CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="no-js b-pw-1280 b-reith-sans-font b-reith-serif-font b-reith-serif-loaded b-reith-sans-loaded"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","20211028095926","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1635415166"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta data-rh="true" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="google-site-verification" content="I0_h0oRDIOewanIX2SQEN0-dHGdH6uBQT7V9l_WqRY8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="keywords" content="future,ARTICLE,story,comment-analysis-tag/military-tag/risk-tag/nuclear"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="There are a handful of actors who are the most likely to cause a global catastrophe, but their power goes unchecked, says Luke Kemp."/><meta data-rh="true" name="author" content="Luke Kemp"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Agents of Doom: Who is creating the apocalypse and why"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="There are a handful of actors who are the most likely to cause a global catastrophe, but their power goes unchecked, says Luke Kemp."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:author" content="Luke Kemp"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/live/624x351/p09ym94c.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:width" content="624"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:height" content="351"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:pages" content="279678448760878"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:site" content="@BBC_Future"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="Agents of Doom: Who is creating the apocalypse and why"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="There are a handful of actors who are the most likely to cause a global catastrophe, but their power goes unchecked, says Luke Kemp."/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/live/624x351/p09ym94c.jpg"/> <title data-rh="true">Agents of Doom: Who is creating the apocalypse and why - BBC Future</title> <link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/future/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/future/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/future/favicon-16x16.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/future/favicon.ico"/><link data-rh="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/future/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#063d90"/><link data-rh="true" rel="manifest" href="/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/assets/future/site.webmanifest"/> <script> window.orb_fig_blocking = true; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* IE11 polyfills */ if (!('values' in Object)) { Object.prototype.constructor.values = function(o) { if (typeof o !== 'object') return console.error('not an object') return Object.keys(o).map(function(k) { return o[k] }) } } if (!('find' in Array.prototype)) { Array.prototype.find = function(fn) { for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i += 1) { if (fn.call(this, this[i], i)) return this[i]; } return undefined; } } if (!('includes' in Array.prototype)) { Array.prototype.includes = function(search) { return this.indexOf(search) > -1 } } </script> <script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace('no-js', '');</script>   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <style> :root { --bbc-font: ReithSans, Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; --bbc-font-legacy: Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/css/orb-ltr.min.css"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/js/require.min.js"></script> <script> // nav-orbit-pollyfills // Promise polyfill from https://github.com/bramstein/promis (function(){'use strict';var f,g=[];function l(a){g.push(a);1==g.length&&f()}function m(){for(;g.length;)g[0](),g.shift()}f=function(){setTimeout(m)};function n(a){this.a=p;this.b=void 0;this.f=[];var b=this;try{a(function(a){q(b,a)},function(a){r(b,a)})}catch(c){r(b,c)}}var p=2;function t(a){return new n(function(b,c){c(a)})}function u(a){return new n(function(b){b(a)})}function q(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;var c=!1;try{var d=b&&b.then;if(null!=b&&"object"==typeof b&&"function"==typeof d){d.call(b,function(b){c||q(a,b);c=!0},function(b){c||r(a,b);c=!0});return}}catch(e){c||r(a,e);return}a.a=0;a.b=b;v(a)}} function r(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;a.a=1;a.b=b;v(a)}}function v(a){l(function(){if(a.a!=p)for(;a.f.length;){var b=a.f.shift(),c=b[0],d=b[1],e=b[2],b=b[3];try{0==a.a?"function"==typeof c?e(c.call(void 0,a.b)):e(a.b):1==a.a&&("function"==typeof d?e(d.call(void 0,a.b)):b(a.b))}catch(h){b(h)}}})}n.prototype.g=function(a){return this.c(void 0,a)};n.prototype.c=function(a,b){var c=this;return new n(function(d,e){c.f.push([a,b,d,e]);v(c)})}; function w(a){return new n(function(b,c){function d(c){return function(d){h[c]=d;e+=1;e==a.length&&b(h)}}var e=0,h=[];0==a.length&&b(h);for(var k=0;k<a.length;k+=1)u(a[k]).c(d(k),c)})}function x(a){return new n(function(b,c){for(var d=0;d<a.length;d+=1)u(a[d]).c(b,c)})};window.Promise||(window.Promise=n,window.Promise.resolve=u,window.Promise.reject=t,window.Promise.race=x,window.Promise.all=w,window.Promise.prototype.then=n.prototype.c,window.Promise.prototype["catch"]=n.prototype.g);}()); // Polyfill Event constructor for IE ref: ORBITEN-919 // see: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26596123 (function () { if (typeof window.CustomEvent === "function") { return false; } function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: undefined }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.Event = CustomEvent; })(); //Element.prototype.matches polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/matches#Polyfill if (!Element.prototype.matches) { Element.prototype.matches = Element.prototype.msMatchesSelector || Element.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector; } //NodeList.forEach Polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/NodeList/forEach#Polyfill if (window.NodeList && !NodeList.prototype.forEach) { NodeList.prototype.forEach = Array.prototype.forEach; } // Object.assign polyfill from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/assign#Polyfill if (typeof Object.assign != 'function') { // Must be writable: true, enumerable: false, configurable: true Object.defineProperty(Object, "assign", { value: function assign(target, varArgs) { // .length of function is 2 'use strict'; if (target == null) { // TypeError if undefined or null throw new TypeError('Cannot convert undefined or null to object'); } var to = Object(target); for (var index = 1; index < arguments.length; index++) { var nextSource = arguments[index]; if (nextSource != null) { // Skip over if undefined or null for (var nextKey in nextSource) { // Avoid bugs when hasOwnProperty is shadowed if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(nextSource, nextKey)) { to[nextKey] = nextSource[nextKey]; } } } } return to; }, writable: true, configurable: true }); } // window.fetch polyfill https://github.com/github/fetch/blob/v0.11.0/fetch.js - chosen for IE9 compatibility if(typeof window.fetch !== 'function') { (function(self){"use strict";if(self.fetch){return}function normalizeName(name){if(typeof name!=="string"){name=String(name)}if(/[^a-z0-9\-#$%&'*+.\^_`|~]/i.test(name)){throw new TypeError("Invalid character in header field name")}return name.toLowerCase()}function normalizeValue(value){if(typeof value!=="string"){value=String(value)}return value}function Headers(headers){this.map={};if(headers instanceof Headers){headers.forEach(function(value,name){this.append(name,value)},this)}else if(headers){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(headers).forEach(function(name){this.append(name,headers[name])},this)}}Headers.prototype.append=function(name,value){name=normalizeName(name);value=normalizeValue(value);var list=this.map[name];if(!list){list=[];this.map[name]=list}list.push(value)};Headers.prototype["delete"]=function(name){delete this.map[normalizeName(name)]};Headers.prototype.get=function(name){var values=this.map[normalizeName(name)];return values?values[0]:null};Headers.prototype.getAll=function(name){return this.map[normalizeName(name)]||[]};Headers.prototype.has=function(name){return this.map.hasOwnProperty(normalizeName(name))};Headers.prototype.set=function(name,value){this.map[normalizeName(name)]=[normalizeValue(value)]};Headers.prototype.forEach=function(callback,thisArg){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this.map).forEach(function(name){this.map[name].forEach(function(value){callback.call(thisArg,value,name,this)},this)},this)};function consumed(body){if(body.bodyUsed){return Promise.reject(new TypeError("Already read"))}body.bodyUsed=true}function fileReaderReady(reader){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){reader.onload=function(){resolve(reader.result)};reader.onerror=function(){reject(reader.error)}})}function readBlobAsArrayBuffer(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsArrayBuffer(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}function readBlobAsText(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsText(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}var support={blob:"FileReader"in self&&"Blob"in self&&function(){try{new Blob;return true}catch(e){return false}}(),formData:"FormData"in self,arrayBuffer:"ArrayBuffer"in self};function Body(){this.bodyUsed=false;this._initBody=function(body){this._bodyInit=body;if(typeof body==="string"){this._bodyText=body}else if(support.blob&&Blob.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyBlob=body}else if(support.formData&&FormData.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyFormData=body}else if(!body){this._bodyText=""}else if(support.arrayBuffer&&ArrayBuffer.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){}else{throw new Error("unsupported BodyInit type")}if(!this.headers.get("content-type")){if(typeof body==="string"){this.headers.set("content-type","text/plain;charset=UTF-8")}else if(this._bodyBlob&&this._bodyBlob.type){this.headers.set("content-type",this._bodyBlob.type)}}};if(support.blob){this.blob=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return Promise.resolve(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as blob")}else{return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyText]))}};this.arrayBuffer=function(){return this.blob().then(readBlobAsArrayBuffer)};this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return readBlobAsText(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as text")}else{return Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}}else{this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);return rejected?rejected:Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}if(support.formData){this.formData=function(){return this.text().then(decode)}}this.json=function(){return this.text().then(JSON.parse)};return this}var methods=["DELETE","GET","HEAD","OPTIONS","POST","PUT"];function normalizeMethod(method){var upcased=method.toUpperCase();return methods.indexOf(upcased)>-1?upcased:method}function Request(input,options){options=options||{};var body=options.body;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)){if(input.bodyUsed){throw new TypeError("Already read")}this.url=input.url;this.credentials=input.credentials;if(!options.headers){this.headers=new Headers(input.headers)}this.method=input.method;this.mode=input.mode;if(!body){body=input._bodyInit;input.bodyUsed=true}}else{this.url=input}this.credentials=options.credentials||this.credentials||"omit";if(options.headers||!this.headers){this.headers=new Headers(options.headers)}this.method=normalizeMethod(options.method||this.method||"GET");this.mode=options.mode||this.mode||null;this.referrer=null;if((this.method==="GET"||this.method==="HEAD")&&body){throw new TypeError("Body not allowed for GET or HEAD requests")}this._initBody(body)}Request.prototype.clone=function(){return new Request(this)};function decode(body){var form=new FormData;body.trim().split("&").forEach(function(bytes){if(bytes){var split=bytes.split("=");var name=split.shift().replace(/\+/g," ");var value=split.join("=").replace(/\+/g," ");form.append(decodeURIComponent(name),decodeURIComponent(value))}});return form}function headers(xhr){var head=new Headers;var pairs=xhr.getAllResponseHeaders().trim().split("\n");pairs.forEach(function(header){var split=header.trim().split(":");var key=split.shift().trim();var value=split.join(":").trim();head.append(key,value)});return head}Body.call(Request.prototype);function Response(bodyInit,options){if(!options){options={}}this.type="default";this.status=options.status;this.ok=this.status>=200&&this.status<300;this.statusText=options.statusText;this.headers=options.headers instanceof Headers?options.headers:new Headers(options.headers);this.url=options.url||"";this._initBody(bodyInit)}Body.call(Response.prototype);Response.prototype.clone=function(){return new Response(this._bodyInit,{status:this.status,statusText:this.statusText,headers:new Headers(this.headers),url:this.url})};Response.error=function(){var response=new Response(null,{status:0,statusText:""});response.type="error";return response};var redirectStatuses=[301,302,303,307,308];Response.redirect=function(url,status){if(redirectStatuses.indexOf(status)===-1){throw new RangeError("Invalid status code")}return new Response(null,{status:status,headers:{location:url}})};self.Headers=Headers;self.Request=Request;self.Response=Response;self.fetch=function(input,init){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){var request;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)&&!init){request=input}else{request=new Request(input,init)}var xhr=new XMLHttpRequest;function responseURL(){if("responseURL"in xhr){return xhr.responseURL}if(/^X-Request-URL:/m.test(xhr.getAllResponseHeaders())){return xhr.getResponseHeader("X-Request-URL")}return}xhr.onload=function(){var status=xhr.status===1223?204:xhr.status;if(status<100||status>599){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"));return}var options={status:status,statusText:xhr.statusText,headers:headers(xhr),url:responseURL()};var body="response"in xhr?xhr.response:xhr.responseText;resolve(new Response(body,options))};xhr.onerror=function(){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"))};xhr.open(request.method,request.url,true);if(request.credentials==="include"){xhr.withCredentials=true}if("responseType"in xhr&&support.blob){xhr.responseType="blob"}request.headers.forEach(function(value,name){xhr.setRequestHeader(name,value)});xhr.send(typeof request._bodyInit==="undefined"?null:request._bodyInit)})};self.fetch.polyfill=true})(typeof self!=="undefined"?self:this); } if (typeof window.CustomEvent !== 'function') { function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; } </script> <script> window.orbitData = {}; var additionalPageProperties = {}; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_5'] = '15122' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_1'] = '14-10-2021 08:26' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_3'] = 'comment_&_analysis|military|risk|nuclear' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_9'] = '1' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_10'] = '' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_6'] = '' || null; window.orbitData.userProfileUrl = "https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/userprofile"; window.page = { name: 'future.article.20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why.page' || null, destination: 'FEATURE_SITES_GNL' || null, producer: 'GNL_FUTURE' || null, section: '' || null, site: '' || null, contentId: '' || null, contentType: 'article' || null, edition: '' || null, additionalProperties: additionalPageProperties }; window.page.language = 'en'; window.page.language = 'en'; window.page.modal = false; !function(){var t={3053:function(t,r,e){function n(t,r){var e=Object.keys(t);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(t);r&&(n=n.filter((function(r){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(t,r).enumerable}))),e.push.apply(e,n)}return e}function o(t){for(var r=1;r<arguments.length;r++){var e=null!=arguments[r]?arguments[r]:{};r%2?n(Object(e),!0).forEach((function(r){i(t,r,e[r])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(e)):n(Object(e)).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,r))}))}return t}function i(t,r,e){return r in t?Object.defineProperty(t,r,{value:e,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):t[r]=e,t}var c=e(1391),a=e(9135);window.bbcpage=c.init(o({},window.page)),window.page=void 0,window.bbcuser=a.init(window,o({},window.user))},1391:function(t){function r(t,r){var e=Object.keys(t);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(t);r&&(n=n.filter((function(r){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(t,r).enumerable}))),e.push.apply(e,n)}return e}function e(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var o=null!=arguments[e]?arguments[e]:{};e%2?r(Object(o),!0).forEach((function(r){n(t,r,o[r])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(o)):r(Object(o)).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(o,r))}))}return t}function n(t,r,e){return r in t?Object.defineProperty(t,r,{value:e,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):t[r]=e,t}t.exports={init:function(t){var r=e({},t);return document.addEventListener("bbc-page-reset",(function(t){var e;t.detail&&t.detail.page&&(e=t.detail.page,r=Object.assign(r,e)),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("bbc-page-updated"))})),{getName:function(){return Promise.resolve(r.name||function(){if("file:"===window.location.protocol)return"local.file";var t=window.location.pathname.replace(/\/$/,"").replace(/^\//,"").replace(/\//g,".");return"".concat(t,".page")}())},getLanguage:function(){return Promise.resolve(r.language)},getDestination:function(){return Promise.resolve(r.destination)},getProducer:function(){return Promise.resolve(r.producer)},getSection:function(){return Promise.resolve(r.section)},getContentType:function(){return Promise.resolve(r.contentType)},getContentId:function(){return Promise.resolve(r.contentId)},getReferrer:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orb&&null!==window.orb.referrer&&void 0!==window.orb.referrer?window.orb.referrer:document.referrer)},getAdditionalProperties:function(){return Promise.resolve(e({},r.additionalProperties))},loadCSS:function(t){return new Promise((function(r,e){var n=document.createElement("link");n.type="text/css",n.rel="stylesheet",n.onload=function(){r()},n.href=t,document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(n)}))},isModal:function(){return Promise.resolve(r.modal)}}}}},9135:function(t){function r(t){return(r="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}function e(t,r){var e=Object.keys(t);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(t);r&&(n=n.filter((function(r){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(t,r).enumerable}))),e.push.apply(e,n)}return e}function n(t){for(var r=1;r<arguments.length;r++){var n=null!=arguments[r]?arguments[r]:{};r%2?e(Object(n),!0).forEach((function(r){o(t,r,n[r])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):e(Object(n)).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,r))}))}return t}function o(t,r,e){return r in t?Object.defineProperty(t,r,{value:e,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):t[r]=e,t}function i(t,r){if(!(t instanceof r))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}function c(t,e){return!e||"object"!==r(e)&&"function"!=typeof e?function(t){if(void 0===t)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return t}(t):e}function a(t){var r="function"==typeof Map?new Map:void 0;return(a=function(t){if(null===t||(e=t,-1===Function.toString.call(e).indexOf("[native code]")))return t;var e;if("function"!=typeof t)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function");if(void 0!==r){if(r.has(t))return r.get(t);r.set(t,n)}function n(){return u(t,arguments,l(this).constructor)}return n.prototype=Object.create(t.prototype,{constructor:{value:n,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),f(n,t)})(t)}function u(t,r,e){return(u=s()?Reflect.construct:function(t,r,e){var n=[null];n.push.apply(n,r);var o=new(Function.bind.apply(t,n));return e&&f(o,e.prototype),o}).apply(null,arguments)}function s(){if("undefined"==typeof Reflect||!Reflect.construct)return!1;if(Reflect.construct.sham)return!1;if("function"==typeof Proxy)return!0;try{return Boolean.prototype.valueOf.call(Reflect.construct(Boolean,[],(function(){}))),!0}catch(t){return!1}}function f(t,r){return(f=Object.setPrototypeOf||function(t,r){return t.__proto__=r,t})(t,r)}function l(t){return(l=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.getPrototypeOf:function(t){return t.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(t)})(t)}var p=function(t){!function(t,r){if("function"!=typeof r&&null!==r)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function");t.prototype=Object.create(r&&r.prototype,{constructor:{value:t,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),r&&f(t,r)}(o,t);var r,e,n=(r=o,e=s(),function(){var t,n=l(r);if(e){var o=l(this).constructor;t=Reflect.construct(n,arguments,o)}else t=n.apply(this,arguments);return c(this,t)});function o(){return i(this,o),n.apply(this,arguments)}return o}(a(Error));function h(t){return new Promise((function(r,e){window.require(t,(function(){r.apply(this,arguments)}),(function(t){e(t)}))}))}t.exports={init:function(t,r){var e,o=n({},r),i=null;function c(){if(["X-Country","X-Ip_is_advertise_combined","X-Ip_is_uk_combined"].every((function(t){return!!o[t]})))return Promise.resolve(o);if(!i){var r=t.location.hostname.endsWith(".com")?"com":"co.uk";i=t.fetch("https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.".concat(r,"/userinfo")).then((function(t){return t.json()}))}return i}function a(t){if(t.status>=200&&t.status<300)return t;var r=new Error(t.statusText);throw r.response=t,r}function u(t){return t.json()}function s(){if(o.ageBand)return Promise.resolve(o);if(!e){if("undefined"==typeof XMLHttpRequest||!("withCredentials"in new XMLHttpRequest))return Promise.resolve(o);e=h(["idcta-v2/idcta-1"]).then((function(r){return r.initiateTokenRefresh().then((function(){return t.fetch(t.orbitData.userProfileUrl,{credentials:"include"}).then(a).then(u).then((function(t){return o=n(n({},o),t)}))}))}))}return e}var f={getHashedId:function(){return h(["idcta-v2/idcta-1"]).then((function(t){return t.getCookieInstance().getHidFromCookie()}))},isSignedIn:function(){return h(["idcta-v2/idcta-1"]).then((function(t){return t&&t.getCookieInstance().hasCookie()}))},getCountry:function(){return c().then((function(t){return t["X-Country"]||"gb"}))},isUKCombined:function(){return c().then((function(t){if(!t["X-Ip_is_uk_combined"])throw new p("missing isUKCombined from userinfo response");return"yes"===t["X-Ip_is_uk_combined"].toLowerCase()}))},canSeeAdverts:function(){return c().then((function(t){if(!t["X-Ip_is_advertise_combined"])throw new p("missing canSeeAdverts from userinfo response");return"yes"===t["X-Ip_is_advertise_combined"].toLowerCase()}))},getAgeBand:function(){return c().then((function(t){return t["X-Age-Band"]?Promise.resolve(t["X-Age-Band"]):f.isSignedIn().then((function(t){if(t)return s().then((function(t){return o["X-Age-Band"]=t["X-Age-Band"],o["X-Age-Band"]||void 0})).catch((function(){return o["X-Age-Band"]||void 0}))}))}))},allowsPerformanceCookies:function(){return h(["orb/cookies"]).then((function(t){return!!t.cookiesEnabled()&&!!t.readPolicy("performance")}))},allowsFunctionalCookies:function(){return h(["orb/cookies"]).then((function(t){return!!t.cookiesEnabled()&&!!t.readPolicy("personalisation")}))},getCookieValue:function(t){return h(["orb/cookies"]).then((function(r){return r.get(t)}))}};return f},BBCUserError:p}},7633:function(t,r,e){e(9170),e(6992),e(1539),e(8674),e(7922),e(4668),e(7727),e(8783);var n=e(857);t.exports=n.Promise},1111:function(t,r,e){e(1539),e(4916),e(4953),e(8992),e(9841),e(4506),e(7852),e(2023),e(4723),e(6373),e(6528),e(3112),e(2481),e(5306),e(8757),e(4765),e(3123),e(3157),e(3650),e(3210),e(5674),e(8702),e(8783),e(5218),e(4475),e(7929),e(915),e(9253),e(2125),e(8830),e(8734),e(9254),e(7268),e(7397),e(86),e(623);var n=e(857);t.exports=n.String},9662:function(t,r,e){var n=e(614),o=e(6330);t.exports=function(t){if(n(t))return t;throw TypeError(o(t)+" is not a function")}},9483:function(t,r,e){var n=e(4411),o=e(6330);t.exports=function(t){if(n(t))return t;throw TypeError(o(t)+" is not a constructor")}},6077:function(t,r,e){var n=e(614);t.exports=function(t){if("object"==typeof t||n(t))return t;throw TypeError("Can't set "+String(t)+" as a prototype")}},1223:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5112),o=e(30),i=e(3070),c=n("unscopables"),a=Array.prototype;null==a[c]&&i.f(a,c,{configurable:!0,value:o(null)}),t.exports=function(t){a[c][t]=!0}},1530:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(8710).charAt;t.exports=function(t,r,e){return r+(e?n(t,r).length:1)}},5787:function(t){t.exports=function(t,r,e){if(t instanceof r)return t;throw TypeError("Incorrect "+(e?e+" ":"")+"invocation")}},9670:function(t,r,e){var n=e(111);t.exports=function(t){if(n(t))return t;throw TypeError(String(t)+" is not an object")}},1318:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5656),o=e(7466),i=e(1400),c=function(t){return function(r,e,c){var a,u=n(r),s=o(u.length),f=i(c,s);if(t&&e!=e){for(;s>f;)if((a=u[f++])!=a)return!0}else for(;s>f;f++)if((t||f in u)&&u[f]===e)return t||f||0;return!t&&-1}};t.exports={includes:c(!0),indexOf:c(!1)}},7072:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5112)("iterator"),o=!1;try{var i=0,c={next:function(){return{done:!!i++}},return:function(){o=!0}};c[n]=function(){return this},Array.from(c,(function(){throw 2}))}catch(t){}t.exports=function(t,r){if(!r&&!o)return!1;var e=!1;try{var i={};i[n]=function(){return{next:function(){return{done:e=!0}}}},t(i)}catch(t){}return e}},4326:function(t){var r={}.toString;t.exports=function(t){return r.call(t).slice(8,-1)}},648:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1694),o=e(614),i=e(4326),c=e(5112)("toStringTag"),a="Arguments"==i(function(){return arguments}());t.exports=n?i:function(t){var r,e,n;return void 0===t?"Undefined":null===t?"Null":"string"==typeof(e=function(t,r){try{return t[r]}catch(t){}}(r=Object(t),c))?e:a?i(r):"Object"==(n=i(r))&&o(r.callee)?"Arguments":n}},9920:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6656),o=e(3887),i=e(1236),c=e(3070);t.exports=function(t,r){for(var e=o(r),a=c.f,u=i.f,s=0;s<e.length;s++){var f=e[s];n(t,f)||a(t,f,u(r,f))}}},4964:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5112)("match");t.exports=function(t){var r=/./;try{"/./"[t](r)}catch(e){try{return r[n]=!1,"/./"[t](r)}catch(t){}}return!1}},8544:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293);t.exports=!n((function(){function t(){}return t.prototype.constructor=null,Object.getPrototypeOf(new t)!==t.prototype}))},4230:function(t,r,e){var n=e(4488),o=e(1340),i=/"/g;t.exports=function(t,r,e,c){var a=o(n(t)),u="<"+r;return""!==e&&(u+=" "+e+'="'+o(c).replace(i,""")+'"'),u+">"+a+"</"+r+">"}},4994:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(3383).IteratorPrototype,o=e(30),i=e(9114),c=e(8003),a=e(7497),u=function(){return this};t.exports=function(t,r,e){var s=r+" Iterator";return t.prototype=o(n,{next:i(1,e)}),c(t,s,!1,!0),a[s]=u,t}},8880:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(3070),i=e(9114);t.exports=n?function(t,r,e){return o.f(t,r,i(1,e))}:function(t,r,e){return t[r]=e,t}},9114:function(t){t.exports=function(t,r){return{enumerable:!(1&t),configurable:!(2&t),writable:!(4&t),value:r}}},654:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(1913),i=e(6530),c=e(614),a=e(4994),u=e(9518),s=e(7674),f=e(8003),l=e(8880),p=e(1320),h=e(5112),d=e(7497),v=e(3383),y=i.PROPER,g=i.CONFIGURABLE,b=v.IteratorPrototype,m=v.BUGGY_SAFARI_ITERATORS,x=h("iterator"),w="keys",O="values",E="entries",S=function(){return this};t.exports=function(t,r,e,i,h,v,j){a(e,r,i);var P,T,A,_=function(t){if(t===h&&C)return C;if(!m&&t in L)return L[t];switch(t){case w:case O:case E:return function(){return new e(this,t)}}return function(){return new e(this)}},I=r+" Iterator",R=!1,L=t.prototype,k=L[x]||L["@@iterator"]||h&&L[h],C=!m&&k||_(h),B="Array"==r&&L.entries||k;if(B&&(P=u(B.call(new t)))!==Object.prototype&&P.next&&(o||u(P)===b||(s?s(P,b):c(P[x])||p(P,x,S)),f(P,I,!0,!0),o&&(d[I]=S)),y&&h==O&&k&&k.name!==O&&(!o&&g?l(L,"name",O):(R=!0,C=function(){return k.call(this)})),h)if(T={values:_(O),keys:v?C:_(w),entries:_(E)},j)for(A in T)(m||R||!(A in L))&&p(L,A,T[A]);else n({target:r,proto:!0,forced:m||R},T);return o&&!j||L[x]===C||p(L,x,C,{name:h}),d[r]=C,T}},9781:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293);t.exports=!n((function(){return 7!=Object.defineProperty({},1,{get:function(){return 7}})[1]}))},317:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(111),i=n.document,c=o(i)&&o(i.createElement);t.exports=function(t){return c?i.createElement(t):{}}},8324:function(t){t.exports={CSSRuleList:0,CSSStyleDeclaration:0,CSSValueList:0,ClientRectList:0,DOMRectList:0,DOMStringList:0,DOMTokenList:1,DataTransferItemList:0,FileList:0,HTMLAllCollection:0,HTMLCollection:0,HTMLFormElement:0,HTMLSelectElement:0,MediaList:0,MimeTypeArray:0,NamedNodeMap:0,NodeList:1,PaintRequestList:0,Plugin:0,PluginArray:0,SVGLengthList:0,SVGNumberList:0,SVGPathSegList:0,SVGPointList:0,SVGStringList:0,SVGTransformList:0,SourceBufferList:0,StyleSheetList:0,TextTrackCueList:0,TextTrackList:0,TouchList:0}},8509:function(t,r,e){var n=e(317)("span").classList,o=n&&n.constructor&&n.constructor.prototype;t.exports=o===Object.prototype?void 0:o},7871:function(t){t.exports="object"==typeof window},1528:function(t,r,e){var n=e(8113),o=e(7854);t.exports=/ipad|iphone|ipod/i.test(n)&&void 0!==o.Pebble},6833:function(t,r,e){var n=e(8113);t.exports=/(?:ipad|iphone|ipod).*applewebkit/i.test(n)},5268:function(t,r,e){var n=e(4326),o=e(7854);t.exports="process"==n(o.process)},1036:function(t,r,e){var n=e(8113);t.exports=/web0s(?!.*chrome)/i.test(n)},8113:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5005);t.exports=n("navigator","userAgent")||""},7392:function(t,r,e){var n,o,i=e(7854),c=e(8113),a=i.process,u=i.Deno,s=a&&a.versions||u&&u.version,f=s&&s.v8;f?o=(n=f.split("."))[0]<4?1:n[0]+n[1]:c&&(!(n=c.match(/Edge\/(\d+)/))||n[1]>=74)&&(n=c.match(/Chrome\/(\d+)/))&&(o=n[1]),t.exports=o&&+o},748:function(t){t.exports=["constructor","hasOwnProperty","isPrototypeOf","propertyIsEnumerable","toLocaleString","toString","valueOf"]},2109:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(1236).f,i=e(8880),c=e(1320),a=e(3505),u=e(9920),s=e(4705);t.exports=function(t,r){var e,f,l,p,h,d=t.target,v=t.global,y=t.stat;if(e=v?n:y?n[d]||a(d,{}):(n[d]||{}).prototype)for(f in r){if(p=r[f],l=t.noTargetGet?(h=o(e,f))&&h.value:e[f],!s(v?f:d+(y?".":"#")+f,t.forced)&&void 0!==l){if(typeof p==typeof l)continue;u(p,l)}(t.sham||l&&l.sham)&&i(p,"sham",!0),c(e,f,p,t)}}},7293:function(t){t.exports=function(t){try{return!!t()}catch(t){return!0}}},7007:function(t,r,e){"use strict";e(4916);var n=e(1320),o=e(2261),i=e(7293),c=e(5112),a=e(8880),u=c("species"),s=RegExp.prototype;t.exports=function(t,r,e,f){var l=c(t),p=!i((function(){var r={};return r[l]=function(){return 7},7!=""[t](r)})),h=p&&!i((function(){var r=!1,e=/a/;return"split"===t&&((e={}).constructor={},e.constructor[u]=function(){return e},e.flags="",e[l]=/./[l]),e.exec=function(){return r=!0,null},e[l](""),!r}));if(!p||!h||e){var d=/./[l],v=r(l,""[t],(function(t,r,e,n,i){var c=r.exec;return c===o||c===s.exec?p&&!i?{done:!0,value:d.call(r,e,n)}:{done:!0,value:t.call(e,r,n)}:{done:!1}}));n(String.prototype,t,v[0]),n(s,l,v[1])}f&&a(s[l],"sham",!0)}},9974:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9662);t.exports=function(t,r,e){if(n(t),void 0===r)return t;switch(e){case 0:return function(){return t.call(r)};case 1:return function(e){return t.call(r,e)};case 2:return function(e,n){return t.call(r,e,n)};case 3:return function(e,n,o){return t.call(r,e,n,o)}}return function(){return t.apply(r,arguments)}}},6530:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(6656),i=Function.prototype,c=n&&Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor,a=o(i,"name"),u=a&&"something"===function(){}.name,s=a&&(!n||n&&c(i,"name").configurable);t.exports={EXISTS:a,PROPER:u,CONFIGURABLE:s}},5005:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(614),i=function(t){return o(t)?t:void 0};t.exports=function(t,r){return arguments.length<2?i(n[t]):n[t]&&n[t][r]}},1246:function(t,r,e){var n=e(648),o=e(8173),i=e(7497),c=e(5112)("iterator");t.exports=function(t){if(null!=t)return o(t,c)||o(t,"@@iterator")||i[n(t)]}},8554:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9662),o=e(9670),i=e(1246);t.exports=function(t,r){var e=arguments.length<2?i(t):r;if(n(e))return o(e.call(t));throw TypeError(String(t)+" is not iterable")}},8173:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9662);t.exports=function(t,r){var e=t[r];return null==e?void 0:n(e)}},647:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7908),o=Math.floor,i="".replace,c=/\$([$&'`]|\d{1,2}|<[^>]*>)/g,a=/\$([$&'`]|\d{1,2})/g;t.exports=function(t,r,e,u,s,f){var l=e+t.length,p=u.length,h=a;return void 0!==s&&(s=n(s),h=c),i.call(f,h,(function(n,i){var c;switch(i.charAt(0)){case"$":return"$";case"&":return t;case"`":return r.slice(0,e);case"'":return r.slice(l);case"<":c=s[i.slice(1,-1)];break;default:var a=+i;if(0===a)return n;if(a>p){var f=o(a/10);return 0===f?n:f<=p?void 0===u[f-1]?i.charAt(1):u[f-1]+i.charAt(1):n}c=u[a-1]}return void 0===c?"":c}))}},7854:function(t,r,e){var n=function(t){return t&&t.Math==Math&&t};t.exports=n("object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis)||n("object"==typeof window&&window)||n("object"==typeof self&&self)||n("object"==typeof e.g&&e.g)||function(){return this}()||Function("return this")()},6656:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7908),o={}.hasOwnProperty;t.exports=Object.hasOwn||function(t,r){return o.call(n(t),r)}},3501:function(t){t.exports={}},842:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854);t.exports=function(t,r){var e=n.console;e&&e.error&&(1===arguments.length?e.error(t):e.error(t,r))}},490:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5005);t.exports=n("document","documentElement")},4664:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(7293),i=e(317);t.exports=!n&&!o((function(){return 7!=Object.defineProperty(i("div"),"a",{get:function(){return 7}}).a}))},8361:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293),o=e(4326),i="".split;t.exports=n((function(){return!Object("z").propertyIsEnumerable(0)}))?function(t){return"String"==o(t)?i.call(t,""):Object(t)}:Object},2788:function(t,r,e){var n=e(614),o=e(5465),i=Function.toString;n(o.inspectSource)||(o.inspectSource=function(t){return i.call(t)}),t.exports=o.inspectSource},9909:function(t,r,e){var n,o,i,c=e(8536),a=e(7854),u=e(111),s=e(8880),f=e(6656),l=e(5465),p=e(6200),h=e(3501),d="Object already initialized",v=a.WeakMap;if(c||l.state){var y=l.state||(l.state=new v),g=y.get,b=y.has,m=y.set;n=function(t,r){if(b.call(y,t))throw new TypeError(d);return r.facade=t,m.call(y,t,r),r},o=function(t){return g.call(y,t)||{}},i=function(t){return b.call(y,t)}}else{var x=p("state");h[x]=!0,n=function(t,r){if(f(t,x))throw new TypeError(d);return r.facade=t,s(t,x,r),r},o=function(t){return f(t,x)?t[x]:{}},i=function(t){return f(t,x)}}t.exports={set:n,get:o,has:i,enforce:function(t){return i(t)?o(t):n(t,{})},getterFor:function(t){return function(r){var e;if(!u(r)||(e=o(r)).type!==t)throw TypeError("Incompatible receiver, "+t+" required");return e}}}},7659:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5112),o=e(7497),i=n("iterator"),c=Array.prototype;t.exports=function(t){return void 0!==t&&(o.Array===t||c[i]===t)}},614:function(t){t.exports=function(t){return"function"==typeof t}},4411:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293),o=e(614),i=e(648),c=e(5005),a=e(2788),u=[],s=c("Reflect","construct"),f=/^\s*(?:class|function)\b/,l=f.exec,p=!f.exec((function(){})),h=function(t){if(!o(t))return!1;try{return s(Object,u,t),!0}catch(t){return!1}};t.exports=!s||n((function(){var t;return h(h.call)||!h(Object)||!h((function(){t=!0}))||t}))?function(t){if(!o(t))return!1;switch(i(t)){case"AsyncFunction":case"GeneratorFunction":case"AsyncGeneratorFunction":return!1}return p||!!l.call(f,a(t))}:h},4705:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293),o=e(614),i=/#|\.prototype\./,c=function(t,r){var e=u[a(t)];return e==f||e!=s&&(o(r)?n(r):!!r)},a=c.normalize=function(t){return String(t).replace(i,".").toLowerCase()},u=c.data={},s=c.NATIVE="N",f=c.POLYFILL="P";t.exports=c},111:function(t,r,e){var n=e(614);t.exports=function(t){return"object"==typeof t?null!==t:n(t)}},1913:function(t){t.exports=!1},7850:function(t,r,e){var n=e(111),o=e(4326),i=e(5112)("match");t.exports=function(t){var r;return n(t)&&(void 0!==(r=t[i])?!!r:"RegExp"==o(t))}},2190:function(t,r,e){var n=e(614),o=e(5005),i=e(3307);t.exports=i?function(t){return"symbol"==typeof t}:function(t){var r=o("Symbol");return n(r)&&Object(t)instanceof r}},408:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(7659),i=e(7466),c=e(9974),a=e(8554),u=e(1246),s=e(9212),f=function(t,r){this.stopped=t,this.result=r};t.exports=function(t,r,e){var l,p,h,d,v,y,g,b=e&&e.that,m=!(!e||!e.AS_ENTRIES),x=!(!e||!e.IS_ITERATOR),w=!(!e||!e.INTERRUPTED),O=c(r,b,1+m+w),E=function(t){return l&&s(l,"normal",t),new f(!0,t)},S=function(t){return m?(n(t),w?O(t[0],t[1],E):O(t[0],t[1])):w?O(t,E):O(t)};if(x)l=t;else{if(!(p=u(t)))throw TypeError(String(t)+" is not iterable");if(o(p)){for(h=0,d=i(t.length);d>h;h++)if((v=S(t[h]))&&v instanceof f)return v;return new f(!1)}l=a(t,p)}for(y=l.next;!(g=y.call(l)).done;){try{v=S(g.value)}catch(t){s(l,"throw",t)}if("object"==typeof v&&v&&v instanceof f)return v}return new f(!1)}},9212:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(8173);t.exports=function(t,r,e){var i,c;n(t);try{if(!(i=o(t,"return"))){if("throw"===r)throw e;return e}i=i.call(t)}catch(t){c=!0,i=t}if("throw"===r)throw e;if(c)throw i;return n(i),e}},3383:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o,i,c=e(7293),a=e(614),u=e(30),s=e(9518),f=e(1320),l=e(5112),p=e(1913),h=l("iterator"),d=!1;[].keys&&("next"in(i=[].keys())?(o=s(s(i)))!==Object.prototype&&(n=o):d=!0),null==n||c((function(){var t={};return n[h].call(t)!==t}))?n={}:p&&(n=u(n)),a(n[h])||f(n,h,(function(){return this})),t.exports={IteratorPrototype:n,BUGGY_SAFARI_ITERATORS:d}},7497:function(t){t.exports={}},5948:function(t,r,e){var n,o,i,c,a,u,s,f,l=e(7854),p=e(1236).f,h=e(261).set,d=e(6833),v=e(1528),y=e(1036),g=e(5268),b=l.MutationObserver||l.WebKitMutationObserver,m=l.document,x=l.process,w=l.Promise,O=p(l,"queueMicrotask"),E=O&&O.value;E||(n=function(){var t,r;for(g&&(t=x.domain)&&t.exit();o;){r=o.fn,o=o.next;try{r()}catch(t){throw o?c():i=void 0,t}}i=void 0,t&&t.enter()},d||g||y||!b||!m?!v&&w&&w.resolve?((s=w.resolve(void 0)).constructor=w,f=s.then,c=function(){f.call(s,n)}):c=g?function(){x.nextTick(n)}:function(){h.call(l,n)}:(a=!0,u=m.createTextNode(""),new b(n).observe(u,{characterData:!0}),c=function(){u.data=a=!a})),t.exports=E||function(t){var r={fn:t,next:void 0};i&&(i.next=r),o||(o=r,c()),i=r}},3366:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854);t.exports=n.Promise},133:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7392),o=e(7293);t.exports=!!Object.getOwnPropertySymbols&&!o((function(){var t=Symbol();return!String(t)||!(Object(t)instanceof Symbol)||!Symbol.sham&&n&&n<41}))},8536:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(614),i=e(2788),c=n.WeakMap;t.exports=o(c)&&/native code/.test(i(c))},8523:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(9662),o=function(t){var r,e;this.promise=new t((function(t,n){if(void 0!==r||void 0!==e)throw TypeError("Bad Promise constructor");r=t,e=n})),this.resolve=n(r),this.reject=n(e)};t.exports.f=function(t){return new o(t)}},3929:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7850);t.exports=function(t){if(n(t))throw TypeError("The method doesn't accept regular expressions");return t}},30:function(t,r,e){var n,o=e(9670),i=e(6048),c=e(748),a=e(3501),u=e(490),s=e(317),f=e(6200),l=f("IE_PROTO"),p=function(){},h=function(t){return"<script>"+t+"</"+"script>"},d=function(t){t.write(h("")),t.close();var r=t.parentWindow.Object;return t=null,r},v=function(){try{n=new ActiveXObject("htmlfile")}catch(t){}var t,r;v="undefined"!=typeof document?document.domain&&n?d(n):((r=s("iframe")).style.display="none",u.appendChild(r),r.src=String("javascript:"),(t=r.contentWindow.document).open(),t.write(h("document.F=Object")),t.close(),t.F):d(n);for(var e=c.length;e--;)delete v.prototype[c[e]];return v()};a[l]=!0,t.exports=Object.create||function(t,r){var e;return null!==t?(p.prototype=o(t),e=new p,p.prototype=null,e[l]=t):e=v(),void 0===r?e:i(e,r)}},6048:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(3070),i=e(9670),c=e(1956);t.exports=n?Object.defineProperties:function(t,r){i(t);for(var e,n=c(r),a=n.length,u=0;a>u;)o.f(t,e=n[u++],r[e]);return t}},3070:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(4664),i=e(9670),c=e(4948),a=Object.defineProperty;r.f=n?a:function(t,r,e){if(i(t),r=c(r),i(e),o)try{return a(t,r,e)}catch(t){}if("get"in e||"set"in e)throw TypeError("Accessors not supported");return"value"in e&&(t[r]=e.value),t}},1236:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(5296),i=e(9114),c=e(5656),a=e(4948),u=e(6656),s=e(4664),f=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;r.f=n?f:function(t,r){if(t=c(t),r=a(r),s)try{return f(t,r)}catch(t){}if(u(t,r))return i(!o.f.call(t,r),t[r])}},8006:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6324),o=e(748).concat("length","prototype");r.f=Object.getOwnPropertyNames||function(t){return n(t,o)}},5181:function(t,r){r.f=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols},9518:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6656),o=e(614),i=e(7908),c=e(6200),a=e(8544),u=c("IE_PROTO"),s=Object.prototype;t.exports=a?Object.getPrototypeOf:function(t){var r=i(t);if(n(r,u))return r[u];var e=r.constructor;return o(e)&&r instanceof e?e.prototype:r instanceof Object?s:null}},6324:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6656),o=e(5656),i=e(1318).indexOf,c=e(3501);t.exports=function(t,r){var e,a=o(t),u=0,s=[];for(e in a)!n(c,e)&&n(a,e)&&s.push(e);for(;r.length>u;)n(a,e=r[u++])&&(~i(s,e)||s.push(e));return s}},1956:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6324),o=e(748);t.exports=Object.keys||function(t){return n(t,o)}},5296:function(t,r){"use strict";var e={}.propertyIsEnumerable,n=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor,o=n&&!e.call({1:2},1);r.f=o?function(t){var r=n(this,t);return!!r&&r.enumerable}:e},7674:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(6077);t.exports=Object.setPrototypeOf||("__proto__"in{}?function(){var t,r=!1,e={};try{(t=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object.prototype,"__proto__").set).call(e,[]),r=e instanceof Array}catch(t){}return function(e,i){return n(e),o(i),r?t.call(e,i):e.__proto__=i,e}}():void 0)},288:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(1694),o=e(648);t.exports=n?{}.toString:function(){return"[object "+o(this)+"]"}},2140:function(t,r,e){var n=e(614),o=e(111);t.exports=function(t,r){var e,i;if("string"===r&&n(e=t.toString)&&!o(i=e.call(t)))return i;if(n(e=t.valueOf)&&!o(i=e.call(t)))return i;if("string"!==r&&n(e=t.toString)&&!o(i=e.call(t)))return i;throw TypeError("Can't convert object to primitive value")}},3887:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5005),o=e(8006),i=e(5181),c=e(9670);t.exports=n("Reflect","ownKeys")||function(t){var r=o.f(c(t)),e=i.f;return e?r.concat(e(t)):r}},857:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854);t.exports=n},2534:function(t){t.exports=function(t){try{return{error:!1,value:t()}}catch(t){return{error:!0,value:t}}}},9478:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(111),i=e(8523);t.exports=function(t,r){if(n(t),o(r)&&r.constructor===t)return r;var e=i.f(t);return(0,e.resolve)(r),e.promise}},2248:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1320);t.exports=function(t,r,e){for(var o in r)n(t,o,r[o],e);return t}},1320:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(614),i=e(6656),c=e(8880),a=e(3505),u=e(2788),s=e(9909),f=e(6530).CONFIGURABLE,l=s.get,p=s.enforce,h=String(String).split("String");(t.exports=function(t,r,e,u){var s,l=!!u&&!!u.unsafe,d=!!u&&!!u.enumerable,v=!!u&&!!u.noTargetGet,y=u&&void 0!==u.name?u.name:r;o(e)&&("Symbol("===String(y).slice(0,7)&&(y="["+String(y).replace(/^Symbol$([^)]*)$/,"$1")+"]"),(!i(e,"name")||f&&e.name!==y)&&c(e,"name",y),(s=p(e)).source||(s.source=h.join("string"==typeof y?y:""))),t!==n?(l?!v&&t[r]&&(d=!0):delete t[r],d?t[r]=e:c(t,r,e)):d?t[r]=e:a(r,e)})(Function.prototype,"toString",(function(){return o(this)&&l(this).source||u(this)}))},7651:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(614),i=e(4326),c=e(2261);t.exports=function(t,r){var e=t.exec;if(o(e)){var a=e.call(t,r);return null!==a&&n(a),a}if("RegExp"===i(t))return c.call(t,r);throw TypeError("RegExp#exec called on incompatible receiver")}},2261:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o,i=e(1340),c=e(7066),a=e(2999),u=e(2309),s=e(30),f=e(9909).get,l=e(9441),p=e(7168),h=RegExp.prototype.exec,d=u("native-string-replace",String.prototype.replace),v=h,y=(n=/a/,o=/b*/g,h.call(n,"a"),h.call(o,"a"),0!==n.lastIndex||0!==o.lastIndex),g=a.UNSUPPORTED_Y||a.BROKEN_CARET,b=void 0!==/()??/.exec("")[1];(y||b||g||l||p)&&(v=function(t){var r,e,n,o,a,u,l,p=this,m=f(p),x=i(t),w=m.raw;if(w)return w.lastIndex=p.lastIndex,r=v.call(w,x),p.lastIndex=w.lastIndex,r;var O=m.groups,E=g&&p.sticky,S=c.call(p),j=p.source,P=0,T=x;if(E&&(-1===(S=S.replace("y","")).indexOf("g")&&(S+="g"),T=x.slice(p.lastIndex),p.lastIndex>0&&(!p.multiline||p.multiline&&"\n"!==x.charAt(p.lastIndex-1))&&(j="(?: "+j+")",T=" "+T,P++),e=new RegExp("^(?:"+j+")",S)),b&&(e=new RegExp("^"+j+"$(?!\\s)",S)),y&&(n=p.lastIndex),o=h.call(E?e:p,T),E?o?(o.input=o.input.slice(P),o[0]=o[0].slice(P),o.index=p.lastIndex,p.lastIndex+=o[0].length):p.lastIndex=0:y&&o&&(p.lastIndex=p.global?o.index+o[0].length:n),b&&o&&o.length>1&&d.call(o[0],e,(function(){for(a=1;a<arguments.length-2;a++)void 0===arguments[a]&&(o[a]=void 0)})),o&&O)for(o.groups=u=s(null),a=0;a<O.length;a++)u[(l=O[a])[0]]=o[l[1]];return o}),t.exports=v},7066:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(9670);t.exports=function(){var t=n(this),r="";return t.global&&(r+="g"),t.ignoreCase&&(r+="i"),t.multiline&&(r+="m"),t.dotAll&&(r+="s"),t.unicode&&(r+="u"),t.sticky&&(r+="y"),r}},2999:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293),o=e(7854).RegExp;r.UNSUPPORTED_Y=n((function(){var t=o("a","y");return t.lastIndex=2,null!=t.exec("abcd")})),r.BROKEN_CARET=n((function(){var t=o("^r","gy");return t.lastIndex=2,null!=t.exec("str")}))},9441:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293),o=e(7854).RegExp;t.exports=n((function(){var t=o(".","s");return!(t.dotAll&&t.exec("\n")&&"s"===t.flags)}))},7168:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293),o=e(7854).RegExp;t.exports=n((function(){var t=o("(?<a>b)","g");return"b"!==t.exec("b").groups.a||"bc"!=="b".replace(t,"$<a>c")}))},4488:function(t){t.exports=function(t){if(null==t)throw TypeError("Can't call method on "+t);return t}},6029:function(t){t.exports=Object.is||function(t,r){return t===r?0!==t||1/t==1/r:t!=t&&r!=r}},3505:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854);t.exports=function(t,r){try{Object.defineProperty(n,t,{value:r,configurable:!0,writable:!0})}catch(e){n[t]=r}return r}},6340:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(5005),o=e(3070),i=e(5112),c=e(9781),a=i("species");t.exports=function(t){var r=n(t),e=o.f;c&&r&&!r[a]&&e(r,a,{configurable:!0,get:function(){return this}})}},8003:function(t,r,e){var n=e(3070).f,o=e(6656),i=e(5112)("toStringTag");t.exports=function(t,r,e){t&&!o(t=e?t:t.prototype,i)&&n(t,i,{configurable:!0,value:r})}},6200:function(t,r,e){var n=e(2309),o=e(9711),i=n("keys");t.exports=function(t){return i[t]||(i[t]=o(t))}},5465:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(3505),i="__core-js_shared__",c=n[i]||o(i,{});t.exports=c},2309:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1913),o=e(5465);(t.exports=function(t,r){return o[t]||(o[t]=void 0!==r?r:{})})("versions",[]).push({version:"3.18.0",mode:n?"pure":"global",copyright:"© 2021 Denis Pushkarev (zloirock.ru)"})},6707:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(9483),i=e(5112)("species");t.exports=function(t,r){var e,c=n(t).constructor;return void 0===c||null==(e=n(c)[i])?r:o(e)}},3429:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293);t.exports=function(t){return n((function(){var r=""[t]('"');return r!==r.toLowerCase()||r.split('"').length>3}))}},8710:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9958),o=e(1340),i=e(4488),c=function(t){return function(r,e){var c,a,u=o(i(r)),s=n(e),f=u.length;return s<0||s>=f?t?"":void 0:(c=u.charCodeAt(s))<55296||c>56319||s+1===f||(a=u.charCodeAt(s+1))<56320||a>57343?t?u.charAt(s):c:t?u.slice(s,s+2):a-56320+(c-55296<<10)+65536}};t.exports={codeAt:c(!1),charAt:c(!0)}},4986:function(t,r,e){var n=e(8113);t.exports=/Version\/10(?:\.\d+){1,2}(?: [\w./]+)?(?: Mobile\/\w+)? Safari\//.test(n)},6650:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7466),o=e(1340),i=e(8415),c=e(4488),a=Math.ceil,u=function(t){return function(r,e,u){var s,f,l=o(c(r)),p=l.length,h=void 0===u?" ":o(u),d=n(e);return d<=p||""==h?l:(s=d-p,(f=i.call(h,a(s/h.length))).length>s&&(f=f.slice(0,s)),t?l+f:f+l)}};t.exports={start:u(!1),end:u(!0)}},8415:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(9958),o=e(1340),i=e(4488);t.exports=function(t){var r=o(i(this)),e="",c=n(t);if(c<0||c==1/0)throw RangeError("Wrong number of repetitions");for(;c>0;(c>>>=1)&&(r+=r))1&c&&(e+=r);return e}},6091:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6530).PROPER,o=e(7293),i=e(1361);t.exports=function(t){return o((function(){return!!i[t]()||"᠎"!=="᠎"[t]()||n&&i[t].name!==t}))}},3111:function(t,r,e){var n=e(4488),o=e(1340),i="["+e(1361)+"]",c=RegExp("^"+i+i+"*"),a=RegExp(i+i+"*$"),u=function(t){return function(r){var e=o(n(r));return 1&t&&(e=e.replace(c,"")),2&t&&(e=e.replace(a,"")),e}};t.exports={start:u(1),end:u(2),trim:u(3)}},261:function(t,r,e){var n,o,i,c,a=e(7854),u=e(614),s=e(7293),f=e(9974),l=e(490),p=e(317),h=e(6833),d=e(5268),v=a.setImmediate,y=a.clearImmediate,g=a.process,b=a.MessageChannel,m=a.Dispatch,x=0,w={},O="onreadystatechange";try{n=a.location}catch(t){}var E=function(t){if(w.hasOwnProperty(t)){var r=w[t];delete w[t],r()}},S=function(t){return function(){E(t)}},j=function(t){E(t.data)},P=function(t){a.postMessage(String(t),n.protocol+"//"+n.host)};v&&y||(v=function(t){for(var r=[],e=arguments.length,n=1;e>n;)r.push(arguments[n++]);return w[++x]=function(){(u(t)?t:Function(t)).apply(void 0,r)},o(x),x},y=function(t){delete w[t]},d?o=function(t){g.nextTick(S(t))}:m&&m.now?o=function(t){m.now(S(t))}:b&&!h?(c=(i=new b).port2,i.port1.onmessage=j,o=f(c.postMessage,c,1)):a.addEventListener&&u(a.postMessage)&&!a.importScripts&&n&&"file:"!==n.protocol&&!s(P)?(o=P,a.addEventListener("message",j,!1)):o=O in p("script")?function(t){l.appendChild(p("script")).onreadystatechange=function(){l.removeChild(this),E(t)}}:function(t){setTimeout(S(t),0)}),t.exports={set:v,clear:y}},1400:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9958),o=Math.max,i=Math.min;t.exports=function(t,r){var e=n(t);return e<0?o(e+r,0):i(e,r)}},5656:function(t,r,e){var n=e(8361),o=e(4488);t.exports=function(t){return n(o(t))}},9958:function(t){var r=Math.ceil,e=Math.floor;t.exports=function(t){return isNaN(t=+t)?0:(t>0?e:r)(t)}},7466:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9958),o=Math.min;t.exports=function(t){return t>0?o(n(t),9007199254740991):0}},7908:function(t,r,e){var n=e(4488);t.exports=function(t){return Object(n(t))}},7593:function(t,r,e){var n=e(111),o=e(2190),i=e(8173),c=e(2140),a=e(5112)("toPrimitive");t.exports=function(t,r){if(!n(t)||o(t))return t;var e,u=i(t,a);if(u){if(void 0===r&&(r="default"),e=u.call(t,r),!n(e)||o(e))return e;throw TypeError("Can't convert object to primitive value")}return void 0===r&&(r="number"),c(t,r)}},4948:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7593),o=e(2190);t.exports=function(t){var r=n(t,"string");return o(r)?r:String(r)}},1694:function(t,r,e){var n={};n[e(5112)("toStringTag")]="z",t.exports="[object z]"===String(n)},1340:function(t,r,e){var n=e(648);t.exports=function(t){if("Symbol"===n(t))throw TypeError("Cannot convert a Symbol value to a string");return String(t)}},6330:function(t){t.exports=function(t){try{return String(t)}catch(t){return"Object"}}},9711:function(t){var r=0,e=Math.random();t.exports=function(t){return"Symbol("+String(void 0===t?"":t)+")_"+(++r+e).toString(36)}},3307:function(t,r,e){var n=e(133);t.exports=n&&!Symbol.sham&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator},5112:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(2309),i=e(6656),c=e(9711),a=e(133),u=e(3307),s=o("wks"),f=n.Symbol,l=u?f:f&&f.withoutSetter||c;t.exports=function(t){return i(s,t)&&(a||"string"==typeof s[t])||(a&&i(f,t)?s[t]=f[t]:s[t]=l("Symbol."+t)),s[t]}},1361:function(t){t.exports="\t\n\v\f\r     　\u2028\u2029\ufeff"},9170:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(9518),i=e(7674),c=e(30),a=e(8880),u=e(9114),s=e(408),f=e(1340),l=function(t,r){var e=this;if(!(e instanceof l))return new l(t,r);i&&(e=i(new Error(void 0),o(e))),void 0!==r&&a(e,"message",f(r));var n=[];return s(t,n.push,{that:n}),a(e,"errors",n),e};l.prototype=c(Error.prototype,{constructor:u(5,l),message:u(5,""),name:u(5,"AggregateError")}),n({global:!0},{AggregateError:l})},6992:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(5656),o=e(1223),i=e(7497),c=e(9909),a=e(654),u="Array Iterator",s=c.set,f=c.getterFor(u);t.exports=a(Array,"Array",(function(t,r){s(this,{type:u,target:n(t),index:0,kind:r})}),(function(){var t=f(this),r=t.target,e=t.kind,n=t.index++;return!r||n>=r.length?(t.target=void 0,{value:void 0,done:!0}):"keys"==e?{value:n,done:!1}:"values"==e?{value:r[n],done:!1}:{value:[n,r[n]],done:!1}}),"values"),i.Arguments=i.Array,o("keys"),o("values"),o("entries")},1539:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1694),o=e(1320),i=e(288);n||o(Object.prototype,"toString",i,{unsafe:!0})},7922:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(9662),i=e(8523),c=e(2534),a=e(408);n({target:"Promise",stat:!0},{allSettled:function(t){var r=this,e=i.f(r),n=e.resolve,u=e.reject,s=c((function(){var e=o(r.resolve),i=[],c=0,u=1;a(t,(function(t){var o=c++,a=!1;i.push(void 0),u++,e.call(r,t).then((function(t){a||(a=!0,i[o]={status:"fulfilled",value:t},--u||n(i))}),(function(t){a||(a=!0,i[o]={status:"rejected",reason:t},--u||n(i))}))})),--u||n(i)}));return s.error&&u(s.value),e.promise}})},4668:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(9662),i=e(5005),c=e(8523),a=e(2534),u=e(408),s="No one promise resolved";n({target:"Promise",stat:!0},{any:function(t){var r=this,e=c.f(r),n=e.resolve,f=e.reject,l=a((function(){var e=o(r.resolve),c=[],a=0,l=1,p=!1;u(t,(function(t){var o=a++,u=!1;c.push(void 0),l++,e.call(r,t).then((function(t){u||p||(p=!0,n(t))}),(function(t){u||p||(u=!0,c[o]=t,--l||f(new(i("AggregateError"))(c,s)))}))})),--l||f(new(i("AggregateError"))(c,s))}));return l.error&&f(l.value),e.promise}})},7727:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(1913),i=e(3366),c=e(7293),a=e(5005),u=e(614),s=e(6707),f=e(9478),l=e(1320);if(n({target:"Promise",proto:!0,real:!0,forced:!!i&&c((function(){i.prototype.finally.call({then:function(){}},(function(){}))}))},{finally:function(t){var r=s(this,a("Promise")),e=u(t);return this.then(e?function(e){return f(r,t()).then((function(){return e}))}:t,e?function(e){return f(r,t()).then((function(){throw e}))}:t)}}),!o&&u(i)){var p=a("Promise").prototype.finally;i.prototype.finally!==p&&l(i.prototype,"finally",p,{unsafe:!0})}},8674:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o,i,c,a=e(2109),u=e(1913),s=e(7854),f=e(5005),l=e(3366),p=e(1320),h=e(2248),d=e(7674),v=e(8003),y=e(6340),g=e(9662),b=e(614),m=e(111),x=e(5787),w=e(2788),O=e(408),E=e(7072),S=e(6707),j=e(261).set,P=e(5948),T=e(9478),A=e(842),_=e(8523),I=e(2534),R=e(9909),L=e(4705),k=e(5112),C=e(7871),B=e(5268),D=e(7392),F=k("species"),M="Promise",U=R.get,N=R.set,G=R.getterFor(M),X=l&&l.prototype,$=l,H=X,q=s.TypeError,W=s.document,V=s.process,z=_.f,Y=z,K=!!(W&&W.createEvent&&s.dispatchEvent),J=b(s.PromiseRejectionEvent),Q="unhandledrejection",Z=!1,tt=L(M,(function(){var t=w($),r=t!==String($);if(!r&&66===D)return!0;if(u&&!H.finally)return!0;if(D>=51&&/native code/.test(t))return!1;var e=new $((function(t){t(1)})),n=function(t){t((function(){}),(function(){}))};return(e.constructor={})[F]=n,!(Z=e.then((function(){}))instanceof n)||!r&&C&&!J})),rt=tt||!E((function(t){$.all(t).catch((function(){}))})),et=function(t){var r;return!(!m(t)||!b(r=t.then))&&r},nt=function(t,r){if(!t.notified){t.notified=!0;var e=t.reactions;P((function(){for(var n=t.value,o=1==t.state,i=0;e.length>i;){var c,a,u,s=e[i++],f=o?s.ok:s.fail,l=s.resolve,p=s.reject,h=s.domain;try{f?(o||(2===t.rejection&&at(t),t.rejection=1),!0===f?c=n:(h&&h.enter(),c=f(n),h&&(h.exit(),u=!0)),c===s.promise?p(q("Promise-chain cycle")):(a=et(c))?a.call(c,l,p):l(c)):p(n)}catch(t){h&&!u&&h.exit(),p(t)}}t.reactions=[],t.notified=!1,r&&!t.rejection&&it(t)}))}},ot=function(t,r,e){var n,o;K?((n=W.createEvent("Event")).promise=r,n.reason=e,n.initEvent(t,!1,!0),s.dispatchEvent(n)):n={promise:r,reason:e},!J&&(o=s["on"+t])?o(n):t===Q&&A("Unhandled promise rejection",e)},it=function(t){j.call(s,(function(){var r,e=t.facade,n=t.value;if(ct(t)&&(r=I((function(){B?V.emit("unhandledRejection",n,e):ot(Q,e,n)})),t.rejection=B||ct(t)?2:1,r.error))throw r.value}))},ct=function(t){return 1!==t.rejection&&!t.parent},at=function(t){j.call(s,(function(){var r=t.facade;B?V.emit("rejectionHandled",r):ot("rejectionhandled",r,t.value)}))},ut=function(t,r,e){return function(n){t(r,n,e)}},st=function(t,r,e){t.done||(t.done=!0,e&&(t=e),t.value=r,t.state=2,nt(t,!0))},ft=function(t,r,e){if(!t.done){t.done=!0,e&&(t=e);try{if(t.facade===r)throw q("Promise can't be resolved itself");var n=et(r);n?P((function(){var e={done:!1};try{n.call(r,ut(ft,e,t),ut(st,e,t))}catch(r){st(e,r,t)}})):(t.value=r,t.state=1,nt(t,!1))}catch(r){st({done:!1},r,t)}}};if(tt&&(H=($=function(t){x(this,$,M),g(t),n.call(this);var r=U(this);try{t(ut(ft,r),ut(st,r))}catch(t){st(r,t)}}).prototype,(n=function(t){N(this,{type:M,done:!1,notified:!1,parent:!1,reactions:[],rejection:!1,state:0,value:void 0})}).prototype=h(H,{then:function(t,r){var e=G(this),n=z(S(this,$));return n.ok=!b(t)||t,n.fail=b(r)&&r,n.domain=B?V.domain:void 0,e.parent=!0,e.reactions.push(n),0!=e.state&&nt(e,!1),n.promise},catch:function(t){return this.then(void 0,t)}}),o=function(){var t=new n,r=U(t);this.promise=t,this.resolve=ut(ft,r),this.reject=ut(st,r)},_.f=z=function(t){return t===$||t===i?new o(t):Y(t)},!u&&b(l)&&X!==Object.prototype)){c=X.then,Z||(p(X,"then",(function(t,r){var e=this;return new $((function(t,r){c.call(e,t,r)})).then(t,r)}),{unsafe:!0}),p(X,"catch",H.catch,{unsafe:!0}));try{delete X.constructor}catch(t){}d&&d(X,H)}a({global:!0,wrap:!0,forced:tt},{Promise:$}),v($,M,!1,!0),y(M),i=f(M),a({target:M,stat:!0,forced:tt},{reject:function(t){var r=z(this);return r.reject.call(void 0,t),r.promise}}),a({target:M,stat:!0,forced:u||tt},{resolve:function(t){return T(u&&this===i?$:this,t)}}),a({target:M,stat:!0,forced:rt},{all:function(t){var r=this,e=z(r),n=e.resolve,o=e.reject,i=I((function(){var e=g(r.resolve),i=[],c=0,a=1;O(t,(function(t){var u=c++,s=!1;i.push(void 0),a++,e.call(r,t).then((function(t){s||(s=!0,i[u]=t,--a||n(i))}),o)})),--a||n(i)}));return i.error&&o(i.value),e.promise},race:function(t){var r=this,e=z(r),n=e.reject,o=I((function(){var o=g(r.resolve);O(t,(function(t){o.call(r,t).then(e.resolve,n)}))}));return o.error&&n(o.value),e.promise}})},4916:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(2261);n({target:"RegExp",proto:!0,forced:/./.exec!==o},{exec:o})},5218:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("anchor")},{anchor:function(t){return o(this,"a","name",t)}})},4506:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4488),i=e(9958),c=e(7466),a=e(1340);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(7293)((function(){return"\ud842"!=="𠮷".at(0)}))},{at:function(t){var r=a(o(this)),e=c(r.length),n=i(t),u=n>=0?n:e+n;return u<0||u>=e?void 0:r.charAt(u)}})},4475:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("big")},{big:function(){return o(this,"big","","")}})},7929:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("blink")},{blink:function(){return o(this,"blink","","")}})},915:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("bold")},{bold:function(){return o(this,"b","","")}})},9841:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(8710).codeAt;n({target:"String",proto:!0},{codePointAt:function(t){return o(this,t)}})},7852:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o=e(2109),i=e(1236).f,c=e(7466),a=e(1340),u=e(3929),s=e(4488),f=e(4964),l=e(1913),p="".endsWith,h=Math.min,d=f("endsWith");o({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:!!(l||d||(n=i(String.prototype,"endsWith"),!n||n.writable))&&!d},{endsWith:function(t){var r=a(s(this));u(t);var e=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0,n=c(r.length),o=void 0===e?n:h(c(e),n),i=a(t);return p?p.call(r,i,o):r.slice(o-i.length,o)===i}})},9253:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("fixed")},{fixed:function(){return o(this,"tt","","")}})},2125:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("fontcolor")},{fontcolor:function(t){return o(this,"font","color",t)}})},8830:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("fontsize")},{fontsize:function(t){return o(this,"font","size",t)}})},4953:function(t,r,e){var n=e(2109),o=e(1400),i=String.fromCharCode,c=String.fromCodePoint;n({target:"String",stat:!0,forced:!!c&&1!=c.length},{fromCodePoint:function(t){for(var r,e=[],n=arguments.length,c=0;n>c;){if(r=+arguments[c++],o(r,1114111)!==r)throw RangeError(r+" is not a valid code point");e.push(r<65536?i(r):i(55296+((r-=65536)>>10),r%1024+56320))}return e.join("")}})},2023:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(3929),i=e(4488),c=e(1340);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:!e(4964)("includes")},{includes:function(t){return!!~c(i(this)).indexOf(c(o(t)),arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}})},8734:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("italics")},{italics:function(){return o(this,"i","","")}})},8783:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(8710).charAt,o=e(1340),i=e(9909),c=e(654),a="String Iterator",u=i.set,s=i.getterFor(a);c(String,"String",(function(t){u(this,{type:a,string:o(t),index:0})}),(function(){var t,r=s(this),e=r.string,o=r.index;return o>=e.length?{value:void 0,done:!0}:(t=n(e,o),r.index+=t.length,{value:t,done:!1})}))},9254:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("link")},{link:function(t){return o(this,"a","href",t)}})},6373:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4994),i=e(4488),c=e(7466),a=e(1340),u=e(9670),s=e(4326),f=e(7850),l=e(7066),p=e(8173),h=e(1320),d=e(7293),v=e(5112),y=e(6707),g=e(1530),b=e(7651),m=e(9909),x=e(1913),w=v("matchAll"),O="RegExp String",E="RegExp String Iterator",S=m.set,j=m.getterFor(E),P=RegExp.prototype,T="".matchAll,A=!!T&&!d((function(){"a".matchAll(/./)})),_=o((function(t,r,e,n){S(this,{type:E,regexp:t,string:r,global:e,unicode:n,done:!1})}),O,(function(){var t=j(this);if(t.done)return{value:void 0,done:!0};var r=t.regexp,e=t.string,n=b(r,e);return null===n?{value:void 0,done:t.done=!0}:t.global?(""===a(n[0])&&(r.lastIndex=g(e,c(r.lastIndex),t.unicode)),{value:n,done:!1}):(t.done=!0,{value:n,done:!1})})),I=function(t){var r,e,n,o,i,s,f=u(this),p=a(t);return r=y(f,RegExp),void 0===(e=f.flags)&&f instanceof RegExp&&!("flags"in P)&&(e=l.call(f)),n=void 0===e?"":a(e),o=new r(r===RegExp?f.source:f,n),i=!!~n.indexOf("g"),s=!!~n.indexOf("u"),o.lastIndex=c(f.lastIndex),new _(o,p,i,s)};n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:A},{matchAll:function(t){var r,e,n,o=i(this);if(null!=t){if(f(t)&&!~a(i("flags"in P?t.flags:l.call(t))).indexOf("g"))throw TypeError("`.matchAll` does not allow non-global regexes");if(A)return T.apply(o,arguments);if(void 0===(e=p(t,w))&&x&&"RegExp"==s(t)&&(e=I),e)return e.call(t,o)}else if(A)return T.apply(o,arguments);return r=a(o),n=new RegExp(t,"g"),x?I.call(n,r):n[w](r)}}),x||w in P||h(P,w,I)},4723:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(7007),o=e(9670),i=e(7466),c=e(1340),a=e(4488),u=e(8173),s=e(1530),f=e(7651);n("match",(function(t,r,e){return[function(r){var e=a(this),n=null==r?void 0:u(r,t);return n?n.call(r,e):new RegExp(r)[t](c(e))},function(t){var n=o(this),a=c(t),u=e(r,n,a);if(u.done)return u.value;if(!n.global)return f(n,a);var l=n.unicode;n.lastIndex=0;for(var p,h=[],d=0;null!==(p=f(n,a));){var v=c(p[0]);h[d]=v,""===v&&(n.lastIndex=s(a,i(n.lastIndex),l)),d++}return 0===d?null:h}]}))},6528:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(6650).end;n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(4986)},{padEnd:function(t){return o(this,t,arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}})},3112:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(6650).start;n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(4986)},{padStart:function(t){return o(this,t,arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}})},8992:function(t,r,e){var n=e(2109),o=e(5656),i=e(7908),c=e(7466),a=e(1340),u=Array.prototype,s=u.push,f=u.join;n({target:"String",stat:!0},{raw:function(t){for(var r=o(i(t).raw),e=c(r.length),n=arguments.length,u=[],l=0;e>l;)s.call(u,a(r[l++])),l<n&&s.call(u,a(arguments[l]));return f.call(u,"")}})},2481:function(t,r,e){e(2109)({target:"String",proto:!0},{repeat:e(8415)})},8757:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4488),i=e(614),c=e(7850),a=e(1340),u=e(8173),s=e(7066),f=e(647),l=e(5112),p=e(1913),h=l("replace"),d=RegExp.prototype,v=Math.max,y=function(t,r,e){return e>t.length?-1:""===r?e:t.indexOf(r,e)};n({target:"String",proto:!0},{replaceAll:function(t,r){var e,n,l,g,b,m,x,w,O=o(this),E=0,S=0,j="";if(null!=t){if((e=c(t))&&!~a(o("flags"in d?t.flags:s.call(t))).indexOf("g"))throw TypeError("`.replaceAll` does not allow non-global regexes");if(n=u(t,h))return n.call(t,O,r);if(p&&e)return a(O).replace(t,r)}for(l=a(O),g=a(t),(b=i(r))||(r=a(r)),m=g.length,x=v(1,m),E=y(l,g,0);-1!==E;)w=b?a(r(g,E,l)):f(g,l,E,[],void 0,r),j+=l.slice(S,E)+w,S=E+m,E=y(l,g,E+x);return S<l.length&&(j+=l.slice(S)),j}})},5306:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(7007),o=e(7293),i=e(9670),c=e(614),a=e(9958),u=e(7466),s=e(1340),f=e(4488),l=e(1530),p=e(8173),h=e(647),d=e(7651),v=e(5112)("replace"),y=Math.max,g=Math.min,b="$0"==="a".replace(/./,"$0"),m=!!/./[v]&&""===/./[v]("a","$0");n("replace",(function(t,r,e){var n=m?"$":"$0";return[function(t,e){var n=f(this),o=null==t?void 0:p(t,v);return o?o.call(t,n,e):r.call(s(n),t,e)},function(t,o){var f=i(this),p=s(t);if("string"==typeof o&&-1===o.indexOf(n)&&-1===o.indexOf("$<")){var v=e(r,f,p,o);if(v.done)return v.value}var b=c(o);b||(o=s(o));var m=f.global;if(m){var x=f.unicode;f.lastIndex=0}for(var w=[];;){var O=d(f,p);if(null===O)break;if(w.push(O),!m)break;""===s(O[0])&&(f.lastIndex=l(p,u(f.lastIndex),x))}for(var E,S="",j=0,P=0;P<w.length;P++){O=w[P];for(var T=s(O[0]),A=y(g(a(O.index),p.length),0),_=[],I=1;I<O.length;I++)_.push(void 0===(E=O[I])?E:String(E));var R=O.groups;if(b){var L=[T].concat(_,A,p);void 0!==R&&L.push(R);var k=s(o.apply(void 0,L))}else k=h(T,p,A,_,R,o);A>=j&&(S+=p.slice(j,A)+k,j=A+T.length)}return S+p.slice(j)}]}),!!o((function(){var t=/./;return t.exec=function(){var t=[];return t.groups={a:"7"},t},"7"!=="".replace(t,"$<a>")}))||!b||m)},4765:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(7007),o=e(9670),i=e(4488),c=e(6029),a=e(1340),u=e(8173),s=e(7651);n("search",(function(t,r,e){return[function(r){var e=i(this),n=null==r?void 0:u(r,t);return n?n.call(r,e):new RegExp(r)[t](a(e))},function(t){var n=o(this),i=a(t),u=e(r,n,i);if(u.done)return u.value;var f=n.lastIndex;c(f,0)||(n.lastIndex=0);var l=s(n,i);return c(n.lastIndex,f)||(n.lastIndex=f),null===l?-1:l.index}]}))},7268:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("small")},{small:function(){return o(this,"small","","")}})},3123:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(7007),o=e(7850),i=e(9670),c=e(4488),a=e(6707),u=e(1530),s=e(7466),f=e(1340),l=e(8173),p=e(7651),h=e(2261),d=e(2999),v=e(7293),y=d.UNSUPPORTED_Y,g=[].push,b=Math.min,m=4294967295;n("split",(function(t,r,e){var n;return n="c"=="abbc".split(/(b)*/)[1]||4!="test".split(/(?:)/,-1).length||2!="ab".split(/(?:ab)*/).length||4!=".".split(/(.?)(.?)/).length||".".split(/()()/).length>1||"".split(/.?/).length?function(t,e){var n=f(c(this)),i=void 0===e?m:e>>>0;if(0===i)return[];if(void 0===t)return[n];if(!o(t))return r.call(n,t,i);for(var a,u,s,l=[],p=(t.ignoreCase?"i":"")+(t.multiline?"m":"")+(t.unicode?"u":"")+(t.sticky?"y":""),d=0,v=new RegExp(t.source,p+"g");(a=h.call(v,n))&&!((u=v.lastIndex)>d&&(l.push(n.slice(d,a.index)),a.length>1&&a.index<n.length&&g.apply(l,a.slice(1)),s=a[0].length,d=u,l.length>=i));)v.lastIndex===a.index&&v.lastIndex++;return d===n.length?!s&&v.test("")||l.push(""):l.push(n.slice(d)),l.length>i?l.slice(0,i):l}:"0".split(void 0,0).length?function(t,e){return void 0===t&&0===e?[]:r.call(this,t,e)}:r,[function(r,e){var o=c(this),i=null==r?void 0:l(r,t);return i?i.call(r,o,e):n.call(f(o),r,e)},function(t,o){var c=i(this),l=f(t),h=e(n,c,l,o,n!==r);if(h.done)return h.value;var d=a(c,RegExp),v=c.unicode,g=(c.ignoreCase?"i":"")+(c.multiline?"m":"")+(c.unicode?"u":"")+(y?"g":"y"),x=new d(y?"^(?:"+c.source+")":c,g),w=void 0===o?m:o>>>0;if(0===w)return[];if(0===l.length)return null===p(x,l)?[l]:[];for(var O=0,E=0,S=[];E<l.length;){x.lastIndex=y?0:E;var j,P=p(x,y?l.slice(E):l);if(null===P||(j=b(s(x.lastIndex+(y?E:0)),l.length))===O)E=u(l,E,v);else{if(S.push(l.slice(O,E)),S.length===w)return S;for(var T=1;T<=P.length-1;T++)if(S.push(P[T]),S.length===w)return S;E=O=j}}return S.push(l.slice(O)),S}]}),!!v((function(){var t=/(?:)/,r=t.exec;t.exec=function(){return r.apply(this,arguments)};var e="ab".split(t);return 2!==e.length||"a"!==e[0]||"b"!==e[1]})),y)},3157:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o=e(2109),i=e(1236).f,c=e(7466),a=e(1340),u=e(3929),s=e(4488),f=e(4964),l=e(1913),p="".startsWith,h=Math.min,d=f("startsWith");o({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:!!(l||d||(n=i(String.prototype,"startsWith"),!n||n.writable))&&!d},{startsWith:function(t){var r=a(s(this));u(t);var e=c(h(arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0,r.length)),n=a(t);return p?p.call(r,n,e):r.slice(e,e+n.length)===n}})},7397:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("strike")},{strike:function(){return o(this,"strike","","")}})},86:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("sub")},{sub:function(){return o(this,"sub","","")}})},3650:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4488),i=e(9958),c=e(1340),a="".slice,u=Math.max,s=Math.min;n({target:"String",proto:!0},{substr:function(t,r){var e,n,f=c(o(this)),l=f.length,p=i(t);return p===1/0&&(p=0),p<0&&(p=u(l+p,0)),(e=void 0===r?l:i(r))<=0||e===1/0||p>=(n=s(p+e,l))?"":a.call(f,p,n)}})},623:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("sup")},{sup:function(){return o(this,"sup","","")}})},8702:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(3111).end,i=e(6091)("trimEnd"),c=i?function(){return o(this)}:"".trimEnd;n({target:"String",proto:!0,name:"trimEnd",forced:i},{trimEnd:c,trimRight:c})},5674:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(3111).start,i=e(6091)("trimStart"),c=i?function(){return o(this)}:"".trimStart;n({target:"String",proto:!0,name:"trimStart",forced:i},{trimStart:c,trimLeft:c})},3210:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(3111).trim;n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(6091)("trim")},{trim:function(){return o(this)}})},3948:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(8324),i=e(8509),c=e(6992),a=e(8880),u=e(5112),s=u("iterator"),f=u("toStringTag"),l=c.values,p=function(t,r){if(t){if(t[s]!==l)try{a(t,s,l)}catch(r){t[s]=l}if(t[f]||a(t,f,r),o[r])for(var e in c)if(t[e]!==c[e])try{a(t,e,c[e])}catch(r){t[e]=c[e]}}};for(var h in o)p(n[h]&&n[h].prototype,h);p(i,"DOMTokenList")},1150:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7633);e(3948),t.exports=n},9712:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1111);t.exports=n},5666:function(t){var r=function(t){"use strict";var r,e=Object.prototype,n=e.hasOwnProperty,o="function"==typeof Symbol?Symbol:{},i=o.iterator||"@@iterator",c=o.asyncIterator||"@@asyncIterator",a=o.toStringTag||"@@toStringTag";function u(t,r,e){return Object.defineProperty(t,r,{value:e,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}),t[r]}try{u({},"")}catch(t){u=function(t,r,e){return t[r]=e}}function s(t,r,e,n){var o=r&&r.prototype instanceof y?r:y,i=Object.create(o.prototype),c=new A(n||[]);return i._invoke=function(t,r,e){var n=l;return function(o,i){if(n===h)throw new Error("Generator is already running");if(n===d){if("throw"===o)throw i;return I()}for(e.method=o,e.arg=i;;){var c=e.delegate;if(c){var a=j(c,e);if(a){if(a===v)continue;return a}}if("next"===e.method)e.sent=e._sent=e.arg;else if("throw"===e.method){if(n===l)throw n=d,e.arg;e.dispatchException(e.arg)}else"return"===e.method&&e.abrupt("return",e.arg);n=h;var u=f(t,r,e);if("normal"===u.type){if(n=e.done?d:p,u.arg===v)continue;return{value:u.arg,done:e.done}}"throw"===u.type&&(n=d,e.method="throw",e.arg=u.arg)}}}(t,e,c),i}function f(t,r,e){try{return{type:"normal",arg:t.call(r,e)}}catch(t){return{type:"throw",arg:t}}}t.wrap=s;var l="suspendedStart",p="suspendedYield",h="executing",d="completed",v={};function y(){}function g(){}function b(){}var m={};m[i]=function(){return this};var x=Object.getPrototypeOf,w=x&&x(x(_([])));w&&w!==e&&n.call(w,i)&&(m=w);var O=b.prototype=y.prototype=Object.create(m);function E(t){["next","throw","return"].forEach((function(r){u(t,r,(function(t){return this._invoke(r,t)}))}))}function S(t,r){function e(o,i,c,a){var u=f(t[o],t,i);if("throw"!==u.type){var s=u.arg,l=s.value;return l&&"object"==typeof l&&n.call(l,"__await")?r.resolve(l.__await).then((function(t){e("next",t,c,a)}),(function(t){e("throw",t,c,a)})):r.resolve(l).then((function(t){s.value=t,c(s)}),(function(t){return e("throw",t,c,a)}))}a(u.arg)}var o;this._invoke=function(t,n){function i(){return new r((function(r,o){e(t,n,r,o)}))}return o=o?o.then(i,i):i()}}function j(t,e){var n=t.iterator[e.method];if(n===r){if(e.delegate=null,"throw"===e.method){if(t.iterator.return&&(e.method="return",e.arg=r,j(t,e),"throw"===e.method))return v;e.method="throw",e.arg=new TypeError("The iterator does not provide a 'throw' method")}return v}var o=f(n,t.iterator,e.arg);if("throw"===o.type)return e.method="throw",e.arg=o.arg,e.delegate=null,v;var i=o.arg;return i?i.done?(e[t.resultName]=i.value,e.next=t.nextLoc,"return"!==e.method&&(e.method="next",e.arg=r),e.delegate=null,v):i:(e.method="throw",e.arg=new TypeError("iterator result is not an object"),e.delegate=null,v)}function P(t){var r={tryLoc:t[0]};1 in t&&(r.catchLoc=t[1]),2 in t&&(r.finallyLoc=t[2],r.afterLoc=t[3]),this.tryEntries.push(r)}function T(t){var r=t.completion||{};r.type="normal",delete r.arg,t.completion=r}function A(t){this.tryEntries=[{tryLoc:"root"}],t.forEach(P,this),this.reset(!0)}function _(t){if(t){var e=t[i];if(e)return e.call(t);if("function"==typeof t.next)return t;if(!isNaN(t.length)){var o=-1,c=function e(){for(;++o<t.length;)if(n.call(t,o))return e.value=t[o],e.done=!1,e;return e.value=r,e.done=!0,e};return c.next=c}}return{next:I}}function I(){return{value:r,done:!0}}return g.prototype=O.constructor=b,b.constructor=g,g.displayName=u(b,a,"GeneratorFunction"),t.isGeneratorFunction=function(t){var r="function"==typeof t&&t.constructor;return!!r&&(r===g||"GeneratorFunction"===(r.displayName||r.name))},t.mark=function(t){return Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,b):(t.__proto__=b,u(t,a,"GeneratorFunction")),t.prototype=Object.create(O),t},t.awrap=function(t){return{__await:t}},E(S.prototype),S.prototype[c]=function(){return this},t.AsyncIterator=S,t.async=function(r,e,n,o,i){void 0===i&&(i=Promise);var c=new S(s(r,e,n,o),i);return t.isGeneratorFunction(e)?c:c.next().then((function(t){return t.done?t.value:c.next()}))},E(O),u(O,a,"Generator"),O[i]=function(){return this},O.toString=function(){return"[object Generator]"},t.keys=function(t){var r=[];for(var e in t)r.push(e);return r.reverse(),function e(){for(;r.length;){var n=r.pop();if(n in t)return e.value=n,e.done=!1,e}return e.done=!0,e}},t.values=_,A.prototype={constructor:A,reset:function(t){if(this.prev=0,this.next=0,this.sent=this._sent=r,this.done=!1,this.delegate=null,this.method="next",this.arg=r,this.tryEntries.forEach(T),!t)for(var e in this)"t"===e.charAt(0)&&n.call(this,e)&&!isNaN(+e.slice(1))&&(this[e]=r)},stop:function(){this.done=!0;var t=this.tryEntries[0].completion;if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return this.rval},dispatchException:function(t){if(this.done)throw t;var e=this;function o(n,o){return a.type="throw",a.arg=t,e.next=n,o&&(e.method="next",e.arg=r),!!o}for(var i=this.tryEntries.length-1;i>=0;--i){var c=this.tryEntries[i],a=c.completion;if("root"===c.tryLoc)return o("end");if(c.tryLoc<=this.prev){var u=n.call(c,"catchLoc"),s=n.call(c,"finallyLoc");if(u&&s){if(this.prev<c.catchLoc)return o(c.catchLoc,!0);if(this.prev<c.finallyLoc)return o(c.finallyLoc)}else if(u){if(this.prev<c.catchLoc)return o(c.catchLoc,!0)}else{if(!s)throw new Error("try statement without catch or finally");if(this.prev<c.finallyLoc)return o(c.finallyLoc)}}}},abrupt:function(t,r){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var o=this.tryEntries[e];if(o.tryLoc<=this.prev&&n.call(o,"finallyLoc")&&this.prev<o.finallyLoc){var i=o;break}}i&&("break"===t||"continue"===t)&&i.tryLoc<=r&&r<=i.finallyLoc&&(i=null);var c=i?i.completion:{};return c.type=t,c.arg=r,i?(this.method="next",this.next=i.finallyLoc,v):this.complete(c)},complete:function(t,r){if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return"break"===t.type||"continue"===t.type?this.next=t.arg:"return"===t.type?(this.rval=this.arg=t.arg,this.method="return",this.next="end"):"normal"===t.type&&r&&(this.next=r),v},finish:function(t){for(var r=this.tryEntries.length-1;r>=0;--r){var e=this.tryEntries[r];if(e.finallyLoc===t)return this.complete(e.completion,e.afterLoc),T(e),v}},catch:function(t){for(var r=this.tryEntries.length-1;r>=0;--r){var e=this.tryEntries[r];if(e.tryLoc===t){var n=e.completion;if("throw"===n.type){var o=n.arg;T(e)}return o}}throw new Error("illegal catch attempt")},delegateYield:function(t,e,n){return this.delegate={iterator:_(t),resultName:e,nextLoc:n},"next"===this.method&&(this.arg=r),v}},t}(t.exports);try{regeneratorRuntime=r}catch(t){Function("r","regeneratorRuntime = r")(r)}},7147:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n="undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis||"undefined"!=typeof self&&self||void 0!==n&&n,o="URLSearchParams"in n,i="Symbol"in n&&"iterator"in Symbol,c="FileReader"in n&&"Blob"in n&&function(){try{return new Blob,!0}catch(t){return!1}}(),a="FormData"in n,u="ArrayBuffer"in n;if(u)var s=["[object Int8Array]","[object Uint8Array]","[object Uint8ClampedArray]","[object Int16Array]","[object Uint16Array]","[object Int32Array]","[object Uint32Array]","[object Float32Array]","[object Float64Array]"],f=ArrayBuffer.isView||function(t){return t&&s.indexOf(Object.prototype.toString.call(t))>-1};function l(t){if("string"!=typeof t&&(t=String(t)),/[^a-z0-9\-#$%&'*+.^_`|~!]/i.test(t)||""===t)throw new TypeError('Invalid character in header field name: "'+t+'"');return t.toLowerCase()}function p(t){return"string"!=typeof t&&(t=String(t)),t}function h(t){var r={next:function(){var r=t.shift();return{done:void 0===r,value:r}}};return i&&(r[Symbol.iterator]=function(){return r}),r}function d(t){this.map={},t instanceof d?t.forEach((function(t,r){this.append(r,t)}),this):Array.isArray(t)?t.forEach((function(t){this.append(t[0],t[1])}),this):t&&Object.getOwnPropertyNames(t).forEach((function(r){this.append(r,t[r])}),this)}function v(t){if(t.bodyUsed)return Promise.reject(new TypeError("Already read"));t.bodyUsed=!0}function y(t){return new Promise((function(r,e){t.onload=function(){r(t.result)},t.onerror=function(){e(t.error)}}))}function g(t){var r=new FileReader,e=y(r);return r.readAsArrayBuffer(t),e}function b(t){if(t.slice)return t.slice(0);var r=new Uint8Array(t.byteLength);return r.set(new Uint8Array(t)),r.buffer}function m(){return this.bodyUsed=!1,this._initBody=function(t){var r;this.bodyUsed=this.bodyUsed,this._bodyInit=t,t?"string"==typeof t?this._bodyText=t:c&&Blob.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)?this._bodyBlob=t:a&&FormData.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)?this._bodyFormData=t:o&&URLSearchParams.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)?this._bodyText=t.toString():u&&c&&((r=t)&&DataView.prototype.isPrototypeOf(r))?(this._bodyArrayBuffer=b(t.buffer),this._bodyInit=new Blob([this._bodyArrayBuffer])):u&&(ArrayBuffer.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)||f(t))?this._bodyArrayBuffer=b(t):this._bodyText=t=Object.prototype.toString.call(t):this._bodyText="",this.headers.get("content-type")||("string"==typeof t?this.headers.set("content-type","text/plain;charset=UTF-8"):this._bodyBlob&&this._bodyBlob.type?this.headers.set("content-type",this._bodyBlob.type):o&&URLSearchParams.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)&&this.headers.set("content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8"))},c&&(this.blob=function(){var t=v(this);if(t)return t;if(this._bodyBlob)return Promise.resolve(this._bodyBlob);if(this._bodyArrayBuffer)return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyArrayBuffer]));if(this._bodyFormData)throw new Error("could not read FormData body as blob");return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyText]))},this.arrayBuffer=function(){if(this._bodyArrayBuffer){var t=v(this);return t||(ArrayBuffer.isView(this._bodyArrayBuffer)?Promise.resolve(this._bodyArrayBuffer.buffer.slice(this._bodyArrayBuffer.byteOffset,this._bodyArrayBuffer.byteOffset+this._bodyArrayBuffer.byteLength)):Promise.resolve(this._bodyArrayBuffer))}return this.blob().then(g)}),this.text=function(){var t,r,e,n=v(this);if(n)return n;if(this._bodyBlob)return t=this._bodyBlob,r=new FileReader,e=y(r),r.readAsText(t),e;if(this._bodyArrayBuffer)return Promise.resolve(function(t){for(var r=new Uint8Array(t),e=new Array(r.length),n=0;n<r.length;n++)e[n]=String.fromCharCode(r[n]);return e.join("")}(this._bodyArrayBuffer));if(this._bodyFormData)throw new Error("could not read FormData body as text");return Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)},a&&(this.formData=function(){return this.text().then(O)}),this.json=function(){return this.text().then(JSON.parse)},this}d.prototype.append=function(t,r){t=l(t),r=p(r);var e=this.map[t];this.map[t]=e?e+", "+r:r},d.prototype.delete=function(t){delete this.map[l(t)]},d.prototype.get=function(t){return t=l(t),this.has(t)?this.map[t]:null},d.prototype.has=function(t){return this.map.hasOwnProperty(l(t))},d.prototype.set=function(t,r){this.map[l(t)]=p(r)},d.prototype.forEach=function(t,r){for(var e in this.map)this.map.hasOwnProperty(e)&&t.call(r,this.map[e],e,this)},d.prototype.keys=function(){var t=[];return this.forEach((function(r,e){t.push(e)})),h(t)},d.prototype.values=function(){var t=[];return this.forEach((function(r){t.push(r)})),h(t)},d.prototype.entries=function(){var t=[];return this.forEach((function(r,e){t.push([e,r])})),h(t)},i&&(d.prototype[Symbol.iterator]=d.prototype.entries);var x=["DELETE","GET","HEAD","OPTIONS","POST","PUT"];function w(t,r){if(!(this instanceof w))throw new TypeError('Please use the "new" operator, this DOM object constructor cannot be called as a function.');var e,n,o=(r=r||{}).body;if(t instanceof w){if(t.bodyUsed)throw new TypeError("Already read");this.url=t.url,this.credentials=t.credentials,r.headers||(this.headers=new d(t.headers)),this.method=t.method,this.mode=t.mode,this.signal=t.signal,o||null==t._bodyInit||(o=t._bodyInit,t.bodyUsed=!0)}else this.url=String(t);if(this.credentials=r.credentials||this.credentials||"same-origin",!r.headers&&this.headers||(this.headers=new d(r.headers)),this.method=(e=r.method||this.method||"GET",n=e.toUpperCase(),x.indexOf(n)>-1?n:e),this.mode=r.mode||this.mode||null,this.signal=r.signal||this.signal,this.referrer=null,("GET"===this.method||"HEAD"===this.method)&&o)throw new TypeError("Body not allowed for GET or HEAD requests");if(this._initBody(o),!("GET"!==this.method&&"HEAD"!==this.method||"no-store"!==r.cache&&"no-cache"!==r.cache)){var i=/([?&])_=[^&]*/;if(i.test(this.url))this.url=this.url.replace(i,"$1_="+(new Date).getTime());else{this.url+=(/\?/.test(this.url)?"&":"?")+"_="+(new Date).getTime()}}}function O(t){var r=new FormData;return t.trim().split("&").forEach((function(t){if(t){var e=t.split("="),n=e.shift().replace(/\+/g," "),o=e.join("=").replace(/\+/g," ");r.append(decodeURIComponent(n),decodeURIComponent(o))}})),r}function E(t,r){if(!(this instanceof E))throw new TypeError('Please use the "new" operator, this DOM object constructor cannot be called as a function.');r||(r={}),this.type="default",this.status=void 0===r.status?200:r.status,this.ok=this.status>=200&&this.status<300,this.statusText=void 0===r.statusText?"":""+r.statusText,this.headers=new d(r.headers),this.url=r.url||"",this._initBody(t)}w.prototype.clone=function(){return new w(this,{body:this._bodyInit})},m.call(w.prototype),m.call(E.prototype),E.prototype.clone=function(){return new E(this._bodyInit,{status:this.status,statusText:this.statusText,headers:new d(this.headers),url:this.url})},E.error=function(){var t=new E(null,{status:0,statusText:""});return t.type="error",t};var S=[301,302,303,307,308];E.redirect=function(t,r){if(-1===S.indexOf(r))throw new RangeError("Invalid status code");return new E(null,{status:r,headers:{location:t}})};var j=n.DOMException;try{new j}catch(t){(j=function(t,r){this.message=t,this.name=r;var e=Error(t);this.stack=e.stack}).prototype=Object.create(Error.prototype),j.prototype.constructor=j}function P(t,r){return new Promise((function(e,o){var i=new w(t,r);if(i.signal&&i.signal.aborted)return o(new j("Aborted","AbortError"));var a=new XMLHttpRequest;function s(){a.abort()}a.onload=function(){var t,r,n={status:a.status,statusText:a.statusText,headers:(t=a.getAllResponseHeaders()||"",r=new d,t.replace(/\r?\n[\t ]+/g," ").split("\r").map((function(t){return 0===t.indexOf("\n")?t.substr(1,t.length):t})).forEach((function(t){var e=t.split(":"),n=e.shift().trim();if(n){var o=e.join(":").trim();r.append(n,o)}})),r)};n.url="responseURL"in a?a.responseURL:n.headers.get("X-Request-URL");var o="response"in a?a.response:a.responseText;setTimeout((function(){e(new E(o,n))}),0)},a.onerror=function(){setTimeout((function(){o(new TypeError("Network request failed"))}),0)},a.ontimeout=function(){setTimeout((function(){o(new TypeError("Network request failed"))}),0)},a.onabort=function(){setTimeout((function(){o(new j("Aborted","AbortError"))}),0)},a.open(i.method,function(t){try{return""===t&&n.location.href?n.location.href:t}catch(r){return t}}(i.url),!0),"include"===i.credentials?a.withCredentials=!0:"omit"===i.credentials&&(a.withCredentials=!1),"responseType"in a&&(c?a.responseType="blob":u&&i.headers.get("Content-Type")&&-1!==i.headers.get("Content-Type").indexOf("application/octet-stream")&&(a.responseType="arraybuffer")),!r||"object"!=typeof r.headers||r.headers instanceof d?i.headers.forEach((function(t,r){a.setRequestHeader(r,t)})):Object.getOwnPropertyNames(r.headers).forEach((function(t){a.setRequestHeader(t,p(r.headers[t]))})),i.signal&&(i.signal.addEventListener("abort",s),a.onreadystatechange=function(){4===a.readyState&&i.signal.removeEventListener("abort",s)}),a.send(void 0===i._bodyInit?null:i._bodyInit)}))}P.polyfill=!0,n.fetch||(n.fetch=P,n.Headers=d,n.Request=w,n.Response=E)}},r={};function e(n){var o=r[n];if(void 0!==o)return o.exports;var i=r[n]={exports:{}};return t[n](i,i.exports,e),i.exports}e.d=function(t,r){for(var n in r)e.o(r,n)&&!e.o(t,n)&&Object.defineProperty(t,n,{enumerable:!0,get:r[n]})},e.g=function(){if("object"==typeof globalThis)return globalThis;try{return this||new Function("return this")()}catch(t){if("object"==typeof window)return window}}(),e.o=function(t,r){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,r)},e(5666),e(1150),e(9712),e(7147);e(3053)}(); window.page = undefined; window.user = undefined; </script> <script> window.orb = { worldwideNavlinks: '<li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-reeldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/reel">Reel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-worklife"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/worklife">Worklife</a></li><li class="orb-nav-traveldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/travel">Travel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-future"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future">Future</a></li><li class="orb-nav-culture"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/culture">Culture</a></li><li class="orb-nav-music"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/culture/music">Music</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m">TV</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li>', } </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/js/api-forge-free.min.js"></script> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Rg.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Bd.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.54.4/style/id-cta.css"/><script type="text/javascript">(function () {if (!window.require) {throw new Error('idcta: could not find require module');}if (typeof (map) == 'undefined') {var map = {};}if (!!document.createElementNS && !!document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg').createSVGRect) {document.documentElement.className += ' id-svg';}var ptrt = new RegExp("[\\?&]ptrt=([^&]*)").exec(document.location.href);var ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://idcta.api.bbc.co.uk';var ENDPOINT_CONFIG = ('/idcta/config?callback=&ptrt=' + (ptrt ? ptrt[1] : encodeURIComponent(document.location.href))).replace(/\&/g, '&');var ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS = '/idcta/translations?callback=';function hasPromise() {var P = window.Promise;var promiseToString = null;if (P) {try {promiseToString = Object.prototype.toString.call(P.resolve());} catch (e) {/*silently ignored*/}}return (promiseToString === '[object Promise]' && !P.cast);}if (hasPromise()) {define('idcta/es6-promise', function () {return window.Promise;});define('idcta-v2/es6-promise', function () {return window.Promise;});}map['idcta-v2'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.54.4/modules/idcta-v2';map['idcta-v2/config'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_CONFIG;map['idcta-v2/translations'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS;map['idcta'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.8.2/modules/idcta';map['idcta-v2/idcta-1'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.54.4/modules/idcta-v2/dist/idcta-1.min';map['idcta-v2/experiment-snippet'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/idcta_live';const idctaShim = {deps: ['idcta-v2/idcta-1'],};require({shim: {'idcta-v2/statusbar': idctaShim,'idcta-v2/id-config': idctaShim},map: {'*': {'idcta/idcta-1': 'idcta-v2/idcta-1','idcta': 'idcta-v2',}},paths: map});window.idctaBaseUrl = ENDPOINT_URL;define('idcta/config', ['idcta-v2/config'], function (data) { return data; });define('idcta/translations', ['idcta-v2/translations'], function (data) { return data; });})();</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/d3c099a283f4be8102b8b0bba5796dd7/css/box.css"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/cookies/6868f40b6841deedfcf9895de775e1ab/cookie-banner/cookie-library.bundle.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">void 0!==window.define&&define("orb/cookies",function(){return window.bbccookies})</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.__detectview={clickManagementEnabled:false};</script> <script type="text/javascript">"use strict";!function(){window.__reverbStaticLocation="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/",window.__smarttagVersion="5.29.1",window.__reverb={},window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise=new Promise(function(e,i){window.__reverb.__resolveReverbLoaded=e,window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded=i}),window.__reverb.__reverbTimeout=setTimeout(function(){window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded()},5e3);var i=function(d,a){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){if(d&&d.detail){var i=!!d.detail.item,n=d.detail.label,t=i?"viewability":d.detail.type,o=d.detail.elem,r=d.detail.originalEvent;d.detail.isClick&&(a=d.detail.isClick),e.userActionEvent(t,n,d.detail,o,r,a)}},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})},n=function(){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})};document.addEventListener("bbc-user-event",function(e){i(e,!1)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-user-click",function(e){i(e,!0)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-page-updated",n),window.addEventListener("pageshow",function(e){e.persisted&&n()})}();</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/reverb-3.3.0.js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript">const adsDebug=/[?|&]ads-debug/.test(window.location.href);var bbcdotcomConfig={},bbcdotcomForgeAsync=!0,googletag=window.googletag||{};googletag.cmd=window.googletag.cmd||[],bbcdotcomScripts=[],tp=window.tp||[],_comscore=window._comscore||[];var bbcdotcom={test:/test/.test(window.location.hostname),adverts:{keyValues:{},breakpoints:{}},advert:{write:function(){},show:function(){},isActive:function(){return!1},layout:function(){return{reset:function(){}}}},config:{init:function(){},isAvailable:function(){return new Promise(function(o){bbcdotcom.resolves?bbcdotcom.resolves.isAvailable.push(o):o(!1)})},isAdsEnabledAsync:function(){return new Promise(function(o){bbcdotcom.resolves?bbcdotcom.resolves.adsEnabled.push(o):o(!1)})},isAnalyticsEnabledAsync:function(){return new Promise(function(o){bbcdotcom.resolves?bbcdotcom.resolves.analyticsEnabled.push(o):o(!1)})},setSections:function(){},setAdsEnabled:function(){},setAnalyticsEnabled:function(){},setAssetPrefix:function(){},setFlagpoles:function(){},setVersion:function(){},setJsPrefix:function(){},setSwfPrefix:function(){},setCssPrefix:function(){},setConfig:function(){},getAssetPrefix:function(){},getJsPrefix:function(){},getSwfPrefix:function(){},getCssPrefix:function(){},isOptimizelyEnabled:function(){},isThirdPartyDisabled:function(){},isThirdPartyDisabledEU:function(){},setEU:function(){}},survey:{init:function(){return!1}},data:{},init:function(){},objects:function(o){return!1},locale:{set:function(){},get:function(){}},setAdKeyValue:function(){},utils:{addEvent:function(){},addHtmlTagClass:function(){},log:function(){}},addLoadEvent:function(){},resolves:{isAvailable:[],adsEnabled:[],analyticsEnabled:[]},resolvePromises:function(){if(bbcdotcom.resolves){for(var o=0;o<bbcdotcom.resolves.isAvailable.length;o++)bbcdotcom.resolves.isAvailable[o](!1);delete bbcdotcom.resolves}},flag:{a:!1,s:!1},asyncCmd:[],isSportApp:function(){var o=window.location.pathname;return void 0!==o&&-1!==o.indexOf(".app")&&0===o.indexOf("/sport")},init:function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.init(o)})},slotAsync:function(o,n,t,c){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.slotAsync(o,n,t,c)})}};bbcdotcom.adverts.slotAsync=function(o,n,t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.slotAsync(o,n,t)})},bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled=function(){var o=window.location.pathname;return void 0===o||0!==o.indexOf("/sport")||-1===o.indexOf(".app")},bbcdotcom.config.isActive=function(){var o=window.location.pathname;return void 0===o||0!==o.indexOf("/sport")||-1===o.indexOf(".app")},bbcdotcom.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!0},bbcdotcom.registerAd=function(o,n,t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.registerAd(o,n,t)})},bbcdotcom.setAdUnit=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.setAdUnit(o)})},bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit={},bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit.setUid=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit.setUid(o)})},bbcdotcom.setConfig=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.setConfig(o)})},bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue=function(o,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue(o,n)})},bbcdotcom.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!0}}},bbcdotcom.disableAndCloseOpenAds=function(){bbcdotcom.asyncDisableAndCloseOpenAds=!0},bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue=function(o,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.set(o,n)})},bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.set=function(o,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.set(o,n)})},bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.unset=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.unset(o)})},bbcdotcom.pubsub={},bbcdotcom.pubsub.on=function(o,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.pubsub.on(o,n)})},bbcdotcom.pubsub.off=function(o,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.pubsub.off(o,n)})},bbcdotcom.analytics={},bbcdotcom.analytics.page=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.analytics.page(o)})},bbcdotcom.av={emp:{adverts:""}},bbcdotcom.config.isContinuousPlayPage=function(){return!1},bbcdotcom.config.isSportApp=function(){var o=window.location.pathname;return void 0!==o&&-1!==o.indexOf(".app")&&0===o.indexOf("/sport")},bbcdotcom.adverts.breakpoints.setGroupStart=function(o,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.breakpoints.setGroupStart(o,n)})},"undefined"!=typeof require&&require({paths:{bbcdotcom:"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20211005-115145-f94ae3cc3-4.56.0/script"}}),window.bbcdotcom&&bbcdotcom.isSportApp&&!bbcdotcom.isSportApp()&&window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(o){return o&&!adsDebug?(adsDebug&&console.log("UK location, not ads debug mode, don't load flags, don't load ads."),(o=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.config.isActive=function(){return!1},o.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},void o.resolvePromises()):void window.bbcuser.canSeeAdverts().then(function(o){if(!o&&!adsDebug)return adsDebug&&console.log("canSeeAdverts false, not ads debug mode, don't load ads."),(n=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},n.config.isActive=function(){return!1},n.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},n.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},void n.resolvePromises();var n=/test/.test(window.location.hostname)?"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-flagpoles.test.api.bbci.co.uk/gnlops":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-flagpoles.api.bbci.co.uk/gnlops",e=new XMLHttpRequest;e.open("GET",n),e.onload=function(){var n,o,t=JSON.parse(e.responseText),c=window.bbcdotcom||{};c.flag.a="true"===t.adverts?1:0,c.flag.s="true"===t.analytics?1:0,c.flag.a||c.flag.s?(o=/test/.test(window.location.hostname)?"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-flagpoles.test.api.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-flagpoles.api.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom",(n=new XMLHttpRequest).open("GET",o),n.onload=function(){var c=JSON.parse(n.responseText),e=window.bbcdotcom||{};[{tp:"thirdPartyEEA"},{d:"adsense"},{asa:"adsportapp"},{l:"lotame"},{p:"platinum"},{g:"grapeshot"},{sh:"sherlock"},{pe:"permutive"},{si:"signin"},{sis:"signinSport"},{sin:"signinNews"},{siw:"signinWWHP"},{piano:"piano"},{fundingchoices_cmp:"fundingchoices_cmp"},{storyworks_cmp:"storyworks_cmp"},{content_rec:"content_rec"},{ias_publisher:"ias_publisher"},{fpd:"fpd"}].forEach(function(o,n){for(var t in o)e.flag[t]="true"===c[o[t]]?1:0}),e.data={ads:e.flag.a,stats:e.flag.s,statsProvider:"",country:""},function(){const o=document.createElement("link");o.href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20211005-115145-f94ae3cc3-4.56.0/style/bbcdotcom-async.css",o.rel="stylesheet",o.type="text/css",document.head.appendChild(o)}();var o=document.createElement("script"),t=document.head||document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];o.type="text/javascript",o.async=!0,o.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20211005-115145-f94ae3cc3-4.56.0/script/bbcdotcom.js",o.onload=function(){window.bbcuser.getCountry().then(function(o){e.data.country=o,e.assetPrefix="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20211005-115145-f94ae3cc3-4.56.0/",bbcdotcomConfig={assetPrefix:"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20211005-115145-f94ae3cc3-4.56.0/",staticVersion:"20211005-115145-f94ae3cc3-4.56.0",staticPrefix:"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20211005-115145-f94ae3cc3-4.56.0/"},e.config.init(bbcdotcomConfig,e.data,window.location,window.document),e.config.setAssetPrefix(bbcdotcomConfig.assetPrefix),e.config.setVersion(bbcdotcomConfig.staticVersion),e.config.setFlagpoles(e.flag);o=!!o&&-1!==["AT","BE","BG","HR","CY","CZ","DK","EE","FI","FR","DE","GR","HU","IE","IT","LV","LT","LU","MT","NL","PL","PT","RO","SK","SI","ES","SE","IS","LI","NO","CH"].indexOf(o.toUpperCase());e.config.setEU(o);var n,o=function(o){var n=document.createElement("link"),t=document.head||document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];n.href=o,n.rel="dns-prefetch",t.appendChild(n)};e.flag.s&&(o("//web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://secure-us.imrworldwide.com/"),o("//web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://me-cdn.effectivemeasure.net/")),e.flag.a&&(o("//web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.googletagservices.com/"),o("//web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/"),(n=document.createElement("meta")).setAttribute("name","google-site-verification"),n.setAttribute("content","auTeTTwSt_KBY_4iDoR00Lwb7-qzx1IgzJy6ztaWgEI"),t.appendChild(n)),e.flag.a&&(e.config.isGrapeshotEnabled()&&!e.config.isWorldService()&&(n=window.location.href.split("?")[0],bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/?url="+encodeURIComponent(n)})),bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"}),e.config.isIASEnabled()&&(window.__iasPET=window.__iasPET||{},window.__iasPET.queue=window.__iasPET.queue||[],window.__iasPET.pubId="9708",bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://cdn.adsafeprotected.com/iasPET.1.js"}))),(e.flag.s||e.flag.a)&&(e.config.isPermutiveEnabled()&&!e.config.isWorldService()&&(function(t){if(!t){t=t||{},(window.permutive=t).q=[],t.config={consentRequired:!0},t.config.projectId="e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491",t.config.apiKey="1bb84885-9325-4fef-adda-a208032b2715",t.config.environment=t.config.environment||"production";for(var o=["addon","identify","track","trigger","query","segment","segments","ready","on","once","user","consent"],n=0;n<o.length;n++){var c=o[n];t[c]=function(n){return function(){var o=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);t.q.push({functionName:n,arguments:o})}}(c)}}}((document,window.permutive)),bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://cdn.permutive.com/e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491-web.js"})),bbcdotcomScripts.forEach(function(o){var n=document.createElement("script");n.async=!1,o.id&&(n.id=o.id),n.src=o.src,t.appendChild(n)}),window.bbcdotcom.config.isCmpEnabled()?(window.googlefc=window.googlefc||{},window.googlefc.callbackQueue=window.googlefc.callbackQueue||[],new Promise(function(t){window.googlefc.callbackQueue.push({CONSENT_DATA_READY:function(){window.__tcfapi("getTCData",2,function(o,n){n&&o.gdprApplies&&(window.bbcdotcom.consent={},window.bbcdotcom.gdprApplies=!0,window.bbcdotcom.consent.comscore=o.vendor.consents[77],window.bbcdotcom.consent.permutive=o.vendor.consents[360]&&o.vendor.consents[361],window.bbcdotcom.consent.googleads=o.vendor.consents[755],window.bbcdotcom.consent.nielsen=o.vendor.consents[373]&&o.vendor.consents[812],t(!0)),t(!0)},[77,164,360,361,373,755,812])}})}).then(function(){for(window.bbcdotcom.consentChecked=!0,window.bbcdotcom.asyncDisableAndCloseOpenAds&&window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.unshift(function(){window.bbcdotcom.disableAndCloseOpenAds()});window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd&&0<window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.length;)window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.shift()()}),function(){const o=document.createElement("script");o.type="text/javascript",o.async=!0,o.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/ngas/vendor/fundingchoices/cmp.js",document.head.appendChild(o)}()):function(){for(;window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd&&0<window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.length;)window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.shift()()}()),window.adsDebug&&adsDebug&&console.log("bbcdotcom up and running...")})},t.appendChild(o)},n.onerror=function(){var o;(o=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.config.isActive=function(){return!1},o.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},o.resolvePromises()},n.send()):((o=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.config.isActive=function(){return!1},o.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},o.resolvePromises())},e.onerror=function(){var o;(o=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.config.isActive=function(){return!1},o.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},o.resolvePromises()},e.send()})});</script> <style>/* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-line { background-color: #8beed9; height: 3px; width: 72px; } .styled-line--small { width: 45px; } .styled-line--medium { width: 135px; } .styled-line--large { height: 1px; width: auto; } .styled-line--height--large { height: 5px; } .styled-line--height--small { height: 1px; } .styled-line--xs-small { width: 25px; } .styled-line--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-line--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-line--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-line--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--white { background-color: #fff; } .styled-line--dark-grey { background-color: #6a6a6a; } .styled-line--light-grey { background-color: #4b4b4b; } .styled-line--grey { background-color: #dedede; } .article-intro { position: relative; } .article-intro__line { margin-top: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @font-face { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/curious-sans-bold.b389ec59.eot), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/curious-sans-bold.b389ec59.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/curious-sans-bold.ba46d70f.ttf) format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'gelicons-core'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/gelicons-core.cc52df12.eot); src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/gelicons-core.cc52df12.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/gelicons-core.5435c223.ttf) format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'gelicons-media'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/gelicons-media.41063609.eot); src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/gelicons-media.41063609.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/gelicons-media.28e9b877.ttf) format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'gelicons-social'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/gelicons-social.523533c6.eot); src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/gelicons-social.523533c6.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/media/gelicons-social.407b297d.ttf) format("truetype"); } .gelicon { font-family: 'gelicons-core'; } .gelicon, .gelicon::before { -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; speak: none; text-decoration: none !important; } .gelicon--leading::before { margin-right: 8px; } .gelicon--trailing::before { margin-left: 8px; } .gelicon--social { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } .gelicon--core { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Set font on all icons (need to do this as Opera doesn't fallback per Glyph) */ /* On the icon, not ::before as IE7 hack injects the icon into the element instead of a pseudo element */ .gelicon--iplayer, .gelicon--iplayer-radio, .gelicon--previous, .gelicon--up, .gelicon--down, .gelicon--next, .gelicon--tobottom, .gelicon--totop, .gelicon--zoomin, .gelicon--zoomout, .gelicon--search, .gelicon--print, .gelicon--print-invert, .gelicon--yes, .gelicon--no, .gelicon--add, .gelicon--help, .gelicon--info, .gelicon--alert, .gelicon--expires, .gelicon--duration, .gelicon--alarm, .gelicon--countdown, .gelicon--grid, .gelicon--chapters, .gelicon--list, .gelicon--listthumb, .gelicon--lock, .gelicon--unlock, .gelicon--home, .gelicon--new, .gelicon--vocab, .gelicon--degraded, .gelicon--calendar-mini, .gelicon--calendar, .gelicon--mail, .gelicon--location, .gelicon--load, .gelicon--settings, .gelicon--embed, .gelicon--external, .gelicon--traffic, .gelicon--refresh, .gelicon--link, .gelicon--point, .gelicon--upload, .gelicon--download, .gelicon--finder, .gelicon--stations, .gelicon--untitled, .gelicon--untitled-2, .gelicon--quote, .gelicon--calendar-30, .gelicon--download-desktop, .gelicon--map, .gelicon--previous-alternative, .gelicon--next-alternative, .gelicon--arrow-down { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--iplayer::before { content: '\e000'; } .gelicon--iplayer-radio::before { content: '\e001'; } .gelicon--previous::before { content: '\e002'; } .gelicon--up::before { content: '\e003'; } .gelicon--down::before { content: '\e004'; } .gelicon--next::before { content: '\e005'; } .gelicon--tobottom::before { content: '\e006'; } .gelicon--totop::before { content: '\e007'; } .gelicon--zoomin::before { content: '\e008'; } .gelicon--zoomout::before { content: '\e00a'; } .gelicon--search::before { content: '\e009'; } .gelicon--print::before { content: '\e00b'; } .gelicon--print-invert::before { content: '\e00c'; } .gelicon--yes::before { content: '\e00d'; } .gelicon--no::before { content: '\e00e'; } .gelicon--add::before { content: '\e00f'; } .gelicon--help::before { content: '\e010'; } .gelicon--info::before { content: '\e011'; } .gelicon--alert::before { content: '\e012'; } .gelicon--expires::before { content: '\e013'; } .gelicon--duration::before { content: '\e014'; } .gelicon--alarm::before { content: '\e015'; } .gelicon--countdown::before { content: '\e016'; } .gelicon--grid::before { content: '\e017'; } .gelicon--chapters::before { content: '\e018'; } .gelicon--list::before { content: '\e019'; } .gelicon--listthumb::before { content: '\e01a'; } .gelicon--lock::before { content: '\e01b'; } .gelicon--unlock::before { content: '\e01c'; } .gelicon--home::before { content: '\e01d'; } .gelicon--new::before { content: '\e01e'; } .gelicon--vocab::before { content: '\e01f'; } .gelicon--degraded::before { content: '\e020'; } .gelicon--calendar-mini::before { content: '\e021'; } .gelicon--calendar::before { content: '\e022'; } .gelicon--mail::before { content: '\e023'; } .gelicon--location::before { content: '\e024'; } .gelicon--load::before { content: '\e025'; } .gelicon--settings::before { content: '\e026'; } .gelicon--embed::before { content: '\e027'; } .gelicon--external::before { content: '\e028'; } .gelicon--traffic::before { content: '\e029'; } .gelicon--refresh::before { content: '\e02a'; } .gelicon--link::before { content: '\e02b'; } .gelicon--point::before { content: '\e02c'; } .gelicon--upload::before { content: '\e02d'; } .gelicon--download::before { content: '\e02e'; } .gelicon--finder::before { content: '\e02f'; } .gelicon--stations::before { content: '\e030'; } .gelicon--untitled::before { content: '\42'; } .gelicon--untitled-2::before { content: '\43'; } .gelicon--quote::before { content: '\22'; } .gelicon--playlister-add::before { content: '\e031'; } .gelicon--calendar-30::before { content: '\e032'; } .gelicon--download-desktop::before { content: '\e033'; } .gelicon--map::before { content: '\e034'; } .gelicon--previous-alternative::before { content: '\e035'; } .gelicon--next-alternative::before { content: '\e036'; } .gelicon--arrow-down::before { content: '\e038'; } /* Media icons */ .gelicon--menu, .gelicon--live, .gelicon--subtitles, .gelicon--ws, .gelicon--sd, .gelicon--hd, .gelicon--bsl, .gelicon--ad, .gelicon--3d, .gelicon--tv, .gelicon--radio, .gelicon--mobile, .gelicon--desktop, .gelicon--game, .gelicon--tablet, .gelicon--quiz, .gelicon--guidance, .gelicon--record, .gelicon--listen, .gelicon--play, .gelicon--pause, .gelicon--rewind, .gelicon--forward, .gelicon--restart, .gelicon--image, .gelicon--document, .gelicon--slideshow, .gelicon--activity, .gelicon--360, .gelicon--podcast, .gelicon--newsletter, .gelicon--rss, .gelicon--fullscreen, .gelicon--expand, .gelicon--popout, .gelicon--mute, .gelicon--music-on, .gelicon--music-off, .gelicon--windows, .gelicon--apple, .gelicon--interactive { font-family: 'gelicons-media' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--menu::before { content: '\e900'; } .gelicon--live::before { content: '\e100'; } .gelicon--subtitles::before { content: '\e101'; } .gelicon--ws::before { content: '\e102'; } .gelicon--sd::before { content: '\e103'; } .gelicon--hd::before { content: '\e104'; } .gelicon--bsl::before { content: '\e105'; } .gelicon--ad::before { content: '\e106'; } .gelicon--3d::before { content: '\e107'; } .gelicon--tv::before { content: '\e108'; } .gelicon--radio::before { content: '\e109'; } .gelicon--mobile::before { content: '\e10a'; } .gelicon--desktop::before { content: '\e10b'; } .gelicon--game::before { content: '\e10c'; } .gelicon--tablet::before { content: '\e10d'; } .gelicon--quiz::before { content: '\e10e'; } .gelicon--guidance::before { content: '\e10f'; } .gelicon--record::before { content: '\e110'; } .gelicon--listen::before { content: '\e111'; } .gelicon--play::before { content: '\e112'; } .gelicon--pause::before { content: '\e113'; } .gelicon--rewind::before { content: '\e114'; } .gelicon--forward::before { content: '\e115'; } .gelicon--restart::before { content: '\e116'; } .gelicon--image::before { content: '\e117'; } .gelicon--document::before { content: '\e118'; } .gelicon--slideshow::before { content: '\e119'; } .gelicon--activity::before { content: '\e11a'; } .gelicon--360::before { content: '\e11b'; } .gelicon--podcast::before { content: '\e11c'; } .gelicon--newsletter::before { content: '\e11d'; } .gelicon--rss::before { content: '\e11e'; } .gelicon--fullscreen::before { content: '\e11f'; } .gelicon--expand::before { content: '\e120'; } .gelicon--popout::before { content: '\e121'; } .gelicon--mute::before { content: '\e122'; } .gelicon--music-on::before { content: '\e123'; } .gelicon--music-off::before { content: '\e124'; } .gelicon--windows::before { content: '\e125'; } .gelicon--apple::before { content: '\e126'; } .gelicon--interactive::before { content: '\e900'; } /* Social Icons */ .gelicon--share, .gelicon--recommend, .gelicon--comments, .gelicon--blog, .gelicon--smiley, .gelicon--love, .gelicon--twitter, .gelicon--facebook, .gelicon--google-plus, .gelicon--google, .gelicon--spotify, .gelicon--pinterest, .gelicon--tumblr, .gelicon--stumbleupon, .gelicon--linkedin, .gelicon--reddit, .gelicon--digg, .gelicon--instagram, .gelicon--whatsapp { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } /* GEL */ .gelicon--share::before { content: '\e200'; } .gelicon--recommend::before { content: '\e201'; } .gelicon--comments::before { content: '\e202'; } .gelicon--blog::before { content: '\e203'; } .gelicon--smiley::before { content: '\e204'; } .gelicon--love::before { content: '\e205'; } /* THIRD PARTY */ .gelicon--twitter::before { content: '\e300'; } .gelicon--facebook::before { content: '\e301'; } .gelicon--google-plus::before { content: '\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .mapboxgl-map { font: 12px/20px Helvetica Neue,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); } .mapboxgl-canvas { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; } .mapboxgl-map:-webkit-full-screen { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .mapboxgl-canary { background-color: salmon; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass { cursor: -webkit-grab; cursor: grab; -moz-user-select: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive.mapboxgl-track-pointer { cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive:active, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass:active { cursor: -webkit-grabbing; cursor: grabbing; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pan-x pan-y; touch-action: pan-x pan-y; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pinch-zoom; touch-action: pinch-zoom; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: none; touch-action: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { position: absolute; pointer-events: none; z-index: 2; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left { bottom: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right { right: 0; bottom: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl { clear: both; pointer-events: auto; -webkit-transform: translate(0); transform: translate(0); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 0 0 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 10px 0 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 0 10px 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 10px 10px 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group { border-radius: 4px; background: #fff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button { width: 29px; height: 29px; display: block; padding: 0; outline: none; border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid #ddd; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled { cursor: not-allowed; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { opacity: .25; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible) { -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child { border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child { border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child { border-radius: inherit; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23666'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); } } @keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); transform: rotate(1turn); } } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { width: 88px; height: 23px; margin: 0 0 -4px -4px; display: block; background-repeat: no-repeat; cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg opacity='.3' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211028095926im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg opacity='.9' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo.mapboxgl-compact { width: 23px; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211028095926im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='3' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211028095926im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib { padding: 0 5px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); margin: 0; } @media screen { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact { min-height: 20px; padding: 0; margin: 10px; position: relative; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 3px 12px 12px 3px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 24px 2px 4px; visibility: visible; margin-top: 6px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 4px 2px 24px; border-radius: 12px 3px 3px 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: block; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { content: ""; cursor: pointer; position: absolute; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); width: 24px; height: 24px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; left: 0; } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); text-decoration: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a:hover { color: inherit; text-decoration: underline; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib .mapbox-improve-map { font-weight: 700; margin-left: 2px; } .mapboxgl-attrib-empty { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-scale { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75); font-size: 10px; border: 2px solid #333; border-top: #333; padding: 0 5px; color: #333; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .mapboxgl-popup { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; will-change: transform; pointer-events: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right { -ms-flex-direction: column-reverse; flex-direction: column-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right { -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-tip { width: 0; height: 0; border: 10px solid transparent; z-index: 1; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-top: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-bottom: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-left: none; border-right-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-right: none; border-left-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 0 3px 0 0; cursor: pointer; background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-popup-content { position: relative; background: #fff; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 10px 10px 15px; pointer-events: auto; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer * { pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-map:hover .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .mapboxgl-map:active .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-marker { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; will-change: transform; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot, .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { background-color: #1da1f2; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { content: ""; position: absolute; -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:after { border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #fff; content: ""; height: 19px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 19px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } @keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale { background-color: #aaa; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale:after { display: none; } .mapboxgl-user-location-accuracy-circle { background-color: rgba(29, 161, 242, 0.2); width: 1px; height: 1px; border-radius: 100%; } .mapboxgl-crosshair, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive:active { cursor: crosshair; } .mapboxgl-boxzoom { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; background: #fff; border: 2px dotted #202020; opacity: .5; } @media print { .mapbox-improve-map { display: none; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { color: #4a4a4a; margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video__border-line { padding: 0 10px; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin: 0 10px 0 3%; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-video__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 28px 0 18px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; margin: 0 10px; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 20px 0 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { /* CreateSMPAudio */ display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { height: 50px; position: relative; /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising * { cursor: initial; pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising button { opacity: 0.6; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__open { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video--tablet .hero-video__video { margin-bottom: 10px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--tablet .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 36px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { color: #010101; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.17px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .most-popular-item__title--desktop { font-size: 16px; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--index { margin-right: 0; max-width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--index { -ms-flex-align: initial; align-items: initial; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index { color: #000; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.53px; line-height: 30px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--tablet { font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.74px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--desktop { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--index { color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; margin-top: 4px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index { left: 0; margin-right: 40px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--tablet { margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; padding: 30px 36px 0; top: -80px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--desktop { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 560px; top: -88px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 43px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet { padding: 31px 0; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 23px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable */ @media screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 900px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 999px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 300px; } } .related-articles { position: relative; } .related-articles__header { text-align: center; background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-articles__header--bright { margin: 20px 0 1.15ex; font-size: 13px; background-color: #d8d8d8; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 3; } .related-articles__list { list-style: none; padding: 0 0 1.5ex 0; margin: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; /* .with-numbers */ } .related-articles__list li { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; } .related-articles__list li > div { -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers { counter-reset: related-numbers; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); margin: 0 35px; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li::before { counter-increment: related-numbers; content: counter(related-numbers); font-weight: bold; font-size: 40px; -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; line-height: 1.85; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18); -ms-flex: 0.1 0.1; flex: 0.1 0.1; -ms-flex-preferred-size: 1ex; flex-basis: 1ex; padding-right: 1ex; text-align: center; display: block; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li { margin-bottom: 10px; } .related-articles--wide-layout { background-color: initial; margin-top: 20px; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide) li { max-width: 100%; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide).with-borders li:not(:last-of-type) { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide li { max-width: 49.8%; } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide.with-borders li { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .related-article { -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; min-height: 90px; } .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); -ms-flex: 0.3 0.3; flex: 0.3 0.3; min-width: 90px; max-width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); margin: 0; display: block; line-height: 0; -ms-flex-order: -1; order: -1; } .related-article__image img { width: 100%; border: 0; margin: 0 12px 0 0; } .related-article__text { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column nowrap; flex-flow: column nowrap; width: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: start; align-content: flex-start; position: relative; padding: 12px 6px 12px 0; line-height: 1.5; } .related-article__text a { width: 100%; padding-left: 12px; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; text-decoration: none; } .related-article__text a + a { margin-top: 1ex; } .related-article__text br { display: none; } .related-article__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); letter-spacing: -0.01em; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-article__title:hover { color: #2e2e2e; } .related-article__collection { display: block; color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.5px; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-article__collection span { display: none; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article { margin: 0.75ex 0; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article:hover { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .related-articles__list.square-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images a:hover { color: #000; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__title { padding-left: 10px; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 15px); max-width: calc(90px + 15px); margin: 0; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image img { border-radius: 50%; } .related-articles__list.round-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.75ex 1.75ex; } .vertical-story-card-item { cursor: pointer; font-family: 'ReithSans'; height: 456px; margin: 20px 10px; position: relative; width: 297px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } .vertical-story-card-item img { width: 100%; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { background-color: #fff; bottom: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 111px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: absolute; right: 0; width: 275px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { width: 261px; } } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1 { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; text-transform: uppercase; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2 { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.06px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .vertical-story-group { font-family: 'ReithSans'; position: relative; } .vertical-story-group img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container { height: 370px; position: relative; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container img { height: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-mask { background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)); bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container { top: 120px; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 70%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { margin-top: 50px; } } .vertical-story-group__container { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; grid-auto-rows: minmax(auto, auto); grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px)); height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; justify-items: center; margin-top: -210px; width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__container { margin-top: -120px; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .mapContainer .mapTitle { background: transparent; color: #fff; display: block; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 1.1875em; margin-top: 2%; min-width: 25%; padding: 2%; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 0.375em; position: relative; text-align: center; z-index: 100; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapTitle { font-size: 2.4em; } } .mapContainer .styled-line { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .mapContainer button { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 60px; outline: none; padding: 2px; width: 60px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { color: #589e50; font-size: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle; } .mapContainer button:hover { background-color: #f2f2f2; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer button { height: 50px; width: 50px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { font-size: 2em; } } .mapContainer .navigationPanel { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; max-width: 1200px; padding: 10px; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, 0); transform: translate(-50%, 0); width: 100%; } .mapContainer .zoomControls { background-color: #fff; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; cursor: default; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 300px; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 300px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { max-width: 190px; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 190px; } } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { display: none !important; } .mapContainer .map-marker svg { -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out; transition: all 0.1s ease-out; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(0.75); transform: scale(0.75); } } .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { -webkit-transform: scale(1.3); transform: scale(1.3); } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } } .mapContainer__articleInfo { padding: 0 18px; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-vertical a { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0.725em 0; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title a { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); text-decoration: none; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 1.7em; } } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 1.45em 0; text-decoration: none; } .location-header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .temperature-switcher { background: transparent; border: 0; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; white-space: nowrap; } .temperature-switcher:active { color: currentColor; } .temperature-switcher__active { font-weight: bold; } .temperature-switcher span { margin: 0 0.2ex; } .day { --w-day-font-size: 14px; --w-day-temp-font-size: 20px; --w-day-temp-font-size-big: 32px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: 600; --w-day-name-font-weight: 500; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #959595; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: var(--w-day-font-size); } .day--desktop { --w-day-temp-font-size: 24px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: normal; --w-day-name-font-weight: 600; } .day:first-of-type { color: #4b4b4b; } .day__name { font-weight: var(--w-day-name-font-weight); line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase; } .day__symbol-header { display: block; height: 80px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 98px; } .day__symbol { display: block; height: 40px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 50px; } .day--desktop .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-top: 15px; width: 70px; } .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size); font-weight: var(--w-day-temp-font-weight); line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0.75em; text-transform: lowercase; } .day__temp--header { color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; } .day--mobile:first-of-type { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 3em; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-right: 10px; overflow: visible; width: 80px; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size-big); font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location { font-size: 120%; font-weight: 500; margin: 1em 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { color: #959595; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location, .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { text-align: center; width: 100%; } .weather { --w-height: 50px; --w-wrapper-margin: 24px; --w-days-flexbasis: 33%; margin-bottom: 2rem; } .weather--desktop { --w-height: 80px; --w-wrapper-margin: 50px; --w-days-flexbasis: initial; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .weather__days { -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .day:first-of-type { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; width: auto; } .weather__separator { border-right: 1px solid #dcdcdc; display: block; height: var(--w-height); } .weather__days { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-preferred-size: var(--w-days-flexbasis); flex-basis: var(--w-days-flexbasis); -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; margin-top: 2.5rem; } .weather__days--desktop { margin-top: 4rem; } .weather__header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column; flex-flow: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--w-wrapper-margin); } .weather__header button { margin-top: 1.5rem; } .weather__header--desktop { /* position the temperature switcher on desktop */ position: relative; } .weather__header--desktop button { margin: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .image-card { position: relative; } .image-card img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-card__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .image-card__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .image-card__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 90%; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } .destination-header { width: 100%; } .destination-header__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 380px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 16px; position: relative; } .destination-header__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .destination-header__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text { color: #fff; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.95px; line-height: 37.4px; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text a { color: #fff; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; } .destination-header__text--desktop { font-size: 36px; } .destination-header__text-container { border-bottom: solid 1px #fff; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3; padding-bottom: 17px; } .destination-header__text-container--desktop { padding-bottom: 0.75ex; } .destination-header__link-page, .destination-header__advert { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; margin-top: 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; } .destination-header__link-page span, .destination-header__advert span { display: block; width: 100%; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop, .destination-header__advert--desktop { margin-top: 40px; } .destination-header__link-page { left: 14px; margin: 0; position: absolute; text-transform: uppercase; top: 20px; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop { left: 25px; top: 36px; } .destination-header__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .destination-header a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .filter { display: inline-block; max-width: 160px; position: relative; } .filter__button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 16px; padding: 16px; width: 160px; } .filter__content { background-color: #000; display: none; position: absolute; width: 160px; z-index: 1; } .filter:focus .filter__content, .filter:hover .filter__content { display: block; } .filter__content--open { display: block; } .filter__content button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-style: italic; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; width: 100%; } .filter__content button:hover { background-color: #494848; } .callout-box-card { background-color: #eaeaea; color: #4a4a4a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; } .callout-box-card img { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .callout-box-card__container { padding: 0.2rem 1.5rem; } .callout-box-card__container h3 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 1rem 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .callout-box-card__container h4 { font-size: 28px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; } .callout-box-card__container .body { font-size: 16px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; } .callout-box-card__container .body a { color: #4a4a4a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-video:hover { background-color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-video:hover .gelicon--play { color: #000; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-p-tag--medium { font-size: 27px; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; } .simple-p-tag--quote { color: #575757; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; }/* stylelint-disable */ html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .article-headline__text:focus { outline: none; } .article__main { display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px) { .article__main { width: 80%; } } .article__subcontainer { display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; position: relative; width: 100%; z-index: 999; } @media (max-width: 1667px) and (min-width: 1194px) { .article__subcontainer { width: 97%; } } @media (min-width: 1680px) { .article__subcontainer { justify-content: center; width: 80% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1900px) { .article__subcontainer { margin: auto; width: 71% !important; } } .article__side-mpu { min-height: 810px; } .article__side-mpu > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; padding: 0 8px 8px; } .bbccom_standard_slot { background: transparent !important; } .article__body { background-color: #fff; flex: 1 1 auto; margin-top: -56px; max-width: 700px; width: 100%; /* stylelint-disable-next-line order/order */ } .article__body-content { overflow-wrap: break-word; } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .article__body { margin: 0 auto; position: relative; top: -56px; width: 82%; z-index: 100; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article__body { margin-top: 0; } } @media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1180px) { .article__body { margin-left: 3%; width: 97%; } } @media (max-width: 1007px) { .article__body { margin-top: 0; } } .article__mpu { flex-basis: 333px; flex-grow: 0; height: auto; } .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 10px; margin-bottom: 0; } @media (min-width: 650px) { .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 18px; } } @media (min-width: 1023px) { .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 6% 0 18px; } } .article__container { display: flex; justify-content: center; width: 100%; } .article__container + .related-articles { margin-top: 30px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .article__intro { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 14px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 650px) { .article__intro { font-size: 26px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -1.63px; line-height: 37px; } } .article__end { clear: both; padding-top: 36px; } .article__fade-story { background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, #fff 100%); bottom: 0; height: 210px; position: absolute; width: 100%; z-index: 1501; } .article__fade-story--show { display: block !important; } .article__body--short { height: 700px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .article__body--short { height: 800px; } } .article__load-more { bottom: 24px; display: block !important; -ms-grid-column: 1; -ms-grid-column-span: 1; grid-column: 1 / span 1; left: 50%; position: absolute; transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 1502; } .article--hidden { display: none !important; } .article__similar-articles { flex: 1 0 333px; max-width: 333px; } .article__similar-articles--hidden { display: none; } .article__similar-articles--show { display: block; } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .hero-video__video { max-height: 534px; width: 73.5% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .hero-video__video { left: 5.5%; max-height: 534px; max-width: 949px; width: 70% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1668px) { .hero-video__video { left: 14%; } } @media (min-width: 1900px) { .hero-video__video { left: 18.5%; } } .inline-audio { display: block; padding-top: 8px; } .article__audio-ad { display: flex; position: relative; margin: 17px 0 14px; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article__audio-ad { margin: 2px 0 6px; } } .article__audio-ad .bbccom_slot { padding: 0; } .article__audio-ad .bbccom_advert { display: flex !important; max-width: 100%; } .article__audio-ad .bbccom_slot .bbccom_text { color: #000 !important; font-size: 9px !important; font-family: ArialMT !important; font-weight: normal !important; line-height: 15px !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; text-align: left !important; margin: auto 12px 0 0 !important; width: 144px; } @media (min-width: 1280px) { .article-header .article-headline__text { font-size: 48px !important; } } .article-header__leaderboard { background: #f1f1f1 !important; } .article-header__leaderboard > div > div.bbccom_visible { background: #f1f1f1 !important; min-height: 100px; } .article-header__hero-ad { display: flex; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .article-header__hero-ad > div > div.bbccom_visible > div { background: #f1f1f1 !important; } .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 100%; margin: auto; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 1179px) and (min-width: 768px) { .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 80%; width: 64%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 80%; margin-left: 0; width: 90%; } } @media (min-width: 1181px) { .article-header__video .article-video__video { height: 80%; width: 64%; } } @media (min-width: 1024px) { .article-header__video--ads .article-video__video { margin-left: 0; width: calc(100% - 333px); } } /* this delimiter is used in infinite scroll */ .WaypointsList > div + div .article { /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .WaypointsList > div + div .article .article-headline::before { content: ' '; font-size: 0; display: block; width: 25px; height: 3px; background: var(--brand-active-colour, currentColor); margin: 0 auto 40px; } .article-body-native-ad { margin-bottom: 41px; } .article-body-native-ad > div > div > div { background: #f1f1f1; clear: both; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px !important; } .article-body-native-ad a { padding-right: 15px; } @media screen and (max-width: 320px) { .article-body-native-ad { margin-left: -10px; width: 320px; } } .article-body__iframe { padding-top: 20px; } .article-body__pull-quote { clear: both; margin: 20px 0; padding-top: 0; } .article-body__video-text { clear: both; margin: 0; padding: 20px 0 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article-body__video-text { margin-left: -10px; width: 107%; } } .article-body__callout-box { float: left; clear: both; margin: 1rem 1rem 1rem -8rem; } .article-body__callout-box-mobile { float: left; clear: both; margin: 3rem 0; width: 100%; } .article-body__image-text { padding: 0; } .article-body__mpu-title { color: #444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; } .article-body__image-text--square { margin: 20px 0; } .article-body__image-text--portrait { margin: 20px 0; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .article-body__image-text--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .article-body__image-text img { width: 100%; } .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -39%; width: 139%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .article-body__video-text, .article-body__image-text--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -52%; width: 152%; } } .article-body__image-gallery .swipe-items__container, .article-body__image-gallery .swipe-items__gallery { padding: 0; } .article-body__image-gallery { margin: 20px 0; } .around-the-bbc-swimlane { margin-top: auto; } </style> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/features_prod.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="cookiePrompt"></div> <noscript><p style="position: absolute; top: -999em"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://a1.api.bbc.co.uk/hit.xiti?&col=1&from=p&ptag=js&s=598253&p=future.article.20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why.page&x2=[responsive]&x3=[bbc_website]&x4=[en]&x7=[article]&x8=[reverb-3.3.0-nojs]&x11=[FEATURE_SITES_GNL]&x12=[GNL_FUTURE]" height="1" width="1" alt=""></p></noscript><div id="bbccom_interstitial_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_interstitial" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper" class="bbccom_display_none"></div> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" aria-label="BBC"><div id="orb-header" class="orb-nav-pri orb-nav-pri-white orb-nav-empty" dir="ltr"><div class="orb-nav-pri-container b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-blocks new-logo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Homepage</a></div><section><div class="orb-skip-links"><h2>Accessibility links</h2><ul><li><a href="#orb-modules">Skip to content</a></li><li><a id="orb-accessibility-help" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li></ul></div></section><div id="mybbc-wrapper" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-id orb-nav-focus orb-nav-id-default"> <div id="idcta-statusbar" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-focus" data-bbc-container="id-cta" data-bbc-event-type="click" data-bbc-ignore-views="1" data-bbc-metadata="{"id-cta-type": "statusbar-orb"}" data-bbc-source="responsive_web" data-bbc-title="id-cta-sign-in"><a id="idcta-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://account.bbc.com/account"><span id="idcta-username">BBC Account</span></a></div><script type="text/javascript">require(['idcta/statusbar'], function (statusbar) {new statusbar.Statusbar({id: 'idcta-statusbar', publiclyCacheable: true});});</script><a id="notification-link" class="js-notification-link animated three" href="#" style="display: none"><span class="hidden-span">Notifications</span><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><span id="not-num"></span></a> </div><nav role="navigation" aria-label="BBC" class="orb-nav"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-links orb-nav-focus" id="orb-nav-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li><li id="orb-nav-more" style="width: 88px" aria-controls="orb-panel-more"><a href="#orb-footer" data-alt="More" class="istats-notrack">Menu<span class="orb-icon orb-icon-arrow"></span></a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-search"> <a class="orb-search__button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" title="Search the BBC">Search</a><form class="b-f" id="orb-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" accept-charset="utf-8"><div><label for="orb-search-q">Search the BBC</label><input id="orb-search-q" type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" maxlength="100" name="q" placeholder="Search"><button id="orb-search-button" class="orb-search__button">Search the BBC</button><input type="hidden" name="suggid" id="orb-search-suggid"></div></form><form id="orbit-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" accept-charset="utf-8"><div> <button id="orbit-search-button"><svg class="search-button-icon" width="1.75rem" height="1.8125rem" viewbox="0 0 28 29" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><title>Search BBC</title><path d="M11,0 C17.0751322,0 22,4.92486775 22,11 C22,13.5277632 21.1473793,15.8563862 19.7140404,17.7139664 L28,26.0001 L25,29.0001 L16.518046,20.5179339 C14.8960209,21.4603385 13.0110328,22 11,22 C4.92486775,22 0,17.0751322 0,11 C0,4.92486775 4.92486775,0 11,0 Z M11,2.5001 C6.30557963,2.5001 2.5,6.30567963 2.5,11.0001 C2.5,15.6945204 6.30557963,19.5001 11,19.5001 C15.6944204,19.5001 19.5,15.6945204 19.5,11.0001 C19.5,6.30567963 15.6944204,2.5001 11,2.5001 Z" id="Shape"></path></svg><svg class="search-box-icon" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewbox="0 0 20 20" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><path d="M4.31263591,11.9770508 C3.26116255,10.925 2.68223368,9.52721354 2.68223368,8.04036458 C2.68223368,6.55351563 3.26116255,5.15572917 4.31325442,4.10491536 C5.36410928,3.05286458 6.76133182,2.47395833 8.24823886,2.47395833 C9.7351459,2.47395833 11.1336055,3.05348307 12.1850788,4.10491536 C14.3548251,6.27457682 14.3554436,9.80615234 12.1850788,11.9770508 C11.1336055,13.0278646 9.7351459,13.6067708 8.24823886,13.6067708 C6.76195034,13.6067708 5.36410928,13.0278646 4.31263591,11.9770508 L4.31263591,11.9770508 Z M20,17.6059245 L14.9195281,12.525651 C17.0268044,9.39980469 16.7002292,5.12171224 13.9348542,2.35520833 C12.3644478,0.785481771 10.3066526,0 8.24823886,0 C6.19106215,0 4.13264841,0.785481771 2.56347904,2.35520833 C-0.576715236,5.49589844 -0.576715236,10.5860677 2.56347904,13.7255208 C4.13326692,15.2964844 6.19106215,16.0807292 8.24823886,16.0807292 C9.81555269,16.0807292 11.3816295,15.6230469 12.733082,14.7120117 L17.8129354,19.7916667 L20,17.6059245 Z"></path></svg><span>Search BBC</span></button></div></form> </div></div><div id="orb-panels"></div></div></header>  <div id="orb-modules"> <div id="root"><div id="ad-portal"></div><nav class="navigation navigation--display"><div class="nav-bar"><div class="nav-build-bar nav-build-bar--mobile"><div class="nav-build-bar__branding"><a class="branding branding--future branding--medium" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future"><span class="branding__icon branding__icon--future branding__icon--medium"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 84.1 15.8" style="enable-background:new 0 0 84.1 15.8;" xml:space="preserve"><style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style><g><g><g><path class="st0" d="M0,0h10v2.3H2.7v4.4h6.4V9H2.7v6.4H0V0z"></path><path class="st0" d="M18.9,15.8c-1.4,0-2.5-0.3-3.5-0.8c-1-0.5-1.7-1.3-2.2-2.2c-0.5-1-0.8-2.1-0.8-3.5V0h2.7v9.6 c0,1.2,0.3,2.2,1,2.8c0.6,0.7,1.6,1,2.7,1c1.2,0,2.1-0.3,2.7-1c0.6-0.7,1-1.6,1-2.8V0h2.7v9.3c0,1.4-0.3,2.5-0.8,3.5 c-0.5,1-1.3,1.7-2.2,2.2C21.4,15.5,20.2,15.8,18.9,15.8z"></path><path class="st0" d="M27.4,0h12.8v2.4h-5v13.1h-2.7V2.4h-5V0z"></path><path class="st0" d="M48.8,15.8c-1.4,0-2.5-0.3-3.5-0.8c-1-0.5-1.7-1.3-2.2-2.2c-0.5-1-0.8-2.1-0.8-3.5V0h2.7v9.6 c0,1.2,0.3,2.2,1,2.8c0.6,0.7,1.6,1,2.7,1c1.2,0,2.1-0.3,2.7-1c0.6-0.7,1-1.6,1-2.8V0h2.7v9.3c0,1.4-0.3,2.5-0.8,3.5 c-0.5,1-1.3,1.7-2.2,2.2C51.3,15.5,50.1,15.8,48.8,15.8z"></path><path class="st0" d="M61.5,9.5v5.9h-2.7V0h5.3c2,0,3.5,0.4,4.6,1.2c1.1,0.8,1.6,2,1.6,3.5c0,1-0.3,1.9-0.8,2.6 C69,8.1,68.2,8.7,67.3,9c0.7,1,1.3,2.1,2,3.2c0.7,1.1,1.3,2.2,2,3.3h-3.2c-0.6-1-1.1-2-1.7-3c-0.6-1-1.2-2-1.8-3 c-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.5,0H61.5z M61.5,2.2v5.2h2.4c1.2,0,2.1-0.2,2.7-0.6c0.6-0.4,0.9-1.1,0.9-2c0-0.9-0.3-1.5-0.9-2 c-0.6-0.4-1.5-0.6-2.7-0.6H61.5z"></path><path class="st0" d="M73.4,0h10.3v2.3h-7.6v4h6.8v2.3h-6.8v4.5h8v2.3H73.4V0z"></path></g></g></g></svg></span></a></div><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile"><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav-button"><button class="open-nav" aria-label="Open more navigation" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" id="open-nav"><div class="open-nav__label"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Menu</p></div><div class="open-nav__icon"><div class="burger-nav gelicon--menu burger-nav--future"></div></div></button></div></div></div></div></nav><div class="app__body"><div class="loader loader--is-active"><div class="loader__body loader__body--show-loader"><div class="loading-spinner"><span class="loading-spinner__image"><span class="spinner--future"><svg class="spinner__image" viewbox="0 0 32 32" id="gel-icon-loading" width="100%" height="100%"><path d="M29.8 8l-3.5 2c1 1.8 1.6 3.8 1.6 6 0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12S4 22.6 4 16 9.4 4 16 4V0C7.2 0 0 7.2 0 16s7.2 16 16 16 16-7.2 16-16c0-2.9-.8-5.6-2.2-8z"></path></svg></span></span><span class="loading-spinner__message b-reith-sans-font">Loading</span></div></div></div><main class="main"><div class="WaypointsList"><div class="WaypointsList__item WaypointsList__item--is-active"><section class="article" id="futurearticle20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why"><div id="headline-futurearticle20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why"><div class="article-headline article-headline--mobile article-headline--tablet article-headline--largeTablet" role="heading" aria-level="1"><div class="article-headline__collection"><div class="article-labels b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300"><a class="article-labels__text b-reith-sans-font" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/comment-analysis">Comment & Analysis</a></div></div><div class="article-headline__text b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300" tabindex="-1">Agents of Doom: Who is creating the apocalypse and why</div><div class="article-share-tools"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/mailto:/?subject=Shared from BBC:Agents%20of%20Doom:%20Who%20is%20creating%20the%20apocalypse%20and%20why&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.email" class="email-icon gelicon--mail" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share using Email</span><div id="EmailIcon"></div></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Agents%20of%20Doom:%20Who%20is%20creating%20the%20apocalypse%20and%20why&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.twitter&via=BBC_Future" class="twitter-icon gelicon--twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><div id="TwitterIcon"></div><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Twitter</span></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.facebook&t=Agents%20of%20Doom:%20Who%20is%20creating%20the%20apocalypse%20and%20why" class="facebook-icon gelicon--facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><div id="FacebookIcon"></div><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Facebook</span></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.linkedin&title=Agents%20of%20Doom:%20Who%20is%20creating%20the%20apocalypse%20and%20why" class="linkedin-icon gelicon--linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Linkedin</span><div id="LinkedInIcon"></div></a></div></div><div class="copyright__text b-reith-sans-font">(Image credit: Yoshikazu Tsuno/Getty Images)</div><div class="hero-image"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym94c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym94c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym94c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym94c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym94c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym94c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym94c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym94c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="In the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack (Credit: Yoshikazu Tsuno/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym94c.jpg" alt="In the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack (Credit: Yoshikazu Tsuno/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture></div></div><div class="article__container"><div class="article__main"><div class="article__subcontainer"><article class="article__body"><div class="article__author-unit"><div class="author-unit author-unit--smal-mobile"><div class="author-unit__container author-unit__container--desktop"><a class="author-unit__text b-font-family-serif" target="" rel="" id="">By Luke Kemp</a><span class="b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">26th October 2021</span></div><div class="author-unit__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article__body-content"><div class="article__intro b-font-family-serif">There are a handful of actors who are the most likely to cause a global catastrophe, but their power goes unchecked, says Luke Kemp.</div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="drop-capped b-reith-sans-font drop-capped--future">I</div><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--drop-capped body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>In 1995, a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35975069">doomsday cult in Japan</a> killed 13 people and injured more than 6,000 others. They were the victims of a Sarin gas attack in the Tokyo subway committed during rush hour by the apocalyptic terrorist group known as Aleph (at the time called Aum Shinrikyo). Afterwards, 13 of the perpetrators were tried and executed.</p> <p>One of the metro lines attacked on that day (the Marunouchi Line) leads to Shinjuku Station. Shinjuku is home to numerous sites where the Japanese government <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/21/japan-excavates-site-human-experiments">allegedly buried the bodies</a> of the victims of wartime experiments. The corpses are purported to have been the grisly result of the actions of Unit 731: Japan’s infamous World War Two biological weapons programme.</p> <p>Over more than a decade, Unit 731 was responsible for <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/28/artsandhumanities.japan">perhaps 300,000 or more deaths</a>. The programme <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/417896">experimented with weaponising a host of biological agents</a>, from botulism and bubonic plague to syphilis and smallpox. New deployment methods were trialed, including the dropping of plague-infected fleas onto Chinese cities. Unit 731 engaged in some of the worst atrocities imaginable, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.waterstones.com/book/unit-731-testimony/hal-gold/9780804835657">including the live vivisection of prisoners</a>.</p> <p>After WW2 came to an end and Japan surrendered, the scientists of Unit 731 were <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/417896">granted immunity by the US</a>. In exchange for avoiding prosecution for war crimes, they <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://jme.bmj.com/content/43/4/270.short?casa_token=0OwEuMsRs2wAAAAA:tWg5H2-daXSQr1MMhv_cp0O-8HXisLUKirlJB9WOb4EAq2XxC8CrZhMH4sA7MMovksQCqWmeowYE">handed over data from human experimentation and bioweapons research to the US</a> (although not its allies).</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 inline-quote--future"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-p-tag--medium simple-p-tag--quote">After WW2 came to an end and Japan surrendered, the scientists of Unit 731 were granted immunity by the US</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>The story of Aum Shinrikyo is well known and discussed among scholars who study global catastrophe and human extinction. It is frequently used as an example of the dangers if terrorists with apocalyptic motivations are well-funded and scientifically-literate.</p> <p>Unit 731 is far less analysed. This is despite the fact that it illustrates the chilling lengths powerful actors can and will go to for an advantage. In addition to the harms caused to the Chinese people and others, Unit 731 could also have had terrible consequences for the global population, if its weaponised biological arsenal had been more extensively developed or widely deployed.</p> <p>Instead, many catastrophic risk researchers focus on a "citizen terror narrative", concerned with "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328717302732">agential risks"</a>: doomsday level-threats from minor actors such as ambitious terrorists. Across the masses of citizens, the concern is that there will be at least one individual or group motivated to bring about Ragnarök. Hence, one of the greatest problems is the increased availability of dangerous information and technologies. Some have even suggested that <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-5899.12718">preventive policing and ubiquitous surveillance</a> may be required to control these hypothetical wide-spread weapons of mass destruction. </p> <p>With this view, the most powerful are trusted to not destroy the world due to rational self-interest. As the UK's Astronomer Royal Lord Martin Rees frames it in his book Our Final Century, a human-triggered apocalypse would likely be a case of "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://books.google.ee/books/about/Our_Final_Hour.html?id=GqvgCDPFZ18C&redir_esc=y">terror or error"</a>: malicious action by a small group or a mistake by the powerful.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-p09ym97c"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym97c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym97c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym97c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym97c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym97c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym97c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym97c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym97c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Soldiers clean a subway train in the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack (Credit: Noboru Hasimoto/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym97c.jpg" alt="Soldiers clean a subway train in the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack (Credit: Noboru Hasimoto/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Soldiers clean a subway train in the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack (Credit: Noboru Hasimoto/Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Terrorists and lone wolves are undoubtedly a problem. However, it appears they are highly unlikely to be the source of global destruction. The historical and present reality of human-made global hazards suggests that a different set of actors are culpable. Destroying large swathes of the world requires power and secrecy.</p> <p>For the past few years, I have been studying the forces that cause historical catastrophes and collapses, as well as working with colleagues at the University of Cambridge's Centre for the Study of Existential Risk to analyse the modern dangers we face in the present-day. <em>(Read more: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse">Are we on the road to civilisation collapse?</a>)</em></p> <p>During my research I have become convinced that only a few institutions have the resources – and lack of oversight – to imperil the world. This is an enduring predicament that is unlikely to change. The greatest threats are not born from average citizens, but from a desire from the powerful for control, profit, and military advantage.</p> <p><em>Read more:</em></p> <ul> <li><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse">Are we on the road to civilisation collapse?</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers">The 'Stomp Reflex': When governments abuse emergency powers</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210217-the-moments-that-we-could-have-destroyed-humanity">The moments that could have accidentally ended humanity</a></strong></li> </ul> <p>Scholars of castastophic risk often point to a handful of infamous human-made global threats: artificial general intelligence (AGI), catastrophic biological threats, climate change, lethal autonomous weapons, nuclear weapons and mass surveillance. The impact of each of these threats is uncertain and some are more likely than others: we have already experienced around 1C of global warming since industrialisation, but whether AGI can or will be created is uncertain. They are best thought of as interconnected threats that could cause significant worldwide loss of life and liberty.</p> <p>All of these are the product of a small group of often overlapping, powerful industries dominated by a few actors. These are primarily: military-industrial complexes, the fossil fuel industry and Big Tech. All of these are concentrated in a handful of countries, particularly the US. Let us call them the <em>Agents of Doom</em>.</p> <p>Global catastrophe is a case of public costs and private benefits. Too often we mistakenly think of the future of global catastrophe as a set of (falsely) separate hazards and technologies. The true risk underlying all of these is unaccountable, concentrated power.</p> <p><em><strong>Artificial general intelligence (AGI)</strong></em></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/307/307948/human-compatible/9780141987507.html">Some scholars</a> are concerned that the creation of advanced artificial intelligence could have dire impacts. In 2020, approximately <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://gcrinstitute.org/2020-survey-of-artificial-general-intelligence-projects-for-ethics-risk-and-policy/">72 projects were openly</a> researching AGI across 37 countries. These are primarily corporate and academic projects. About half of these are in the US and eight of the nine projects that have military connections are in the US. These can be taken as an underestimate as existing military programmes are likely to be kept confidential.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-p09ym7ws"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym7ws.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym7ws.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym7ws.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym7ws.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym7ws.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym7ws.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym7ws.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym7ws.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Number of Artificial General Iintelligence projects (2020) / Source: GCR Institute (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym7ws.jpg" alt="Number of Artificial General Iintelligence projects (2020) / Source: GCR Institute (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Number of Artificial General Iintelligence projects (2020) / Source: GCR Institute (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p><em>(Note: "lead" designates countries where the projects' administrative and operational leadership are located. "Partner" refers to countries contributing to a project involving other nations.)</em></p> <p><em><strong>Catastrophic biological threats</strong></em></p> <p>The intentional development and cultivation of bioweapons didn’t truly begin until around World War One. Approximately 11 countries had bioweapons programmes over the course of the 20th Century resulting in around 18 bioweapons related incidents. The worst act during this time was the use of Typhus, Cholera and other agents by the Japanese (namely through Unit 731) against China during WW2.</p> <p>Bioterrorism has been more frequent but less impactful. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28806130/">A survey of multiple studies</a> suggests an average incident rate of 0.35-3.5 for biocrime and bioterrorism (in other words, approximately one every 2.9 years to 3.5 every year). But this includes a large number of hoaxes and threats. The vast majority of actual attacks result in a few casualties at most. This has led <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1469-0691.12699">some researchers to conclude</a> "even if considerable financial, structural and logistical resources are available, successfully delivering a large-scale biological attack is harder than it may seem to be". In contrast, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14702436.2015.1113665">scholars note that the revolution</a> in biotechnology will be one that likely gives an enormous advantage to stronger, militarised states.</p> <p><em><strong>Climate change</strong></em></p> <p>Just <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://b8f65cb373b1b7b15feb-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com/cms/reports/documents/000/002/327/original/Carbon-Majors-Report-2017.pdf">100 companies are responsible for 71%</a> of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions since 1988. Some of these fossil fuel giants have funded a complex of firms, think tanks and scientists that <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt">have been responsible for sewing doubt</a> on climate science. These <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.waterstones.com/book/merchants-of-doubt/erik-m-conway/naomi-oreskes/9781408824832">"merchants of doubt"</a> are a small, concentrated group. For countries, the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/http://energyatlas.iea.org/#!/tellmap/1378539487">top 10 historical emitters account for three-quarters</a> of cumulative global emissions (counting the EU as single emitter), with the US alone accounting for around a quarter. A similar pattern appears when we look at the actual spread of fossil fuel reserves throughout the Earth’s land. Six countries and one region (collectively 18 countries) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2018.1483885">together hold 80%</a> of fossil fuel reserves.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-p09ymvbp"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ymvbp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ymvbp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ymvbp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ymvbp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ymvbp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ymvbp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ymvbp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ymvbp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Top 10 cumulative CO2 emissions (2019) / Source: Our World in Data (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ymvbp.jpg" alt="Top 10 cumulative CO2 emissions (2019) / Source: Our World in Data (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Top 10 cumulative CO2 emissions (2019) / Source: Our World in Data (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p><em><strong>Lethal autonomous weapons (LAWs)</strong></em></p> <p>One of the first intentional initiatives to attempt to develop general lethal autonomous weapons was the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agencies’ (Darpa) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TnkVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT401&lpg=PT401&dq=1983+smart+weapons+program+darpa&source=bl&ots=ImdRoeyld1&sig=ACfU3U1lZr3NP_oBxICEQp_XtVht7Q8kYw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOhMvg8sjqAhVezjgGHYygA8AQ6AEwAXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1983%20smart%20weapons%20program%20darpa&f=false">1983 Smart Weapons Program,</a> which contained a "Killer Robots" project. Its slogan was "The battlefield is no place for humans". Since then, interest in automated killers has grown. The most recent review of the lethal AI arms race found that the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-5899.12713">US was the outright forerunner</a>, followed by China, Russia, South Korea and the EU. They are abetted <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.paxforpeace.nl/publications/all-publications/slippery-slope">by what the NGO Pax describes as 30 "high-risk" companies</a> working on LAWs, or relevant technologies, who do not have any policy to ensure meaningful human control.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-p09ypmdx"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ypmdx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ypmdx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ypmdx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ypmdx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ypmdx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ypmdx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ypmdx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ypmdx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Top 5 countries by defence spending (2018) / Source: Haner, J. & Garcia, D. (2019) (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ypmdx.jpg" alt="Top 5 countries by defence spending (2018) / Source: Haner, J. & Garcia, D. (2019) (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Top 5 countries by defence spending (2018) / Source: Haner, J. & Garcia, D. (2019) (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-p09ypmkb"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ypmkb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ypmkb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ypmkb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ypmkb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ypmkb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ypmkb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ypmkb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ypmkb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Top 5 countries by projected drone spending (2017-2021) / Source: Haner, J. & Garcia, D. (2019) (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ypmkb.jpg" alt="Top 5 countries by projected drone spending (2017-2021) / Source: Haner, J. & Garcia, D. (2019) (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Top 5 countries by projected drone spending (2017-2021) / Source: Haner, J. & Garcia, D. (2019) (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p><em><strong>Nuclear weapons</strong></em></p> <p>The 1942-1946 Manhattan Project produced the 1945 successful Trinity test. The 1954 Castle Bravo test produced the first thermonuclear device. Both were deliberate, well-funded and organised enterprises by the US government. Scientists involved with the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210217-the-moments-that-we-could-have-destroyed-humanity">programme first performed calculations</a>, and then took bets as to whether the first test would potentially ignite the atmosphere, killing all life on Earth. <em>(Read more: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210217-the-moments-that-we-could-have-destroyed-humanity">The moments that could have accidentally ended humanity</a>.)</em></p> <p>Currently, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://ourworldindata.org/nuclear-weapons">89% of nuclear weapons</a> are held by two countries: the US and Russia. The entire global nuclear arsenal belongs to just nine countries. The production and maintenance of nuclear weapons is overwhelmingly reliant <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.dontbankonthebomb.com/2019-producers-executive-summary/">on just 28 major companies</a> (primarily US based).</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-p09ymv9m"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ymv9m.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ymv9m.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ymv9m.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ymv9m.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ymv9m.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ymv9m.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ymv9m.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ymv9m.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Distribution of nuclear weapons (2021) / Source: thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ymv9m.jpg" alt="Distribution of nuclear weapons (2021) / Source: thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Distribution of nuclear weapons (2021) / Source: thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook (Credit: Luke Kemp/Javier Hirschfeld)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p><em><strong>Mass surveillance</strong></em></p> <p>There are concerns not just of global calamity, but the risk of dystopias, such as a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201014-totalitarian-world-in-chains-artificial-intelligence">long-lasting, AI-surveillance power totalitarian</a> state. The social scholar and author Shoshana Zuboff at Harvard University has branded the modern era as the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/shoshana-zuboff/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism/9781610395694/">Age of Surveillance Capitalism</a>. It is a situation in which human attention, experience and data are captured and commercialised en-masse.</p> <p>It is dominated by a few, familiar titans: Alphabet (Google), Microsoft, Facebook, Amazon, Tencent, Baidu, Alibaba and Apple. All of which are in the top 10 largest companies in the world by market capitalisation. These are accompanied by tech firms tailored to provide cyberweapons and surveillance, such as Palantir and the NSO Group. The latter has recently been exposed by investigative journalists as having provided malware that has been <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/18/revealed-leak-uncovers-global-abuse-of-cyber-surveillance-weapon-nso-group-pegasus">used to infect the devices of activists, politicians, union leaders and journalists around the world,</a> including by repressive regimes. (NSO <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-57881364">denies any wrongdoing</a>).</p> <p>Big Tech and surveillance firms are accompanied by intelligence communities to form what I call a <em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers">Stalker Complex</a></em> that constantly watches the world. The breadth and intrusiveness of this mass surveillance apparatus is carried out by a small number of intelligence agencies such as the National Security Agency (NSA) and its UK counterpart the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). While the future of AI surveillance technologies such as facial recognition technology is <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/09/17/global-expansion-of-ai-surveillance-pub-79847">dominated by US and Chinese firms</a>. China already possesses <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/09/china-ai-surveillance/614197/">advanced surveillance systems, including widespread use of facial recognition,</a> and even the deployment of drones to help enforce Covid-19 regulations.</p> <p><strong>Concentrated, captured and covert</strong></p> <p>There are three distinct lessons here. First, the production of human-made global catastrophic hazards is highly concentrated. The US military is responsible for pioneering work in nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, LAWs, surveillance, and AI. To this day, the US plays an outsized role in endangering the world. It is the world’s largest historical emitter, possesses the second largest, and most advanced nuclear arsenal, is the leader in developing LAWs, houses the largest agencies and firms working on surveillance, and has by-far the highest number of groups working on developing AGI.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-p09ym9mx"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym9mx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09ym9mx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym9mx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ym9mx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym9mx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym9mx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym9mx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ym9mx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The US military has led the world in drone technology (Credit: Ethan Miller/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ym9mx.jpg" alt="The US military has led the world in drone technology (Credit: Ethan Miller/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">The US military has led the world in drone technology (Credit: Ethan Miller/Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Second, the producers of such threats have frequently played an active role in suffocating action to address them. This is commonly referred to as "regulatory capture": regulatory efforts become captured by those that they are supposed to oversee. For climate change it is the fossil fuel lobby. For nuclear weapons, the arms race was stoked by the "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.britannica.com/topic/bomber-gap">bomber gap</a>" and "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.britannica.com/topic/missile-gap">missile gap</a>" myths perpetuated by the US military industrial complex. Key US military and political figures claimed that the Soviets had a swelling superiority in strategic bombers and ballistic missiles. Later U2 surveillance flights showed that these were serious overestimates. While fictitious, it was enough to justify surges in defence spending.</p> <p>A similar dyanmic occurs in international negotiations, with just a few key countries blocking regulation of catastrophic hazards. For biological weapons it was the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.nature.com/articles/414675a">US who was the primary culprit in preventing the adoption of a global verification scheme</a> under the Biological Weapons Convention. For LAWs, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/killer-robots-un-meeting-autonomous-weapons-systems-campaigners-dismayed-a8519511.html">approximately five countries</a> (Australia, Israel, Russia, South Korea and the US) have actively blocked progress on banning or strongly regulating lethal autonomous weapons.</p> <p>Third, producing the worst global threats is almost always done in the shadows.</p> <p><strong>Secrecy hazards</strong></p> <p>The history of anthropogenic global threats is a history of hidden information. I call these <em>secrecy hazards</em>: harms arising from intentionally concealed or obscured knowledge.</p> <p>Secrecy hazards are almost always a tool of the Agents of Doom and history is rife with them. Both Castle Bravo and the Manhattan Project were among the most secretive projects in US history. The NSA’s mass surveillance programmes were intentionally hidden from the public eye while whistle-blowers such as <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23123964">Edward Snowden</a> were marginalised and hunted for prosecution. The fossil fuel industry has spent decades burying its own <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-53640382">private knowledge of climate change</a> and obscuring scientific evidence. Research on LAWs and numerous other powerful weapons have been performed in confidential programmes in agencies such as Darpa.</p> <p>As Tom Mueller shows in his overview of whistleblowing <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/318606/crisis-of-conscience-by-tom-mueller/">"Crisis of Conscience"</a>, the military and intelligence communities frequently use secrecy provisions, and companies deploy commercial non-disclosure agreements, to conceal corruption and avoid embarrassment and public scrutiny rather than hide genuinely dangerous information.</p> <p><strong>Risk and responsibility</strong></p> <p>All of this could change in the future. The potential threat of future bio-terrorism seems particularly notable given the rising accessibility of bioengineering tools. This has led some catastophic risk scholars to become concerned with <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://nickbostrom.com/information-hazards.pdf">"information hazards"</a>: the dissemination of true information that could cause harm.</p> <p>Yet there appears to be little concrete reason as to why we should expect the burden of catastrophic hazards to undergo a dramatic shift from powerful states and companies to individuals and small groups. Currently, citizen terror fears tend to revolve around either <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-5899.12718">far-flung thought experiments of "easy nukes"</a> (nuclear weapons, or similarly destructive devices, that can be feasibly produced at a low cost by individuals and small groups) or naive extrapolation of technological trends assuming no limits or regulation. An empirical investigation of the past and present is a far more reliable basis for thinking about an uncertain future.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--portrait"><div id="future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-p09ym9rc"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:624px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1024x1280/p09ym9rc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:624px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1024x1280/p09ym9rc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:485px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/885x1280/p09ym9rc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:485px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/885x1280/p09ym9rc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/720x900/p09ym9rc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/720x900/p09ym9rc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Preparing for a human-made global catastrophe requires far more than building shelters (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/720x900/p09ym9rc.jpg" alt="Preparing for a human-made global catastrophe requires far more than building shelters (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Preparing for a human-made global catastrophe requires far more than building shelters (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Even if a catastrophic global terrorist incident was to occur due to futuristic dangerous dispersed technology, it would almost certainly be traced back to the Agents of Doom in developing, overproducing, and preventing the regulation of such technologies.</p> <p>Rather than fearing the public, scholars of catastrophic risk should see them as a wellspring of hope. The Agents of Doom should embrace rather than evade public scrutiny if they are genuinely concerned about global catastrophe. For all of these hazards there is abundant evidence that one of the best forms of risk management would be to hand their regulation and development over to citizens.</p> <p>Public opinion polls across <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wcc.639">China</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2020/06/23/two-thirds-of-americans-think-government-should-do-more-on-climate/">the US</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-05/australia-attitudes-climate-change-action-morrison-government/11878510?nw=0">Australia</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://ec.europa.eu/clima/citizens/support_en">the EU</a> have showed strong majority support for greater action on climate change. In a poll across 26 countries, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/human-rights-watch-six-in-ten-oppose-autonomous-weapons">61% opposed the use</a> of lethal autonomous weapons. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.icanw.org/polls_public_opinion_in_eu_host_states_firmly_opposes_nuclear_weapons">Europeans strongly favour</a> an international ban on nuclear weapons. Similarly, a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/http://www.thesimonsfoundation.ca/sites/default/files/2007%20Poll%20on%20Global%20Public%20Opinion%20on%20Attitudes%20Towards%20Nuclear%20Weapons_0.pdf">survey of six countries including the US and Israel</a> found that a substantial majority of citizens in each country supported eliminating all nuclear weapons through an enforceable international agreement. Most recently <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://globalchallenges.org/wp-content/uploads/GCF_Global_Challenges_2020-High.pdf">extensive surveys by the Global Challenges Foundation</a> found that strong majorities across numerous countries are open to creating a new supra-national body to manage global risks.</p> <p>Notably this is from citizens who have often poor, distorted information. Deliberative democratic approaches in which juries or assemblies of randomly selected citizens are briefed by experts and then discuss among themselves, tend to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.oecd.org/gov/innovative-citizen-participation-and-new-democratic-institutions-339306da-en.htm">vastly improve their judgement</a>.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 inline-quote--future"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-p-tag--medium simple-p-tag--quote">The problem isn’t these threats being publicly neglected; it is that they are actively hidden and any attempts at regulation are often delayed, distorted or destroyed</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>A popular way to explain the lack of action on global risk is cognitive biases. This misses the point. The problem isn’t these threats being publicly neglected; it is that they are actively hidden and any attempts at regulation are often delayed, distorted or destroyed.</p> <p>Ironically, the common response during crises to empower governments and the Stalker Complex through emergency powers is entirely counter-productive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers">This "Stomp Reflex"</a> is largely a movement of power from citizens to the Agents of Doom.</p> <p>It is hard to characterise the actions of the Agents of Dooms as an "error", as Lord Martin Rees does. Yes, their goal is not to ruin the entire world, including themselves. But this is not about bias or motivation, it is about risk. The simple, unavoidable fact is that there are only a small number of powerful actors who produce most global catastrophic hazards and benefit from it. The motivation may not be cause global catastrophe, yet their actions are nonetheless deliberate. A drunk driver who gets behind the wheel may not intend to hit anyone, but they are still responsible for any inebriation-fuelled collision. Particularly if they are undertaking the dangerous journey to earn billions.</p> <p>The citizen terror narrative is mistaken. Instead, calamity is being secretly birthed for profit and power by the Agents of Doom.</p> <p>*<em>Luke Kemp is a research associate at the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge.</em></p> <p><em>--</em></p> <p><em>Join one million Future fans by liking us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.facebook.com/BBCFuture/"><em><strong>Facebook</strong></em></a><em>, or follow us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://twitter.com/BBC_Future"><em><strong>Twitter</strong></em></a><em> or </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.instagram.com/bbcfuture_official/"><em><strong>Instagram</strong></em></a><em>.</em></p> <p><em>If you liked this story, </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/http://pages.emails.bbc.com/subscribe/?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup"><em><strong>sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter</strong></em></a><em>, called "The Essential List" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/future/"><em><strong>Future</strong></em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/culture/" target="_blank"><em><strong>Culture</strong></em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/" target="_blank"><em><strong>Worklife</strong></em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/travel/" target="_blank"><em><strong>Travel</strong></em></a><em> and </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/reel"><em><strong>Reel</strong></em></a><em> delivered to your inbox every Friday.</em></p></div></div></div></div><div class="article__end"><div class="article-end article-end--tablet"><div class="article-end__line--long"><div class="styled-line styled-line--future styled-line--medium"></div></div><div class="article-end__share-tools"><div class="article-share-tools article-share-tools--popout article-share-tools--dark"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/mailto:/?subject=Shared from BBC:Agents%20of%20Doom:%20Who%20is%20creating%20the%20apocalypse%20and%20why&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.email" class="email-icon gelicon--mail" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share using Email</span><div id="EmailIcon"></div></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Agents%20of%20Doom:%20Who%20is%20creating%20the%20apocalypse%20and%20why&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.twitter&via=BBC_Future" class="twitter-icon gelicon--twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><div id="TwitterIcon"></div><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Twitter</span></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.facebook&t=Agents%20of%20Doom:%20Who%20is%20creating%20the%20apocalypse%20and%20why" class="facebook-icon gelicon--facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><div id="FacebookIcon"></div><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Facebook</span></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.linkedin&title=Agents%20of%20Doom:%20Who%20is%20creating%20the%20apocalypse%20and%20why" class="linkedin-icon gelicon--linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Linkedin</span><div id="LinkedInIcon"></div></a></div><div class="redesign-article-end__share"><div class="share-button-with-popout"><button class="share-button b-reith-sans-font"><span class="gelicon--share"></span>Share</button></div></div></div></div></div></div></article><aside class="article__similar-articles"><div class="article__similar-articles--show"></div></aside></div></div></div></section></div></div><div class="around-the-bbc-swimlane"><div class="swimlane"><div class="swimlane-inner swimlane-inner--small"><div class="swimlane__content"><span class="swimlane__title b-reith-sans-font">Around the BBC</span><div class="swimlane__items"></div></div></div><div class="swimlane__background-image swimlane__background-image--atb" style="background-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 100%), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gp0tv.jpg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover"></div></div></div></main></div></div> <script>window.__PWA_PRELOADED_STATE__ = {"router":{"location":{"pathname":"\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","search":"","hash":"","state":undefined,"key":"csagkt"},"action":"POP"},"config":{"version":"2.1.3","adsEnabled":false,"domain":"www.bbc.com","env":"live","clientApiUrl":"\u002Fdata","faqsUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffaqs","mapboxAccessToken":"pk.eyJ1IjoiYmJjd29ybGR3aWRlIiwiYSI6ImNpemp2dWZ0OTAwNGkyd3I0bHV6ems3eDMifQ.Vxn6FQ8xNwEltlVVvwpCjw","imageRecipe":{"recipePrefix":"live\u002F"},"analytics":{"ati":{"destination":"FEATURE_SITES_GNL","producer":"GNL_HOMEPAGE"},"chartbeat":{"uid":50924,"domain":"bbc.co.uk"}},"entityRouterProtocol":"https","swimlanes":true,"future":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Future","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_FUTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCFuture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbcfuture_official","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official"}},"facebookPageIds":"279678448760878"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"BBC Future Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp08gp0tv.jpg"},"future-planet":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp0836dcl.jpg","collection":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtqy6.jpg","title":"Collection background image"},"tag":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09sbm5d.jpg","title":"Tag background image"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.future","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"future"},"metaData":{"description":"You’ll find stories on BBC Future on almost every topic that matters: psychology, food, climate change, health, social trends, technology and more.","titleDefault":"BBC Future","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_FUTURE"}}},"worklife":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCWorklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCWorklife"},"instagram":{"username":"BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"}},"facebookPageIds":"133536249999517"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"image"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06dkks1.jpg"},"collection":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtqvk.jpg","title":"Collection background image"},"tag":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtqvk.jpg","title":"Tag background image"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.worklife","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"worklife"},"metaData":{"description":"The latest insight and advice from BBC Worklife: careers, milestones, leadership, personal finance, economy, future of work, wellness, professional life abroad - everything you need to upgrade yourself.","titleDefault":"BBC Worklife","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CAPITAL"}},"swimlanes":[{"id":"office-space","title":"Office Space","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp00sm03v.jpg"},{"id":"work-ethic","title":"Work Ethic","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06yflr4.jpg"}]},"culture":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_CULTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCCulture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCulture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbc_culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_culture"}},"facebookPageIds":"237388053065908"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"BBC Culture Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp08bmlwb.jpg","title":"Around the BBC background image"},"collection":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtrht.jpg","title":"Collection background image"},"tag":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtrht.jpg","title":"Tag background image"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.culture","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"culture"},"metaData":{"description":"Covering the latest in global arts and culture in all its forms, BBC Culture gives an international view of film and TV, books, art, music and style.","titleDefault":"BBC Culture","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CULTURE"}}},"travel":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@bbc_travel","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_TRAVEL"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCTravel","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCTravel"},"instagram":{"username":"bbc_travel","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_travel"}},"facebookPageIds":"147105585468223"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp0984kwj.png","title":"BBC Travel Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp0984kwj.png","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp099tg7y.jpg","title":"Around the BBC background image"},"destination":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09f5vpy.jpg","title":"Destination background image"},"collection":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09gq1x8.jpg","title":"Collection background image"},"tag":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09gq221.jpg","title":"Tag background image"},"destinationImageCard":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F2000x540\u002Fp09f5vpy.jpg","title":"Destination Image Card Background"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.travel","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"travel"},"metaData":{"description":"The latest stories from BBC Travel on travel topics from all over the globe: culture, identity, food, history, heritage, archaeology, nature, sustainability, adventure, experiences, destinations and other themes that celebrate the people and places that make the world diverse and amazing.","titleDefault":"BBC Travel","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_TRAVEL"}}},"moduleId":"future","isUk":false,"cacheExpiryMs":600000},"entities":{"authors":{"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fluke-kemp":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fluke-kemp","_id":"616ff68a45ceed4a1f55f518","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Luke Kemp","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-02-18T07:12:27.403644Z","entity":"author","guid":"b04e18d6-590e-4861-98b6-494c17bdb4c2","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fluke-kemp","modifiedDateTime":"2021-06-17T18:23:44.437855Z","project":"future","slug":"luke-kemp","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-r-longrich":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-r-longrich","_id":"616ff68845ceed49e075c148","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Nicholas R Longrich","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-11-02T17:20:40.199969Z","entity":"author","guid":"c85e8811-f522-4e33-9151-86826a073536","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-r-longrich","modifiedDateTime":"2021-06-17T18:27:59.254171Z","project":"future","slug":"nicholas-r-longrich","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmatthew-wilburn-king":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmatthew-wilburn-king","_id":"616ff6b745ceed5cc35d3f4f","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Matthew Wilburn King","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-03-04T10:57:52.919776Z","entity":"author","guid":"3d896499-29a1-4014-9db8-852414d2dba3","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmatthew-wilburn-king","modifiedDateTime":"2021-06-17T18:25:39.899575Z","project":"future","slug":"matthew-wilburn-king","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsanthosh-mathew":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsanthosh-mathew","_id":"616ff68c45ceed4e1755bbd1","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Santhosh Mathew","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2021-05-20T14:05:02.220996Z","entity":"author","guid":"6bc8ebb8-e15f-499b-bba1-b8242dbf593d","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsanthosh-mathew","modifiedDateTime":"2021-06-17T18:33:04.088972Z","project":"future","slug":"santhosh-mathew","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166548},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnat-rutherford":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnat-rutherford","_id":"616ff68c45ceed486f615b2e","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Nat Rutherford","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2021-01-05T14:59:36.724525Z","entity":"author","guid":"722758a6-e3f9-4929-84e4-bb38b38f4033","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnat-rutherford","modifiedDateTime":"2021-06-17T18:27:33.478458Z","project":"future","slug":"nat-rutherford","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fvincent-ialenti":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fvincent-ialenti","_id":"616ff69145ceed4afd083cbd","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Vincent Ialenti","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-12-09T14:47:55.922639Z","entity":"author","guid":"f83ffec0-5b55-4e16-b4e7-c99889ca3ce3","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fvincent-ialenti","modifiedDateTime":"2021-06-17T18:38:39.073263Z","project":"future","slug":"vincent-ialenti","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-fisher":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-fisher","_id":"616ff68d45ceed4ba139526b","assetImage":[],"description":"\u003Cp\u003ERichard Fisher is the deputy editor of BBC Future. Twitter: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Frifish\"\u003E@rifish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","email":"","links":null,"name":"Richard Fisher","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2014-11-18T09:13:50Z","entity":"author","guid":"4dc704bc-422c-4614-99af-e31bd00ab9cf","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-fisher","modifiedDateTime":"2021-06-17T18:30:53.764363Z","project":"future","slug":"richard-fisher","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park","_id":"616ff6d645ceed577e7139d6","assetImage":[],"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"William Park","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"@williamhpark","creationDateTime":"2015-04-17T15:28:03Z","entity":"author","guid":"10f2e559-1acb-4268-8a36-c081c33e8cd3","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park","modifiedDateTime":"2021-06-17T17:59:23.941308Z","project":"future","slug":"20150417-william-park","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551}},"collections":{"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flifes-big-questions":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:collection:future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flifes-big-questions","_id":"616ff6e945ceed5fb451c09e","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"In a new series by The Conversation that is being co-published with BBC Future, experts answer Life's Big Questions. We seek to answer our readers' nagging questions about life, love, death and the Universe. We work with professional researchers who have dedicated their lives to uncovering new perspectives on the questions that shape our lives.","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"lifes big questions","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","theme":"","title":"Life's Big Questions","creationDateTime":"2020-02-05T14:20:43.44041Z","entity":"collection","guid":"2cfd413d-5e89-4e40-a7bb-6d2163b239e7","id":"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flifes-big-questions","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-26T08:08:03.120052Z","project":"future","slug":"column\u002Flifes-big-questions","image":null,"cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fhow-to-think-about-x":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:collection:future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fhow-to-think-about-x","_id":"616ff6ab45ceed5cb930a921","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"How To Think About X","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","theme":"","title":"How To Think About X","creationDateTime":"2019-12-04T09:35:23.325996Z","entity":"collection","guid":"68ef297b-3204-4e2e-9d14-184856c0d142","id":"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fhow-to-think-about-x","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-26T08:07:20.57224Z","project":"future","slug":"column\u002Fhow-to-think-about-x","image":null,"cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fdeep-civilisation":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:collection:future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fdeep-civilisation","_id":"616ff6e145ceed5fb451c047","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"The long view of humanity - a series that aims to stand back from the news cycle and widen the lens of our current place in time.","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Deep Civilisation","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","theme":"","title":"Deep Civilisation","creationDateTime":"2019-01-09T18:53:34.83132Z","entity":"collection","guid":"5d92cb65-2b8d-4740-9f6f-b8bacdb37da5","id":"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fdeep-civilisation","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-26T08:06:12.095948Z","project":"future","slug":"column\u002Fdeep-civilisation","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Finner-space":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:collection:future\u002Fcolumn\u002Finner-space","_id":"616ff6e545ceed5fb451c06b","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"More than two-thirds of our planet is made up of seas and oceans. Under the surface lie hidden worlds humanity is only now discovering.","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Inner Space","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","theme":"","title":"Inner Space","creationDateTime":"2020-07-22T15:02:10.632751Z","entity":"collection","guid":"a697e60b-e944-46c2-b659-d1544b891ae4","id":"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Finner-space","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T14:59:46.623069Z","project":"future","slug":"column\u002Finner-space","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550}},"images":{"p09ym97c":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09ym97c","_id":"616ff58f45ceed54d62ecb67","copyright":"Noboru Hasimoto\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":231936,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":829,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002Fm9\u002Fp09ym97c.jpg","sourceWidth":1473,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Soldiers clean a subway train in the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack (Credit: Noboru Hasimoto\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Soldiers clean up in the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym97c.jpg","title":"GettyImages-535307960_noboru-hashimoto.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09ym97c","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym97c.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"p09ym7ws":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09ym7ws","_id":"616ff55345ceed3a3b667a36","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":2944415,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002Fm7\u002Fp09ym7ws.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Number of Artificial General Iintelligence projects (2020) \u002F Source: GCR Institute (Credit: Luke Kemp\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","synopsisShort":"Graph showing AGI projects dominated by US followed by EU","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym7ws.jpg","title":"agi projects grain.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09ym7ws","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym7ws.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"p09ymvbp":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09ymvbp","_id":"616ff55645ceed4221052206","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":2849606,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002Fmv\u002Fp09ymvbp.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Top 10 cumulative CO2 emissions (2019) \u002F Source: Our World in Data (Credit: Luke Kemp\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","synopsisShort":"Top 10 cumulative emissions, US and China largest contributors","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ymvbp.jpg","title":"CUumulative emiison updated copy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09ymvbp","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ymvbp.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"p09ypmdx":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09ypmdx","_id":"6177d7ac45ceed0d802cee55","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":2841085,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002Fpm\u002Fp09ypmdx.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Top 5 countries by defence spending (2018) \u002F Source: Haner, J. & Garcia, D. (2019) (Credit: Luke Kemp\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","synopsisShort":"Top 5 countries by defence spending, US dominates","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ypmdx.jpg","title":"Defence Spending UPDATED copy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09ypmdx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ypmdx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"p09ypmkb":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09ypmkb","_id":"6177d7ad45ceed023711ee56","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":2841557,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002Fpm\u002Fp09ypmkb.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Top 5 countries by projected drone spending (2017-2021) \u002F Source: Haner, J. & Garcia, D. (2019) (Credit: Luke Kemp\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","synopsisShort":"Graph showing US dominates drone spending","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ypmkb.jpg","title":"projected drone spending UPDATED copy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09ypmkb","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ypmkb.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"p09ymv9m":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09ymv9m","_id":"616ff59b45ceed61511256b5","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":2845943,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002Fmv\u002Fp09ymv9m.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Distribution of nuclear weapons (2021) \u002F Source: thebulletin.org\u002Fnuclear-notebook (Credit: Luke Kemp\u002FJavier Hirschfeld)","synopsisShort":"Distribution of nuclear weapons, predominantly US and Russia","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ymv9m.jpg","title":"distribution nuclear weapons Updated.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09ymv9m","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ymv9m.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"p09ym9mx":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09ym9mx","_id":"616ff55645ceed421a3eeb34","copyright":"Ethan Miller\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":559082,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1688,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002Fm9\u002Fp09ym9mx.jpg","sourceWidth":3000,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The US military has led the world in drone technology (Credit: Ethan Miller\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"US drone flying","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym9mx.jpg","title":"GettyImages-76024283_Ethan-Miller.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09ym9mx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym9mx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"p09ym9rc":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09ym9rc","_id":"616ff54445ceed2b167fc71a","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":101714,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":854,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002Fm9\u002Fp09ym9rc.jpg","sourceWidth":683,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Preparing for a human-made global catastrophe requires far more than building shelters (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Nuclear shelter door","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym9rc.jpg","title":"GettyImages-119186660.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09ym9rc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym9rc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"p09ym94c":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09ym94c","_id":"616ff54f45ceed3bc96904fe","copyright":"Yoshikazu Tsuno\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":997479,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1367,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002Fm9\u002Fp09ym94c.jpg","sourceWidth":2430,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In the wake of the Aum Shinrikyo attack (Credit: Yoshikazu Tsuno\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Two japanese soldiers in gas masks","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym94c.jpg","title":"GettyImages-454282718_YOSHIKAZU-TSUNO.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09ym94c","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09ym94c.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"p09y4jst":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09y4jst","_id":"616ff53c45ceed300f19c688","copyright":"Marcin Rogozinski\u002FAlamy","fileSizeBytes":1402733,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002F4j\u002Fp09y4jst.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Modern humans were preceded by a wide variety of different hominin species (Credit: Marcin Rogozinski\u002FAlamy)","synopsisShort":"Hominin skulls at the Natural History Museum in London (Credit: Marcin Rogozinski\u002FAlamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09y4jst.jpg","title":"Modern humans were preceded by a wide variety of different hominin species","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09y4jst","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09y4jst.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"p09y4hnl":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09y4hnl","_id":"616ff55645ceed3bbc184e02","copyright":"Joe McNally\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1247667,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002F4h\u002Fp09y4hnl.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Many archaeologists now believe that Neanderthals were not so different from our own species (Credit: Joe McNally\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Reconstruction of female Neanderthal alongside a woman (Credit: Joe McNally\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09y4hnl.jpg","title":"Many archaeologists now believe that Neanderthals were not so different from our own species","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09y4hnl","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09y4hnl.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"p09y4j4c":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09y4j4c","_id":"616ff59745ceed5cbe6ea7bd","copyright":"Jorge Sanz\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1416420,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002F4j\u002Fp09y4j4c.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Humanity has grown to think that there is a huge gulf between our own species and other animals (Credit: Jorge Sanz\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"A couple takes a selfie with a bear at a zoo (Credit: Jorge Sanz\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09y4j4c.jpg","title":"Humanity has grown to think that there is a huge gulf between our own species and other animals","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09y4j4c","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09y4j4c.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"p09y4h9x":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09y4h9x","_id":"616ff53145ceed2fcf59fe5b","copyright":"MaxiPhoto\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1922836,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9y\u002F4h\u002Fp09y4h9x.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Would our sense of our own humanity be diminished or enhanced if our now extinct hominin cousins were still around? (Credit: MaxiPhoto\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"A crowd of people in the street (Credit: MaxiPhoto\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09y4h9x.jpg","title":"Would our sense of our own humanity be diminished or enhanced if our now extinct hominin cousins were still around?","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09y4h9x","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09y4h9x.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"p09jjz82":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09jjz82","_id":"616ff57e45ceed5188100240","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":3091206,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2363,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9j\u002Fjz\u002Fp09jjz82.jpg","sourceWidth":4200,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In 1851, London hosted the \"Great Exhibition Of The Works Of Industry Of All Nations\" (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Drawing: The Great Exhibition Of The Works Of Industry Of All Nations In Hyde Park, 1851","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jjz82.jpg","title":"GettyImages-188002849.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09jjz82","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jjz82.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"p09jjzpn":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09jjzpn","_id":"616ff51f45ceed1eda0879e2","copyright":"Jay Directo\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":89595,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":516,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9j\u002Fjz\u002Fp09jjzpn.jpg","sourceWidth":918,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"If the gap grows between rich and poor, then instability can follow (Credit: Jay Directo\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Slums contrasted against skyscrapers","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jjzpn.jpg","title":"GettyImages-78927528_.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09jjzpn","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jjzpn.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"p09jk0ch":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09jk0ch","_id":"616ff52245ceed2b18052537","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":139751,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":576,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9j\u002Fk0\u002Fp09jk0ch.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Women wearing a yellow vest (gilet jaune) stage a protest in France (Credit: Jean-Francois Monier\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Women wearing a yellow vest (gilet jaune) protest in France","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jk0ch.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1081746668.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09jk0ch","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jk0ch.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"p09jk0vz":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09jk0vz","_id":"616ff52745ceed2b1805253b","copyright":"David Young\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":75619,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":854,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9j\u002Fk0\u002Fp09jk0vz.jpg","sourceWidth":683,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Capitalism's in-built incentives may need to expand to embrace sustainability (Credit: David Young\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"People stand next to giant coal extraction machinery","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jk0vz.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1151453407.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09jk0vz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jk0vz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"p09jk13d":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09jk13d","_id":"616ff56c45ceed47c226ad52","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":503743,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":576,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9j\u002Fk1\u002Fp09jk13d.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Where will capitalism go next? (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Man walks in front of stock exchange display in red and yellow","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jk13d.jpg","title":"GettyImages-74356685.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09jk13d","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09jk13d.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"p09j4f61":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09j4f61","_id":"616ff52f45ceed314a4e3a33","copyright":"Munir Uz Zaman\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":2479771,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9j\u002F4f\u002Fp09j4f61.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Our species is creating so much material that it encroaches on the space of other creatures (Credit: Munir Uz Zaman\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"A man in a boat paddling past rubbish in Dhaka (Credit: Munir Uz Zaman\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09j4f61.jpg","title":"Our species is creating so much material that it encroaches on the space of other creatures","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09j4f61","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09j4f61.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166548},"p09j4dwq":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09j4dwq","_id":"616ff52b45ceed28e0734272","copyright":"Noel Celis\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":2219922,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9j\u002F4d\u002Fp09j4dwq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In amongst the rubbish we throw away, some species are evolving to thrive in the polluted environments we are creating (Credit: Noel Celis\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Rubbish filling a canal in Manila, Philippines (Credit: Noel Celis\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09j4dwq.jpg","title":"In amongst the rubbish we throw away, some species are evolving to thrive in the polluted environments we are creating","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09j4dwq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09j4dwq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166548},"p09j4f1p":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09j4f1p","_id":"616ff57e45ceed54cf0aa553","copyright":"Yuri Smityuk\u002FTASS\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1502495,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9j\u002F4f\u002Fp09j4f1p.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Can the species we share the planet with adapt fast enough to cope with the new world we are creating for them? (Credit: Yuri Smityuk\u002FTASS\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Fox cubs with a plastic bag (Credit: Yuri Smityuk\u002FTASS\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09j4f1p.jpg","title":"Can the species we share the planet with adapt fast enough to cope with the new world we are creating for them?","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09j4f1p","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09j4f1p.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166548},"p09j4dgl":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09j4dgl","_id":"616ff52845ceed2d824738d7","copyright":"Josua Marunduh\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1827436,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9j\u002F4d\u002Fp09j4dgl.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The mass of human-made stuff is greater than that of all living things on the planet – could our unchecked consumption destroy life on Earth? (Credit: Josua Marunduh\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"A dog with a bag on its head (Credit: Josua Marunduh\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09j4dgl.jpg","title":"The mass of human-made stuff is now greater than the mass of all living things on the planet","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09j4dgl","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09j4dgl.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166548},"p09fsl7r":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09fsl7r","_id":"616ff51c45ceed19c67b54b6","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":207832,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1688,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9f\u002Fsl\u002Fp09fsl7r.jpg","sourceWidth":3000,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Rome appointed dictators, and for a few hundred years, it worked (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Roman statue","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fsl7r.jpg","title":"GettyImages-95716341.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09fsl7r","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fsl7r.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p09fslty":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09fslty","_id":"616ff53245ceed2b167fc6f9","copyright":"Eric Baradat\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1192192,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3132,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9f\u002Fsl\u002Fp09fslty.jpg","sourceWidth":5568,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The 2001 USA Patriot Act allowed the US Congress itself to expand surveillance powers (Credit: Eric Baradat\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Camera lens looking at the US Capitol","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fslty.jpg","title":"GettyImages-Eric-Baradat.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09fslty","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fslty.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p09fslhz":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09fslhz","_id":"616ff52445ceed2cc173c513","copyright":"Dominika Zarzycka\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":952487,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2648,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9f\u002Fsl\u002Fp09fslhz.jpg","sourceWidth":4708,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Surveillance measures are far from a panacea, and there are dangers with expanding their reach (Credit: Dominika Zarzycka\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Puddle reflecting surveillance camera","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fslhz.jpg","title":"GettyImages-Dominika-Zarzycka.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09fslhz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fslhz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p09fsm7b":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09fsm7b","_id":"616ff55f45ceed3bd601ac05","copyright":"Cindy Ord\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":760888,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3510,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9f\u002Fsm\u002Fp09fsm7b.jpg","sourceWidth":6240,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Emergency powers to tackle the pandemic are also prone to abuse if left unchecked (Credit: Cindy Ord\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Man monitored through temperature sensor camera in pandemic","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fsm7b.jpg","title":"GettyImages-Cindy-Ord.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09fsm7b","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fsm7b.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p09fslcb":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09fslcb","_id":"616ff52845ceed271f14dab6","copyright":"James Matsumoto\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":904991,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2110,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9f\u002Fsl\u002Fp09fslcb.jpg","sourceWidth":3750,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Covid-19 is just one of many threats we will face over the coming century (Credit:James Matsumoto\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Covid-19 is just one of many threats we will face over the coming century","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fslcb.jpg","title":"GettyImages-James-Matsumoto.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09fslcb","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fslcb.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p09fsm1s":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09fsm1s","_id":"616ff52945ceed2cc173c51c","copyright":"Sergei Konkov\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":795468,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3292,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9f\u002Fsm\u002Fp09fsm1s.jpg","sourceWidth":5852,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Surveillance powers have become ever greater in recent decades (Credit: Sergei Konkov\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Woman in airport holding temperature sensor camera","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fsm1s.jpg","title":"GettyImages-Sergei-Konkov.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09fsm1s","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09fsm1s.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p0934dq1":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0934dq1","_id":"616ff4fe45ceed15241c0b0d","copyright":"Gerry Walden\u002FAlamy","fileSizeBytes":2448493,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F93\u002F4d\u002Fp0934dq1.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Entire sections of book shop shelving are often dedicated to self-help books that promise to make us happier (Credit: Gerry Walden\u002FAlamy)","synopsisShort":"A woman looks at a self-help section in a book shop (Credit: Gerry Walden\u002FAlamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934dq1.jpg","title":"Entire sections of book shop shelving are often dedicated to self-help books that promise to make us happier","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0934dq1","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934dq1.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p0934dgz":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0934dgz","_id":"616ff50745ceed19cb75ef66","copyright":"Solstock\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1704265,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F93\u002F4d\u002Fp0934dgz.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A life with loving attachments has been shown to be linked to happiness but it can also cause us great pain (Credit: Solstock\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"A couple hugging and laughing as they walk (Credit: Solstock\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934dgz.jpg","title":"A life with loving attachments has been shown to be linked to happiness but it can also cause us great pain","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0934dgz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934dgz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p0934d7l":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0934d7l","_id":"616ff5d145ceed7a5306c372","copyright":"Michael Wheatley\u002FAlamy","fileSizeBytes":1121844,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F93\u002F4d\u002Fp0934d7l.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The majority of Americans would choose happiness over achieving great things, according to one recent survey (Credit: Michael Wheatley\u002FAlamy)","synopsisShort":"A woman puts up a sign reading 'happy' in a window (Credit: Michael Wheatley\u002FAlamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934d7l.jpg","title":"The majority of Americans would choose happiness over achieving great things, according to one recent survey","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0934d7l","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934d7l.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p0934cz0":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0934cz0","_id":"6173349a45ceed6110159ae8","copyright":"Chris Gorman\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":3150109,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F93\u002F4c\u002Fp0934cz0.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Rather than being a mental state, happiness may be something we obtain from doing things and our habits (Credit: Chris Gorman\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"A woman watering plants in a garden (Credit: Chris Gorman\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934cz0.jpg","title":"Rather than being a mental state, happiness may be something we obtain from doing things and our habits","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0934cz0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934cz0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p0934f8y":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0934f8y","_id":"616ff4f945ceed15ee79e2ee","copyright":"Mike Kemp\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1447837,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F93\u002F4f\u002Fp0934f8y.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Modern society seems to be obsessed with finding happiness, but if some philosophers are to believed, this could be a fruitless pursuit (Credit: Mike Kemp\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Graffiti about the fruitless search for happiness (Credit: Mike Kemp\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934f8y.jpg","title":"Modern society seems to be obsessed with finding happiness but if some philosophers are to believed this could be fruitless","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0934f8y","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0934f8y.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p090xqy4":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p090xqy4","_id":"616ff50545ceed1e235d4de5","copyright":"Posiva Oy","fileSizeBytes":4165316,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1779,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002Fxq\u002Fp090xqy4.jpg","sourceWidth":3161,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The Olkiluoto repository from the air, where the effects of deep time are weighed up (Credit: Posiva Oy)","synopsisShort":"The Olkiluoto repository from the air","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xqy4.jpg","title":"2011_talvi_2_Posiva Oy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p090xqy4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xqy4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p090xq7c":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p090xq7c","_id":"616ff50c45ceed1e24274b58","copyright":"Joe Raedle\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1972405,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2679,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002Fxq\u002Fp090xq7c.jpg","sourceWidth":4762,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The glaciers near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland provided clues to the long-term effects of the next ice age (Credit: Joe Raedle\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"The glaciers in Greenland (Credit: Joe Raedle\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xq7c.jpg","title":"GettyImages-174473467.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p090xq7c","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xq7c.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p090xq22":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p090xq22","_id":"616ff50545ceed0b8025e22c","copyright":"Emmi Korhonen\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":1303610,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002Fxq\u002Fp090xq22.jpg","sourceWidth":3110,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Will copper canisters corrode in the long-term? Finland's nuclear waste experts turned to analogues for answers (Credit: Emmi Korhonen\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Copper canister, Finland nuclear waste depsitory","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xq22.jpg","title":"GettyImages-974400660.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p090xq22","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xq22.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p090xx9t":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p090xx9t","_id":"616ff54b45ceed3bc96904f9","copyright":"Allegra Wrocklage","fileSizeBytes":373071,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2005,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002Fxx\u002Fp090xx9t.jpg","sourceWidth":1901,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Wandering above Appalachia’s hills, imagining deep time (Credit: Allegra Wrocklage)","synopsisShort":"Wandering above Appalachia’s hills, imagining deep time (Credit: Allegra Wrocklage)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xx9t.jpg","title":"AppalachiaVincent_Allegra-Wrocklage_portrait.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p090xx9t","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xx9t.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p090xwyv":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p090xwyv","_id":"616ff4fc45ceed0b6b0db87f","copyright":"peterson.jon\u002Fwikipedia\u002FCC BY 3.0","fileSizeBytes":1184115,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1118,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002Fxw\u002Fp090xwyv.jpg","sourceWidth":1988,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Like many botanical gardens, the Garfield Conservatory’s Fern Room in Chicago transports visitors to a different geological era (Credit: peterson.jon\u002Fwikipedia\u002FCC BY 3.0)","synopsisShort":"The Garfield Conservatory’s Fern Room","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xwyv.jpg","title":"Garfield-fern-room_peterson.jon-BY3.0-.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p090xwyv","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xwyv.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p090xyy2":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p090xyy2","_id":"616ff54145ceed36da5dd98f","copyright":"Allegra Wrocklage","fileSizeBytes":221720,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1070,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002Fxy\u002Fp090xyy2.jpg","sourceWidth":1901,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Wandering above Appalachia’s hills, imagining deep time (Credit: Allegra Wrocklage)","synopsisShort":"Wandering above Appalachia’s hills, imagining deep time (Credit: Allegra Wrocklage)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xyy2.jpg","title":"AppalachiaVincent_Allegra-Wrocklage_landscape.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p090xyy2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090xyy2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"p09091k5":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09091k5","_id":"616ff50445ceed1e067c5094","copyright":"GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project","fileSizeBytes":1837356,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3440,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002F91\u002Fp09091k5.jpg","sourceWidth":6115,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"These deliberate marks in the seabed were 26 years old in this photo taken in 2015 (Credit: GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project)","synopsisShort":"These deliberate marks in the seabed were 26 years old in this photo taken in 2015","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091k5.jpg","title":"2015-08-31_15-46-57_Sonne_SO242-2_142_Logo.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09091k5","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091k5.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"p09091f3":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09091f3","_id":"616ff50745ceed1e067c5098","copyright":"GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project","fileSizeBytes":2788830,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3433,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002F91\u002Fp09091f3.jpg","sourceWidth":6103,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Polymetallic nodules in the south-east Pacific Ocean off Peru (Credit: GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project)","synopsisShort":"Polymetallic nodules in the South East Pacific Ocean off Peru","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091f3.jpg","title":"2015-04-14_18-35-19_Sonne_SO239_157ROV11_Logo.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09091f3","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091f3.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"p09091bd":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09091bd","_id":"616ff54a45ceed2d99211063","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":511810,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1902,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002F91\u002Fp09091bd.jpg","sourceWidth":3382,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Polymetallic nodules were discovered in the 1800s, but remained only of scientific interest until recently (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Polymetallic nodules were discovered in the 1800s","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091bd.jpg","title":"noduleonland_alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09091bd","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091bd.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"p09090sd":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09090sd","_id":"616ff50c45ceed1ed04fa852","copyright":"GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project","fileSizeBytes":2961875,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3436,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002F90\u002Fp09090sd.jpg","sourceWidth":6108,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A sea anemone and sponge stalk attached to a polymetallic nodule (Credit: GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project)","synopsisShort":"A sea anemone and sponge stalk attached to a polymetallic nodule","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09090sd.jpg","title":"2015-04-14_21-42-12_Sonne_SO239_157ROV11_Logo.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09090sd","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09090sd.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"p09092d0":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09092d0","_id":"616ff4f445ceed1545135137","copyright":"Miller et al (2018), based on Hein et al (2013)\u002FAndy Cole\u002FCC BY 4.0","fileSizeBytes":473200,"mimeType":"image\u002Fpng","sourceHeight":459,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002F92\u002Fp09092d0.png","sourceWidth":816,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Locations of the three main types of marine mineral deposit, with polymetallic nodules in blue (Credit: Miller et al (2018), based on Hein et al (2013)\u002FAndy Cole\u002FCC BY 4.0)","synopsisShort":"World map of the three main types of marine mineral deposit","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09092d0.png","title":"Untitled-2.png","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09092d0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09092d0.png","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"p0909142":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0909142","_id":"616ff50245ceed1e2d510f61","copyright":"GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project","fileSizeBytes":3154159,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3406,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002F91\u002Fp0909142.jpg","sourceWidth":6055,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Unlike many other residents, sea cucumbers can move across the sediment surface (Credit: GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project)","synopsisShort":"Sea cucumber on ocean floor","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0909142.jpg","title":"2015-04-01_18-12-28_Sonne_SO239_082ROV06_Logo.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0909142","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0909142.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"p090917k":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p090917k","_id":"616ff50445ceed0ba121ff03","copyright":"Daniel Jones","fileSizeBytes":352299,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1340,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002F91\u002Fp090917k.jpg","sourceWidth":2382,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Larger creatures are rare in these environments (Credit: Daniel Jones)","synopsisShort":"A red crustacean on deep seafloor","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090917k.jpg","title":"JC120_image_Bathystylodactylus_300dpi.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p090917k","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp090917k.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"p09091hs":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09091hs","_id":"616ff50045ceed19b2447986","copyright":"GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project","fileSizeBytes":2335391,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2600,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002F91\u002Fp09091hs.jpg","sourceWidth":4623,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Another kind of track – a curious spiral left by a worm, as a jellyfish hovers above (Credit: GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project)","synopsisShort":"Another kind of track – a curious spiral left by a worm, as a jellyfish hovers above","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091hs.jpg","title":"2015-09-20_19-43-12_Sonne_SO242-2_211_Logo.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09091hs","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091hs.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"p09091bs":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09091bs","_id":"616ff50745ceed1dd51f4cb7","copyright":"GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project","fileSizeBytes":2253007,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3430,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F90\u002F91\u002Fp09091bs.jpg","sourceWidth":6097,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"This track was 37 years-old when it was photographed in 2015 (Credit: GEOMAR\u002FMiningImpact Project)","synopsisShort":"This track was 37 years-old when it was photographed in 2015","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091bs.jpg","title":"2015-04-14_17-54-00_Sonne_SO239_157ROV11_Logo.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09091bs","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09091bs.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"p08x5y72":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08x5y72","_id":"616ff4f245ceed14703cc386","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":973879,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8x\u002F5y\u002Fp08x5y72.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Even since the earliest discoveries of Neanderthal remains there have been theories that they were war-like (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"An engraving of \"stone age men\" in battle (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08x5y72.jpg","title":"Even since the earliest discoveries of Neanderthal remains there have been theories that they were war-like","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08x5y72","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08x5y72.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"p08x5y9g":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08x5y9g","_id":"616ff4ed45ceed02377ee6c8","copyright":"Anup Shah\u002FAlamy","fileSizeBytes":1299581,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8x\u002F5y\u002Fp08x5y9g.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Chimpanzees often form raiding parties and go to war with neighbouring groups (Credit: Anup Shah\u002FAlamy)","synopsisShort":"A male chimpanzee walking through a forest (Credit: Anup Shah\u002FAlamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08x5y9g.jpg","title":"Chimpanzees often form raiding parties and go to war with neighbouring groups","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08x5y9g","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08x5y9g.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"p08x5xt4":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08x5xt4","_id":"616ff50445ceed1ed9798211","copyright":"AFP\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":969156,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8x\u002F5x\u002Fp08x5xt4.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Recent discoveries have shown that the Neanderthals had a sophisticated culture, even making jewellery out of eagle talons and art (Credit: AFP\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"An anthropologist shows talons from Neanderthal jewellery (Credit: AFP\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08x5xt4.jpg","title":"Recent discoveries have shown that the Neanderthals had sophisticated culture, made jewellery and art","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08x5xt4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08x5xt4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"p08x5xwf":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08x5xwf","_id":"616ff4f245ceed08da0877ab","copyright":"Science Photo Library","fileSizeBytes":1214765,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8x\u002F5x\u002Fp08x5xwf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Neanderthals were far more like us than previously believed, and it probably means they engaged in warfare too (Credit: Science Photo Library)","synopsisShort":"A model of a neanderthals face (Credit: Science Photo Library)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08x5xwf.jpg","title":"Neanderthals were far more like us than previously believed, and it probably means they engaged in warfare too","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08x5xwf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08x5xwf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"p08q9mqv":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08q9mqv","_id":"616ff4e545ceed08cf0b34de","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1620406,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F9m\u002Fp08q9mqv.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Early road safety campaigns pushing for the mandatory use of seat belts led to fears that they would be introduced at the expense of air bags (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"A crash test dummy with seat belt and air bag (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q9mqv.jpg","title":"Early road safety campaigns initially pitched the need for seat belts against the need for air bags","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08q9mqv","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q9mqv.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"p08q9nzd":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08q9nzd","_id":"616ff4cb45ceed03e34d9d33","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1247843,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F9n\u002Fp08q9nzd.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The laws on seat belt use and their enforcement is still patchy across the United States (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Police stopping vehicles during a seat belt campaign (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q9nzd.jpg","title":"The laws on seat belt use and their enforcement is still patchy across the United States","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08q9nzd","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q9nzd.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"p08q9pgf":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08q9pgf","_id":"616ff4e345ceed0f3e474f92","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1338815,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F9p\u002Fp08q9pgf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Although the majority of people now face masks, some still see it as an infringement of their civil liberties (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Anti-mask protestors holding a sign (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q9pgf.jpg","title":"Although the majority of people now wear face masks, some still see it as an infringement of their civil liberties","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08q9pgf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q9pgf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"p08qb1pj":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08qb1pj","_id":"616ff4e545ceed0b0c2c2f7d","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1473086,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002Fb1\u002Fp08qb1pj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Protests against face masks have sprung up in many countries around the world despite scientific evidence to suggest wearing one can slow the spread of Covid-19 (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Anti-mask protests in Canada (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qb1pj.jpg","title":"Protests against face masks have sprung up in many countries around the world","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08qb1pj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08qb1pj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"p08q9hr7":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08q9hr7","_id":"616ff4e245ceed6f7b1b02d2","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":1600918,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8q\u002F9h\u002Fp08q9hr7.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Some people have a visceral reaction to being told what to do by the authorities even when it could potentially save their lives (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Anti-mask protestors holding a sign (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q9hr7.jpg","title":"Some people have a visceral reaction to being told what to do by the authorities","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08q9hr7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08q9hr7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","_id":"6177d7ab45ceed023711ee53","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fluke-kemp"],"bodyIntro":"There are a handful of actors who are the most likely to cause a global catastrophe, but their power goes unchecked, says Luke Kemp.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1995, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-35975069\"\u003Edoomsday cult in Japan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E killed 13 people and injured more than 6,000 others. They were the victims of a Sarin gas attack in the Tokyo subway committed during rush hour by the apocalyptic terrorist group known as Aleph (at the time called Aum Shinrikyo). Afterwards, 13 of the perpetrators were tried and executed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the metro lines attacked on that day (the Marunouchi Line) leads to Shinjuku Station. Shinjuku is home to numerous sites where the Japanese government \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2011\u002Ffeb\u002F21\u002Fjapan-excavates-site-human-experiments\"\u003Eallegedly buried the bodies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the victims of wartime experiments. The corpses are purported to have been the grisly result of the actions of Unit 731: Japan’s infamous World War Two biological weapons programme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver more than a decade, Unit 731 was responsible for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2002\u002Faug\u002F28\u002Fartsandhumanities.japan\"\u003Eperhaps 300,000 or more deaths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The programme \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjama\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F417896\"\u003Eexperimented with weaponising a host of biological agents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from botulism and bubonic plague to syphilis and smallpox. New deployment methods were trialed, including the dropping of plague-infected fleas onto Chinese cities. Unit 731 engaged in some of the worst atrocities imaginable, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.waterstones.com\u002Fbook\u002Funit-731-testimony\u002Fhal-gold\u002F9780804835657\"\u003Eincluding the live vivisection of prisoners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter WW2 came to an end and Japan surrendered, the scientists of Unit 731 were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjama\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F417896\"\u003Egranted immunity by the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In exchange for avoiding prosecution for war crimes, they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjme.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F43\u002F4\u002F270.short?casa_token=0OwEuMsRs2wAAAAA:tWg5H2-daXSQr1MMhv_cp0O-8HXisLUKirlJB9WOb4EAq2XxC8CrZhMH4sA7MMovksQCqWmeowYE\"\u003Ehanded over data from human experimentation and bioweapons research to the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (although not its allies).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"After WW2 came to an end and Japan surrendered, the scientists of Unit 731 were granted immunity by the US","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe story of Aum Shinrikyo is well known and discussed among scholars who study global catastrophe and human extinction. It is frequently used as an example of the dangers if terrorists with apocalyptic motivations are well-funded and scientifically-literate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnit 731 is far less analysed. This is despite the fact that it illustrates the chilling lengths powerful actors can and will go to for an advantage. In addition to the harms caused to the Chinese people and others, Unit 731 could also have had terrible consequences for the global population, if its weaponised biological arsenal had been more extensively developed or widely deployed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, many catastrophic risk researchers focus on a \"citizen terror narrative\", concerned with \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0016328717302732\"\u003Eagential risks\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: doomsday level-threats from minor actors such as ambitious terrorists. Across the masses of citizens, the concern is that there will be at least one individual or group motivated to bring about Ragnarök. Hence, one of the greatest problems is the increased availability of dangerous information and technologies. Some have even suggested that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002F1758-5899.12718\"\u003Epreventive policing and ubiquitous surveillance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may be required to control these hypothetical wide-spread weapons of mass destruction.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith this view, the most powerful are trusted to not destroy the world due to rational self-interest. As the UK's Astronomer Royal Lord Martin Rees frames it in his book Our Final Century, a human-triggered apocalypse would likely be a case of \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.ee\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FOur_Final_Hour.html?id=GqvgCDPFZ18C&redir_esc=y\"\u003Eterror or error\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: malicious action by a small group or a mistake by the powerful.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ym97c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETerrorists and lone wolves are undoubtedly a problem. However, it appears they are highly unlikely to be the source of global destruction. The historical and present reality of human-made global hazards suggests that a different set of actors are culpable. Destroying large swathes of the world requires power and secrecy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the past few years, I have been studying the forces that cause historical catastrophes and collapses, as well as working with colleagues at the University of Cambridge's Centre for the Study of Existential Risk to analyse the modern dangers we face in the present-day. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse\"\u003EAre we on the road to civilisation collapse?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring my research I have become convinced that only a few institutions have the resources – and lack of oversight – to imperil the world. This is an enduring predicament that is unlikely to change. The greatest threats are not born from average citizens, but from a desire from the powerful for control, profit, and military advantage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse\"\u003EAre we on the road to civilisation collapse?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers\"\u003EThe 'Stomp Reflex': When governments abuse emergency powers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210217-the-moments-that-we-could-have-destroyed-humanity\"\u003EThe moments that could have accidentally ended humanity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScholars of castastophic risk often point to a handful of infamous human-made global threats: artificial general intelligence (AGI), catastrophic biological threats, climate change, lethal autonomous weapons, nuclear weapons and mass surveillance. The impact of each of these threats is uncertain and some are more likely than others: we have already experienced around 1C of global warming since industrialisation, but whether AGI can or will be created is uncertain. They are best thought of as interconnected threats that could cause significant worldwide loss of life and liberty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll of these are the product of a small group of often overlapping, powerful industries dominated by a few actors. These are primarily: military-industrial complexes, the fossil fuel industry and Big Tech. All of these are concentrated in a handful of countries, particularly the US. Let us call them the \u003Cem\u003EAgents of Doom\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlobal catastrophe is a case of public costs and private benefits. Too often we mistakenly think of the future of global catastrophe as a set of (falsely) separate hazards and technologies. The true risk underlying all of these is unaccountable, concentrated power.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EArtificial general intelligence (AGI)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguin.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002F307\u002F307948\u002Fhuman-compatible\u002F9780141987507.html\"\u003ESome scholars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are concerned that the creation of advanced artificial intelligence could have dire impacts. In 2020, approximately \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgcrinstitute.org\u002F2020-survey-of-artificial-general-intelligence-projects-for-ethics-risk-and-policy\u002F\"\u003E72 projects were openly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E researching AGI across 37 countries. These are primarily corporate and academic projects. About half of these are in the US and eight of the nine projects that have military connections are in the US. These can be taken as an underestimate as existing military programmes are likely to be kept confidential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ym7ws"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E(Note: \"lead\" designates countries where the projects' administrative and operational leadership are located. \"Partner\" refers to countries contributing to a project involving other nations.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECatastrophic biological threats\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe intentional development and cultivation of bioweapons didn’t truly begin until around World War One. Approximately 11 countries had bioweapons programmes over the course of the 20th Century resulting in around 18 bioweapons related incidents. The worst act during this time was the use of Typhus, Cholera and other agents by the Japanese (namely through Unit 731) against China during WW2.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBioterrorism has been more frequent but less impactful. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28806130\u002F\"\u003EA survey of multiple studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggests an average incident rate of 0.35-3.5 for biocrime and bioterrorism (in other words, approximately one every 2.9 years to 3.5 every year). But this includes a large number of hoaxes and threats. The vast majority of actual attacks result in a few casualties at most. This has led \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002F1469-0691.12699\"\u003Esome researchers to conclude\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"even if considerable financial, structural and logistical resources are available, successfully delivering a large-scale biological attack is harder than it may seem to be\". In contrast, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F14702436.2015.1113665\"\u003Escholars note that the revolution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in biotechnology will be one that likely gives an enormous advantage to stronger, militarised states.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EClimate change\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fb8f65cb373b1b7b15feb-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com\u002Fcms\u002Freports\u002Fdocuments\u002F000\u002F002\u002F327\u002Foriginal\u002FCarbon-Majors-Report-2017.pdf\"\u003E100 companies are responsible for 71%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions since 1988. Some of these fossil fuel giants have funded a complex of firms, think tanks and scientists that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMerchants_of_Doubt\"\u003Ehave been responsible for sewing doubt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on climate science. These \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.waterstones.com\u002Fbook\u002Fmerchants-of-doubt\u002Ferik-m-conway\u002Fnaomi-oreskes\u002F9781408824832\"\u003E\"merchants of doubt\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are a small, concentrated group. For countries, the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fenergyatlas.iea.org\u002F#!\u002Ftellmap\u002F1378539487\"\u003Etop 10 historical emitters account for three-quarters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of cumulative global emissions (counting the EU as single emitter), with the US alone accounting for around a quarter. A similar pattern appears when we look at the actual spread of fossil fuel reserves throughout the Earth’s land. Six countries and one region (collectively 18 countries) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F14693062.2018.1483885\"\u003Etogether hold 80%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of fossil fuel reserves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymvbp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELethal autonomous weapons (LAWs)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the first intentional initiatives to attempt to develop general lethal autonomous weapons was the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agencies’ (Darpa) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com.au\u002Fbooks?id=TnkVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT401&lpg=PT401&dq=1983+smart+weapons+program+darpa&source=bl&ots=ImdRoeyld1&sig=ACfU3U1lZr3NP_oBxICEQp_XtVht7Q8kYw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOhMvg8sjqAhVezjgGHYygA8AQ6AEwAXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1983%20smart%20weapons%20program%20darpa&f=false\"\u003E1983 Smart Weapons Program,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which contained a \"Killer Robots\" project. Its slogan was \"The battlefield is no place for humans\". Since then, interest in automated killers has grown. The most recent review of the lethal AI arms race found that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002F1758-5899.12713\"\u003EUS was the outright forerunner\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, followed by China, Russia, South Korea and the EU. They are abetted \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.paxforpeace.nl\u002Fpublications\u002Fall-publications\u002Fslippery-slope\"\u003Eby what the NGO Pax describes as 30 \"high-risk\" companies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E working on LAWs, or relevant technologies, who do not have any policy to ensure meaningful human control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ypmdx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ypmkb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENuclear weapons\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 1942-1946 Manhattan Project produced the 1945 successful Trinity test. The 1954 Castle Bravo test produced the first thermonuclear device. Both were deliberate, well-funded and organised enterprises by the US government. Scientists involved with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210217-the-moments-that-we-could-have-destroyed-humanity\"\u003Eprogramme first performed calculations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and then took bets as to whether the first test would potentially ignite the atmosphere, killing all life on Earth. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210217-the-moments-that-we-could-have-destroyed-humanity\"\u003EThe moments that could have accidentally ended humanity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECurrently, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fnuclear-weapons\"\u003E89% of nuclear weapons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are held by two countries: the US and Russia. The entire global nuclear arsenal belongs to just nine countries. The production and maintenance of nuclear weapons is overwhelmingly reliant \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dontbankonthebomb.com\u002F2019-producers-executive-summary\u002F\"\u003Eon just 28 major companies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (primarily US based).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymv9m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMass surveillance\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are concerns not just of global calamity, but the risk of dystopias, such as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201014-totalitarian-world-in-chains-artificial-intelligence\"\u003Elong-lasting, AI-surveillance power totalitarian\u003C\u002Fa\u003E state. The social scholar and author Shoshana Zuboff at Harvard University has branded the modern era as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.publicaffairsbooks.com\u002Ftitles\u002Fshoshana-zuboff\u002Fthe-age-of-surveillance-capitalism\u002F9781610395694\u002F\"\u003EAge of Surveillance Capitalism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is a situation in which human attention, experience and data are captured and commercialised en-masse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is dominated by a few, familiar titans: Alphabet (Google), Microsoft, Facebook, Amazon, Tencent, Baidu, Alibaba and Apple. All of which are in the top 10 largest companies in the world by market capitalisation. These are accompanied by tech firms tailored to provide cyberweapons and surveillance, such as Palantir and the NSO Group. The latter has recently been exposed by investigative journalists as having provided malware that has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2021\u002Fjul\u002F18\u002Frevealed-leak-uncovers-global-abuse-of-cyber-surveillance-weapon-nso-group-pegasus\"\u003Eused to infect the devices of activists, politicians, union leaders and journalists around the world,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including by repressive regimes. (NSO \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Ftechnology-57881364\"\u003Edenies any wrongdoing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBig Tech and surveillance firms are accompanied by intelligence communities to form what I call a \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers\"\u003EStalker Complex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E that constantly watches the world. The breadth and intrusiveness of this mass surveillance apparatus is carried out by a small number of intelligence agencies such as the National Security Agency (NSA) and its UK counterpart the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). While the future of AI surveillance technologies such as facial recognition technology is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcarnegieendowment.org\u002F2019\u002F09\u002F17\u002Fglobal-expansion-of-ai-surveillance-pub-79847\"\u003Edominated by US and Chinese firms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. China already possesses \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fmagazine\u002Farchive\u002F2020\u002F09\u002Fchina-ai-surveillance\u002F614197\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fmagazine\u002Farchive\u002F2020\u002F09\u002Fchina-ai-surveillance\u002F614197\u002F\"\u003Eadvanced surveillance systems, including widespread use of facial recognition,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and even the deployment of drones to help enforce Covid-19 regulations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConcentrated, captured and covert\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are three distinct lessons here. First, the production of human-made global catastrophic hazards is highly concentrated. The US military is responsible for pioneering work in nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, LAWs, surveillance, and AI. To this day, the US plays an outsized role in endangering the world. It is the world’s largest historical emitter, possesses the second largest, and most advanced nuclear arsenal, is the leader in developing LAWs, houses the largest agencies and firms working on surveillance, and has by-far the highest number of groups working on developing AGI.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ym9mx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESecond, the producers of such threats have frequently played an active role in suffocating action to address them. This is commonly referred to as \"regulatory capture\": regulatory efforts become captured by those that they are supposed to oversee. For climate change it is the fossil fuel lobby. For nuclear weapons, the arms race was stoked by the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002Fbomber-gap\"\u003Ebomber gap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" and \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002Fmissile-gap\"\u003Emissile gap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" myths perpetuated by the US military industrial complex. Key US military and political figures claimed that the Soviets had a swelling superiority in strategic bombers and ballistic missiles. Later U2 surveillance flights showed that these were serious overestimates. While fictitious, it was enough to justify surges in defence spending.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA similar dyanmic occurs in international negotiations, with just a few key countries blocking regulation of catastrophic hazards. For biological weapons it was the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F414675a\"\u003EUS who was the primary culprit in preventing the adoption of a global verification scheme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E under the Biological Weapons Convention. For LAWs, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Flife-style\u002Fgadgets-and-tech\u002Fnews\u002Fkiller-robots-un-meeting-autonomous-weapons-systems-campaigners-dismayed-a8519511.html\"\u003Eapproximately five countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Australia, Israel, Russia, South Korea and the US) have actively blocked progress on banning or strongly regulating lethal autonomous weapons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThird, producing the worst global threats is almost always done in the shadows.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESecrecy hazards\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe history of anthropogenic global threats is a history of hidden information. I call these \u003Cem\u003Esecrecy hazards\u003C\u002Fem\u003E: harms arising from intentionally concealed or obscured knowledge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESecrecy hazards are almost always a tool of the Agents of Doom and history is rife with them. Both Castle Bravo and the Manhattan Project were among the most secretive projects in US history. The NSA’s mass surveillance programmes were intentionally hidden from the public eye while whistle-blowers such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-23123964\"\u003EEdward Snowden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were marginalised and hunted for prosecution. The fossil fuel industry has spent decades burying its own \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fstories-53640382\"\u003Eprivate knowledge of climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and obscuring scientific evidence. Research on LAWs and numerous other powerful weapons have been performed in confidential programmes in agencies such as Darpa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Tom Mueller shows in his overview of whistleblowing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com\u002Fbooks\u002F318606\u002Fcrisis-of-conscience-by-tom-mueller\u002F\"\u003E\"Crisis of Conscience\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the military and intelligence communities frequently use secrecy provisions, and companies deploy commercial non-disclosure agreements, to conceal corruption and avoid embarrassment and public scrutiny rather than hide genuinely dangerous information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERisk and responsibility\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll of this could change in the future. The potential threat of future bio-terrorism seems particularly notable given the rising accessibility of bioengineering tools. This has led some catastophic risk scholars to become concerned with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnickbostrom.com\u002Finformation-hazards.pdf\"\u003E\"information hazards\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: the dissemination of true information that could cause harm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet there appears to be little concrete reason as to why we should expect the burden of catastrophic hazards to undergo a dramatic shift from powerful states and companies to individuals and small groups. Currently, citizen terror fears tend to revolve around either \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002F1758-5899.12718\"\u003Efar-flung thought experiments of \"easy nukes\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (nuclear weapons, or similarly destructive devices, that can be feasibly produced at a low cost by individuals and small groups) or naive extrapolation of technological trends assuming no limits or regulation. An empirical investigation of the past and present is a far more reliable basis for thinking about an uncertain future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ym9rc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven if a catastrophic global terrorist incident was to occur due to futuristic dangerous dispersed technology, it would almost certainly be traced back to the Agents of Doom in developing, overproducing, and preventing the regulation of such technologies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERather than fearing the public, scholars of catastrophic risk should see them as a wellspring of hope. The Agents of Doom should embrace rather than evade public scrutiny if they are genuinely concerned about global catastrophe.  For all of these hazards there is abundant evidence that one of the best forms of risk management would be to hand their regulation and development over to citizens.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPublic opinion polls across \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Fwcc.639\"\u003EChina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Fscience\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F23\u002Ftwo-thirds-of-americans-think-government-should-do-more-on-climate\u002F\"\u003Ethe US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2020-02-05\u002Faustralia-attitudes-climate-change-action-morrison-government\u002F11878510?nw=0\"\u003EAustralia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Fclima\u002Fcitizens\u002Fsupport_en\"\u003Ethe EU\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have showed strong majority support for greater action on climate change. In a poll across 26 countries, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipsos.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fnews-polls\u002Fhuman-rights-watch-six-in-ten-oppose-autonomous-weapons\"\u003E61% opposed the use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of lethal autonomous weapons. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icanw.org\u002Fpolls_public_opinion_in_eu_host_states_firmly_opposes_nuclear_weapons\"\u003EEuropeans strongly favour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E an international ban on nuclear weapons. Similarly, a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.thesimonsfoundation.ca\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2007%20Poll%20on%20Global%20Public%20Opinion%20on%20Attitudes%20Towards%20Nuclear%20Weapons_0.pdf\"\u003Esurvey of six countries including the US and Israel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that a substantial majority of citizens in each country supported eliminating all nuclear weapons through an enforceable international agreement. Most recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobalchallenges.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002FGCF_Global_Challenges_2020-High.pdf\"\u003Eextensive surveys by the Global Challenges Foundation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that strong majorities across numerous countries are open to creating a new supra-national body to manage global risks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENotably this is from citizens who have often poor, distorted information. Deliberative democratic approaches in which juries or assemblies of randomly selected citizens are briefed by experts and then discuss among themselves, tend to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fgov\u002Finnovative-citizen-participation-and-new-democratic-institutions-339306da-en.htm\"\u003Evastly improve their judgement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The problem isn’t these threats being publicly neglected; it is that they are actively hidden and any attempts at regulation are often delayed, distorted or destroyed","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA popular way to explain the lack of action on global risk is cognitive biases. This misses the point. The problem isn’t these threats being publicly neglected; it is that they are actively hidden and any attempts at regulation are often delayed, distorted or destroyed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIronically, the common response during crises to empower governments and the Stalker Complex through emergency powers is entirely counter-productive. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers\"\u003EThis \"Stomp Reflex\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is largely a movement of power from citizens to the Agents of Doom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is hard to characterise the actions of the Agents of Dooms as an \"error\", as Lord Martin Rees does. Yes, their goal is not to ruin the entire world, including themselves. But this is not about bias or motivation, it is about risk. The simple, unavoidable fact is that there are only a small number of powerful actors who produce most global catastrophic hazards and benefit from it. The motivation may not be cause global catastrophe, yet their actions are nonetheless deliberate. A drunk driver who gets behind the wheel may not intend to hit anyone, but they are still responsible for any inebriation-fuelled collision. Particularly if they are undertaking the dangerous journey to earn billions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe citizen terror narrative is mistaken. Instead, calamity is being secretly birthed for profit and power by the Agents of Doom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E*\u003Cem\u003ELuke Kemp is a research associate at the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why-19"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-26T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Agents of Doom: Who is creating the apocalypse and why","headlineShort":"Why \"Agents of Doom\" threaten the world","image":["p09ym94c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"There are a handful of actors who are the most likely to cause a global catastrophe, but their power goes unchecked, says Luke Kemp.","summaryShort":"They are hastening the apocalypse – why?","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fmilitary","tag\u002Frisk","tag\u002Fnuclear"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-14T08:26:43.108917Z","entity":"article","guid":"3aca5cf9-4e3b-4d9d-978d-0c4f843d3834","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-26T10:25:40.081347Z","project":"future","slug":"20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166546},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out","_id":"616ff5f945ceed05ed4f6971","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-r-longrich"],"bodyIntro":"Would we still see our humanity in the same way if other hominin species – from Australopithecus to Neanderthals – hadn't gone extinct?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhave-you-got-a-question-about-life-love-death-or-the-universe-we-want-to-hear-from-you-130231\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp082d088.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"“The\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReader Question:\u003Cem\u003E We now know from evolutionary science that humanity has existed in some form or another for around two million years or more. Homo sapiens are comparatively new on the block. There were also many other human species, some which we interbred with. The question is then inevitable – when can we claim personhood in the long story of evolution? Are Chimpanzees people? Do Australopithecines have an afterlife? What are the implications for how we think about rights and religion?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E – Anthony A. MacIsaac, 26, Scotland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn our mythologies, there's often a singular moment when we became \"human\". Eve plucked the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge and gained awareness of good and evil. Prometheus created men from clay and gave them fire. But in the modern origin story, evolution, there's no defining moment of creation. Instead, humans emerged gradually, generation by generation, from earlier species. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust like any other complex adaptation – a bird's wing, a whale's fluke, our own fingers – our humanity evolved step by step, over millions of years. Mutations appeared in our DNA, spread through the population, and our ancestors slowly became something more like us and, finally, we appeared.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople are animals, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhen-did-we-become-fully-human-what-fossils-and-dna-tell-us-about-the-evolution-of-modern-intelligence-143717\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewe're unlike other animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. We have complex languages that let us articulate and communicate ideas. We're creative: we make art, music, tools. Our imaginations let us think up worlds that once existed, dream up worlds that might yet exist, and reorder the external world according to those thoughts. Our social lives are complex networks of families, friends and tribes, linked by a sense of responsibility towards each other. We also have an awareness of ourselves, and our universe: sentience, sapience, consciousness, whatever you call it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd yet the distinction between ourselves and other animals is, arguably, artificial. Animals are more like humans than we might like to think.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y4jst"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat's especially true of the great apes. Chimps, for example, have simple \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F104\u002F19\u002F8184.short\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Egestural and verbal communication\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They make crude tools, even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0960982207008019\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eweapons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and different groups have different suites of tools – distinct \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature04047\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecultures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Chimps also have complex social lives, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-020-20709-9\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecooperate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with each other. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Charles Darwin noted in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gutenberg.org\u002Febooks\u002F2300\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe Descent of Man\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, almost everything odd about Homo sapiens– emotion, cognition, language, tools, society – exists, in some primitive form, in other animals. We're different, but less different than we think.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the past, some species were far more like us than other apes – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhumanorigins.si.edu\u002Fevidence\u002Fhuman-fossils\u002Fspecies\u002Fardipithecus-ramidus\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EArdipithecus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhumanorigins.si.edu\u002Fevidence\u002Fhuman-fossils\u002Fspecies\u002Faustralopithecus-afarensis\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EAustralopithecus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhm.ac.uk\u002Fdiscover\u002Fhomo-erectus-our-ancient-ancestor.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHomo erectus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and Neanderthals. Homo sapiens are the only survivors of a once diverse group of humans and human-like apes, collectively known as the hominins. It is a group that includes around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.livescience.com\u002Fhow-many-human-species.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E20 known species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and probably dozens of as yet unknown species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210805-the-animals-changed-by-proximity-to-humans\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe animals changed by proximity to humans\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECould humans really destroy all life on the planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-strange-evolution-the-weird-future-of-life-on-earth\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe weird future of life on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe extinction of other hominins, however, has helped to create the impression of a vast, unbridgeable gulf that separates our species from the rest of life on Earth. But the division would be far less clear if those species still existed. What looks like a bright, sharp dividing line is really an artefact of extinction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe discovery of these extinct species now blurs that line again and shows how the distance between us and other animals was crossed – gradually, over millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur lineage probably split from the chimpanzees \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F102\u002F52\u002F18842\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Earound six million years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These first hominins, members of the human line, would barely have seemed human, however. For the first few million years, hominin evolution was slow. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some of these species were startlingly like us in their skeletons, and their DNA","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwould-we-still-see-ourselves-as-human-if-other-hominin-species-hadnt-gone-extinct-166759\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThis article\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is part of Life's Big Questions, a new series by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe Conversation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that is being co-published with BBC Future. It seeks to answer our readers' nagging questions about life, love, death and the Universe. We work with professional researchers who have dedicated their lives to uncovering new perspectives on the questions that shape our lives. If you have a question you would like to be answered, please email either send us a message on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETwitter \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eor email \u003Ca href=\"mailto:bigquestions@theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebigquestions@theconversation.com\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Life's Big Questions","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe first big change was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F326\u002F5949\u002F72.full\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewalking upright\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which let hominins move from forests into more open grassland and bush. But if they walked like us, nothing else suggests the first hominins were any more human than chimps or gorillas. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F326\u002F5949\u002F64.abstract\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EArdipithecus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the earliest well-known hominin, had a brain that was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F326\u002F5949\u002F68\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eslightly smaller than a chimp's\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and there's no evidence they used tools.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the next million years, Australopithecus appeared. Australopithecus had a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhm.ac.uk\u002Fdiscover\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002Fapril\u002Faustralopithecus-afarensis-had-slow-growing-brains.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eslightly larger brain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – larger than a chimp's, but still smaller than a gorilla's. It made slightly more sophisticated tools than chimps, using \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature09248\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esharp stones to butcher animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen came \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhumanorigins.si.edu\u002Fevidence\u002Fhuman-fossils\u002Fspecies\u002Fhomo-habilis\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHomo habilis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For the first time, hominin brain size \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faustralian.museum\u002Flearn\u002Fscience\u002Fhuman-evolution\u002Flarger-brains\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eexceeded that of other apes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Tools – stone flakes, hammer stones, \"choppers\" — \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sapiens.org\u002Fbiology\u002Fhomo-sapiens-and-tool-making\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebecame much more complex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. After that, around two million years ago, human evolution accelerated, for reasons we're yet to understand. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt this point, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhumanorigins.si.edu\u002Fevidence\u002Fhuman-fossils\u002Fspecies\u002Fhomo-erectus\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHomo erectus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E appeared. \u003Cem\u003EErectus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was taller, more like us in stature, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4920293\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehad large brains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – several times bigger than a chimp's brain, and up to two-thirds the size of ours. They made \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fadvances.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F6\u002F10\u002Feaaw4694?fbclid=IwAR365qLhWggSbCFSU4yAXwQNyuSYQqgDVbA3glC1XhGGL97pPCVHCFsaAfw\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esophisticated tools\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like stone handaxes. This was a major technological advance. Handaxes needed skill and planning to create, and you probably had to be taught how to make one. It may have been a metatool – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0047248400904664\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eused to fashion other tools\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like spears and digging sticks. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike us, Homo erectus had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1086\u002F666700\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esmall teeth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That suggests a shift from plant-based diets to eating more meat, probably obtained from hunting. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's here that our evolution seems to accelerate. The big-brained Erectus soon gave rise to even larger-brained species. These highly intelligent hominins spread through Africa and Eurasia, evolving into \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNeanderthal\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ENeanderthals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDenisovan\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EDenisovans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-020-2165-4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHomo rhodesiensis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature22335\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Earchaic Homo sapiens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Technology became far more advanced – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS004724841730177X\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Estone-tipped spears\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F118\u002F31\u002Fe2101108118.short?rss=1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Efiremaking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E appeared. Objects with no clear functionality, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F104\u002F24\u002F9964.short\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ejewellery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhat-the-use-of-ochre-tells-us-about-the-capabilities-of-our-african-ancestry-47081\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eart\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, also showed up over the past half-million years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of these species were startlingly like us in their skeletons, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature12886?report=reader\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eand their DNA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHomo neanderthalensis, the Neanderthals, had brains approaching ours in size, and evolved even larger brains over time until the last Neanderthals had cranial capacities \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-021-24290-7\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecomparable to a modern human's\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They might have thought of themselves, even spoke of themselves, as human. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Neanderthal archaeological record records \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhow-we-discovered-that-neanderthals-could-make-art-92127\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Euniquely human behaviour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, suggesting a mind resembling ours. Neanderthals were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhy-the-neanderthals-may-have-been-more-sophisticated-hunters-than-we-thought-new-study-98870\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eskilled, versatile hunters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, exploiting everything from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2352409X18304218\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Erabbits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to rhinoceroses and woolly mammoths. They made sophisticated tools, like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0047248415002080\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethrowing spears\u003C\u002Fa\u003E tipped with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-021-82257-6\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Estone points\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They fashioned jewellery from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F107\u002F3\u002F1023\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eshells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F107\u002F47\u002F20234\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eanimal teeth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0119802\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eeagle talons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F111\u002F37\u002F13301\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Emade cave art\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And Neanderthal ears were, like ours, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41559-021-01391-6\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eadapted to hear the subtleties of speech\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. We know they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fneanderthal-dispute-laid-to-rest-they-buried-their-dead-21593\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eburied their dead\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and probably mourned them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's so much about Neanderthals we don't know, and never will. But if they were so like us in their skeletons and their behaviours, it's reasonable to guess they may have been like us in other ways that don't leave a record – that they sang and danced, that they feared spirits and worshipped gods, that they wondered at the stars, told stories, laughed with friends, and loved their children. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-the-secret-lives-of-neanderthal-children\"\u003Ethe secret lives of Neanderthal children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo the extent Neanderthals were like us, they must have been capable of acts of great kindness and empathy, but also cruelty, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwar-in-the-time-of-neanderthals-how-our-species-battled-for-supremacy-for-over-100-000-years-148205\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eviolence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and deceit. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y4hnl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFar less is known about other species, like Denisovans, Homo rhodesiensis, and extinct sapiens, but it's reasonable to guess from their large brains and human-looking skulls that they were also very much like us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI admit this sounds speculative, but for one detail. The DNA of Neanderthals, Denisovans and other hominins is found in us. We met them, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature14558\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eand we had children together\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Cem\u003E(\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210112-heres-what-sex-with-neanderthals-was-like\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ERead more from BBC Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about these sexual liaisons.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E That says a lot about how human they were. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's not impossible that Homo sapiens took Neanderthal women captive, or vice versa. But for Neanderthal genes to enter our populations, we had to not only mate but successfully raise children, who grew up to raise children of their own. That's more likely to happen if these pairings resulted from voluntary intermarriage. Mixing of genes also required their hybrid descendants to become accepted into their groups — to be treated as fully human.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese arguments hold not only for the Neanderthals, I'd argue, but for other species we interbred with, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0092867419302181\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EDenisovans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fearly-humans-in-africa-may-have-interbred-with-a-mysterious-extinct-species-new-research-131699\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eunknown hominins in Africa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Which isn't to say that encounters between our species were without prejudice, or entirely peaceful. It is conceivable that our own species may have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwere-other-humans-the-first-victims-of-the-sixth-mass-extinction-126638\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eresponsible for the extinction of these peoples\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But there must have been times we looked past our differences to find a shared humanity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, it's telling that while we did replace these other hominins, this took time. Extinction of Neanderthals, Denisovans, and other species \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwar-in-the-time-of-neanderthals-how-our-species-battled-for-supremacy-for-over-100-000-years-148205\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Etook hundreds of thousands of years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If Neanderthals and Denisovans were really just stupid, grunting brutes, lacking language or complex thought, it's impossible they could have held modern humans off as long as they did.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy, if they were so like us, did we replace them? It's unclear, which suggests the difference was something that doesn't leave clear marks in fossils or stone tools. Perhaps a spark of creativity – a way with words, a knack for tools, social skills – gave us an edge. Whatever the difference was, it was subtle, or it wouldn't have taken us so long to win out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUntil now, I've dodged an important question, and arguably the most important one. It's all well and good to discuss how our humanity evolved, but what even is humanity? How can we study and recognise it, without defining it?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Most people would tend to think that it's okay to sell, cook or eat a cow, but not to do the same to the butcher","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPeople tend to assume that there's something that makes us fundamentally different from other animals. Most people, for example, would tend to think that it's okay to sell, cook or eat a cow, but not to do the same to the butcher. This would be, well, inhuman. As a society, we tolerate displaying chimps and gorillas in cages but would be uncomfortable doing this to each other. Similarly, we can go to a store and buy a puppy or a kitten, but not a baby.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe rules are different for us and them. We inherently see ourselves as occupying a different moral and spiritual plane. We might bury our dead pet, but we wouldn't expect the dog's ghost to haunt us, or to find the cat waiting in Heaven. And yet, it's hard to find evidence for this kind of fundamental difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe word \"humanity\" implies taking care of and having compassion for each other, but that's arguably a mammalian quality, not a human one. A mother cat cares for her kittens, and a dog loves his master, perhaps more than any human does. Killer whales and elephants form lifelong family bonds. Orcas appear to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalgeographic.com\u002Fanimals\u002Farticle\u002Forca-mourning-calf-killer-whale-northwest-news\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Egrieve for their dead calves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and elephants have been seen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalgeographic.com\u002Fanimals\u002Farticle\u002Felephants-mourning-video-animal-grief\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Evisiting the remains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of their dead companions. Emotional lives and relationships aren't unique to us. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps it's awareness that sets us apart. But dogs and cats certainly seem aware of us – they recognise us as individuals, like we recognise them. They understand us well enough to know how to get us to give them food, or let them out the door, or even when we've had a bad day and need company. If that's not awareness, what is? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe might point to our large brains as setting us apart, but does that make us human? Bottlenose dolphins have somewhat larger brains than we do. Elephant brains are three times the size of ours, orcas, four times, and sperm whales, five times. Brain size also varies in humans. Something other than brain size must make us human. Or maybe there's more going on in the minds of other animals, including extinct hominins, than we think.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe could define humanity in terms of higher cognitive abilities such as art, maths, music, language. This creates a curious problem because humans vary in how well we do all these things. I'm less literary than Jane Austen, less musical than Taylor Swift, less articulate than Martin Luther King. In these respects, am I less human than they are?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y4j4c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf we can't even define it, how can we really say where it starts, and where it ends – or that we're unique? Why do we insist on treating other species as inherently inferior, if we're not exactly sure what makes us, us?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeither are we necessarily the logical endpoint of human evolution. We were one of many hominin species, and yes, we won out. But it's possible to imagine another evolutionary course, a different sequence of mutations and historical events leading to Neanderthal archaeologists studying our strange, bubble-like skulls, wondering just how human we were. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe nature of evolution means that living things don't fit into neat categories. Species gradually change from one into another, and every individual in a species is slightly different – that makes evolutionary change possible. But that makes defining humanity hard. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe're both unlike other animals due to natural selection, but like them because of shared ancestry – the same, yet different. And we humans are both like and unlike each other, united by common ancestry with other Homo sapiens, different due to evolution and the unique combination of genes we inherit from our families or even other species, like Neanderthals and Denisovans. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's hard to classify living things in strict categories, because evolution constantly changes things, creating diverse species, and diversity within species. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd what diversity it is. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrue, in some ways, our species isn't that diverse. \u003Cem\u003EHomo sapiens \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eshows less genetic diversity than your average bacterial strain, our bodies show less variation in shape than sponges, or roses, or oak trees. But in our behaviour, humanity is wildly diverse. We are hunters, farmers, mathematicians, soldiers, explorers, carpenters, criminals, artists. There are so many different ways of being human, so many different aspects to the human condition, and each of us has to define and discover what it means to be human. It is, ironically, this inability to define humanity that is one of our most human characteristics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Nicholas Longrich is a senior lecturer in paleontology and evolutionary biology at the University of Bath\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwould-we-still-see-ourselves-as-human-if-other-hominin-species-hadnt-gone-extinct-166759\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-11"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flifes-big-questions"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-11T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What if other human species hadn't died out","headlineShort":"What if other human species still lived","image":["p09y4h9x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Would we still see our humanity in the same way if other hominin species – from Australopithecus to Neanderthals – hadn't gone extinct?","summaryShort":"Would our extinct relatives have changed how we see our place in the world?","tag":["tag\u002Fevolution","tag\u002Fcomment-analysis"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-11T00:00:33.246325Z","entity":"article","guid":"4338cd16-322d-4356-8828-23a5c8759ccf","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-11T17:45:51.779875Z","project":"future","slug":"20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming","_id":"616ff64f45ceed33254c4052","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmatthew-wilburn-king"],"bodyIntro":"It's done so much for human well-being, but it's far from perfect. Will capitalism as we know it evolve into something new?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENearly 250 years ago, the economist and philosopher Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, in which he described the birth of a new form of human activity: industrial capitalism. It would lead to the accumulation of wealth beyond anything that he and his contemporaries could have imagined.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECapitalism has fuelled the industrial, technological and green revolutions, reshaped the natural world and transformed the role of the state in relation to society. It has lifted innumerable people out of poverty over the last two centuries, significantly increased standards of living, and resulted in innovations that have radically improved human well-being, as well as making it possible to go to the Moon and read this article on the internet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the story is not universally positive. In recent years, capitalism's shortcomings have become ever-more apparent. Prioritising short-term profits for individuals has sometimes meant that the long-term well-being of society and the environment has lost out – especially as the world has faced the Covid-19 pandemic and climate change. And as political unrest and polarisation around the world have shown, there are growing signs of discontent with the status quo. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edelman.com\u002Fsites\u002Fg\u002Ffiles\u002Faatuss191\u002Ffiles\u002F2020-01\u002F2020%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer%20Global%20Report.pdf\"\u003Eone 2020 survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by the marketing and public relations firm Edelman, 57% of people worldwide said that \"capitalism as it exists today does more harm than good in the world\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, if you judge by measures such as inequality and environmental damage, \"the performance of Western capitalism in recent decades has been deeply problematic\", the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wiley.com\u002Fproduct_data\u002Fexcerpt\u002F50\u002F11191209\u002F1119120950.pdf\"\u003Eeconomists Michael Jacobs and Mariana Mazzucato\u003C\u002Fa\u003E wrote recently in the book Rethinking Capitalism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, that does not mean there are no solutions. \"Western capitalism is not irretrievably bound to fail; but it does need to be rethought,\" argue Jacobs and Mazzucato.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, will capitalism as we know it continue in its current form – or might it have another future ahead?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-good-or-bad-recession\"\u003EIs there such a thing as a 'good' or 'bad' recession?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-covid-19-how-will-the-coronavirus-change-the-world\"\u003EHow will coronavirus change the world?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191203-what-we-get-wrong-about-time\"\u003EHow to think about time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECapitalism has spawned thousands of books and millions of words, and so it would be impossible to explore all its facets. That said, we can start to understand where capitalism could be headed in the future by exploring where it began. This tells us that capitalism hasn't always worked the way it does today – particularly in the West.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween the 9th and 15th Centuries, autocratic monarchies and ecclesiastical hierarchies dominated Western society. These systems began to fall away as people increasingly asserted their right to individual liberty. This push for a greater focus on the individual favoured capitalism as an economic system because of the flexibility it allowed for private property rights, personal choice, entrepreneurship and innovation. It also favoured democracy as a governing system for its focus on individual political freedom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09jjz82"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe shift toward greater individual liberty changed the social contract. Previously, many resources were provided by those in power (land, food and protection) in exchange for significant contributions from citizens (for instance, from slave labour to hard labour with little pay, high taxes and unquestioning loyalty). With capitalism, people expected less from governing authorities, in exchange for greater civil liberties, including individual, political and economic freedom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut capitalism would evolve significantly over the following centuries – and particularly so during the second half of the 20th Century. After World War Two, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.montpelerin.org\u002Fstatement-of-aims\u002F\"\u003EMont Pelerin Society\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an economic policy think tank, was founded with the goal of addressing the challenges confronting the West. Its specific focus was on defending the political values of an open society, rule of law, freedom of expression and free market economic policies – central tenents of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FClassical_liberalism\"\u003Eclassical liberalism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIts ideas eventually gave rise to \"supply-side economics\". This was the belief that lower taxes and minimal regulation of the free market would lead to the most economic growth – and, therefore, better lives for all. In the 1980s, coupled with the emergence of political neoliberalism, supply-side economics became a priority for the US and many European governments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis newer strain of capitalism has led to increased economic growth worldwide, while lifting a substantive number of people out of absolute poverty. But at the same time, critics argue that its tenets of lowering taxes and deregulating business has done little to support political investment in public services, such as crumbling public infrastructure, improving education and mitigating health risks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps most significantly, in many developed nations late-20th Century capitalism has contributed to a significant gap between the wealth of the richest and poorest people, as measured by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fblogs-magazine-monitor-31847943\"\u003EGini Index\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And in some countries, that gap is growing ever-wider. It's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fincome-inequality\"\u003Eparticularly stark in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where the poorest individuals have seen no real income growth since 1980, while the ultra-rich at the top have seen their income grow by around 6% per year. The richest billionaires in the world are almost all based in the US, and have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmkorostoff.github.io\u002F1-pixel-wealth\u002F\"\u003Eamassed staggering fortunes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while at the same time the median US household income has risen only \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffred.stlouisfed.org\u002Fseries\u002FMEHOINUSA672N\"\u003Emodestly since the turn of the century\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09jjzpn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe inequality gap may matter more than some politicians and corporate leaders would like to believe. Capitalism may have lifted millions of people around the world out of absolute poverty, but inequality can be corrosive within a society, says Denise Stanley, a professor of economics at California State University-Fullerton. \"Absolute poverty is basically folks are able to get… $4 per day per person. It’s a threshold measure,\" she explains, but \u003Cem\u003Erelative\u003C\u002Fem\u003E poverty can unbalance a society over the long-term. Even if the economy is growing, income inequality and stagnant wages can make people feel less secure as their relative status in the economy diminishes. Behavioural economists have shown that \"our status compared to other people, our happiness, is derived more by relative measures and distribution then by absolute measures. If that’s true then capitalism has a problem,\" says Stanley.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Inequality can unbalance a society over the long-term","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a result of rising inequality, \"people have less trust in institutions and experience a sense of injustice\", according to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edelman.com\u002Fsites\u002Fg\u002Ffiles\u002Faatuss191\u002Ffiles\u002F2020-01\u002F2020%20Edelman%20Trust%20Barometer%20Global%20Report.pdf\"\u003EEdelman report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the impact on people's lives may go deeper. Capitalism in its current form is destroying the lives of many working-class people, argue the economists Anne Case and Sir Angus Deaton in their book \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpress.princeton.edu\u002Fbooks\u002Fhardcover\u002F9780691190785\u002Fdeaths-of-despair-and-the-future-of-capitalism\"\u003EDeaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Over \"the past two decades, deaths of despair from suicide, drug overdose, and alcoholism have risen dramatically, and now claim hundreds of thousands of American lives each year\", they write.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 2007-2008 financial crisis exacerbated these problems. The crisis was brought on by excessive deregulation, and hit the working class in developed nations particularly hard. The subsequent bailouts of big banks led to resentment and \"helped fuel the rise of the… polarised politics we’ve seen over the last decade\", according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffinance.yahoo.com\u002Fnews\u002Fcoronavirus-financial-crisis-government-144513970.html\"\u003ERichard Cordray\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the first director of the US Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.goodreads.com\u002Fbook\u002Fshow\u002F52049143-watchdog\"\u003EWatchdog: How Protecting Consumers Can Save Our Families, Our Economy, and Our Democracy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELiberal democracies may now be at an inflection point, where citizens contest today’s capitalist norms with greater political intensity worldwide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJ Patrice McSherry, a professor of political science at Long Island University in New York, has observed this change in Chile, for instance. \"Social mobilisation began with a rise in subway fares in October 2019, sparking broad-based protests that convoked more than one million people in demonstrations,\" she says. \"The social movement has exposed the deep sources of discontent in Chile: entrenched and growing inequality, the ever-rising cost of living, and extreme privatisation in one of the world’s most neoliberal states.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose grievances can be traced back to the late 20th Century, when Chile's authoritarian government introduced constitutional reforms that \"institutionalised the economic and political domination of the dictatorship and enshrined a neoliberal framework that erased the role of the state in social and economic areas. It restricted political participation, gave the [political] right disproportionate power, and installed a tutelary role for the armed forces,\" writes McSherry \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnacla.org\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F02\u002F24\u002Fchile-struggle-democratize-state-plebescite\"\u003Ein an article for the North American Congress on Latin America\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a non-profit organisation which tracks trends in the region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09jk0ch"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-50447733\"\u003EYellow Vest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E movement that started in France in 2018 was initially about the increased cost of fuel for commuters, but quickly broadened to include grievances similar to those in Chile, the cost of living, growing inequality, and a demand for government to stop ignoring the needs of ordinary citizens.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd in the US, the political movement which spawned Trumpism is arguably fuelled by economic inequality just as much as ideology. Among voters who have lost out due to globalisation, the Trump administration won widespread political support for its more closed approaches to global trade, including withdrawal from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fexplainers-55858490\"\u003ETrans-Pacific Partnership\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and retaliatory tariffs on Chinese, Indian, Brazilian and Argentinian goods and services imported into the US. Even the US's allies were targeted by this agenda, including Europe, Canada, and Mexico.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Economies cannot become completely divorced from the demands of democratic majorities","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile one response to the downsides of capitalism in its current form is for nations to take a defensive posture, seeking to protect themselves by minimising external ties, protectionism \"is short-sighted, particularly when it comes to trade,\" according to Anahita Thoms, head of Baker McKenzie's International Trade Practice in Germany and Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum. \"While it may bring some temporary benefits, in the long-term it endangers the global economy as a whole and threatens to undo decades of economic progress. It is crucial to maintain investment-friendly, open markets,\" says Thoms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA central challenge for governments in the 21st Century will be to work out how to balance these long-term benefits of global trade with the short-term harms that globalisation can bring to local communities affected by low wages or unemployment. Economies cannot become completely divorced from the demands of democratic majorities who seek jobs, affordable housing, education, healthcare and a clean environment. As the Chilean, Yellow Vest and Trumpist movements show, many people are asking for change to the existing system so that it accounts for these needs, rather than only enriching private interests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn sum, it may be time to reconsider the social contract for capitalism, so that it becomes more inclusive of a broader set of interests beyond individual rights and liberties. This is not impossible. Capitalism has evolved before, and if it is to continue into the longer-term future, it can evolve again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe future of capitalism\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn recent years, various ideas and proposals have emerged that aim to rewrite capitalism's social contract. What they have in common is the idea that businesses need more varied measures of success than simply profit and growth. In business, there's \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.consciouscapitalism.org\u002F\"\u003Econscious capitalism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", inspired by the practices of so-called \"ethical\" brands. In policy, there's \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.inclusivecapitalism.com\u002F\"\u003Einclusive capitalism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", advocated by both the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk\u002Fspeech\u002F2014\u002Finclusive-capitalism-creating-a-sense-of-the-systemic\"\u003EBank of England\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and The Vatican, which advocates harnessing \"capitalism for good\". And in sustainability, there's the idea of \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kateraworth.com\u002Fdoughnut\u002F\"\u003Edoughnut economics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", a theory proposed by economist and author Kate Raworth, which suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp08hppxt\u002Fhow-the-dutch-are-reshaping-their-post-pandemic-utopia\"\u003Eit's possible to thrive economically as a society\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while also staying within social and planetary boundaries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there's the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forumforthefuture.org\u002Fthe-five-capitals\"\u003EFive Capitals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" model articulated by Jonathan Porritt, the author of Capitalism As If The World Matters. Porritt calls for the integration of five pillars of human capital – natural, human, social, manufactured, and financial capital – into existing economic models.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09jk0vz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne tangible example of where companies are beginning to embrace the Five Capitals is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbcorporation.net\u002F\"\u003EB-Corporation movement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Certified companies sign up to a legal obligation to consider \"the impact of their decisions on their workers, customers, suppliers, community, and the environment\". Their ranks now include major corporations such as Danone, Patagonia, and Ben & Jerry's (which is owned by Unilever).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis approach has become increasingly mainstream, reflected in a 2019 statement released by over 180 corporate CEOs redefining \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fopportunity.businessroundtable.org\u002Fourcommitment\u002F\"\u003Ethe purpose of a corporation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". For the first time, CEOs representing Wal-Mart, Apple, JP Morgan Chase, Pepsi, and others acknowledged that they must redefine the role of business in relation to society and the environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETheir statement proposes that companies must do more than deliver profits to their shareholders. In addition, they must invest in their employees and contribute to the improvement of the human, natural and social elements of capital that Porritt refers to in his model, rather than the sole focus on financial capital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a recent interview with Yahoo Finance on the future of capitalism, the executive chairman of Best Buy, Hubert Joly, said that \"what has happened is that for 30 years, from the 1980s to 10 years ago, we’ve had this singular focus on profits that has been excessive and has caused a lot of these issues. We need to unwind a bit of these 30 years. If we have a refoundation of business, it can be a refoundation of capitalism as well... I think this can be done, this has to be done.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new direction\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore than three decades ago, the United Nations Brundtland Commission wrote in \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOur_Common_Future\"\u003EOur Common Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" that there was ample evidence that social and environmental impacts are relevant and need to be incorporated into development models. It is now obvious that these issues must also be considered within the social contract underpinning capitalism, so that it is more inclusive, holistic and integrated with basic human values.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, it is worth remembering that citizens in a capitalist, liberal democracy are not powerless. Collectively, they can support companies aligned with their beliefs, and continuously demand new laws and policies which transform the competitive landscape of corporations so that they might improve their practices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Adam Smith was observing nascent industrial capitalism in 1776, he could not foresee just how much it would transform our societies today. So it follows that we might be similarly blind to what capitalism could look like in another two centuries. However, that does not mean we should not ask how it might evolve into something better in the nearer term. The future of capitalism and our planet depend on it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmatthewkingphd.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Matthew Wilburn King\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E is an international consultant and conservationist based in Boulder, Colorado and the president and chairman of the \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourcommonfoundation.org\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECommon Foundation\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E Connect with him on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FDrMatthewKing\u002F?ref=bookmarks\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eor\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Fmatthewkingphd\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELinkedIn\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, or follow us on \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E or \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fhow-to-think-about-x"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-05-27T00:00:51Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why the next stage of capitalism is coming","headlineShort":"Why capitalism's next stage is coming","image":["p09jk13d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"It's done so much for human well-being, but it's far from perfect. Will capitalism as we know it evolve into something new?","summaryShort":"The system that changed the world is due to evolve","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Feconomics"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-05-26T23:00:39.137972Z","entity":"article","guid":"91150793-32e9-4ba7-9c80-594da1327ac7","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:42:00.708322Z","project":"future","slug":"20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth","_id":"616ff64545ceed2e1279c484","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsanthosh-mathew"],"bodyIntro":"The seemingly insatiable human tendency to consume is changing our planet and the life on it, but can we change our behaviour?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAmong the many \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobalchallenges.org\u002Fglobal-risks\u002F\"\u003Eglobal catastrophic risks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E known to humans, some are entertained in the media more than the others. Asteroid impacts, supervolcano eruptions and climate change have all received the Hollywood treatment. And each of these have taken a devastating toll on our planet's life in the past. Yet, unknown to many people, a new global threat capable of destroying life itself is brewing in the shadows of our everyday lives. It's driven by the immense human desire for material consumption. And paradoxically it is a consequence of human life itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust look around – you are inseparably surrounded by material objects – whether they are needed in your life or not. For every bit of this material we use, there is a growing web of global actions that is slowly stripping human's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11031-013-9371-4\"\u003Eemotional health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fnews-and-stories\u002Fstory\u002Fwere-gobbling-earths-resources-unsustainable-rate\"\u003Edepleting Earth's resources\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fncomms12558\"\u003Edegrading our planet's habitats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If left unchecked, is there a risk that human consumption may finally turn the Earth into an uninhabitable world? Do we have it in us to stop before it is too late?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA team of researchers from Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Israel, recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-020-3010-5\"\u003Epublished a study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that compared human-made mass – aka anthropogenic mass\u003Cem\u003E –\u003C\u002Fem\u003E with all the living mass, or biomass, on the globe. They revealed that for the first time in human history the former has either surpassed the latter or is close to doing so in coming years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Weizmann Institute study estimates that on average, each person on the globe now produces more anthropogenic mass than his or her bodyweight every week. \"The finding that anthropogenic mass – human made stuff - now weighs as much as all living things, and the fact that it keeps accumulating rapidly, gives another clear perspective on how humanity is now a major player in shaping the face of the planet,\" says Professor Ron Milo, whose \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.weizmann.ac.il\u002Fplants\u002FMilo\u002F\"\u003Elaboratory conducted this study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Life on Earth is affected in a major quantitative manner by the actions of humans.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09j4f61"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis revelation comes as no surprise to many who consider that humans have already ushered in a new geological epoch called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fscience-nature\u002Fwhat-is-the-anthropocene-and-are-we-in-it-164801414\u002F\"\u003Ethe Anthropocene\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the age of humans, a term popularised by Nobel Laureate and chemist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nobelprize.org\u002Fprizes\u002Fchemistry\u002F1995\u002Fcrutzen\u002Fbiographical\u002F\"\u003EPaul Crutzen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. While the exact beginning of this era is debatable, there is no denying that humans have become a dominant force on this planet, altering every other form of life through our actions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe scale and size of the anthropogenic matter is alarming. Take the case of plastic – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-27442625\"\u003Ethe birth of the modern plastics era came only in 1907\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but today we produce \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unenvironment.org\u002Finteractive\u002Fbeat-plastic-pollution\u002F\"\u003E300 million tons of plastics every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Further, the realisation that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200811-the-eco-friendly-alternatives-to-ocean-concrete\"\u003Eafter water, concrete is the most widely used substance on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is beyond comprehension.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe massive geoengineering process initiated by humans took an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwis-wander.weizmann.ac.il\u002Fenvironment\u002Fmass-human-made-materials-now-equals-planet%E2%80%99s-biomass\"\u003Eaccelerated upswing when materials like concrete and aggregates became widely available\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These two materials make up a major component of the growth in anthropogenic mass. Even the relatively recent human adventures of space exploration, which began about 60 years ago, is triggering a disastrous \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-018-06170-1\"\u003Espace junk problem. \u003C\u002Fa\u003EAlongside this we haphazardly observe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-51024844\"\u003Epolar cap melts, permafrost thaws, and global temperatures getting hotter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like to read:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210505-how-cities-will-fossilise\"\u003EHow our cities will fossilise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-the-hinge-of-history-long-termism-and-existential-risk\"\u003EAre we living at the hinge of history?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-strange-evolution-the-weird-future-of-life-on-earth\"\u003EHow weird could life get on Earth?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, why has this happened? Are humans genetically inclined to be materialistic to the point of our own destruction? Is the accumulation of anthropogenic matter merely a measure of humans' annihilation rate? Or will nature equip humans to cope with this problem? These are highly unsettled questions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough there is evidence that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2013\u002F12\u002F26\u002F257394308\u002Fare-we-genetically-inclined-to-be-materialistic\"\u003Ematerialism is learned and shaped by culture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, there are some who argue that natural selection may have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F275334767_Materialism_An_Evolutionary_Perspective\"\u003Epredisposed our species with a desire to accumulate stuff\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Our belongings can offer us a sense of security and status that doubtless played a more important role earlier in human history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Humans have been conditioned to believe that creating something new is a meaningful purpose of life","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESomehow, creating new stuff has become a divine word in the collective human psyche. It's obnoxiously seated in all our endeavours from ancient stories to modern research and development rooms. \"In the beginning God created the heaven and the Earth…\" goes the Genesis story in Bible. Humans have been conditioned to believe that creating something new is a meaningful purpose of life and is the only way to advance their ambitions. Yet we forget to put a cap on the use.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe limits of science have never been more glaringly apparent when trying to solve this conundrum. Reliance upon \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fthe-green-tech-future-is-a-flawed-vision-of-sustainability-46681\"\u003Egreen technological solutions alone is flawed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because the focus is still based on new stuff and more use\u003Cem\u003E – \u003C\u002Fem\u003Enot to alter lifestyles or business models that handed us this problem in the first place. Even if we can replace all fossil fuel-based vehicles with electric ones, for example, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F13574809.2020.1727318\"\u003Ecities are already struggling to take road space from cars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and electric vehicles have their own footprint on the world's resources due to the materials needed to build them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The accumulation of anthropogenic mass also relates to urban development, along with its associated environmental implications, already witnessed worldwide,\" says Emily Elhacham, one of the authors of the Weizmann Institute of Sciences study. \"I hope that raising awareness would promote behavioral change that would enable finding a better balance point. Every step in this direction will have a positive effect.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELook at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-why-your-internet-habits-are-not-as-clean-as-you-think\"\u003Ecarbon footprint\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of our gadgets, the internet and the systems supporting. It accounts for about 3.7% of global greenhouse emissions, and is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheshiftproject.org\u002Fen\u002Farticle\u002Funsustainable-use-online-video\u002F\"\u003Epredicted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to double by 2025. It's possible to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-why-your-internet-habits-are-not-as-clean-as-you-think\"\u003Ecut down emissions with one less email\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or avoiding an unnecessary photo sharing on social media – it may seem like an insignificant reduction from one individual but then add billions of such small actions together. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-why-your-internet-habits-are-not-as-clean-as-you-think\"\u003Ethe impact of our internet activity on the climate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBig technology companies claim they are going green or set \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F21\u002Fclimate\u002Fapple-emissions-pledge.html\"\u003Egoals for carbon neutrality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E but they rarely encourage people to spend less time on social media or order fewer products. Rather advertising and marketing models convey powerful messages that reinforce the motto: create and consume more\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09j4dwq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis irrational \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fus\u002Fblog\u002Fout-the-darkness\u002F201203\u002Fthe-madness-materialism\"\u003Esavage materialism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is ingrained so deeply with traditions and cultural symbols as well. In the United States, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Ftopics\u002Fthanksgiving\u002Fhistory-of-thanksgiving\"\u003EThanksgiving\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is followed by another carnival called Black Friday. During this ritual, long lines of customers hit the malls and often get \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnypost.com\u002Farticle\u002Fblack-fridays-most-gruesome-injuries-and-deaths-through-the-years\u002F\"\u003Einjured or trampled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – but people are convinced that it's an effort worth the trouble.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the age of Anthropocene, humans may feel entitled to pin hope on technology to fix any problems so that they can continue to do what they are doing. Faced with the accumulation of long-lived plastic in the environment, for example, a spurt of innovation led to biodegradable coffee cups, bags for life and reusable straws. But while it is true that a sustainable growth model that includes our environment has much larger potential to persist, we \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191030-why-biodegradables-wont-solve-the-plastic-crisis\"\u003Eneed a different approach to sustainability\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that addresses our massive consumerism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Covid-19 has reminded us how fragile and unprepared human civilisation is when it comes to even known knowns like a pandemic. It has also taught us that human behaviour can be modified with minor actions like wearing mask to mitigate the intensity of global tragedies. The passive approach to proliferation of anthropogenic mass is not merely due to the lack of knowledge about its impact, but in general, it has also to do with human inclination t\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhumans-are-hardwired-to-dismiss-facts-that-dont-fit-their-worldview-127168\"\u003Eo dismiss facts that don't fit their worldview\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Humans are naturally disposed to disregard issues that are not challenging their daily lives or those which dilute their convenience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdditionally, humans might find the solace in the thought that nature might equip organisms to survive, no matter what we do. It is true that the slow and gradual, Darwinian-style evolution through natural selection is often overtaken in certain extremely polluted environments. In 2016, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F351\u002F6278\u002F1196\"\u003Eteam of scientists in Japan found a strain of bacteria\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from bottle recycling facility that can break down and metabolise plastic. On the other hand, this finding shows the subtle and powerful ways in which human actions are changing the life on this planet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The oceans may be acidifying faster today than they did in the last 300 million years, primarily due to human activities","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe adaptation of organisms in response to pollutants is a complex phenomenon. \"In the long term, a sustained increase of anthropogenic mass would lead to the loss of habitats through physical dislocation and alteration of habitats such as contamination with pollutants resulting from the production and disposal of anthropogenic mass\u003Cem\u003E,\" \u003C\u002Fem\u003Esays Alessandra Loria, a biologist at McGill University, Canada, who is the lead author of this study. Research indicates that negative effects induced by pollution often \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Feva.12782\"\u003Eworsen over multiple generations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, although the coping mechanism vary in different species. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe rapid depletion of natural resources and biodiversity is not a normal evolutionary race that nature is used to. While some species can certainly adapt to the changes taking place in our environment, humans are no longer a mere species that follows Darwinian evolution but a much larger force that has come to drive evolution on this planet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies have shown that for most species, evolutionary \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29151869\u002F\"\u003Eadaptation is not expected to be sufficiently rapid to buffer the effects of environmental changes being wrought by human activity.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E And our own species will be no exception to this.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile there is no proof that we will destroy ourselves, there are clear indications that we ignore the effects at our own peril. For example, some of the mass extinctions in the Earth's history are related to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F116\u002F45\u002F22500\"\u003Eacidification of oceans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The oceans absorb about 30% of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, which in turn increases the ocean acidity. The oceans may be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nsf.gov\u002Fnews\u002Fnews_summ.jsp?cntn_id=123324\"\u003Eacidifying faster today than they did in the last 300 million years,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E primarily due to human activities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09j4f1p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\"Human life will be negatively affected because of the loss of the many ecosystem benefits and services provided by biological diversity,\" says Loria. \"For example, water pollution may affect provisioning services, such as food and water, by causing a reduction in food diversity and\u002For in its quality and safety. Widespread degradation of ecosystems threatens the conditions of life on Earth, in particular the long-term survival of our own species.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur impact on the planet is much is deeper than carbon footprints or global warming. It points to a future where the effects of anthropogenic matter will take over – if it hasn't already – the identity of the Earth and its life. In the face of this, humans themselves might lose out in the evolutionary race.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEliminating materials like concrete or plastic or replacing them with alternatives is not going to address the fundamental problem with human attitudes and our unparalleled appetite for more. This is exactly where materialism can seamlessly transform into a known unknown risk factor in global catastrophe. The myriad of ways in which it can turn this planet into a mundane world is something our civilisation has never experienced before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the absence of a fully secure evolutionary shield, we could depend on our intelligence to survive. Nevertheless, as Abraham Loeb, professor of science at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.harvard.edu\u002F\"\u003EHarvard University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an astronomer who is searching for dead cosmic civilisations puts it, \"the mark of intelligence is the ability to promote a better future\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If we continue to behave this way, we might not survive very long,\" he says. \"On the other hand, our actions could be a source of pride for our descendants if they sustain a civilisation intelligent enough to endure for many centuries to come.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story of Bhasmasura in Hindu Mythology offers an eerie parallel to the impact of materialism. As a devotee of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ancient.eu\u002Fshiva\u002F\"\u003ELord Shiva\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he obtains a boon from Shiva, which empowers him to turn anyone into ashes with a mere touch on the head. Immediately after gaining this magical ability, he tries to test it on Shiva himself. Shiva manages to escape, the story goes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut humans may not be lucky enough to flee from their own actions. Unless, we offer a different vision rooted in reduction of consumption, the flames of our own materialism might consume both us and our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.planetary.org\u002Fworlds\u002Fpale-blue-dot\"\u003EPale Blue Dot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E* \u003Cem\u003ESanthosh Mathew is a professor of physics and astronomy Regis College, Greater Boston, and a science writer who has authored two books.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-05-21T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Could humans really destroy all life on Earth?","headlineShort":"Will humans destroy all life on Earth?","image":["p09j4dgl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The seemingly insatiable human tendency to consume is changing our planet and the life on it, but can we change our behaviour?","summaryShort":"The stuff made by our species now outweighs our planet's living things","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fwildlife"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-05-21T00:00:31.744676Z","entity":"article","guid":"77b65c23-f125-4dcf-942a-c71329922929","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:41:38.221414Z","project":"future","slug":"20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers","_id":"616ff60445ceed10b64aa546","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fluke-kemp"],"bodyIntro":"History shows that during times of crisis, politicians tend to reach for more power. It's happening again now, argues researcher Luke Kemp, and democratic citizens should be wary of the dangers.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is an old adage that crisis brings both danger and opportunity. During the Covid-19 pandemic, this has proved true for many politicians.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the coronavirus has spread, many governments around the world have sought to tackle the pandemic by broadening their powers and abilities, according to data collated from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.top10vpn.com\u002Fresearch\u002Finvestigations\u002Fcovid-19-digital-rights-tracker\u002F\"\u003ECovid-19 Digital Rights Tracker\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icnl.org\u002Fcovid19tracker\u002F?location=&issue=25&date=&type=\"\u003ECivic Freedom Tracker\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A total of 32 countries have used militaries or military ordances to enforce rules, which has not been without casualties. In Angola, police shot and killed several citizens while imposing a lockdown. Others have drawn on technology to grow government oversight. To monitor rule-breakers, 22 countries have used surveillance drones. Facial recognition programmes have been expanded, internet censorship has occurred in 28 countries, and internet shutdowns in 13. At least 120 contact-tracing apps are in use across 71 states, and 60 other digital contact-tracing measures have been used across 38 countries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of these are examples of emergency powers: exceptional actions that states can invoke during a crisis to deviate away from existing laws. Legally, emergency powers vary by country. Many are enshrined under a constitution, give specific powers to the executive, and require time limits. Many (but not all) require the declaration of a \"state of emergency\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen an enemy is at the gates or a disease in the streets, some extraordinary measures are necessary. Lockdowns, for example, have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nihr.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002Flarge-scale-lockdowns-in-europe-saved-millions-of-lives\u002F25046\"\u003Esaved millions of lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But some measures may be built on a fundamentally flawed vision of what to fear during an emergency. If left unchecked, these emergency powers are prone to abuse, and what started as an exception can frequently become the norm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is not an argument against swift, dramatic and often beneficial actions such as lockdowns and travel restrictions. But these can be implemented in an open and democratic fashion. Indeed, most publics have expressed strong majority support for lockdown measures, and indeed one recent study shows that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12889-021-10676-1\"\u003Enearly 50% of the reductions in transmission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E came from behavioural change before government imposed lockdowns were introduced. Instead, there is an argument that by stomping down through greater surveillance, strenghtened security forces and expanded powers, governments risk making disasters worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210209-the-greatest-security-threat-of-the-post-truth-age\"\u003EThe greatest security threat of the post-truth age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210203-after-the-covid-19-pandemic-how-will-we-heal\"\u003EHow to heal the mass trauma of Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210224-the-knowns-and-unknowns-of-covid-19\"\u003EThe knowns and unknowns of Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Roman dictator was one of the earliest and most famous examples of state-sanctioned emergency powers. When the Republic had a specific problem, such as defeating an approaching enemy army, the Senate would appoint dictators with wide-sweeping powers, including complete control of the military. There were limits. The Senate retained control over the budget, and dictators faced both a six-month time-period and heavy social pressure to finish the task. They had to retire as soon as possible. Remarkably, the role was rarely abused. Over 300 years, the Roman dictators were appointed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldcat.org\u002Ftitle\u002Ftheorie-politico-constitutionnelle-du-gouvernement-dexception\u002Foclc\u002F62399474\"\u003E95 times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yet its misuse marked the descent from Republic into Empire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09fsl7r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEmergency powers have come a long way since Rome. They have become global and regular. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icj.org\u002Fstates-of-emergency-their-impact-on-human-rights\u002F\"\u003E1978, approximately 30 countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were in some form of state of emergency. It had risen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.ee\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FHuman_Rights_in_Crisis.html?id=ORb8OrquqxAC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=1986&f=false\"\u003Eto 70 by 1986\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. By \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F20069773?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\"\u003E1996 147 countries had mechanisms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to declare states of emergency. These are just states of emergency, and the actual provision and use of emergency powers is even broader.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to data from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.coronanet-project.org\u002F\"\u003ECoronaNet database\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 124 countries declared a state of emergency during 2020 in response to Covid-19, with another several declaring emergencies in specific provinces and municipalities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven prior to the pandemic, many countries existed in a perpetual state of emergency. The US does not have a separate regime for emergencies. Instead, presidents can activate \"national emergencies\" to gain access to a range of 136 statutory emergency powers. As of February 2020 there were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.federalregister.gov\u002Fdocuments\u002Fsearch?conditions%5Bpublication_date%5D%5Bgte%5D=04%2F27%2F2020&conditions%5Bterm%5D=continuation+of+the+national+emergency&conditions%5Btype%5D%5B%5D=PRESDOCU&page=2\"\u003E32 active national\u003C\u002Fa\u003E emergencies, the oldest of which dates back 39 years. The continuation of national emergencies is a bipartisan affair and most politicians savour the expanded abilities at their disposal. The continuous national emergency in the US has been renewed by both Republican and Democratic administrations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Even prior to Covid-19, many countries existed in a perpetual state of emergency","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHistorically, particularly during World War One and World War Two, emergency powers were granted to a prime minister or president through a constitutional provision. But this is becoming less true with time. The 2001 USA Patriot Act allowed the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Ficon\u002Farticle\u002F4\u002F2\u002F213\u002F722106\"\u003EUS Congress itself to expand surveillance powers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some scholars have labelled this \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F30946990_The_Law_of_the_Exception_A_Typology_of_Emergency_Powers\"\u003Ethe Legislative Model\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", where a parliament adopts emergency powers and often gifts new powers to the executive. While this may seem more democratic as Congress can introduce limits on what the executive can do, it runs the risk of also making \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F30946990_The_Law_of_the_Exception_A_Typology_of_Emergency_Powers\"\u003Eit complicit in emergency powers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, normalising their use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09fslty"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps more worrying is what can be called \"emergency responses\": exceptional legislation that is not designated as an emergency power, but is either passed during or in reaction to a threat. Many of the counter-terrorism acts passed in the UK during the last two decades were ordinary legislation, but would make most emergency powers seem tame. Similarly, the current \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fpublications\u002Fpolice-crime-sentencing-and-courts-bill-2021-factsheets\u002Fpolice-crime-sentencing-and-courts-bill-2021-protest-powers-factsheet\"\u003EUK Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill\u003C\u002Fa\u003E contains what some critics consider to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-56400751\"\u003Esweeping provisions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but is being passed during a time that is less than ideal for public deliberation and scrutiny.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Stalker Complex\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is one network of powerful agencies that particularly benefit from emergency powers. They include the big tech companies engaged in what Shoshana Zuboff of Harvard University calls \"Surveillance Capitalism\": the mass collective, use and sale of private, personal data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBig tech is joined by a cabal of intelligence agencies across the world who have gathered more data and power over the past decades. As was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-23123964\"\u003Erevealed in 2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, most intelligence agencies had used the war on terror and ensuing surveillance powers to construct an intrusive, global web of surveillance. For example, the UK's anti-terrorism legislation enabled scaled-up surveillance networks, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41599-017-0061-9\"\u003Eespecially over Muslim communities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Similar measures for mass surveillance (often innocuously termed \"bulk collection\") have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F23738871.2016.1228990\"\u003Epassed in numerous countries over the past decade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including, France, Australia, India, Sweden, and others. This is not to mention the expanding, AI-powered surveillance apparatus in countries \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fmagazine\u002Farchive\u002F2020\u002F09\u002Fchina-ai-surveillance\u002F614197\u002F\"\u003Esuch as China and others around the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09fslhz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETogether these two networks form what I call the \"Stalker Complex\". It is a grouping that benefits through profit and control from the use of emergency powers and responses for surveillance, such as anti-terrorism surveillance measures post 9\u002F11 or new wide-spread tracking and monitoring capabilities using GPS or Bluetooth during Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is surprisingly little evidence to support the effectiveness of mass surveillance in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.propublica.org\u002Farticle\u002Fwhats-the-evidence-mass-surveillance-works-not-much\"\u003Ecombatting terrorists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fcontact-tracing-apps-theres-no-evidence-theyre-helping-stop-covid-19-148397\"\u003Eviruses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For contact-tracing apps, we don’t know how effective they are mainly due to a lack of data. Nonetheless, surveillance remains a go-to response when a disaster hits. Not because it works, but because it benefits the Stalker Complex.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Surveillance remains a go-to response when a disaster hits","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAre all the measures introduced during the coronavirus pandemic a necessary evil to ensure public safety? It appears not. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41562-020-01009-0#Sec2\"\u003EA recent review of the effectiveness of Covid-19 response measures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published in Nature Human Behaviour ranked police and army interventions, surveillance and the activation of an emergency response in the bottom seven of 20 surveyed measures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis should not be surprising. There is emerging evidence that emergency powers are usually used to benefit governments rather than save lives. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=3189749\"\u003EOne study of natural disasters and the use of constitutional emergency provisions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that the more powers given to the executive, the higher the body count (controlling for disaster severity and size).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of the current Covid-19 measures are an acceleration of pre-existing trends. As Reporters Without Borders note in their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frsf.org\u002Fen\u002F2020-world-press-freedom-index-entering-decisive-decade-journalism-exacerbated-coronavirus\"\u003E2020 World Press Index\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, countries with already heavy suppression of media freedom tended to use the coronavirus as an opportunity to intensify their censorial efforts. As \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffindings2020.monitor.civicus.org\u002Frating-changes.html\"\u003Eone recent study found, 87%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the global population is now living in countries which can be considered \"repressed\", \"closed\" or \"obstructed\". Covid-19 is not an outlier, but another push down a path many people are already being dragged.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09fsm7b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe greatest danger is that these become a state of exception in which the government transcends the rule of law. The entire Third Reich occurred during a state of emergency that lasted 12 years. It began in 1933 after Hitler invoked Article 48 of the Weimar Republic, allowing for the use of emergency decrees without parliamentary approval.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch a despotic drift is not uncommon. The abuse of emergency powers also marked the descent from Republic to Empire in Rome, the centralisation of political power in the Middle Ages, and the entrenchment of previously oppressive regimes in countries such as Chile and apartheid South Africa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Stomp Reflex\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmergency powers tend to only go one way: top-down. During an emergency, the knee-jerk reaction is always to stomp-down, to reinforce those atop hierarchies in the state and significantly curtail the freedoms, voice and agency of citizens, often in a draconian fashion. I call this the \"Stomp Reflex\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome politicians play to fears that during times of disaster people will descend into a chaotic mess. Yet, the overwhelming scientific and historical evidence contradicts this pessimistic view of humanity. Scholars in disaster risk management have now \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1525\u002Fctx.2002.1.3.21\"\u003Edebunked the idea of mass citizen panic as a myth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that rarely occurs. As Rebecca Solnit in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FParadise-Built-Hell-Extraordinary-Communities\u002Fdp\u002F0143118072\"\u003EA Paradise Built in Hell\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and Rutger Bregman in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FHumankind-Hopeful-History-Rutger-Bregman\u002Fdp\u002F0316418536\"\u003EHumankind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have documented, communities tend to display altruism and self-organisation in times of catastrophe. This can be seen from the very beginnings of Covid-19, from hackathons to create low-cost PPE to community-organised efforts to protect the vulnerable. Instead, it is government and military overreach that tends to worsen disasters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"While mass panic may be a myth, there does appear to be a phenomenon of elite panic","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile mass panic may be a myth, there does appear \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fsf\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F87\u002F2\u002F993\u002F2235528\"\u003Eto be a phenomena of \u003Cem\u003Eelite panic\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This includes elites overreacting to their own fear of panic (think of sending in troops to post-disaster areas), causing panic for political purposes (such as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10612-010-9116-6\"\u003Epost 9\u002F11 war on terror\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) or simply panicking on their own. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe irony is that the Stomp Reflex enables elite panic and suffocates the self-organising abilities of society. This is apparent in the case of Covid-19. The world lost crucial days and weeks to respond due to China’s initial efforts to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Finside-the-early-days-of-chinas-coronavirus-coverup\u002F\"\u003Esuppress information about the pandemic outbreak\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Indeed, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Ftechnology\u002Farchive\u002F2020\u002F02\u002Fcoronavirus-and-blindness-authoritarianism\u002F606922\u002F\"\u003EChina is the perfect case of how surveillance and censorship actually prevents governments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from hearing and acting on public information. It is a trade-off of resilience for control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, the countries with the highest infection rates have not been characterised by a disproportionately less trustworthy or panicked public. They have been marked by accusations of corruption and mishandling at the highest levels. For instance, the UK government has been criticised for a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(20)31689-5\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Edelayed implementation of lockdown in favour of an early move towards herd immunity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E alongside allegations of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-56319927\"\u003Einappropriate allocation of governments contracts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The government insists it had to award contracts \"at speed\" in response to the pressures on the health service during the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, critics have pointed towards slow government action, faulty diagnostic tests, misinformation, and cutting of staff and funds to the Centre for Disease Control prior to the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis Stomp Reflex is a power-grab: it is built on ideology, not evidence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09fslcb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhich leaders have done better? Taiwan is one example. To date, it has been one of the best pandemic performers, having only had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fcoronavirus\u002Fcountry\u002Ftaiwan\"\u003E10 confirmed deaths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Taiwan was one of the first to act, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhacking-the-pandemic-how-taiwans-digital-democracy-holds-covid-19-at-bay-145023\"\u003Espurred by a health official spotting a highly up-voted post\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about the virus on an online discussion board. Later the authorities reached out to civilian hackers to put together \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fwired25-day3-audrey-tang-taiwan\u002F\"\u003E140 open source apps which showed the distribution of PPE and masks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including which pharmacies were out of stock. Both early action and later responses were crowdsourced. This is part of a wider push for deliberative democracy by the Digital Minister Audrey Tang.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETaiwan has just scratched the surface of a new approach. Yes, a pandemic will require sacrifice and difficult actions. But there are ways of doing this democratically, which makes use of the altruism of citizens, ensures increased oversight over government and safeguards personal liberties and freedom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor instance, what if a rapid-response deliberative jury decided on pandemic responses? As the political scientist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpress.princeton.edu\u002Fbooks\u002Fhardcover\u002F9780691181998\u002Fopen-democracy\"\u003EHélène Landemore has highlighted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such approaches are both more democratic and already have a promising track-record. These are possible firsts steps on a path towards what I call \"Emergency Emancipation\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECovid-19 is just one of many threats we will face over the coming century, from climate change to cyberwarfare and potentially bioengineered pandemics. In the coming decades, we face a choice between letting disaster steer the world towards control and corruption, or democracy and solidarity. If we continue with the Stomp Reflex, the true disaster would be that we move ever-closer towards a world in chains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELuke Kemp is a research associate at the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-04-28T09:41:38Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The 'Stomp Reflex': When governments abuse emergency powers","headlineShort":"Why we should fear the 'Stomp Reflex'","image":["p09fsm1s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"History shows that during times of crisis, politicians tend to reach for more power. It's happening again now, argues researcher Luke Kemp.","summaryShort":"The worrying overreach of governments during crises","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fpolitics"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-04-28T10:34:37.43361Z","entity":"article","guid":"2697980e-1d8a-4787-ac36-6d4c30157227","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:40:25.070415Z","project":"future","slug":"20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166548},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed","_id":"616ff5fa45ceed0c346a28f7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnat-rutherford"],"bodyIntro":"It is an emotion linked to improved health and well-being, but is our obsession with being happy a recipe for disappointment, asks Nat Rutherford.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat do you want from life? You’ve probably had the opportunity and the cause to ask yourself that question recently. Perhaps you want to spend more time with your family, or get a more fulfilling and secure job, or improve your health. But why do you want those things?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChances are that your answer will come down to one thing: happiness. Our culture’s fixation on happiness can seem almost religious. It is one of the only reasons for action that doesn’t stand in need of justification: happiness is good because being happy is good. But can we build our lives on that circular reasoning?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsidering the importance of the question, there’s remarkably little data on what people want from life. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftoday.yougov.com\u002Ftopics\u002Flifestyle\u002Farticles-reports\u002F2016\u002F09\u002F01\u002Fdont-worry-be-happy-americans-stress-achievement\"\u003EA survey in 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E asked Americans whether they would rather \"achieve great things or be happy\" and 81% said that they would rather be happy, while only 13% opted for achieving great things (6% were understandably daunted by the choice and weren’t sure). Despite the ubiquity of happiness as a goal, it’s hard to know how to define it or how to achieve it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet more and more aspects of life are judged in terms of their contribution to the phantom of happiness. Does your relationship, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31835311\u002F\"\u003Eyour job\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, your home, your body, your diet make you happy? If not, aren’t you doing something wrong? In our modern world, happiness is the closest thing we have to a \u003Cem\u003Esummum bonum\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the highest good from which all other goods flow. In this logic unhappiness becomes the \u003Cem\u003Esummum malum\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the greatest evil to be avoided. There is some evidence that the obsessive pursuit of happiness is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4321693\u002F\"\u003Eassociated with a greater risk of depression\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0934dq1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn his recent book, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguin.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002F270\u002F270976\u002Fthe-enlightenment\u002F9780241004821.html\"\u003EThe Enlightenment: The Pursuit of Happiness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, historian Ritchie Robertson argues that the Enlightenment should be understood not as the increase in value of reason itself, but instead as the quest for happiness through reason. The determining intellectual force of modernity was about happiness and we are still grappling with the limits of that project today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to assume that happiness has always been valued as the highest good, but human values and emotions are not permanently fixed. Some values which once were paramount, such as honour or piety, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.openedition.org\u002Fceup\u002F1507?lang=en\"\u003Ehave faded in importance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while emotions like \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Facedia-the-lost-name-for-the-emotion-were-all-feeling-right-now-144058\"\u003Eacedia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" (our feeling of apathy comes closest) have disappeared completely. Both the language we use to describe our values and emotions and even the feelings themselves are unstable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200305-happiness-why-contentment-is-better-than-ambition-and-goals\"\u003EWhy your ambitions won't make you happy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200930-can-empathy-be-bad-for-you\"\u003EThe surprising downsides of empathy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-what-other-cultures-can-teach-us-about-forgiveness\"\u003EWhat forgiving says about you\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EModern conceptions of happiness are primarily practical and not philosophical, focusing on what we might call the techniques of happiness. The concern is not what happiness is, but instead on how to get it. We tend to see happiness in medicalised terms as the opposite of sadness or depression, implying that happiness emerges from chemical reactions in the brain. Being happy means having fewer of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4387963\u002F\"\u003Echemical reactions that make you sad\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and more of the reactions that make you happy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Femotionsblog.history.qmul.ac.uk\u002F2012\u002F11\u002Fan-interview-with-martha-nussbaum-on-neo-stoicism\u002F\"\u003EMartha Nussbaum\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a prominent virtue ethicist, claims that modern societies take happiness to \"be the name of a feeling of contentment or pleasure, and a view that makes happiness the supreme goods is assumed to be, by definition a view that gives supreme value to psychological states\". Self-help books and \"positive psychology\" promise to unlock that psychological state or happy mood. But philosophers have tended to be sceptical of this view of happiness because our moods are fleeting and their causes uncertain. Instead, they ask a related but wider question: what is the good life?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0934dgz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne answer would be a life spent doing things you enjoy and which bring you pleasure. A life spent experiencing pleasure would, in some ways, be a good life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut maximising pleasure isn’t the only option. Every human life, even the most fortunate, is filled with pain. Painful loss, painful disappointments, the physical pain of injury or sickness, and the mental pain of enduring boredom, loneliness, or sadness. Pain is an inevitable consequence of being alive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (341-270 BCE), a good life was one in which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10902-006-9036-z\"\u003Epain is minimised\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The sustained absence of pain grants us tranquillity of mind, or \u003Cem\u003Eataraxia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. This notion has something in common with our modern understanding of happiness. To be \"at peace with yourself\" marks the happy person out from the unhappy one and no one would imagine that a life filled with pain could be a good life. But is the minimisation of pain really the essence of happiness?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat if living a good life increases the pain we experience? \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fmagazine\u002Farchive\u002F2009\u002F06\u002Fwhat-makes-us-happy\u002F307439\u002F\"\u003EStudies have shown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that having loving attachments correlates with happiness, but we know from experience that love is also the cause of pain. What if pain is necessary and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20151001-why-pain-feels-good\"\u003Eeven desirable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E? The painful death of parents, children, partners or friends could be obviated by ceasing to care about those people, or excising them from your life completely. But a life without loving attachments is deficient in important ways, even if it might free us from the rending pain of losing those you love. Less dramatically, all the good things in life entail suffering. Writing a novel, running a marathon, or giving birth all cause suffering in pursuit of the final, joyous result.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Epicurean happiness is a matter of being a good accountant and minimising pain in the most efficient way possible","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEpicurus might respond that the inevitability of suffering actually makes \u003Cem\u003Eataraxia \u003C\u002Fem\u003Emore appealing. Accepting the inevitable, while trying to minimise its harm, is the only way to live. You can also use pain minimisation as a guide to action. If the process of writing a novel causes you more pain than the pleasure you anticipate from finishing it, then don’t write it. But if a little pain now will prevent greater pain later – the pain of giving up smoking to avoid the pain of cancer for example – then that pain can probably be justified. Epicurean happiness is a matter of being a good accountant and minimising pain in the most efficient way possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the accountant’s view of happiness is too simple to reflect reality. Friedrich Nietzsche, in The Genealogy of Morals, saw that we do not merely endure pain as a means to greater pleasure because \"man…does not repudiate suffering as such; he desires it, he even seeks it out, provided he is shown a meaning for it, a purpose of suffering\". \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F17570638.2017.1319149?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=yccp20\"\u003EIn Nietzsche’s view\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, pain is not alleviated through pleasure, but instead through meaning. He was sceptical that we could find enough meaning to make the suffering worthwhile, but his insight points to the flaw in Epicurus’s view of the good life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA life of meaningful pain then, might be more valuable than a life of meaningless pleasure. As if it weren’t hard enough to work out what happiness is, we now need to work out what a meaningful life is too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut if we put the tricky question of what makes life meaningful to one side, we can still see that the modern view of happiness as the \u003Cem\u003Esummum bonum \u003C\u002Fem\u003E– or highest good from which all other goods flow – is mistaken.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0934d7l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe American philosopher Robert Nozick came up with a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frintintin.colorado.edu\u002F~vancecd\u002Fphil3160\u002FNozick1.pdf\"\u003Ethought experiment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to make the point. Nozick asks us to imagine a \"machine that could give you any experience you desired\". The machine would allow you to experience the bliss of fulfilling your every wish. You could be a great poet, become the greatest inventor ever known, travel the Universe in a spaceship of your own design, or become a well-liked chef at a local restaurant. In reality though, you would be unconscious in a life-support tank. Because the machine makes you believe that the simulation is real, your choice is final.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWould you plug in? Nozick says you wouldn’t because we want to actually do certain things and be certain people, not just have pleasurable experiences. This hypothetical situation might seem frivolous, but if we are willing to sacrifice limitless pleasure for real meaning, then happiness is not the highest good. But if Nozick is right, then the 81% of surveyed Americans who chose happiness over great achievements are wrong, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1080\u002F09515089.2017.1406600?needAccess=true\"\u003Estudies have shown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that people would mostly choose not to enter the machine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENozick’s experience machine aimed to disprove the essential claim of utilitarianism, \"that happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end\". In 1826, the philosopher who wrote those words, John Stuart Mill, became mired in unhappiness. In his autobiography, Mill describes what we now recognise as depressive anhedonia: \"I was in a dull state of nerves, such as everybody is occasionally liable to; unsusceptible to enjoyment or pleasurable excitement; one of those moods when what is pleasure at other times, becomes insipid or indifferent.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMill could take no pleasure from life. This would be bad for most people, but for Mill it pointed to something even more worrying. He had been taught from birth that the ultimate end of life is to maximise humanity’s pleasure and minimise its pain. Mill’s father was a follower of the classical utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, and had raised his son in accordance with Bentham’s views. Bentham went further than Epicurus by making happiness the ultimate appeal of an individual life and the ultimate appeal of morality. For Bentham, all moral, political, and personal questions can be settled by one simple principle – \"the greatest happiness for the greatest number\". But if that was the one principle to live by, how could Mill justify his own existence, devoid as it was of happiness?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Unlike happiness, eudaimonia is realised through habits and actions, not through mental states","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThrough his depression, Mill realised that Bentham’s utilitarian viewpoint, which elevated pleasure to the supreme good, was a \"swinish philosophy\", \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F12827561.pdf\"\u003Esuitable only for pigs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Dissatisfaction, unhappiness, and pain are part of the human condition and so \"it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied\", according to Mill. He continued to believe that happiness was deeply important, but came to see that aiming at happiness will rarely lead to it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, Mill thought that you should \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181218-whats-the-quickest-way-to-happiness-do-nothing\"\u003Eaim for other goods,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and happiness might be a felicitous by-product. But this also suggests that a good life can be an unhappy one. What Mill recognised was what Aristotle had argued two millennia earlier – the passing pleasure of happiness is secondary to living a good life, or of achieving what Aristotle called \u003Cem\u003Eeudaimonia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EEudaimonia \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eis difficult to translate into our contemporary concepts. Some, like the philosopher Julia Annas, translate it directly as \"happiness\", while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F2185427#metadata_info_tab_contents\"\u003Eothers scholars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E prefer \"human flourishing\". Whatever the translation, it marks a distinctive contrast to our modern conception of happiness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAristotle’s view of flourishing is complex and complicated because it incorporates individual satisfaction, moral virtue, excellence, good fortune, and political engagement. Unlike Epicurus’s accounting view of pain or Bentham’s \"swinish\" view of pleasure, Aristotle’s idea of flourishing is as messy as the humans it describes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike our modern conception of happiness, \u003Cem\u003Eeudaimonia \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eis the ultimate purpose of life. But unlike happiness, \u003Cem\u003Eeudaimonia \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eis realised through habits and actions, not through mental states. Happiness is not something you experience or obtain, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002Fpdf\u002F40972231.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A82a2a3abc2bc58b9e18b7f09d0676ea6\"\u003Eit’s something you do\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0934cz0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn his Nicomachean Ethics\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003EAristotle wrote: \"As it is not one swallow or a fine day that makes a spring, so it is not one day or a short time that makes a man blessed and happy.\" In other words, to flourish is the undertaking of a lifetime because it’s something you must cultivate daily through your actions. Like the utilitarians, Aristotle argued that happiness and virtue were inextricably linked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Aristotle, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com\u002Fview\u002F10.1093\u002Foxfordhb\u002F9780195325911.001.0001\u002Foxfordhb-9780195325911-e-19\"\u003Evirtue is a characteristic which achieves a mean or middle position\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between extremes. For example, between the extremes of cowardice and foolhardiness lies bravery, between the extremes of the miser and spendthrift lies generosity. Acting so to maintain a balance between extremes is virtuous action. But where the utilitarians reduced morality down to happiness, Aristotle held that virtue is necessary but not sufficient for \u003Cem\u003Eeudaimonia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. We cannot flourish unvirtuously, but nor is being virtuous a shortcut to \u003Cem\u003Eeudaimonia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Rather, virtuous action is itself a part of \u003Cem\u003Eeudaimonia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAristotle argued that the questions of what makes someone happy and what makes someone a good person aren’t separate. The relationship between ethical goodness and living a good life was, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com\u002Fview\u002F10.1093\u002F0195096525.001.0001\u002Facprof-9780195096521\"\u003EAnnas claims\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the defining question of ancient philosophy. And it’s still our question today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Happiness is not an emotional state so much as it is the excellence of the relations we cultivate with other people","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Aristotle, we flourish by exercising our uniquely human capabilities to think and reason. But thinking and reasoning are as much social activities as they are individual: \"men are not isolated individuals, and the human excellences cannot be practised by hermits\". If flourishing requires others, then so does happiness. Happiness is not an emotional state so much as it is the excellence of the relations we cultivate with other people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut even that cannot guarantee flourishing. Aristotle recognised that our happiness is hostage to fortune. Events beyond any individual’s control – war, unrequited love, poverty, and global pandemics – will often make flourishing (and happiness with it) impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis idea of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feclass.uoa.gr\u002Fmodules\u002Fdocument\u002Ffile.php\u002FPPP267\u002FBernard%20Williams%2C%20Moral%20luck.pdf\"\u003Emoral luck\u003C\u002Fa\u003E does not undermine the pursuit of \u003Cem\u003Eeudaimonia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E even when it frustrates it. Happiness is not a mental state that can be permanently won, but instead it’s a practice which we hone, imperfectly, in circumstances only partly of our making.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERecognising this will not secure a good life, but it will dispel the illusory hope of eternal contentment. By misunderstanding happiness, the modern conception increases the likelihood of disappointment. No life worth living should meet the standard set by Epicurean or utilitarian views of happiness, and so its modern adherents are destined to be disillusioned by the blemishes of human life. Instead, aim with Aristotle to embrace those blemishes and to flourish in spite of them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Nat Rutherford is a teaching fellow in political theory at Royal Holloway, University of London.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-01-06T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why our pursuit of happiness may be flawed","headlineShort":"The flaw in our pursuit of happiness","image":["p0934f8y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"It is an emotion linked to improved health and well-being, but is our obsession with being happy a recipe for disappointment, asks Nat Rutherford.","summaryShort":"Is our obsession with being happy setting us up for disappointment?","tag":["tag\u002Fphilosophy","tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-01-06T01:00:21.395538Z","entity":"article","guid":"21c0e7cb-d205-44d0-96b9-2f2af65fdd18","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:34:21.62407Z","project":"future","slug":"20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020","_id":"616ff5fc45ceed0c346a28f9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fvincent-ialenti"],"bodyIntro":"Taking inspiration from a far-sighted Finnish nuclear waste project, anthropologist Vincent Ialenti explains why embracing Earth's radical long-term can be good for well-being.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor much of 2020, the world has been trapped in the short-term: glued to 24-hour news cycles, pandemic announcements, or social media culture wars. With the virus and politics drawing almost all attention, it has been difficult to imagine next year – let alone further ahead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn times of global crisis, focusing on the present is justified. Yet as we move into 2021, there is good reason to spend some time also reflecting on our place within the longer-term past and future. For one, there remain creeping problems that we cannot ignore, such as climate change, antibiotic resistance or biodiversity loss. But also because contemplating deeper time can help replenish our mental energies during adversity, and offer a meditative source of catharsis amid the frenzy of the now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn my research and writing, I explore the worldviews of nuclear waste experts in Finland, who reckon with radioactive isotopes over extremely long-term planetary timeframes. Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,100 years, whereas uranium-235’s half-life is over seven hundred million years. Like many anthropologists doing fieldwork within other cultures, my mission has been to uncover insights that could widen people’s perspectives in my own or other societies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EWhile the experiences of a nuclear waste expert may seem an unusual source of inspiration for well-being, this research has taught me that there can be personal benefits to stretching the intellect across time. Here's how you might integrate some of these principles into your own life as you step into next year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200731-how-to-build-a-nuclear-warning-for-10000-years-time\"\u003EHow to build a nuclear warning for 10,000 years' time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fdeep-civilisation\"\u003EBBC Future's Deep Civilisation series\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-the-hinge-of-history-long-termism-and-existential-risk\"\u003EAre we living at the hinge of history?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EMy deep time studies began in Finland, where I spent 32 months among the country's \"Safety Case\" experts, who are planning the long-term impact of a repository for nuclear waste beneath the island of Olkiluoto. Sometime in the next few years, this repository will begin caching high-level, used-up nuclear fuel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ERecording 121 interviews, I immersed myself in a community in which mind-bending visions of far-future worlds figured into everyday office routines, policymaking considerations, industry plans, and regulatory rules. The Safety Case experts forecasted geological, hydrological, and ecological events that could occur over the coming tens of thousands – or even hundreds of thousands – of years. They had to plan for distant future glaciations, climate changes, earthquakes, floods, human and animal population changes, and more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090xqy4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThis fieldwork inspired my recent book, called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com\u002Fbooks\u002F653442\u002Fdeep-time-reckoning-by-vincent-ialenti-foreword-by-marcia-bjornerud\u002F\"\u003EDeep Time Reckoning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which describes strategies to better envision potential future worlds. Based on the wisdom of the Finnish experts and more, my aim is to provide a practical guide in the art of long-termism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFinland’s Safety Case experts developed several methods for forecasting the Olkiluoto repository’s long-term fate. They made quantitative computer models of ecological and geological changes millennia from now. They developed engineering reports on mechanical strength tests done on copper nuclear waste canisters. They wrote prose scenarios detailing repository components’ future conditions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYet one of their techniques can be particularly useful for escaping the stresses of today’s rampant short-termism. It involves tapping into the power of analogy to envision distant future worlds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDeep time analogies\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EEarly on, the Safety Case experts realised that they would need to gauge what a future Finnish ice sheet could look like during and after the next Ice Age. Such an event could have disruptive effects on a repository. So, they studied a massive glacial ice sheet near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, collecting data on local groundwater, ice, and permafrost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThey also visited Lake Lappajärvi, a crater lake that formed after a meteor crashed into Finland roughly 73 million years ago, to better understand how the country's landscape could erode over the coming ice ages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090xq7c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnother problem they faced was forecasting the future of their copper nuclear waste canisters, and whether they would corrode. For that, they studied a Mesozoic copper deposit found in mudstone in Devon, England. The copper was preserved for 170 million years without succumbing to major corrosion. They also studied a bronze cannon from the shipwrecked 17th-Century Swedish warship Kronan, which was submerged for almost three centuries in Baltic seawater and sediment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThese locations and materials all provided useful present-day stand-ins for far future events and processes. There are, of course, limits to what a bronze cannon or the copper in Devon mudrock can tell us about a nuclear waste canister buried in granite bedrock for millennia. Yet for the Safety Case experts, analogues offered a real-world concreteness that was, at least, more tangible than empty speculation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt's not possible to visit the far future to see what happens there – but the lesson is that \u003Cem\u003Eanalogues of deep time\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are already here on Earth if we look close enough.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090xq22"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESince my research in Finland, I often look for similar examples of deep time as I navigate my everyday life. I have found that coupling analogues with simple contemplative exercises often helps me escape the pressures of the present and stretch the mind into the longer-term.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThere may be one waiting right outside your door. Each plot of land has its own geological history that, with a little background research, can be uncovered and transformed into an exercise in reflecting on Earth’s distant past and future. The trick is to draw from information and imageries we already have in our heads of present-day landscapes, and then stretch them, analogically, across time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAs an example, I enjoy hiking through Appalachia’s rolling hills. Hundreds of millions of years ago, the region was home to taller mountains. Some say their elevations rivaled those of today’s Alps, Rockies, or Himalayas. When I hike, I re-imagine my surroundings by drawing on the images I already have in my head of what taller mountain ranges look like today. Making this analogy stretches the momentary \"now\" of my hike into much wider histories and futures – introducing a rough approximation of deep time into my awareness of my surroundings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":["p090xx9t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ECity-dwellers can do this too. I spent the past few years working in Washington DC. I would often walk past four bald cypress trees, planted in the mid-1800s, in Lafayette Square right near the White House. These trees thrived in this region long before US politicians turned up. In 1922, excavation crews clearing ground for building the city’s Mayflower Hotel found fossilised cypresses a few metres underground. The trees grew about 100,000 years ago and lived to be about 1,700 years old. Back then, America’s capital city was a \u003Cem\u003Eliteral\u003C\u002Fem\u003E swamp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESo, when looking at, say, an ancient artifact in a history museum, why not start thinking analogically? This could mean imagining how your home appliances might be exhibited in a history museum thousands of years from now. Or, when watching a documentary on archaeological excavations of ancient Mesopotamian settlements, why not try imagining what Hong Kong, Buenos Aires, London, or Mumbai might look like to archaeologists excavating them millennia from now?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA simple internet search might reveal that your hometown had a rainforest ecosystem at one point in its geological history. If so, you can do an analogical exercise that asks: what imageries do I have in my mind – imageries of, say, the Amazon – that I can use to re-imagine my neighbourhood as if it were a rainforest?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThere may be places to visit nearby that already provide this climatic big picture. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgarfieldconservatory.org\u002Fgardens-collections\u002Ffern-room\u002F\"\u003EGarfield Conservatory’s Fern Room\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Chicago, for instance, gives visitors a \"glimpse of what Illinois might have looked like millions of years ago\". It features an indoor lagoon along with plants from species groups from the time of dinosaurs. After visiting, Chicagoans can use the ferns to re-imagine their streets, analogically, as prehistoric lagoons. As another example, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fiatr\u002Findex.htm\"\u003EUS Ice Age National Scenic Trail\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Wisconsin brands itself as harbouring the \"finest features of the glacial landscape\", where you can contemplating Earth’s icy past via the trail’s drumlins, eskers, kames, erratics, and kettles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090xwyv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOther climate-based approaches promise to help people visualise their future too. One is called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcgspace.cgiar.org\u002Fhandle\u002F10568\u002F68627\"\u003EClimate Analogues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a concept created by the inter-governmental organisation CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research). CGIAR has built a website that looks at rainfall and climate forecasts for future places across the Earth. Then it makes analogies between the forecasts and present-day regions already seeing those conditions. The idea is that if, say, the climate of Durban, South Africa in 2030 will resemble that of northern Argentina today, then the maize farmers in Africa should seek advice from their South American counterparts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDeep time rejuvenation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EDoing Safety Case-inspired deep time exercises can not only help us imagine local landscapes over decades, centuries, and millennia. It can also help us take a step back from our everyday lives – transporting our minds to different places and times, and feeling rejuvenated when we return.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThere are several benefits to this. Cognitive scientists \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2011\u002F11\u002Fwhy-inspiration-matters\"\u003Ehave shown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E how creativity can be sparked by perceiving \"something one has not seen before (but that was probably always there)\". Corporate coaches have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fca\u002Fblog\u002Fcommunication-success\u002F201402\u002Fhow-unleash-your-creativity-and-find-inspiration-today\"\u003Erecommended\u003C\u002Fa\u003E taking breaks from our familiar thinking patterns to experience the world in new ways and overcome mental blocks. Contemplating deep time can cultivate a thoughtful appreciation of our species’ and planet’s longer-term histories and futures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYet it can also help us refresh during frazzled moments of unrest. Setting aside a few minutes each day for deep time contemplation can enrich us by evoking a momentary sense of awe. A Stanford University \u003Cspan\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E has shown how \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gsb.stanford.edu\u002Ffaculty-research\u002Fpublications\u002Fawe-expands-peoples-perception-time-enhances-well-being\"\u003Eawe can expand our sense of time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and promote well-being. Anthropologist Barbara King \u003Cspan\u003Ehas shown\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E how awe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fsections\u002F13.7\u002F2014\u002F08\u002F28\u002F343952506\u002Fatheists-feel-awe-too\"\u003Ecan be \"mind- and heart-expanding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOur challenge, then, is to discover, in ourselves, techniques for always bringing an awe-inspired awareness of deep time with us – wherever our futures may lead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVincent Ialenti is an assistant research professor at George Washington University and a postdoctoral fellow at the University of British Columbia. He is the author of Deep Time Reckoning: How Future Thinking Can Help Earth Now (MIT Press, 2020). \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fdeep-civilisation"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-10T00:00:33Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The benefits of embracing 'deep time' in a year like 2020","headlineShort":"The benefits of embracing 'deep time'","image":["p090xyy2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Taking inspiration from a far-sighted Finnish nuclear waste project, anthropologist Vincent Ialenti explains why embracing Earth's radical long-term can be good for well-being.","summaryShort":"How to think longer-term in a year like 2020","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fnuclear"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-10T00:00:18.504777Z","entity":"article","guid":"baa97bbd-eaa7-4dcf-928f-2647c069e668","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:33:36.583422Z","project":"future","slug":"20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor","_id":"616ff60045ceed0a9141aa41","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Frichard-fisher"],"bodyIntro":"Far from land, deep sea mining trials have left barren marks that are still there decades later, and as Richard Fisher writes, they symbolise two different timescales colliding.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt the base of the Pacific Ocean, hundreds of miles from land, there are some curious marks on the seafloor that no animal could have made. Some of them look like narrow troughs carved into the pale silt. Others could be claw marks, gouged through the ecosystems of the deep by an undersea monster.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHumanity has left many signatures on the surface of the Earth, but these long-lived features on the seafloor go largely unseen. Occasionally they are lit by the spotlights of remote submersibles, but afterwards they return to darkness. They have been there for decades. Like the footsteps and tracks that astronauts left on the Moon, they are still visible now, with nothing to wash them away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe track pictured at the top of this article was 37 years old when it was photographed a few years ago, while the marks below date back to 1989.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09091k5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDating to the 1970s and 1980s, the marks are the first tentative scrapings of deep-sea mining trials, left behind by ships equipped with dredges and ploughs, now long since departed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERecently, scientists have returned with cameras and probes to look at what has happened to the local ecosystems – and what they have found are scars that have never fully healed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESoon, there will be many more tracks like these carved all over the ocean abyss, one of the last untouched wildernesses. What might future generations make of them, and what might they say about humanity's demand for resources in the early 21st Century?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181221-japans-grand-plans-to-mine-deap-sea-vents\"\u003EJapan's grand plan to mine deep-sea vents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fresources\u002Fidt-sh\u002Fdeep_sea_mining\"\u003EThe secrets of the ocean floor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-mining-and-anthropocene-landscapes\"\u003EThe scarred landscapes created by humanity's material thirst\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo understand why these marks are there – and why they matter – we need to dive into a prehistoric sea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne day, a shark shed a tooth, which drifted hundreds of metres to the ocean floor. Gradually, as metals precipitated out of the sea and water within the sediment, the tooth became coated in minerals. And so began one of the slowest geological phenomena on Earth: the growth of a polymetallic nodule.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot all begin with a tooth – others contain fragment of shell, a bone shard, or nothing at all – but the slow pace of accretion is always the same. It takes them millions of years to grow only a few centimetres. But over time, they have become so abundant that they cover large swathes of the ocean’s abyssal plain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09091f3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe nodules were discovered during the voyage of the HMS Challenger in 1873. When those sailors brought them to the surface, they would have grasped them in their hands like rocky potatoes, crumbling at the edges. To touch, they might have felt smoother on top, but rough on the underside, like pumice, where they had been growing into the surrounding sedimentary grains. If they’d held them to their nose, they’d have detected no scent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.geolsoc.org.uk\u002FGeoscientist\u002FArchive\u002FMay-2013\u002FTreasures-from-the-abyss\"\u003Eexpedition’s chemist was one of the first to note\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that the nodules were not worthless. They were made of \"manganese peroxide\", he wrote, which is \"one of the principal substances used in the manufacture of bleaching powder\". Their remote location, however, meant \"they could never be made a paying source of supply\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELittle did that chemist know how important they would turn out to be – to the organisms of the deep ocean, and later, to humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09091bd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYears later, scientists would discover that these nodules are like islands for some forms of life. The abyssal plain on which they lie makes up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEarth#\u002Fmedia\u002FFile:Earth_dry_elevation.stl\"\u003E50% of the Earth’s surface\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a sublime scale that can be difficult to imagine. If the oceans were suddenly removed, we would see that half our planet is a vast desert of loose sediment. Amid this barren plain, the nodules offer a rare, firm surface for life to cling to. Some sponges and molluscs are unique to them, while nematode worms and crustacean larvae have been found living within their crevices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They’re like the rocky areas in a garden – you’re going to have more species living there than you would if you only had soil,\" says Daniel Jones of the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, UK, who studies the effects of human interventions on deep-sea life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":["p09090sd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet recently these nodules have also caught the eye of a rapacious land mammal, which needs them for their smartphones. What that expedition chemist in 1873 didn’t identify is that the nodules also contain metals, such as cobalt, nickel, copper, titanium and rare earth elements. These would one day present immense value to human beings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs 21st Century technology surges, so too does the demand for its constituent materials, such as cobalt, which is used in lithium-ion batteries to power cars and electronics. The trouble is that, currently, much the stuff comes from problematic sources. The Democratic Republic of Congo extracts more than 60% of the global cobalt supply from land-based mines, but activity there has been linked to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-50812616\"\u003Ehuman rights abuses and child labour.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat makes oceanic nodules an increasingly appealing target, despite the daunting engineering challenges of getting to them. In one Pacific region – the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) – a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs43017-020-0027-0\"\u003Econservative estimate suggests there are about 20 billion tonnes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, if the nodules there were removed and dried out. While for decades they were considered uneconomic to exploit, a number of mining organisations are now mobilising to remove them, along with other types of subsea mineral deposit. If it goes ahead, hundreds of square kilometres per year will be dredged.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09092d0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat will the impact be? In the 1970s and 1980s, researchers and mining companies \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0171750\"\u003Emade the first tentative steps\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to assessing both the feasibility and environmental consequences. At various sites within the CCZ, as well as at another location near Peru called Discol (DIS-turbance and re-COL-onisation experiment), ships dragged specialised metal rakes and ploughs over the Pacific floor to scoop up the nodules and pull them to the surface. While it didn’t exactly mimic the dredging machinery planned for future mines, and the scale is much smaller, the effects provide some of the best evidence we have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases, the tracks were left behind by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-019-02242-y\"\u003Escientists curious about what would happen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to an otherwise untouched ecosystem. At others, it was the nascent mining organisations themselves, testing their extraction technologies. One effort even involved the US’s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The Ocean Minerals Company (OMCO), a consortium of industry groups led by what is now Lockheed Martin, deployed test extractions on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fresources\u002Fidt-sh\u002Fdeep_sea_mining\"\u003EHughes Glomar Explorer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This ship would later gain fame for other reasons – it also carried a giant claw designed for a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fhistory\u002Fduring-cold-war-ci-secretly-plucked-soviet-submarine-ocean-floor-using-giant-claw-180972154\u002F\"\u003Esecret attempt to lift a Russian submarine off the seafloor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If future generations one day find the tracks, they will have persisted long beyond the lifetime of the smartphone, laptop or electric car that helped to carve them","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYears later, as plans for deep-sea mining have accelerated and exploratory permission opens up, researchers have returned to these locations in the Pacific to study the long-term effects. What they found is that, even after decades, life in these artificial trenches \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0171750\"\u003Estill hasn’t returned to normal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more from the BBC about commercial deep-sea mining: \"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fresources\u002Fidt-sh\u002Fdeep_sea_mining\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe secrets of the ocean floor\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\".)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn land, life tends to spring from the ploughed lines of a field, but in the deep sea the trenches are relatively barren. The creatures that relied on the nodules, now removed, cannot re-colonise. And others, which require soft sediment to burrow and find mobilised food, cannot live on the artificially compacted surfaces. \"Communities of these nodule-bearing abyssal plains will be especially vulnerable to the risk of extinction brought about by the efforts to extract them,\" concluded Lara Macheriotou of the University of Ghent and colleagues in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.2019.2666\"\u003Epaper published earlier this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd it’s possible, say scientists, that such effects could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-019-44492-w\"\u003Elinger for hundreds if not thousands of years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWatch a submersible drifting over tracks on the ocean floor at the CCZ and Discol sites:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:external:nitro:image:p090919p","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":["p090c3yc"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe sociologist Barbara Adam once proposed that the world can be thought of in terms of adjacent \"timescapes\", which are characterised by their pace. She described how industrial or agricultural timescapes move at a much faster clip than natural and ecological ones. All these temporal regimes are interwoven, but when one is forced to move at the pace of another, long-term environmental damage becomes a risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe timescape of the deep ocean is slow and patient. So when humanity sends its machines down there to remove subsea materials, it is two different regimes of time colliding: the pace of an oceanic abyss versus a fast, short-termist desire for new technology. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe deep ocean couldn’t be further removed from the verdant ecosystems and accelerating societies of Earth's landmasses. Temperatures on the abyssal plain hover close to freezing, the pressure is crushing, and there’s almost no light. The organisms that cling to life survive on a diet of \"marine snow\". This continuous shower of organic detritus, often digested three or four times, rains down from above.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0909142"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It’s a low temperature, low food, low energy environment, and this tends to set the pace of life,\" says Jones. \"The animals are not subject to the extremes of physical change you get in shallower waters. This is likely to be an area where any disturbance is long-lasting.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while these regions might seem like the deserts of the sea – certainly compared with the lively corals of shallow tropical waters – they are major reservoirs of biodiversity, and play a vital role in the carbon cycle via natural sequestration. \"Many of the animals we see are new to science… and some organisms have pharmaceutically active compounds,\" says Jones. Long-term, there's also potential for interaction with fisheries higher up the water column. \"There are functions performed by these communities that might not become valuable for centuries in some cases.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe often can't see the life within this vast space, because it's too small and far too distributed to capture its scale with a photograph. There are no \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5896884\u002F\"\u003Echarismatic megafauna\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to put on a poster. But life exists there in overwhelming diversity, and it covers half our planet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090917k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome might argue that damaging deep ocean life is a sacrifice worth making when weighed against human rights abuses at mines in Africa. Yet it is unlikely that one type of mining will simply displace the other, says David Santillo of Greenpeace Research Laboratories at the University of Exeter, who recently co-authored \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2017.00418\u002Ffull\"\u003Ea review of seabed mining and its potential impacts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science. \"There are different companies involved, different markets to some extent, different demand-side pressures and incentives... so if seabed mining does take off, it is more likely that it will simply become an additional source of minerals.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the importance of deep-sea life may be difficult to quantify in human moral or economic terms, it does nonetheless have an intrinsic value. And the fact that its slow, long-term timescales are so quick to disrupt should be a reason for caution, according to the scientists I spoke with. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs for those dredged tracks, if future generations one day find them on the ocean floor, they will have persisted long beyond the lifetime of the smartphone, laptop or electric car that helped to carve them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the words of David Farrier, author of the book Footprints, such traces eventually become \"future fossils\". In the age of the Anthropocene, Farrier argues that we are leaving behind unwanted industrial, chemical and geological heirlooms that will persist for centuries. \"Future fossils are our legacy and therefore our opportunity to choose how we will be remembered,\" he writes. \"They will record whether we carried on heedlessly despite the dangers we knew to lie ahead, or whether we cared enough to change our course. Our footprints will reveal how we lived to anyone still around to discover them, hinting at the things we cherished or neglected, the journeys we made and the direction we chose to take.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's possible the marks may well be read as a damning signature of our consumption habits in the early 21st Century. \"If we are going to run out of certain minerals unless we destroy a large area of the seabed, then surely this is the signal to look again at how wasteful we are being with those minerals we have,\" says Santillo. \"If what we end up doing by mining the seabed is simply to extend unsustainable consumption patterns for another 30 years, or even accelerate them by bringing yet more materials to market… we won't have changed anything.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09091hs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESitting in London as I write this, my world is small and short-term, circumscribed by the restrictions of a UK lockdown and working from home. Yet more than anywhere in recent weeks, my mind has wandered back to the abyssal plain. In a time when many of the maps I look at nowadays plot the spread of the virus, here is a location on Earth that could not be further away from the pandemic. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps part of what draws me is the sheer extremity of this oceanic wilderness. I’ll probably never get to see it with my own eyes. Even the scientists who study it now use remote cameras, rather than descending to the seafloor themselves. The deep sea, and the life within it, has a scale that defies the imagination, both spatially and temporally. It is unaffected by what is happening on land – and this has been true for millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet this may be the century where that changes; where we leave much more than one or two scrapings on the ocean floor. When researchers talk of human interventions in the deep sea, one word they often use is \"disturbance\". In scientific language, it refers to a lofting and dispersal of sediment plumes, and the effects on subsea communities. But the word disturbance has another meaning – that of an irrational disorder. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E*Richard Fisher is a senior journalist for BBC Future. Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmobile.twitter.com\u002Frifish\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@rifish\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThanks to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fminingimpact.geomar.de\u002F%20\"\u003EJens Greinert and GEOMAR\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, David Santillo, and Daniel Jones for their help with the imagery and video for this article. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor-20"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Finner-space"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-04T00:01:11Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The unseen man-made 'tracks' on the deep ocean floor","headlineShort":"The unseen 'tracks' of the deep ocean","image":["p09091bs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Far from land, deep sea mining trials have left barren marks that are still there decades later, and as Richard Fisher writes, they symbolise two different timescales colliding.","summaryShort":"They are man-made, decades-old and distressingly barren","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Foceans"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-04T01:00:17.507749Z","entity":"article","guid":"0da720e0-fd06-4ecd-a343-a463d71ef183","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:33:18.419943Z","project":"future","slug":"20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors","_id":"616ff60045ceed10e528e4c2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-r-longrich"],"bodyIntro":"Exactly why the Neanderthals died out 40,000 years ago is still greatly debated, but evolutionary biologist Nicholas Longrich looks at the evidence for a war between them and modern humans.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAround 600,000 years ago, humanity split in two. One group stayed in Africa, evolving into us. The other struck out overland, into Asia and then Europe, becoming \u003Cem\u003EHomo neanderthalensis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E – the Neanderthals. They weren’t our ancestors (with the exception of a little interbreeding), but a sister species, evolving in parallel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeanderthals fascinate us because of what they tell us about ourselves – who we were, and who we might have become. It’s tempting to see them in idyllic terms, living peacefully with nature and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-020-02420-3\"\u003Eeach other\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If so, maybe humanity’s ills – especially our territoriality, violence, wars – aren’t innate, but modern inventions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBiology and palaeontology, however, paint a darker picture. Far from peaceful, Neanderthals were likely skilled fighters and dangerous warriors, rivalled only by modern humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPredatory land mammals are territorial, especially pack-hunters. Like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F269\u002F5228\u002F1260\u002Ftab-pdf\"\u003Elions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, wolves and our own species \u003Cem\u003EHomo sapiens\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, Neanderthals were cooperative big-game hunters. Other predators, sitting atop the food chain, have few predators of their own, so overpopulation drives \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F269\u002F5228\u002F1260\u002Ftab-pdf\"\u003Econflict\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10071-016-0994-1\"\u003Ehunting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E grounds. Neanderthals faced the same problem – if other species didn’t control their numbers, conflict would have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis territoriality has deep roots in humans. Territorial conflicts are also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0960982210004598\"\u003Eintense in our closest relatives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.anthro.32.061002.120046\"\u003Echimpanzees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Male chimps routinely gang up to attack and kill males from rival bands, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.anthro.32.061002.120046\"\u003Ea behaviour strikingly like human warfare\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This implies that cooperative aggression evolved in a common ancestor of chimps and ourselves, at least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F105\u002F9\u002F3226\"\u003Eseven million years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E ago. If so, Neanderthals will have inherited these same tendencies towards cooperative aggression.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08x5y72"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWarfare is an intrinsic part of being human. War isn’t a modern invention, but an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwere-other-humans-the-first-victims-of-the-sixth-mass-extinction-126638\"\u003Eancient, fundamental\u003C\u002Fa\u003E part of our humanity. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?hl=en&lr=&id=Q8MHKQrFeEEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=war+before+civilization&ots=jeXNGI0igA&sig=CFY1fZ2R-OaHCor4DlS8eG7HA-A#v=onepage&q=war%20before%20civilization&f=false\"\u003EHistorically, all peoples\u003C\u002Fa\u003E warred. Our oldest writings are filled with war stories. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FConstant-Battles-Why-We-Fight-ebook\u002Fdp\u002FB00DTDFOFG\"\u003EArchaeology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reveals ancient fortresses and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Farticle\u002Flost-in-combat-a-scrap-metal-find-from-the-bronze-age-battlefield-site-at-tollense\u002F9984BB85B2126C139E5ACA5111236307\u002Fcore-reader\"\u003Ebattles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and sites of prehistoric massacres going back millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo war is human – and Neanderthals were very like us. We’re remarkably similar in our skull and skeletal anatomy, and share \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F328\u002F5979\u002F710\"\u003E99.7% of our DNA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Behaviourally, Neanderthals were astonishingly like us. They \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F108\u002F13\u002F5209\u002F\"\u003Emade fire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Farticle\u002Fnew-neanderthal-remains-associated-with-the-flower-burial-at-shanidar-cave\u002FE7E94F650FF5488680829048FA72E32A\"\u003Eburied their dead\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, fashioned \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F107\u002F3\u002F1023\"\u003Ejewellery from seashells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F107\u002F47\u002F20234\"\u003Eanimal teeth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F111\u002F37\u002F13301\"\u003Emade artwork\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature18291\"\u003Estone shrines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If Neanderthals shared so many of our creative instincts, they probably shared many of our destructive instincts, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe archaeological record confirms Neanderthal lives were anything but peaceful.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeanderthalensis were skilled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F106\u002F38\u002F16034\"\u003Ebig game hunters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0047248415002080\"\u003Eusing spears\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to take \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1002\u002F1099-1212%28200009\u002F10%2910%3A5%3C379%3A%3AAID-OA558%3E3.0.CO%3B2-4\"\u003Edown deer, ibex, elk, bison, even rhinos and mammoths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It defies belief to think they would have hesitated to use these weapons if their families and lands were threatened. Archaeology suggests such conflicts were commonplace.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some injuries could have been sustained in hunting, but the patterns match those predicted for a people engaged in intertribal warfare","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPrehistoric warfare leaves tell-tale signs. A club to the head is an efficient way to kill – clubs are fast, powerful, precise weapons – so prehistoric \u003Cem\u003EHomo sapiens\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-018-0696-8\u002F\"\u003Efrequently show trauma\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the skull. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F99\u002F9\u002F6444\"\u003ESo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E too \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0305440395900136\"\u003Edo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-018-0696-8\u002F\"\u003ENeanderthals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother sign of warfare is the parry fracture, a break to the lower arm caused by warding off blows. Neanderthals also show \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0305440395900136\"\u003Ea lot of broken arms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. At least one Neanderthal, from Shanidar Cave in Iraq, was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS004724840900092X\"\u003Eimpaled by a spear\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the chest. Trauma was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-018-0696-8\u002F\"\u003Eespecially common in young Neanderthal males\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as were deaths. Some injuries could have been sustained in hunting, but the patterns match those predicted for a people engaged in intertribal warfare – small-scale but intense, prolonged conflict, wars dominated by guerrilla-style raids and ambushes, with rarer battles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200128-how-did-the-last-neanderthals-live\"\u003EWho were the last Neanderthals?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp041blc5\u002Fhow-neanderthal-are-you-\"\u003EThe Neanderthal inside you\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190709-would-humans-evolve-again-if-we-rewound-time\"\u003EWere humans inevitable on Earth?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWar leaves a subtler mark in the form of territorial boundaries. The best evidence that Neanderthals not only fought but excelled at war, is that they met us and weren’t immediately overrun. Instead, for around 100,000 years, Neanderthals resisted \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwere-other-humans-the-first-victims-of-the-sixth-mass-extinction-126638\"\u003Emodern human expansion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy else would we take so long \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fgenetic-studies-reveal-diversity-of-early-human-populations-and-pin-down-when-we-left-africa-65745\"\u003Eto leave Africa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E? Not because the environment was hostile but because Neanderthals were already thriving in Europe and Asia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s exceedingly unlikely that modern humans met the Neanderthals and decided to just live and let live. If nothing else, population growth inevitably forces humans to acquire more land, to ensure sufficient territory to hunt and forage food for their children. But an aggressive military strategy is also good evolutionary strategy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08x5y9g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInstead, for thousands of years, we must have tested their fighters, and for thousands of years, we kept losing. In weapons, tactics, strategy, we were fairly evenly matched.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeanderthals probably had tactical and strategic advantages. They’d occupied the Middle East for millennia, doubtless gaining intimate knowledge of the terrain, the seasons, how to live off the native plants and animals. In battle, their massive, muscular builds must have made them devastating fighters in close-quarters combat. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.2013.0168\"\u003ETheir huge eyes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E likely gave Neanderthals superior low-light vision, letting them manoeuvre in the dark for ambushes and dawn raids.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, the stalemate broke, and the tide shifted. We don’t know why. It’s possible the invention of superior ranged weapons – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Farticle\u002Findications-of-bow-and-stonetipped-arrow-use-64-000-years-ago-in-kwazulunatal-south-africa\u002F89AF638BE5E64CEAC63363EFDD4D5E8F\"\u003Ebows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS030544030500230X\"\u003Espear-throwers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F329436a0\"\u003Ethrowing clubs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – let lightly-built \u003Cem\u003EHomo sapiens\u003C\u002Fem\u003E harass the stocky Neanderthals from a distance using hit-and-run tactics. Or perhaps \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F106\u002F38\u002F16034\"\u003Ebetter hunting and gathering techniques\u003C\u002Fa\u003E let sapiens feed bigger tribes, creating numerical superiority in battle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08x5xt4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven after primitive Homo sapiens broke out of Africa \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-019-1376-z\"\u003E200,000 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it took over 150,000 years to conquer Neanderthal lands. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F338756a0\"\u003EIsrael\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-019-1376-z\"\u003EGreece\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, archaic \u003Cem\u003EHomo sapiens\u003C\u002Fem\u003E took ground only to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-019-1376-z\"\u003Efall back\u003C\u002Fa\u003E against \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F330159a0\"\u003ENeanderthal counteroffensives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, before a final offensive by modern \u003Cem\u003EHomo sapiens\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, starting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F331\u002F6016\u002F453\"\u003E125,000 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, eliminated them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis wasn’t a blitzkrieg, as one would expect if Neanderthals were either pacifists or inferior warriors, but a long war of attrition. Ultimately, we won. But this wasn’t because they were less inclined to fight. In the end, we likely just became better at war than they were.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwar-in-the-time-of-neanderthals-how-our-species-battled-for-supremacy-for-over-100-000-years-148205\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eon The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Nicholas R. Longrich is a senior lecturer in evolutionary biology and palaeontology at the University of Bath, UK.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Did Neanderthals go to war with our ancestors?","headlineShort":"Did we beat Neanderthals in a war?","image":["p08x5xwf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Exactly why the Neanderthals died out 40,000 years ago is still debated, but evolutionary biologist Nicholas Longrich looks at the evidence for a war between them and modern humans.","summaryShort":"Homo sapiens and extinct cousins may have battled over land and resources","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fevolution"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-03T01:45:24.160322Z","entity":"article","guid":"4cb96216-5f4c-4a8a-a577-54c0b1e0ff57","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:31:22.344842Z","project":"future","slug":"20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives","_id":"616ff5fb45ceed7fc061efaa","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park"],"bodyIntro":"Wearing a seat belt or a face mask can help to save lives, so why do some people still refuse to put them on and even protest against laws requiring them?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I just hate them,” says one woman when asked why she refused to put one on. “I think I hate them because you have to wear them, and I think it’s more of a ‘you’ve got to wear it’, so I don’t want it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think, whether you’re male or female, it’s a dominance thing,” replies the man next to her. “I’m in charge, you don’t tell me what to do.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s the sort of reasoning you might expect from protestors who refuse to wear masks when out in public during the pandemic. Their objection is not just about comfort, or even scepticism that they can save lives. It’s also resentment about being told what to do by authorities. Except the interviewees above were not upset about laws that have made face masks mandatory in public spaces in many countries. Instead, they were talking about seat belts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe interviewees\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdata.parliament.uk\u002FDepositedPapers\u002FFiles\u002FDEP2010-0290\u002FDEP2010-0290.pdf\"\u003E were British drivers who admitted to not wearing their seat belts while in cars in 2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E despite it being a legal requirement in the UK to wear one in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Farchive\u002Fbritish-drivers-face-new-seatbelt-law-1983\u002Fzhwyscw\"\u003Efront seat of a vehicle since 1983\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fthirty-years-of-seatbelt-safety\"\u003Eback seat since 1991\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200402-covid-19-how-to-convince-others-social-distancing-works\"\u003EHow to convince others to follow the rules\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200806-are-face-shields-effective-against-covid-19\"\u003EWhy face shields alone are not enough\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200812-exponential-growth-bias-the-numerical-error-behind-covid-19\"\u003EThe deadly numerical error behind Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe comparison between face mask and seat belt protests is a popular one. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Farts-entertainment\u002Ftv\u002Fnews\u002Frichard-osman-face-mask-coronavirus-seat-belt-pointless-a9613676.html\"\u003ECelebrities have used it to point out that abstainers have always existed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F05\u002Fus\u002Fseat-belts-masks-coronavirus-wellness-trnd\u002Findex.html\"\u003EThe media has pointed to it in an attempt to explain the origin of protests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E against a measure that could help to control the spread of the pandemic\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. But the introduction of seat belt laws was far less straightforward than the requirement to wear face masks. It was messy, fraught and slow. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200504-coronavirus-what-is-the-best-kind-of-face-mask\"\u003Ehow face masks can control the spread of Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08q9mqv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut there is a lot we can learn from the introduction of seat belt laws and other public health interventions. Why, for instance, does there seem to be differences between the adoption of the rules in different countries? And why are some people prepared to challenge \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcovid19.healthdata.org\u002Funited-states-of-america?view=total-deaths&tab=trend\"\u003Ea health measure that will surely save lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn uncertain start\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the evidence that seat belts save lives is undeniable, there was a time when their introduction looked uncertain. Car manufacturers, insurance companies, law enforcement, politicians and drivers all had vested interests in seat belt laws.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the car manufacturers, the issue was cost. At the time they were hopeful that seat belts would become mandatory because they were much cheaper to fit than airbags – the other technology for which lobbyists were campaigning. “[If seat belts became mandatory], proponents of the airbag, which inflates upon impact in a collision to protect riders, fear the device will never achieve widespread use,” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F1985\u002F02\u002F28\u002Fus\u002Fstates-debate-requiring-use-of-belts.html\"\u003Ewrote the New York Times on 28 Feb 1985\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As many as 65% of Americans were against seatbelts being made mandatory for reasons of comfort","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F1981\u002F02\u002F15\u002Fweekinreview\u002Fideas-trends-in-summary-the-deregulation-dash.html\"\u003EA single airbag in the mid-80s cost up to $800, compared to a few dollars for a seatbelt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Had the law required all cars to carry airbags, new car prices would have appreciated accordingly creating a mini-shock to the market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMotorists were most interested in comfort. One survey found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.latimes.com\u002Farchives\u002Fla-xpm-1985-02-19-mn-546-story.html\"\u003E86% of Americans recognised that seatbelts saved lives, while only 41% of those people actually used them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbc.ca\u002Fnews\u002Fcanada\u002Fedmonton\u002Fjune-22-1987-albertans-prepare-for-seatbelt-law-1.3649730\"\u003Eother surveys suggested the number was even lower\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in other countries). Meanwhile as many as 65% of Americans were against seatbelts being made mandatory for reasons of comfort.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInsurance companies preferred airbags to seatbelts. The benefit of an airbag is that it is “passive” – it’s there ready to save your life. If an airbag was fitted, a driver had no choice whether to use it or not, reducing the injuries and deaths from accidents and therefore the companies’ payouts. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fuk\u002F2008\u002Faug\u002F01\u002Fnationalarchives.police\"\u003EThe police were against having to stop motorists to enforce the law\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A passive airbag would mean officers could avoid traffic stops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo the pro-seatbelt bloc faced off the pro-airbag bloc. But the debate was not usually centred on which saved more lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08q9nzd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENew York was the first US state to introduce a law requiring the use of seat belts in the front seats of cars on 1 January 1985, a couple of years after the UK, Canada, France and Germany.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the seat belt laws took years to introduce fully. In some countries, the gap between their first introduction for front-seat drivers and back-seat passengers was decades. Japan, for example, first made seat belts mandatory in the driver’s seat in 1971, but for back-seat passengers it took until 2008 to become law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe laws were also introduced in certain countries and states before others, meaning you could drive across state lines in the US, be required to wear your seat belt when you set off, but be able to take it off during your journey. And New Hampshire still does not have a law \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iihs.org\u002Ftopics\u002Fseat-belts\"\u003Erequiring adults to wear seat belts.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In the US, there are three states where helmets are not mandatory for motorcyclists of any age","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe same baffling approach applies to other public health interventions, such as the introduction of motorcycle helmet laws. In the US, there are three states (Illinois, Iowa and New Hampshire) where helmets are not mandatory for motorcyclists of any age, but they border states where all riders must wear one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe cultural context\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Illinois, another state to introduce new seat belt laws in 1985, not wearing a seat belt was considered a petty offence when first introduced, punishable with a fine of up to $25 (almost £50 adjusting for inflation). The modest fine was supposed to reassure motorists that the law was not to be strictly enforced. Instead, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F3053718?read-now=1&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Epolice officers publicly announced they would issue the fine only if there were other offences worthy of pulling the motorist over\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The statute even went one step further by stating that violating the seat belt law could not be considered negligence, which meant insurers would still have to pay out if a driver had injured themselves while not wearing one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd yet, four motorists who were charged under the new law tried to challenge its constitutionality in court. There was precedence: when Illinois introduced laws requiring motorcyclists to wear helmets in 1969, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled it an unconstitutional restriction of personal liberty – a ruling which still stands today. On this occasion, however, the court ruled against the motorists who brought the case.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08q9pgf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd the protests against seat belt laws did not mean that Americans as a whole ignored them, even if they did object to them on principle. Data collected by federal officials in New York suggested that 70% of front-seat motorists were adhering to the law two months later. In the UK, about 90% of front-seat motorists were observed to be following the law after a similar amount of time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen the laws in both countries were updated in the early 1990s to include back-seat adult passengers, the effect was less noticeable. In the UK, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fthirty-years-of-seatbelt-safety\"\u003Eabout 10% of back-seat passengers were observed with their seat belts on prior to the law change, compared to 40% after the introduction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn other countries there were fewer protests, but adherence was much lower. In the late 1980s, Serbia (then Yugoslavia) had one of the highest rates of road deaths in Europe. Like the US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F3053718?read-now=1&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Ethe Yugoslavian seat belt law became enforceable in 1985, carried a fine equivalent to $75 (£150 adjusted for inflation) and was strictly enforced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But, Yugoslavians still rarely wore their seat belts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is clear that the level of protesting and the number of legal challenges did not necessarily equate to adoption of the new law or regulation. Something else was going on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One observational study of 12,000 people in the region of Sao Paulo, Brazil, found that about 30% of people were wearing masks incorrectly","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe general practice for drivers and passengers in Yugoslavia, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F3053718?read-now=1&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Estudies at the time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,  was to drape their belts over their shoulders without clicking them in place. While it meant they often avoided a fine, they were not wearing the belt for its intended purpose. If there was no intention on the part of the drivers to wear the belt properly then why go to court? And there was no restriction on their personal liberties if the belt could be worn incorrectly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile courts were widely used in Yugoslavia, they were used for personal benefit not to pursue political or symbolic point-scoring. In the US, the reverse was true. Challenging a fine in court would have been far more expensive than paying the modest fee, and few people were fined anyway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is perhaps the most useful lesson from comparing seat belt laws and face mask adoption: the amount of protesting is immaterial and is probably influenced by how much people in a country respect authority and the legal process. What matters more is whether people follow the guidance and how effectively they do so.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08qb1pj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany people do follow face mask guidelines, it seems. In the US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyougov.co.uk\u002Ftopics\u002Fhealth\u002Farticles-reports\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F27\u002Fface-mask-use-surges-after-becoming-compulsory-sho\"\u003Eabout 77% of people wear them, with slightly more in France and slightly fewer in Germany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (the UK lagged behind these countries for a long time, before catching up at the end of July and now 74% of Brits wear masks in public).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, not everyone wears them correctly. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.06.25.20139907v1\"\u003EOne observational study of 12,000 people in the region of Sao Paulo, Brazil, found that about 30% of people were wearing masks incorrectly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E either exposing their nose or mouth and nose, although the paper is still to be published in an academic journal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPublic health interventions, like the introduction of face masks, take time. The messaging and the legal framework that allows the laws to be enforced has to be right. But time will force people to conform. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abs.gov.rs\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fseat-belt-use#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Law%20in,and%20thus%20reduce%20bodily%20injuries.\"\u003EAbout three-quarters of front-seat motorists wear their seatbelt in modern Serbia now\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – much more than 35 years ago. Like with face masks, some people still don’t get it right – only 10% of back-seat passengers wear their belts correctly – but the Serbian government continues to campaign for their use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite the protests of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-53622797\"\u003Evocal minority\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-53394525\"\u003Eattitudes to face masks are changing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as evidence shows that the interventions will make a difference and with time adoption will continue to increase, just as happened with seat belts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why people object to laws that save lives","headlineShort":"Why people object to life-saving laws","image":["p08q9hr7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"616ff6c945ceed68c8293c02"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Wearing a seat belt or a face mask can help to save lives, so why do some people still refuse to put them on and even protest against them?","summaryShort":"Some public health interventions are harder to impliment than you might think","tag":["tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","tag\u002Fhealth","tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-03T00:00:53.167728Z","entity":"article","guid":"2eed4b75-40a3-4aa7-93e7-3082867946f5","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:27:36.529113Z","project":"future","slug":"20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551}},"tags":{"tag\u002Fcomment-analysis":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","_id":"616ff6ca45ceed5f151b091c","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Comment & Analysis","creationDateTime":"2017-03-30T09:12:23.588726Z","entity":"tag","guid":"8a3da437-6c7a-4d2f-9b1f-c0b5da873a2f","id":"tag\u002Fcomment-analysis","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:26:23.339379Z","project":"","slug":"comment-analysis","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"tag\u002Fmilitary":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fmilitary","_id":"616ff6cd45ceed68203beca9","assetImage":null,"description":"BBC Travel’s latest military stories from around the world","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F92357","name":"Military","creationDateTime":"2014-11-18T09:16:19Z","entity":"tag","guid":"6ee2eb54-373c-4784-8112-e9fbc6218b1b","id":"tag\u002Fmilitary","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:45:04.859898Z","project":"","slug":"military","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"tag\u002Frisk":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Frisk","_id":"616ff6d045ceed68c95cad7b","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"\u002Ftags","name":"Risk","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"tag","guid":"5a051e81-878d-4468-9b4a-3c751439d7b4","id":"tag\u002Frisk","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:53:43.24149Z","project":"","slug":"risk","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"tag\u002Fnuclear":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fnuclear","_id":"616ff6c845ceed54a212ca71","assetImage":null,"description":"Nuclear tag","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F21971","name":"Nuclear","creationDateTime":"2014-11-18T09:16:00Z","entity":"tag","guid":"60551b87-8961-4a97-9057-2a0a1032b361","id":"tag\u002Fnuclear","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:48:32.352675Z","project":"","slug":"nuclear","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"tag\u002Fevolution":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fevolution","_id":"616ff6c745ceed68bd40da31","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Evolution","creationDateTime":"2015-03-06T17:28:03Z","entity":"tag","guid":"d94fdef3-925a-4533-8f15-dfed06a5bcb6","id":"tag\u002Fevolution","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:32:07.514408Z","project":"","slug":"evolution","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"tag\u002Feconomics":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Feconomics","_id":"616ff6cc45ceed64a752de12","assetImage":null,"description":"Economics","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F9223","name":"Economics","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"tag","guid":"9fa67f4c-9790-48ad-9d5d-203bcdd8962d","id":"tag\u002Feconomics","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:31:00.5957Z","project":"","slug":"economics","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166547},"tag\u002Fenvironment":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fenvironment","_id":"616ff6ab45ceed4a202d5bc0","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC latest environment stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Environment","creationDateTime":"2019-08-06T20:06:20.300592Z","entity":"tag","guid":"10d417b3-9778-4a46-a481-05abe9d60810","id":"tag\u002Fenvironment","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:31:56.146069Z","project":"","slug":"environment","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166548},"tag\u002Fwildlife":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fwildlife","_id":"616ff6d445ceed6dfc67af81","assetImage":[],"description":"BBC Travel’s latest wildlife stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Wildlife","creationDateTime":"2013-03-12T18:36:00Z","entity":"tag","guid":"ef7fac1d-4534-4bb1-b3e5-4be65eeb7d52","id":"tag\u002Fwildlife","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T17:06:10.950694Z","project":"","slug":"wildlife","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166548},"tag\u002Fpolitics":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fpolitics","_id":"616ff6d645ceed6d6649e056","assetImage":null,"description":"Politics","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F22986","name":"Politics","creationDateTime":"2014-10-21T08:10:15Z","entity":"tag","guid":"a87c1553-a7fa-408f-a94a-fdb669cc8d72","id":"tag\u002Fpolitics","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:51:12.149799Z","project":"","slug":"politics","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"tag\u002Fphilosophy":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fphilosophy","_id":"616ff6cd45ceed5f4b0a48fd","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Philosophy","creationDateTime":"2017-03-28T07:28:48.186038Z","entity":"tag","guid":"7e0baf7e-2e2d-45ab-907a-71d39439256c","id":"tag\u002Fphilosophy","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:50:01.654726Z","project":"","slug":"philosophy","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"tag\u002Fpsychology":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fpsychology","_id":"616ff6ce45ceed66b8544063","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC's latest stories on psychology and the workings of the human mind","linkUrl":"","name":"Psychology","creationDateTime":"2015-01-23T12:11:42Z","entity":"tag","guid":"5ac58b59-e485-47e2-9d0e-bb2d3cddf005","id":"tag\u002Fpsychology","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:52:13.733368Z","project":"","slug":"psychology","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166549},"tag\u002Foceans":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Foceans","_id":"616ff70a45ceed6c8e7720e6","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Oceans","creationDateTime":"2014-09-06T11:08:22Z","entity":"tag","guid":"9978e052-ba71-45fe-afe0-dd7c3a405c71","id":"tag\u002Foceans","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:48:43.328841Z","project":"","slug":"oceans","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550},"tag\u002Fhealth":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fhealth","_id":"616ff70845ceed6bb96b4783","assetImage":[],"description":"Explore BBC Travel’s latest health and wellness stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Health","creationDateTime":"2010-08-31T13:55:09Z","entity":"tag","guid":"1e7b6e57-1b8b-4f92-9b12-a9c33aae2f9b","id":"tag\u002Fhealth","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:36:51.489425Z","project":"","slug":"health","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551},"tag\u002Fcovid-19":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fcovid-19","_id":"616ff6c345ceed5c5914f75e","assetImage":[],"description":"Evidence-based analysis and myth-busting stories about the new coronavirus","linkUrl":"","name":"Covid-19","creationDateTime":"2020-03-12T18:50:22.798892Z","entity":"tag","guid":"e7773612-18e8-4b40-a9ea-9cafc055663b","id":"tag\u002Fcovid-19","modifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T16:27:12.787538Z","project":"","slug":"covid-19","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551}},"navigations":{"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:navigation:future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture","_id":"616ff56345ceed49323522f1","item":[{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"What is BBC Future?","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20151016-welcome-to-a-home-for-the-insatiably-curious\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-0"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Future Planet","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Ffuture-planet\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-1"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Towards Net Zero","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Ftowards-net-zero\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-2"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Carbon Cost","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Fcarbon-cost\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-3"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Follow the Food","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-4"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Bright Sparks","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Fbright-sparks-sustainability\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-5"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Family Tree","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-6"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Immune Response","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fimmune-response\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-7"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Best of BBC Future","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-8"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Latest","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-9"}],"primaryVertical":"future","creationDateTime":"2019-10-01T10:29:56.281346Z","entity":"navigation","guid":"1f57ee8d-68c2-4d5c-b04e-76251d83fd33","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-21T16:04:04.68817Z","project":"future","slug":"future","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166537}},"partners":{"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:partner:future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation","_id":"616ff6c545ceed59f32da664","assetImage":[],"description":"","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211028095926\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com","name":"The Conversation","primaryVertical":"future","promoImage":[],"creationDateTime":"2016-01-28T11:56:10.84175Z","entity":"partner","guid":"56f04c6e-7e9e-4faf-ae82-be23adfad166","id":"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation","modifiedDateTime":"2021-06-17T17:14:09.804709Z","project":"future","slug":"the-conversation","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166551}},"modules":{},"indexModules":{},"aroundTheBBC":{},"weathers":{},"destinations":{},"videos":{"p090c3yc":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:videopid:p090c3yc","_id":"616ff57d45ceed53d746fb16","advertisingAllowed":"commercial","duration":84,"embeddableOffSite":true,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Decades-old tracks on the ocean floor","thumbnail":[],"title":"The unseen scars of deep-sea mining","vpid":"p090c3yf","warningShort":"","entity":"videopid","id":"p090c3yc","cacheLastUpdated":1635415166550}}},"ads":{},"destinationsAZ":{"azIndexFilter":"Continent"},"collectionsAZ":{"indexFilter":"MOST_RECENT"},"relatedArticlesById":{},"article":{"currentActiveArticle":null,"primaryArticle":null},"loader":{"message":null,"show":false},"location":{"currentLocation":"\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","previousLocation":null,"isFirstRendering":true},"serverRender":true,"hasArticleHero":{"value":false},"visitedCollectionIndex":false,"visitedTagIndex":false,"metaData":{"title":null},"fetchArticleGroupByArticleId":{"isFetching":false,"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","error":null,"endpoint":undefined},"fetchArticleById":{"isFetching":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why":false},"error":null},"fetchTagsByVertical":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchCollectionsIndexByVerticalReducer":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchDestinationsIndexByVerticalReducer":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchNavigationById":{"isFetching":false,"id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture","error":null},"fetchCollectionById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchDestinationById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchTagById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchWeatherById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchModuleByVertical":{"isFetching":null,"error":null},"pagination":{"articleInfiniteScroll":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why":{"site\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002Ftag\u002Fcomment-analysis":{"pages":{"1":{"isFetching":false,"error":null,"items":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why","future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out","future\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-why-the-next-stage-of-capitalism-is-coming","future\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth","future\u002Farticle\u002F20210427-the-stomp-reflex-when-governments-abuse-emergency-powers","future\u002Farticle\u002F20210105-why-our-pursuit-of-happiness-may-be-flawed","future\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-the-benefits-of-embracing-deep-time-in-a-year-like-2020","future\u002Farticle\u002F20201202-deep-sea-mining-tracks-on-the-ocean-floor","future\u002Farticle\u002F20201102-did-neanderthals-go-to-war-with-our-ancestors","future\u002Farticle\u002F20200902-why-people-object-to-laws-that-save-lives"],"cacheLastUpdated":1635415166554}},"totalItems":42,"totalPages":5,"currentPage":1,"itemsPerPage":10}}},"collectionArticlesIndex":{},"tagArticlesIndex":{},"verticalArticlesIndex":{},"premiumCollectionArticlesIndex":{},"swimlaneCollectionArticles":{},"destinationArticlesIndex":{}}}</script> <script>window.__ENTITY_ROUTES__ = {"article":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"previewArticle":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fpreview\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"premiumCollection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fpremium-collection\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexColumn":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fcolumns\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexSection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fsections\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"tagArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Ftags\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Ftag\u002F:id"},"tagsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Ftags","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Ftags"},"verticalArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)"},"collectionsColumnsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fcolumns","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"},"collectionsSectionsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fsections","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"},"destinationsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(travel)\u002Fdestinations","entityMapping":"\u002Fdestinations"},"destinationIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(travel)\u002Fdestinations\u002F:destinationId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fdestination-guide\u002F:destinationId"}};</script> <script>window.__PWA_CLIENT_SIDE_ENABLED__=true</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1634747638-a2cc5a93355b82bc6d0adb06f35c07881e1e39b1/static/js/bundle.b06b9354.js"></script> <script>window.BBC_GNL_PWA_MAIN();</script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { /** CONFIGURATION START **/ var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {}); _sf_async_config.uid = '50924'; _sf_async_config.domain = 'bbc.co.uk'; _sf_async_config.flickerControl = false; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.sections = 'future,commentanalysis,military,risk,nuclear'; _sf_async_config.path = '/future/article/20211014-agents-of-doom-who-is-hastening-the-apocalypse-and-why'; _sf_async_config.authors = "Luke Kemp"; /** CONFIGURATION END **/ function loadChartbeat() { var e = document.createElement('script'); var n = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; e.type = 'text/javascript'; e.async = true; e.src = '//web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'; n.parentNode.insertBefore(e, n); } loadChartbeat(); })(); </script> </div> <div id="orb-footer" class="orb-footer" dir="ltr"> <div id="navp-orb-footer-promo"></div><aside role="complementary"><div id="orb-aside" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-footer-inner" role="navigation" aria-label="BBC"><h2 class="orb-footer-lead">Explore the BBC</h2><div class="orb-footer-primary-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li></ul></div></div></div></aside><footer role="contentinfo"><div id="orb-contentinfo" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><script>window.orb = window.orb || {}; window.orb.worldwideFooterlinks = '<li class="orb-footer-ads"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbcglobalnews.com/">Advertise with us<' + '/a><' + '/li><li class="orb-footer-adchoices"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies/how-does-the-bbc-use-cookies-for-advertising/">AdChoices / Do Not Sell My Info<' + '/a><' + '/li>';</script><div class="orb-footer-inner"><div><ul><li class="orb-footer-terms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="orb-footer-about"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc">About the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-privacy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="orb-footer-cookies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/cookies/">Cookies</a></li><li class="orb-footer-accessibility"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li><li class="orb-footer-parental"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/guidance">Parental Guidance</a></li><li class="orb-footer-contact"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact">Contact the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-newsletter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter">Get Personalised Newsletters</a></li></ul><small><em class="orb-hilight">Copyright © 2021 BBC.</em> The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <span class="orb-footer-links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links" class="orb-hilight">Read about our approach to external linking.</a></span></small></div></div></div></footer></div><script type="importmap">{"imports":{"orbit-drawer":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/js/drawer-api.bundle.js","bbccookies":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/cookies/6868f40b6841deedfcf9895de775e1ab/cookie-banner/cookie-library.module.js"}}</script><script type="module" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926jm_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/js/orbit.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/js/redirect.bundle.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/js/performance.bundle.js" data-release="3.0.0-1714.f397d719" data-ux="orb" async=""></script><script id="orb-js-script" data-assetpath="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/js/orb.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ require(['orb/nav'], function(nav) { window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { nav.loadJs('https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/c2cacae46aac94e6bf2a24e94cb6efe1/js/edr.min.js'); } }); }); /*]]>*/</script> <script type="text/javascript">require.config({ paths: { "mybbc/templates": '//web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.3.7/templates', "mybbc/notifications": '//web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.3.7/js' } }); require(['mybbc/notifications/NotificationsMain', 'idcta/idcta-1'], function (NotificationsMain, idcta) { var loadNotifications = function (isUK) { if (isUK) { window.bbcpage.loadCSS('//web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.3.7/css/main.min.css').then(function() { NotificationsMain.run(idcta, '//web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.3.7/'); }); } }; window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { loadNotifications(isUK); }); });</script> <script type="module">if (window.bbcuser && window.bbcuser.isUKCombined) { bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function (isUK) { if (isUK) { const isOrbUx = !!document.querySelector('.orb-nav-pri-container'); if (isOrbUx) { const script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/d3c099a283f4be8102b8b0bba5796dd7//js/old-search-suggest.js'; script.async = true; script.setAttribute('data-static-prefix', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/d3c099a283f4be8102b8b0bba5796dd7/'); script.setAttribute('data-variant', 'default'); document.head.appendChild(script); } else { import('https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/d3c099a283f4be8102b8b0bba5796dd7//js/search-suggest.js').then(drawer => { drawer.setupSearchDrawer({ searchboxAppStaticPrefix: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/d3c099a283f4be8102b8b0bba5796dd7/', variant: 'default', }); }); } } }); }</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/navpromo/34f98a4c8573fabed16dc8acea28feb8/js/footerpromo.js" data-base="https://navpromo.api.bbci.co.uk" data-variant="" async=""></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.COOKIES_STATIC_HOST="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/cookies/6868f40b6841deedfcf9895de775e1ab/cookie-banner/cookie-prompt/"</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/cookies/6868f40b6841deedfcf9895de775e1ab/cookie-banner/cookie-banners.bundle.js" async=""></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk//user-activity-helper/5a08eeec4b85ac14cd5e09e2fab845eb/js/detectview.bundle.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">"use strict";window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){return e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Failed to load reverb. No event sent")});</script><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028095926im_/https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=17986528&cs_ucfr=0&cv=2.0&cj=1"></noscript> </body> </html>