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text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&params=21.95_N_113.75_E_region:CN-35_type:adm2nd_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">113°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.95°N 113.75°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.95; 113.75</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1950 military campaign</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&params=21.95_N_113.75_E_region:CN-35_type:adm2nd_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">113°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.95°N 113.75°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.95; 113.75</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Qundao" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanshan Qundao">Wanshan Archipelago</a> Campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait conflict">Cross-Strait conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>May 25 – August 7, 1950</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago" title="Wanshan Archipelago">Wanshan Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Communist</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi_Hongzhang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi Hongzhang (page does not exist)">Qi Hongzhang</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 4,000<br />40+ naval vessels</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000<br />24 naval vessels</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 700+<br />4 <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> sunk<br />11 naval vessels captured</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 300+<br />1 <a 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War"><span class="wrap">Chinese Civil War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Outline of the Chinese Civil War">Outline of the Chinese Civil War</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>First Phase (1927–1937)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Encirclement campaigns">Encirclement campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Bandits_in_Northeast_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihai_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaihai Campaign">Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingjin Campaign">Pingjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign" title="Yangtze River Crossing campaign">Yangtze River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Campaign" title="Shanghai Campaign">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guningtou" title="Battle of Guningtou">Guningtou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wanshan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Aftermath</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_campaign_at_the_China%E2%80%93Burma_border" class="mw-redirect" title="1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border">China–Burma border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-strait conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Wanshan Archipelago Campaign</b> (万山群岛战役) was a campaign fought between <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">communist</a> forces for the control of <a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago" title="Wanshan Archipelago">Wanshan Archipelago</a> (<i>Wanshan Qundao</i>, 万山群岛), and resulted in <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> victory. The <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> consists of 48 islands strategically located at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a>, a chokepoint on the communication lines to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. The largest island is the Laurel Mountain (Guishan, 桂山) Island, which was formerly known as Trash Tail (Lajiwei, 垃圾尾) Island. Other major islands include Outer Linding (Wailinding, 外伶仃) Island, Dong'ao (东澳) Island, Tri-gate (Sanmen, 三门) Island, Greater Ten-thousand Mountain (<a href="/wiki/Dawanshan_Dao" title="Dawanshan Dao">Da Wanshan</a>, 大万山) Island, Lesser Ten-thousand Mountain (<a href="/wiki/Xiaowanshan_Dao" title="Xiaowanshan Dao">Xiao Wanshan</a>, 小万山) Island, Burden Pole (Dangan, 担杆) Islands, and Jianpeng (佳蓬) Islands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> Island had fallen into the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> hands, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> 3rd Fleet withdrew to Wanshan Archipelago and together with the various nationalist units as the local garrison, the nationalists planned to blockade the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a> and cutting off the maritime links between the mainland and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval commander-in-chief Gui Yongqing (桂永清) organized the Wanshan Defense Command, and named <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> commander-in-chief of the 3rd Fleet Qi Hongzhang (齊鴻章) as the commander, who set up his headquarters on board the <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <i>Taihe</i> (太和), the largest <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> warship among more than three dozen <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval vessels in the region, and the flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> 3rd Fleet. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> force decided to take the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> and eliminate the threat and crush the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> blockade of the mouth of the Pearl River. The <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> deputy corps commander Hong Xuezhi (洪学智) was named as the commander of the Riverine Defense Force of the Cantonese Military Region to be in charge of the incoming operation, and the commander of force began to mass at <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a> on May 8, 1950, after a joint command headquarters was set up. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">order of battle</a> Around 4,000, including: </p> <ul><li>1 Marine regiment</li> <li>1 battalion from the 208th Division of the Youth Army</li> <li>6 infantry companies of various units</li> <li>Units of the Cantonese Assault Army</li> <li>The 3rd Fleet <ul><li>More than 30 naval vessels, later increased to more than 40.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">order of battle</a> Around 10,000 total, including: </p> <ul><li>2 regiments from the 131st Division of the 44th Army</li> <li>1 Artillery battalion of the 132nd Division</li> <li>1 Artillery company of the 130th Division</li> <li>1 Artillery company of the South-central Military Region with 100 mm long range <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a></li> <li>1 Artillery company from the 50th Army with <a href="/wiki/Recoilless_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Recoilless gun">recoilless guns</a></li> <li>1 Artillery regiment of the Pearl River sub-Military Region</li> <li>Riverine Defense Force of the Cantonese Military Region (naval force) <ul><li>5 <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> (including three respectively named <i>Liberation</i>, <i>Vanguard</i>, and <i>Struggle</i>)</li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Landing_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing ship">Landing ship</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li>8 Transports</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_stage">First stage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> task force sailed to Wanshan Archipelago at the dawn of May 25, 1950. Shortly before dawn, the advance guard of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> force in charge of fire support reached the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> anchorage at the Laurel Mountain (Guishan, 桂山) Island. The <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> <i>Liberation</i>, a former <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> named <i>Dancing Phoenix</i> defected to the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> side commanded by its former <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> commander, Captain Lin Wenhu (林文虎), a brilliant naval officer, launched a surprise attack on the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval force at the anchorage under the cover of darkness. Fully aware that his 25-ton <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> was completely incapable of sinking its large opponents each displaced over a thousand tons, Captain Lin skillfully ordered his crew to concentrate fire on the superstructures of larger nationalist ships. Nearly every <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> large warship in the anchorage had its bridge struck, and the flagship, the frigate <i>Taihe</i> suffered the most: nearly everyone on the bridge was either killed or wounded, and Qi Hongzhang (齐鸿章), the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> commander-in-chief was severely wounded himself. With the commander-in-chief severely wounded and most of his staff killed, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> command in charge of both land and naval defense was thus effectively paralyzed. The confined space of the anchorage severely limited the maneuverability of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> warships for fearing collision in the darkness, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> was able to utilizing the blind spots of the larger <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval guns by fighting at extremely close quarter when engaging the larger nationalist ships after sinking a <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a>. In the meantime, two other <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a>, <i>Vanguard</i> and <i>Struggle</i>, managed to sink two <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> east of Ox Head (Niutou, 牛头) Island, while two battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> landing force took Green Islet (Qing Zhou, 青洲) and Triangle (Sanjiao, 三角) Island. </p><p>After the sunrise, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> fleet discovered that there was only a single small <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> fighting them, and as the enraged <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> sailors attempted to avenge the deaths of their comrades-in-arms, every <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval vessel available joined the chase of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> 25-ton <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> <i>Liberation</i>. However, unbeknown to the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> fleet, it was drawn to a temporary but carefully and skillfully designed trap devised by the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> captain, who was luring his opponent away from the islands, thus opening the way for the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> landing force. Once the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> fleet realized its mistake, it was too late: although the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> fleet managed to severely damage the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Landing_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing ship">landing ship</a> <i>Guishan</i> (桂山) in the chase, the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Landing_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing ship">landing ship</a> nonetheless successfully beached itself and unloaded all of the landing force it carried. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> fleet was soon faced another dilemma: continue fighting the two <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> naval vessels or saving the dying sailors, including the severely wounded commander-in-chief, who was out of consciousness by already this time. The loyal subordinates of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> commander-in-chief chose not to let their commanding officer to die like many other wounded sailors, and speed away from the battlefield to seek better medical help in attempting to save those who were dying. Fearing additional <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> naval units that may launch another round of attack, all other <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval vessels retreated from the battlefield around an hour after the first shot was fired, protecting the wounded flagship from possible enemy attacks, thus enabling the 25-ton <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> <i>Liberation</i> to safely return to its mainland base in a hero's welcome, but <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval force nonetheless succeeded in killing the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> deputy political <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">commissar</a> of the flotilla on board the <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a>. </p><p>Unfortunately for the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalists</a>, due to the chaos of the battle and the damage to the communication gears on board most of its naval vessels, the decision for the naval units to retreat from the battlefield to save the dying sailors and commanders was not relayed to <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> force on the island, where the defenders interpreted such retreat as fleeing and abandoning them, and the morale of the land force collapsed as a result. In the meantime, the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> troops landed on the island believed the same and their morale was drastically boosted and their pressure on the defenders intensified. The demoralized <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> defenders had managed to hold on their positions until the nightfall, and then asked and was allowed retreated from the island under the cover of darkness. </p><p>Once the main anchorage of the Wanshan Archipelago, the Laurel Mountain (Guishan, 桂山) Island fell into the communist hands, many other islands fell in a domino effect. From May 25, 1950, thru May 28, 1950, Ox Head (Niutou, 牛头) island, Spider Islet (Zhi Zhou, 蜘洲), Dalu (大碌), Large Head Islet (Datou Zhou, 大头洲) and other small islets fell into the communist hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_stage">Second stage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 28, 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval force at the region was reinforced by 3 <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Landing_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing ship">landing ships</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweepers</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> newly arrived from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval force cruised in waters north of Little Green Islet (Xiaoqingzhou, 小青洲) and Ox Head (Niutou, 牛头) island, attempted to bombard the communist positions on lands and the transport fleet. As the communist <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> came out to meet them, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> force still weary of previous naval engagement three days ago withdrew to open ocean, where the conditions favored the larger <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> fleet because there was more space to maneuver. However, the communist <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> did not pursue because the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> were fully aware their meek naval strength and once the mission of preventing the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval fleet from bombarding the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> assets was completed, the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> withdrew. </p><p>Although the bombardment mission ended early and thus was not a success, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalists</a> were quick to devise a plan based on the experience to counterattack by wiping out the communist naval force after luring it out to the open ocean, and then retake the islands from the communists who would not have any naval support of their own. However, the communists also learned from earlier experience and reached the conclusion of not to engaging the much stronger <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval force in the open ocean where the condition favored the latter. In attempt to search the communists, a detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> fleet ventured too close to shore and three ships suffered damages from communist shore batteries on the Large Head Islet (Datou Zhou, 大头洲) and Triangle (Sanjiao, 三角) Island on May 30, 1950. The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalists</a> consequently changed their tactics by letting the communists come to them at the waters favored the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalists</a>, instead of going to the communist's turf to seek out the communists in the coastal regions that favored the communists. </p><p>However, the communists had learned from the engagement as well and correctly deducted the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> objective, and thus made a plan of their own to counter that of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a>: instead of falling into the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> trap by fighting the way <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalists</a> had wanted, the best way to engage the superior <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval fleet was to utilize the long range shore batteries, and the much weaker naval force would act as auxiliary to the shore batteries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_stage">Third stage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 5, 1950, the communist force adopted the leapfrog tactic under the cover of shore batteries on adjacent islands and islets close by, succeeding in taking Dong'ao (东澳) Island, Greater Ten-thousand Mountain (<a href="/wiki/Dawanshan_Dao" title="Dawanshan Dao">Da Wanshan</a>, 大万山) Island, and Lesser Ten-thousand Mountain (<a href="/wiki/Xiaowanshan_Dao" title="Xiaowanshan Dao">Xiao Wanshan</a>, 小万山) Island, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> to withdraw to Outer Linding (Wailinding, 外伶仃) Island, Burden Pole (Dangan, 担杆) Island and other outlying islands. On the night of June 26, 1950, the communists had secretly set up the long-range shore batteries on Tri-gate (Sanmen, 三门) Island under the cover of darkness, and the communist <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> were also deployed accordingly. </p><p>Unaware the communist's plan, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval fleet carried out their original plan with the help of three more warships newly arrived from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>. More than a dozen nationalist warships were deployed in waters near Outer Linding (Wailinding, 外伶仃) Island, Burden Pole (Dangan, 担杆) Islands, attempting to lure out the communist naval units. In the early morning of June 27, 1950, the hidden communist shore batteries suddenly opened up on the unsuspecting nationalist fleet, and defenders on the nationalist-held islands, the fierce fight lasted for more than five hours. </p><p>After numerous extraordinarily brave but completely futile attempts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to approach the shore to support the nationalist defenders on land which resulted in one <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> sunk, one <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a>, two large <a href="/wiki/Patrol_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol craft">patrol craft</a> two <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweepers</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> damaged, it was painfully clear that the outgunned nationalist fleet must withdraw to the open waters further away in order to avoid annihilation by the superior communist artillery on land. The communist's tactic of using numerically superior land artilleries with greater range than that of nationalist naval guns proved to be a great success and prevented any nationalist naval attempt to support their comrades-in-arms on lands. With the cover of superior firepower from the lands, the communist was able to deploy the leapfrog tactic to take the remaining islands in the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> hands. By July 1, 1950, the Outer Linding (Wailinding, 外伶仃) Island fell into the communist hands, and by August 3, 1950, Burden Pole (Dangan, 担杆) Islands also fell. On August 4, 1950, Direct Bay (Zhiwan, 直湾), Northern Sharp (Beijian, 北尖), and Temple Bay (Miaowan, 庙湾) and other islands fell into the communist hands. Finally, on August 7, 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> campaign to take the Wanshan Archipelago ended in total victory after taking the Mosquito Tail Islet (Wenwei Zhou, 蚊尾洲) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> takeover of the Wanshan Archipelago eliminated the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> threat to its vital shipping lines to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> and crushed <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> blockade of mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a>. The Wanshan Archipelago Campaign was the first combined army and naval operation for the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> and in addition to damaging and sinking nationalist ships, eleven nationalist ships were captured and they provided valuable local defense asset once they were completely repaired and returned to the active service in the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> fleet. One of the major contributor to the success was the correct tactics of not engaging the overwhelmingly superior opposing naval fleet, but instead, utilizing the numerically and technically superior shore batteries that the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> did enjoy to engage opposing naval targets that were outgunned. The largest island, the Trash Tail (Lajiwei, 垃圾尾) Island, was renamed Laurel Mountain (Guishan, 桂山) Island, in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Landing_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing ship">landing ship</a> Laurel Mountain (Guishan, 桂山), the largest <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> naval vessel participated in the conflict. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> control of the Wanshan Archipelago was mostly symbolic for political propaganda and the battle for the control of the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> was destined to fail for the same simple reason just like the earlier <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nan%27ao_Island" title="Battle of Nan'ao Island">Battle of Nan'ao Island</a>: the location was just too far away from any friendly bases and thus it was difficult to support in war, and when the support was available, it was rather costly. Although the largest island provided a relatively good anchorage, there was just not enough land to build any comprehensive facilities and infrastructures to support a fleet. As a result, many of the repairs that could be done locally had the comprehensive facilities and infrastructures been available would require traveling back to the distant friendly bases, thus greatly increased cost. When a major damage occurred, tugs were needed to tow the damaged vessel, and in the event of war when tugs could not be available, the damaged vessels had to be abandoned. In contrast, the communists had comprehensive facilities and infrastructures on the mainland and since the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> at the communist's doorstep, they could simply recover the abandoned <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> vessels and repair them after taking them back to the mainland, and put them back into service to fight against the former owners of these vessels, as the case of the eleven naval vessels abandoned by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalists</a> after the battle. </p><p>As for the blockade of the mouth of the Pearl River, it certainly caused difficulties for the communists. However, these difficulties could be overcome because there were and still are link between the mainland and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> via land, and for the maritime traffic, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval force could only cover the coastal region outside the effective range of the communist's land batteries and the communist could simply move a little deeper into the Pearl River to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> naval force. Though this did indeed increased the cost for the communist, the price tag for the operation of the naval task force performing this duty so far away from any support base was far greater comparatively speaking, because communist transportation was mostly by wooden <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a> that only required wind, while the modern <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> navy required much more, such as fuel and maintenance supplies. Many <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">nationalist</a> strategist and naval commanders had pointed out this disadvantage and along with the geographically disadvantage (i.e. the lack of comprehensive facilities and infrastructures), wisely and correctly suggest to withdraw from the Wanshan Archipelago in order to strengthen the defense elsewhere, but their requests were denied because holding on something at the enemy's door step would have a significant symbolic meaning of great political propaganda value, but when the inevitable fall had finally occurred, the resulting disaster had negated any previous gains in political and psychological propaganda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Outline of the Chinese Civil War">Outline of the Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">History of the People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Zhu, Zongzhen and Wang, Chaoguang, <i>Liberation War History</i>, 1st Edition, Social Scientific Literary Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 2000, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80149-207-2" title="Special:BookSources/7-80149-207-2">7-80149-207-2</a> (set)</li> <li>Zhang, Ping, <i>History of the Liberation War</i>, 1st Edition, Chinese Youth Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5006-0081-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-5006-0081-X">7-5006-0081-X</a> (pbk.)</li> <li>Jie, Lifu, <i>Records of the Liberation War: The Decisive Battle of Two Kinds of Fates</i>, 1st Edition, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> People's Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a>, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-202-00733-9" title="Special:BookSources/7-202-00733-9">7-202-00733-9</a> (set)</li> <li>Literary and Historical Research Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a>, <i>Liberation War</i>, 1st Edition, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> People's Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-212-00007-8" title="Special:BookSources/7-212-00007-8">7-212-00007-8</a></li> <li>Li, Zuomin, <i>Heroic Division and Iron Horse: Records of the Liberation War</i>, 1st Edition, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist</a> Party History Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80199-029-3" title="Special:BookSources/7-80199-029-3">7-80199-029-3</a></li> <li>Wang, Xingsheng, and Zhang, Jingshan, <i>Chinese Liberation War</i>, 1st Edition, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> Literature and Art Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5033-1351-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-5033-1351-X">7-5033-1351-X</a> (set)</li> <li>Huang, Youlan, <i>History of the Chinese People's Liberation War</i>, 1st Edition, Archives Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80019-338-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-80019-338-1">7-80019-338-1</a></li> <li>Liu Wusheng, <i>From <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>: A Collection of Military Records and Research Publications of Important Campaigns in the Liberation War</i>, 1st Edition, Central Literary Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5073-0074-9" title="Special:BookSources/7-5073-0074-9">7-5073-0074-9</a></li> <li>Tang, Yilu and Bi, Jianzhong, <i>History of Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> in Chinese Liberation War</i>, 1st Edition, Military Scientific Publishing House in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1993–1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80021-719-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-80021-719-1">7-80021-719-1</a> (Volum 1), 7800219615 (Volum 2), 7800219631 (Volum 3), 7801370937 (Volum 4), and 7801370953 (Volum 5)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: none;"><div> <dl><dt>Principal belligerents and <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War">campaigns</a></dt></dl> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist Party</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">National Government</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Constitutional ROC Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">ROC Armed Forces</a>) <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a><hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui_(pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/20px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/30px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="305" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> / <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/20px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/30px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/40px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/20px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/30px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/40px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">→</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Liberated Area</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">8th Route Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">etc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">→</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;">Pre-1945</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Post-1945</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1923</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sun%E2%80%93Joffe_Manifesto" title="Sun–Joffe Manifesto">Sun–Joffe Manifesto</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1924</td><td> <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1926</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Canton Coup</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanjing%E2%80%93Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing–Wuhan split">Nanjing–Wuhan split</a><br /><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">715 Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Little_Long_March" title="Little Long March">Little Long March</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou Uprising</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1930–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns_(Chinese_Civil_War)" title="Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)">Encirclement campaigns</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1931–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1933–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian People's Government</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1934–1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1937–1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1944</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">Chongqing Negotiations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Jiaochangkou_incident" title="Jiaochangkou incident">Jiaochangkou Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Peiping rape case</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Zisan_Incident" title="Yu Zisan Incident">Yu Zisan Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948</td><td> <a href="/wiki/SS_Kiangya" title="SS Kiangya">SS <i>Kiangya</i> incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign" title="Liaoshen campaign">Liaoshen campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taiping_(steamer)" title="Taiping (steamer)"><i>Taiping Steamer</i> Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign" title="Yangtze River Crossing campaign">Yangtze River Crossing campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amethyst_incident" title="Amethyst incident"><i>Amethyst</i> Incident</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">ROC Government retreat to Taiwan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949–1953</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shanghai_(1949-1953)" title="Bombing of Shanghai (1949-1953)">Bombing of Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan Island campaign</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wanshan Archipelago Campaign</a><br /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950–1958</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1961–1972</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> 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