicily, researchers have found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F14733315.2016.1214397\"\u003Ethe climate and prevailing wind conditions make it a ripe location for a version of the Iranian wind catcher\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This October, meanwhile, the wind catcher is set to have a high-profile position at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-56682427\"\u003Ethe World Expo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E fair in Dubai, as part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.querkraft.at\u002Fen\u002Fprojects\u002Fexpo-pavilion\"\u003Ea network of conical buildings in the Austrian pavilion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where the Austrian architecture firm Querkraft has taken inspiration from the Arabic \u003Cem\u003Ebarjeel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E version of the wind tower.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile researchers such as Kheirkhah Sangdeh argue that the wind catcher has much more to give in cooling homes without fossil fuels, this ingenious technology has already migrated further around the world than you might think. Next time you see a tall vented tower on top of a supermarket, high-rise or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Furl?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjH7rK7kKTyAhWiwOYKHStlCpgQFnoECA4QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com%2Fmonodraught%2Fdownloads%2Fprojects%2Faddey-and-stanhope-shool-windcatcher-case-study.pdf%3Fv%3D2&usg=AOvVaw2b0GfphSTbK_2wygJxCHG9\"\u003Eschool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, look carefully – you might just be looking at the legacy of the magnificent wind catchers of Iran.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-11T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The ancient Persian way to keep cool","headlineShort":"The ancient Persian way to keep cool","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From ancient Egypt to the Persian Empire, an ingenious method of catching the breeze kept people cool for millennia. Now, it could come to our aid once again.","summaryShort":"The majestic towers of Yazd, Iran, may hold a crucial lesson for keeping cool","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-10T23:05:00.453609Z","entity":"article","guid":"d59b701d-3b7e-40ea-bee5-534335e779ff","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:45:54.312092Z","project":"future","slug":"20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218733},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town","_id":"616ff5fd45ceed0a9141aa3e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"An invasive water weed has decimated the wildlife and economy of one of Cameroon's most significant lakes. But a tiny, ravenous weevil could reverse the region's fortunes.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA flock of water birds scavenges for insects on the dense, leafy weed that covers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ammco.org\u002Findex.php?rub=17&id=7&lang=en\"\u003Emuch of Lake Ossa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of Cameroon's largest lakes. The water weed is so closely packed that it looks like wide, flat green pasture, and the sure-footed birds pick their way freely across it as if they were walking on land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFive years ago, Lake Ossa was teeming with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globalnature.org\u002Fen\u002Fliving-lakes\u002Fafrica\u002Flake-ossa\"\u003Efreshwater turtles, crocodiles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and more than 18 families of fish. It was also a bastion of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fspecies\u002F22104\u002F97168578\"\u003Ethe African manatee, a species listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But today, the lake is eerily quiet and almost empty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe thick layer of vegetation is \u003Cem\u003ESalvinia molesta\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a species known locally as kariba weed or simply Salvinia, and it is the cause of this dearth of life in the lake. The invasion has been declared a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.saveourspecies.org\u002Fprojects\u002Fmarine-aquatic-mammals\u002Fsaving-african-manatees-habitat-and-lake-ossas-biodiversity\"\u003E\"conservation emergency\" by the IUCN\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESalvinia, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplants.ifas.ufl.edu\u002Fplant-directory\u002Fsalvinia-molesta\u002F\"\u003Efree-floating, green-brown freshwater fern\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, has already invaded more than 40% of the lake's 4,000-hectare (15.4-sq-mile) surface, according to the African Marine Mammal Conservation Organisation (AMMCO), a Cameroonian non-governmental environmental organisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Not far from the lake's shore, an army of weevils is now being mass-reared as a defence against Salvinia","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDecimating the lake's wildlife, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gwp.org\u002Fen\u002Flearn\u002FKNOWLEDGE_RESOURCES\u002FCase_Studies\u002FAfrica\u002FCameroon-Local-initiative-to-protect-Lake-Ossa-363\u002F\"\u003Ecompromising the main source of income for the local population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the Salvinia takeover has been rapid and seemingly unstoppable. Lake Ossa is only one in a long line of freshwater bodies to be engulfed by Salvinia. As this invasive weed has spread around the world, from Brazil and Argentina to Australia, the efforts to control it have struggled to keep pace with the plant's prolific growth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is hope for Lake Ossa, and it comes in the shape of a small, innocuous-looking but remarkably powerful water-dwelling beetle. Not far from the lake's shore, an army of weevils is now being mass-reared as a defence against Salvinia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELake Ossa is today littered with weed-laden fishing nets – abandoned by the local fisherfolk out of frustration. Wooden fishing boats have been hauled onto the lake's shorelines – some have been there so long they are starting to rot. Those local fishermen who are still actively fishing in the lake, and the women who sell the fish caught, say they have lost about 80% of their income.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Lake Ossa used to be home to scores of African manatees, one of the most sparsely studied manatee species. Their population in the lake now appears to be declining","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the sweltering late morning heat, I meet Dina Marie-Louise, a fish retailer and resident of the lakeside town of Dizangue, as she disembarks from a wooden fishing boat. In the local business for 22 years, Dina has been visiting fishermen in the lake to buy their catch. Today, she frowns at the few fish in her basket. \"Salvinia is killing us,\" she says. \"Seven of my 12 children have dropped out of school because of financial difficulties caused by Salvinia.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERoland Ngolle, who has been fishing in the lake for 12 years, paints a similar picture. \"We are running out of space to fish in this lake. If nothing is done, Salvinia will engulf all of Lake Ossa,\" Ngolle says. \"More than 100 fishermen used to visit this lake in a single morning. Today less than five come to fish. Everybody is discouraged.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as fish, Lake Ossa used to be home to scores of\u003Cspan\u003E African manatees\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, one of the most sparsely studied manatee species. Their population in the lake now appears to be declining. Many of the manatees are thought to be leaving the lake for its surrounding rivers, where they have better access to food, says \u003Cspan\u003EAristide Takoukam Kamla,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E founder of AMMCO.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESalvinia is native to southern Brazil and northern Argentina, but it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cabi.org\u002Fisc\u002Fdatasheet\u002F48447\"\u003Ecan spread between water bodies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by wind, water currents, floods, animals and people. \"[The] human factor is partly to blame for the presence of the invasive plant in the Cameroon lake,\" says Kamla.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as physically moving the plant from one place to another, for example when it hitches a ride on boats, human activity is also thought to be responsible for allowing Salvinia to thrive in the lake.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We noticed a heavy concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous in Lake Ossa in 2016 – doubling from the historical value of 1985,\" says Kamla. \"This was a signal that something was happening in the lake called eutrophication, which is simply the enrichment of the lake in terms of nutrients.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat made conditions perfect for Salvinia to proliferate. \"The carpet formed by the plant at the surface prevents light from penetrating the water column and therefore reduces photosynthesis of phytoplankton on which most fish species feed,\" says Kamla. \"This results in a drastic depletion of fish production.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith a \u003Ca title=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tsusinvasives.org\u002Fhome\u002Fdatabase\u002Fsalvinia-molesta\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tsusinvasives.org\u002Fhome\u002Fdatabase\u002Fsalvinia-molesta\"\u003Efast-growing plant that can double in size every 10 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the plant's growth is almost unstoppable. \"The absence of [Salvinia's] natural enemies in a foreign environment facilitates its fast growth rate,\" says Lum Fontem, an independent plant scientist based in Cameroon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt every strategic corner of the bumpy earth roads around Dizangue, billboards carry messages alerting villagers and visitors to the Salvinia problem. Messages such as \"Youths, Let's Save Lake Ossa\"; \"Let's Save Our Lake From Salvinia Invasion\" appear on countless signs around the town. This may be Cameroon's first experience of a Salvinia invasion, but there has already been an intensive response to it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are three main ways that the weed can be removed. The first, and most physically demanding, is removing it manually. \"This includes hand-pulling, mostly for low infestation, and the use of specialised equipment, for high infestation,\" says Fontem. \"This method is labour-intensive, tedious and time-consuming.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince 2019, AMMCO has been mobilising locals to remove the plant manually to reduce the scope of spread. But it has not been without challenges. \"This method is very demanding given that the invasive plant multiplies very quickly,\" says Kamla. \"We removed over 200 tonnes of Salvinia from the lake in 2019 and 2020. Yet, no impact was felt.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is because manual removal of Salvinia alone is not enough to control the weed, Lum says. Any plant left in the water will rapidly grow to replenish what has been stripped away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe second option is chemical control, which involves the application of herbicides to kill the weed. But this comes with its own ecological drawbacks, as the herbicides pose a risk to other plants and could harm the lake's other organisms. So far, the chemical approach has not been tried at Lake Ossa, and scientists including Fontem caution against trying it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is one final option that could relieve Lake Ossa of Salvinia and restore its ecosystem: a small, brown-black water beetle native to Brazil known as the Salvinia weevil, which feeds almost exclusively on the weed. Measuring just 2-3.5mm long in its adult form, this tiny insect is equipped with a long, sturdy snout. But it is the weevil larvae that are devastating to the Salvinia by burrowing into the plant's rootstalks and causing fatal damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Salvinia weevil was discovered by Wendy Forno, a scientist at Australia's government research agency CSIRO, while carrying out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lfwseq.org.au\u002Fsalvinia-weevil-unesco-winning-discover\u002F\"\u003Esurveys in South America between 1978 and 1982\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The first releases of the weevil as a biological agent to destroy Salvinia were at Lake Moondarra, Mount Isa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dpi.nsw.gov.au\u002F__data\u002Fassets\u002Fpdf_file\u002F0004\u002F89554\u002Fsalvinia-control-manual.pdf\"\u003EAustralia in 1980\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with remarkable success.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Lake Moondarra is mostly clear of Salvinia today. Fifty thousand tonnes of Salvinia on the lake was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublications.csiro.au\u002Frpr\u002Fdownload?pid=csiro:EP103582&dsid=DS3\"\u003Ekilled by weevils over a 400-hectare (1.5-sq-mile) infestation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Fmatthew-purcell-2361a219\"\u003EMatthew Purcell\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, director of the Australian Biological Control Laboratory, a facility run by the United States Department of Agriculture and CSIRO.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The weevil – both adults and larvae – only feeds on this fern and not on other aquatic plants,\" says Purcell. \"As the plants increase seasonally, so do the weevils. The weevils [and] Salvinia constantly increase and decrease through the seasons in balance.\" The weevils never fully eradicate the weed, but help to \"return the system to a balance\", says Purcell.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe weevil was also deployed in the Senegal River in the early 2000s, where it had similar success, says Arnold Pieterse, formerly a senior staff member of the Netherlands' Royal Tropical Institute, now retired. He, too, underlines that the weevils' strong preference for Salvinia as a food crop makes it an appealing choice for Salvinia control. \"It has irrefutably been proven that the insects do not form any danger to the environment or crops,\" says Pieterse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESouth Africa, too, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS104996441830450X\"\u003Ehas successfully brought Salvinia molesta under control\u003C\u002Fa\u003E thanks to the release of the weevil into its fresh water systems since 1985. \"South Africa had a number of systems infested with the weed throughout the country, mainly smaller impoundments and rivers,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ru.ac.za\u002Fbotany\u002Fstaff\u002Fjuliecoetzee\u002F\"\u003EJulie Coetzee\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, deputy director and manager of the Aquatic Weed Biocontrol Programme at Rhodes University, South Africa. These waters took between one to three years to clear, depending on the nutrients in the water, and the climate. \"We still do have some infestations appearing,\" Coetzee says, but \"once weevils have been released, we typically get clearing with a season\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough the Salvinia has no defence against the weevil, the weevils themselves have weaknesses. \"No drawbacks were experienced initially but nowadays, we have noticed that there are sites where infestations have persisted, particularly in shaded sites,\" says Coetzee. \"We have also discovered a parasitic alga infecting [the weevil] population.\" This alga, called Helicosporidium, reduces the weevil's ability to reproduce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, Coetzee is optimistic that weevils could clear Cameroon's Lake Ossa of Salvinia. \"Implementing a biological control programme in Cameroon is the most ecologically friendly, economically sustainable option for control of Salvinia,\" she says. \"Given the size of the infestation on the lake, it is going to take a while for the control agent populations to build up to sizes that will damage the plants, and cause them to sink. This is not a fast process. Patience is key.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPurcell, too, is hopeful that the weevils could rejuvenate Lake Ossa. \"The weevils should work in Cameroon. Most control is achieved within three years,\" he says. \"The control lasts indefinitely, much better than spraying which must be reapplied every year and every season, with negative consequences to the aquatic environment.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may not be much longer before Lake Ossa becomes the next Salvinia-ridden water body to welcome weevils. A task force involving several of Cameroon's government ministries has been set up to oversee the eradication of Salvinia in the lake through the release of the weevils.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe local people of Lake Ossa, though, are frustrated at the pace of action. \"Fishing is our only source of income. We are running out of patience,\" says Jean Pierre Nga, a fisherman. Dora Sih, a fish seller in the business for 25 years, agrees: \"Things are not moving.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in AMMCO and their partners' facilities in Dizangue, the stock of weevils is steadily growing. \"They will be released into the lake as soon as we receive the authorisation permit from the government,\" Kamla says. \"And we hope that after two or three years, we will overcome this invasive plant.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 41kg CO2, travelling by bus and motorbike. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-03-30T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The invasive weed that travelled the world","headlineShort":"The wild weed that travelled the world","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"An invasive water weed has decimated the wildlife and economy of one of Cameroon's most significant lakes. But a tiny, ravenous weevil could reverse the region's fortunes.","summaryShort":"The future of Cameroon's Lake Ossa could hinge on the appetite of a tiny bug","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-03-29T23:05:16.285038Z","entity":"article","guid":"0e29ab49-1dc6-4219-bf27-9124361426f3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-16T14:51:19.417552Z","project":"future","slug":"20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218733},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging","_id":"616ff5dc45ceed74f86896ba","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The majestic mangrove forests of Kenya's east coast have helped to bring levels of poaching and logging down, while taking large quantities of carbon out of the air.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo a visitor travelling south from Mombasa to savour the rich culture of the Swahili, the village of Gazi passes for a sleepy settlement in an almost forgotten stretch of the rapidly developing Kenyan coast. Inside the closely built mud-walled houses of the village, the day begins with a prayer call from the village mosque before dawn. Soon, early risers return from the shoreline with fish stocks that will supply Gazi's traders for the day. Later on in the day, women bake flatbreads on roadside hearths to sell to visiting fishermen from as far as Tanzania, while male elders play draft, a local social pastime, on shaded patios.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELife was not always so peaceful in Gazi – eight years or so ago, things looked very different. The harvesting of mangroves for firewood and construction poles had depleted the local forests. Fish stocks had declined, threatening the livelihoods of the 80% of the village who depend on the sea, says local fisherman Abdallah Mohamed. Without fish, locals turned to charcoal burning and harvesting the region's indigenous trees for firewood, which they would sell in nearby towns. In the wider region, illegal poaching of elephant, rhino and game was rife.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut today, the village has a new health centre, school and boreholes for fresh water. In the wider region illegal poaching of iconic wildlife like rhino and elephant has fallen by 90% in six years, according to the Kenya Wildlife Service.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Gazi's rich coastal forests are home to all nine varieties of mangrove that grow in Kenya, as well as diverse bird life and 180 species of fish","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGazi is one of many villages along the Kenyan coast where poaching and illegal logging have fallen dramatically in recent years. In Gazi, central to the change are the village's mangrove forests, which have gone from being a declining source of firewood and construction poles to a significant player in the local economy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMangrove forests are some of the most efficient \"sponges\" for carbon on the planet. A hectare of mangrove forest can sink as much carbon as four hectares of rainforest, most of it sequestered in the depths of rich, frequently waterlogged soil below the mangrove roots. Cutting down mangrove forests prevents these areas from absorbing carbon, and it also releases stored carbon from the soils. By one estimate,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fngeo1123\"\u003E mangrove deforestation generates as much as around 10% of emissions from deforestation globally, despite accounting for just 0.7% of tropical forest area\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGazi's rich coastal forests are home to all nine varieties of mangrove that grow in Kenya, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.equatorinitiative.org\u002F2017\u002F06\u002F28\u002Fmikoko-pamoja\u002F\"\u003Eas well as diverse bird life and 180 species of fish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In 2013, the Mikoko Pamoja carbon project began to conserve and protect 117 hectares (289 acres) of mangrove forest around Gazi, in a partnership between coastal Kenyan communities, the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Institute, and the Plan Vivo Foundation, a Scottish charity. It was the first project of its kind to successfully turn blue carbon, like that stored in mangroves, into an economically viable initiative that could support a community.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Joblessness is the reason the youth usually engage in poaching and illegal logging in Kenya. If carbon projects can create jobs for people in the villages, then society will start seeing forests and wildlife as their banks – Samuel Mutisya","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe premise is simple: in exchange for ensuring the health of Kenya's coastal mangroves, the project sells carbon credits, which can be bought as a form of \"offset\". While \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190409-carbon-offseting-pros-and-cons\"\u003Eoffsetting is a far from perfect solution, it can be a useful measure for currently hard-to-decarbonise industries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first steps were to reduce forest loss and degradation. The project established woodlots of Casuarina trees as an alternative source of wood for construction poles and firewood for local people, who were also encouraged to use material falling from coconut trees for fuel too. Then the village participants received training on the economic benefits of conserving mangroves for carbon credits. Finally, the community led a mangrove-planting initiative, preparing saplings for six to seven months in nurseries before planting the trees at appropriate sites.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's a strategy that has paid off – each year the project trades the equivalent of 3,000 tonnes (3,300 tons) of carbon dioxide a year from its 117 hectares of mangrove, roughly the equivalent emissions of around 650 cars on the road each year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is a small start, but the success of Gazi's blue carbon scheme has inspired a similar \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oceanographicmagazine.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmangrove-conservation-kenya\u002F\"\u003E460-hectare (1.8 sq miles) blue carbon project in Vanga\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a village located about 60km (37 miles) to the south of Gazi. Another project in Lamu to the north is also in its early stages, says Rahma Rashid, project coordinator of Mikoko Pamoja. Overall, about 660,000 hectares (2,548 sq miles) of land are under carbon trading schemes in Kenya, of which blue carbon is still a small, if powerful fraction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The success of these carbon projects is changing how people perceive climate change by assuring them there are growth opportunities,\" says Alfred Gichu, Kenya's national coordinator of REDD+, the UN-backed forest conservation scheme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe knock-on effects of the projects have included a reduction in environmental crimes such as illegal logging and poaching. \"Joblessness is the reason the youth usually engage in poaching and illegal logging in Kenya,\" says Samuel Mutisya, a reformed poacher from Kibwezi, a settlement just to the north of Tsavo National Park. \"If carbon projects can create jobs for people in the villages, then society will start seeing forests and wildlife as their banks.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the 1980s, there were only three rhinos in Tsavo National Park, which fans through south-eastern Kenya and connects the coast region to the country's hinterland. Now there are 120 rhinos.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Kenya is one of the few countries in Africa that needs to be celebrated because its wildlife numbers are increasing and its conservation efforts are impressive,\" according to Kaddu Sebunya, chief executive of the Africa Wildlife Foundation, during the launch of the Benjamin Mkapa African Wildlife Photography Awards in Nairobi in early March.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the same time, the Kenya Forestry Services says the country’s forest cover has grown from below 5% to 7%, progress that the service has attributed to conservation efforts such as those taking place in Gazi. Alongside carbon credit schemes, increased law enforcement and engaging with local communities has helped bring environmental crimes down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGeorge Wara, the service's ecosystem conservator responsible for managing 34,000 hectares (131 sq miles) of forest including 8,000 hectares (31 sq miles) of mangroves in Kwale county, agrees that carbon projects have helped reduce illegal logging and poaching in the coastal region. \"If the community is benefitting from a forest, then they will have enthusiasm to protect it,\" says Wara.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChangare John, a local from Gazi village, knows the comforts of such successes. In a region that hardly receives enough rainfall for crops, John struggled to provide for her family by selling flatbreads and cooked beans at the roadside. During the low season, when there are few visitors in the village, she could hardly break even. Since she joined the Mikoko Pamoja project as a member, her fortunes have changed for the better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"My three children are in school thanks to the bursary they get from the project,\" she says. \"When they get sick, I do not have to worry about medical fees because our health centre is also supported by the project.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe local fisherman Abdallah Mohamed, who is not involved in the project, has also noticed benefits. \"The fish returned after the community stopped taking firewood from the mangroves. Our indigenous trees are also thriving because there are fewer disturbances,\" he says. \"This project is really a game changer.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith more blue carbon schemes set to roll out in Kenya, Gazi and other villages could soon see additional benefits from their conserved mangrove forests. As well as absorbing carbon, these forests are a natural buffer to some of the worst effects of climate change, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhow-mangroves-protect-people-from-increasingly-frequent-and-powerful-tropical-storms-118200\"\u003Estorm surges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-marine-122414-034025\"\u003Eto an extent, rising sea levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the world's mangroves \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wri.org\u002Finsights\u002Fsatellite-data-reveals-state-worlds-mangrove-forests\"\u003Eare steadily being lost through urban development, and the expansion of agriculture and aquaculture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, projects like Gazi's show that it is both possible and profitable to save the forests that can protect against climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"gmail-p1\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 30kg CO2, travelling by bus, ferry and train. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-04-28T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How mangrove forests helped stall environmental crime","headlineShort":"The trees that stall wildlife crime","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The majestic mangrove forests of Kenya's east coast have helped to bring levels of poaching and logging down, while taking large quantities of carbon out of the air.","summaryShort":"Mangroves have long been known to store carbon, but now they are cutting crime","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-04-27T23:05:05.075815Z","entity":"article","guid":"4ee147af-add8-4be2-a638-cccff68559b6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:40:17.688238Z","project":"future","slug":"20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218734},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","_id":"616ff5fe45ceed0c88283897","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003Ewe are living through a climate crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171022-the-hidden-crisis-shaping-life-on-earth\"\u003Ea mass extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an era of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191113-the-toxic-killers-in-our-air-too-small-to-see\"\u003Enormalised pollution that harms our health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The urgent question is now: what do we do about it? What are the solutions to these problems?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFuture Planet is a home for in-depth, evidence-based stories on potential solutions. You will be hearing from the writers who are best placed to tell these stories: local reporters on the ground in the communities who have witnessed the challenge first hand. Meanwhile, in our global stories that span borders, our writers unravel how institutions, industries, laws and societal norms are changing – and how they need to change further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECarbon footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe way we find and tell these stories is as important as the stories themselves. That is why we are bringing the carbon footprint of our journalism to the fore, so we can be accountable for and transparent about what we do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou’ll see a figure on all our stories estimating the carbon it took to produce them, and you can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eread more about how we calculate that figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step. We will use this as a starting point for wider plans to monitor and reduce the carbon it takes to bring global stories to a global audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe hope you enjoy Future Planet, which in its first week will take you to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe people saving tiny islands from erosion off the southern coast of India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethickets of a hardy succulent in South Africa that can sequester as much carbon as a rainforest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the chilly streets of Belgium where sustainable heat is coming from an unlikely source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe also want to know what you think are the solutions we need to create a sustainable world. From the people who are changing social norms, to the cities and industries that are being reimagined, and the sustainable technologies that can help us get there. Let us know via the social buttons below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter here: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\"\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What is Future Planet?","headlineShort":"What is Future Planet?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","summaryShort":"Carbon-conscious reporting on environment solutions from around the world.","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:00:53.156342Z","entity":"article","guid":"9466c6e9-b688-4823-ac9c-c94347a0b884","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:13:26.834305Z","project":"future","slug":"20200131-what-is-future-planet","cacheLastUpdated":1635404218734},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","_id":"616ff61b45ceed12f17cdf6c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism’s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world’s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists’ travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that doesn’t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\"\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\"\u003EHow we’re tackling our gender imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\"\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have – and be transparent with our readers. That’s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get these figures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe start by breaking each story’s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters’ transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransport emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it, and so far Future Planet has remained a flight-free publication. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it’s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we’ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet – a single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Eequivalent of running an average home’s electricity for nearly 100 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur focus on working with local reporters around the world also keeps long-distance travel to a minimum. If a longer-distance story is commissioned, we might ask the reporter to look around for other strong stories in the area, to make the most of our transport emissions. And once a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use, and use an independently audited carbon calculator for travel to estimate emissions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website’s emissions.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can’t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency’s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it’s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don’t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117#abstract\"\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn’t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimitations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can’t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren’t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can’t be sure \u003Cem\u003Eexactly \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can’t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story’s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations – do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don’t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food – or not, since they’d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don’t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research – and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You’ll be able to read updates on that here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. 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