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id="toc-Founding_and_Sun_Yat-sen_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_and_Sun_Yat-sen_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding and Sun Yat-sen era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_and_Sun_Yat-sen_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Chiang_Kai-shek_in_Mainland_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Chiang_Kai-shek_in_Mainland_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Chiang_Kai-shek_in_Mainland_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Taiwan:_1945–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Taiwan:_1945–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>In Taiwan: 1945–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Taiwan:_1945–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_issues_and_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_issues_and_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Current issues and challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_issues_and_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_assets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_assets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Party assets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_assets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporter_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporter_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Supporter base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporter_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_Central_Committee_Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_Central_Committee_Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Current Central Committee Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_Central_Committee_Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_Yuan_leader_(Caucus_leader)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Yuan_leader_(Caucus_leader)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Yuan_leader_(Caucus_leader)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_organization_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_organization_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Party organization and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_organization_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standing_committees_and_departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standing_committees_and_departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Standing committees and departments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standing_committees_and_departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Party charter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Factions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_in_mainland_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_in_mainland_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ideology in mainland China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology_in_mainland_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology in mainland China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology_in_mainland_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chinese nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascist_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fascist influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_of_the_New_Guangxi_Clique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_of_the_New_Guangxi_Clique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ideology of the New Guangxi Clique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_of_the_New_Guangxi_Clique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialism_and_anti-capitalist_agitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism_and_anti-capitalist_agitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism_and_anti-capitalist_agitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confucianism_and_religion_in_its_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism_and_religion_in_its_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Confucianism and religion in its ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism_and_religion_in_its_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet-style_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet-style_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Soviet-style military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet-style_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Anti-communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_on_ethnic_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_on_ethnic_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Policy on ethnic minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_on_ethnic_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-separatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-separatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Anti-separatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-separatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_in_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_in_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ideology in Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology_in_Taiwan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology in Taiwan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology_in_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-communism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-communism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Anti-communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-communism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Principles_of_the_People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Principles_of_the_People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Three Principles of the People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Principles_of_the_People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Chinese democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-Strait_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-Strait_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cross-Strait relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-Strait_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Chinese conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parties_affiliated_with_the_Kuomintang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parties_affiliated_with_the_Kuomintang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parties_affiliated_with_the_Kuomintang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parties_affiliated_with_the_Kuomintang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malaysian_Chinese_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysian_Chinese_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Malaysian Chinese Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysian_Chinese_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet_Improvement_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet_Improvement_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tibet Improvement Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet_Improvement_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_Nationalist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_Nationalist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Vietnamese Nationalist Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_Nationalist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ryukyu_Guomindang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryukyu_Guomindang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ryukyu Guomindang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryukyu_Guomindang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_Pro-ROC_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_Pro-ROC_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Hong Kong Pro-ROC camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_Pro-ROC_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsored_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsored_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sponsored organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsored_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Legislative elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Local elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Assembly_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Assembly_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>National Assembly elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Assembly_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="الكومينتانغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكومينتانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homindan" title="Homindan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Homindan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kok_Kok-b%C3%AEn_T%C3%B3ng" title="Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гаміньдан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаміньдан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гоминдан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гоминдан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гоминьдан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гоминьдан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guomindang" title="Guomindang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guomindang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guomindang" title="Guomindang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Guomindang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Κουομιντάνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουομιντάνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintango" title="Kuomintango – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuomintango" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کومینتانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کومینتانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" title="中國國民黨 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中國國民黨" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-koet_Koet-m%C3%ACn_T%C3%B3ng" title="Chûng-koet Koet-mìn Tóng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-koet Koet-mìn Tóng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EB%8B%B9" title="중국국민당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국국민당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Գոմինդան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոմինդան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="गुओमिंदांग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुओमिंदांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%92" title="קוומינטנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוומינטנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гоминьдан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гоминьдан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гоминьдан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гоминьдан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomi%C5%86dan" title="Gomiņdan – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gomiņdan" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomindanas" title="Gomindanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gomindanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Куоминтанг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Куоминтанг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="കുമിംഗ്താങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുമിംഗ്താങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="الكومينتانج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكومينتانج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k_Gu%C3%B3k-m%C3%ACng-d%C5%8Dng" title="Dṳ̆ng-guók Guók-mìng-dōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-guók Guók-mìng-dōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гоминдан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гоминдан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE" title="ကွန်မင်တန်ပါတီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်မင်တန်ပါတီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwomintang" title="Kwomintang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kwomintang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A" title="中国国民党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国国民党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کومنتانگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کومنتانگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гоминьдан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гоминьдан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peypay_ka_knlwaan_Cikuku" title="Peypay ka knlwaan Cikuku – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Peypay ka knlwaan Cikuku" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintangu" title="Kuomintangu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuomintangu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_China" title="Nationalist Party of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nationalist Party of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Куоминтанг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Куоминтанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="குவோமின்டாங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவோமின்டாங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%87" title="ก๊กมินตั๋ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ก๊กมินตั๋ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гоминдан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гоминдан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гоміндан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гоміндан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کومنتانگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کومنتانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AD_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="جۇڭگو گومىنداڭ پارتىيىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۇڭگو گومىنداڭ پارتىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghgoz_Gozminzdangj" title="Cunghgoz Gozminzdangj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cunghgoz Gozminzdangj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Qu%E1%BB%91c_d%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trung Quốc Quốc dân Đảng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Quốc Quốc dân Đảng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" title="中國國民黨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中國國民黨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kuomintang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" title="中國國民黨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中國國民黨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" title="中國國民黨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國國民黨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Taiwanese political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). For the political party currently active in the People's Republic of China, see <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"KMT" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/KMT_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="KMT (disambiguation)">KMT (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Minkuotang" title="Minkuotang">Minkuotang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Batangas#Historical_precedents" title="Batangas">Kumintang</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kuomintang" title="Special:EditPage/Kuomintang">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kuomintang%22">"Kuomintang"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kuomintang%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kuomintang%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kuomintang%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kuomintang%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kuomintang%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #000099; border-bottom:2px solid #000099; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Kuomintang</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中國國民黨</span></span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng</i></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Chungkuo Kuomintang</i></span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/225px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/300px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Other name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">Nationalist Party of China<sup id="cite_ref-abbr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Chinese Nationalist Party<sup id="cite_ref-Taiwan_-_The_World_Factbook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiwan_-_The_World_Factbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">KMT</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Chairman of the Kuomintang">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Secretary-General of the Kuomintang">Secretary-General</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Huang" title="Justin Huang">Justin Huang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">24 November 1894<span class="noprint">; 130 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1894-11-24</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (original form)<br />10 October 1919<span class="noprint">; 105 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1919-10-10</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">Shanghai French Concession</a> (current form)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a> (1894)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> (1905)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">No. 232–234, Sec. 2, Bade Rd., <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_District,_Taipei" title="Zhongshan District, Taipei">Zhongshan District</a>, Taipei City 104, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Daily_News" title="Central Daily News">Central Daily News</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">Think tank</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npf.org.tw/">National Policy Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Youth_League" title="Kuomintang Youth League">Kuomintang Youth League</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Education wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Revolutionary_Practice" title="Institute of Revolutionary Practice">Institute of Revolutionary Practice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Military wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> (1925‍–‍1947)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Paramilitary wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a> (1932‍–‍1938)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 451,174<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li><li><b>Factions:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China#Taiwan_(Republic_of_China,_1949–present)" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-Qi-Shim_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qi-Shim-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fell-Rigger-Ogasawara_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fell-Rigger-Ogasawara-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>Historical:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Big tent</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a><sup id="cite_ref-centre-right_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centre-right-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Regional affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Democrat Union">Asia Pacific Democrat Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000099; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Three Principles of the People</a>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">52 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Special_municipality_(Taiwan)" title="Special municipality (Taiwan)">Municipal</a> mayors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 6</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Magistrates/mayors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">10 / 16</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 63%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Councillors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">367 / 910</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Township_(Taiwan)" title="Township (Taiwan)">Township</a>/<a href="/wiki/County-administered_city" title="County-administered city">city</a> mayors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">83 / 204</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/180px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/270px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/360px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kmt.org.tw">kmt.org.tw</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #000099;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Republic of China">Politics of the Republic of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in the Republic of China">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the Republic of China">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Kuomintang</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KMT_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/KMT_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/120px-KMT_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/KMT_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/250px-KMT_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Kuomintang" in traditional (top) and simplified (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中國國民黨</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中国国民党</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">National Peoples’ Party of China</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄉㄤˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chung<sup>1</sup>-kuo<sup>2</sup> Kuo<sup>2</sup>-min<sup>2</sup>-tang<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ kwǒ.mǐn.tàŋ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">other Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl">ﺟْﻮ ﻗُﻮَع ﻗُﻮَع مٍ دْا</span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Cyrl" style="font-style: normal;">Җунгуй Гуймин Дон</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">tson<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> min<sup>平</sup> taon<sup>上</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">dung<sup>24</sup> gued<sup>2</sup> gued<sup>2</sup> min<sup>11</sup> dong<sup>31</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Dṳ̆ng-guók Guók-mìng-dōng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jūnggwok Gwokmàhndóng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zung1 gwok3 gwok3 man4 dong2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʊŋ˥ kʷɔk̚˧ kʷɔk̚˧ mɐn˩ tɔŋ˧˥]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Abbreviation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">國民黨</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">国民党</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">National Peoples' Party</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guómíndǎng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄉㄤˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gwomindaang</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Kuo<sup>2</sup>-min<sup>2</sup>-tang<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwǒ.mǐn.tàŋ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">koh<sup><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">入</span></span></sup>min<sup><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">平</span></span></sup>taon<sup><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">上</span></span></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">gued<sup>2</sup>min<sup>11</sup>dong<sup>31</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Guók-mìng-dōng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwokmàhndóng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">gwok3 man4 dong2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɔk̚˧ mɐn˩ tɔŋ˧˥]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Kok-bîn-tóng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the<br />Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of the Republic of China"><img alt="National emblem of the Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/330px-National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #707070;padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Education</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Republic of China">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #707070;padding-top:0.2em;background:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)"><span style="font-size:105%;">1912–1949</span><br />Mainland rule</a></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Gov't</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiyang Government">Beiyang Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government (China)">Nationalist Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Constitutional government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #707070;padding-top:0.2em;background:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Taiwan (1945–present)"><span style="font-size:105%;">1945–present</span><br />Taiwan rule</a></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28_incident" title="February 28 incident">February 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Exodus to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Republic of China in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Noes" title="Three Noes">Three Noes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Lily_student_movement" title="Wild Lily student movement">Wild Lily student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Xinhai_Revolution_and_Republic_of_China" title="100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China">100th anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement" title="Sunflower Student Movement">Sunflower Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Ma–Xi meeting">2015 Ma–Xi meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Summer_Universiade" title="2017 Summer Universiade">2017 Summer Universiade</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #707070;padding-top:0.2em;background:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">History of</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">the PRC</a><br />(1949–present)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a><br />(geographical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taipei" title="History of Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kaohsiung" title="History of Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">Beijing</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">the Taiwan issue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:History of the Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:History of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Kuomintang</b> (<b>KMT</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-word1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-word1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also written <b>Guomindang</b> (<b>GMD</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>Chinese Nationalist Party</b> (<b>CNP</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-Taiwan_-_The_World_Factbook_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiwan_-_The_World_Factbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>Nationalist Party of China</b> (<b>NPC</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-abbr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <b>National People's Party of China</b> (<b>NPPC</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a major <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, initially based in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> and currently in the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Area" title="Taiwan Area">Taiwan Area</a> (including Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, etc.) since 1949. The KMT is a <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> party and the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a>, one of the two main political groups in Taiwan. Its primary rival is the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (DPP), the largest party in the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Green_Coalition" title="Pan-Green Coalition">Pan-Green Coalition</a>. As of 2024, the KMT is the largest single party in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a>. The current chairman is <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a>. </p><p>The party originated as the <a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> in 1894 in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>. It was reorganized after the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Xinhai Revolution</a>, which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC) with Sun as <a href="/wiki/1911_Chinese_provisional_presidential_election" title="1911 Chinese provisional presidential election">provisional president</a>. In 1919, Sun reformed the party under the name "Kuomintang" in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">Shanghai French Concession</a>. From 1926 to 1928, the KMT under <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> successfully <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Flag_Replacement" title="Northeast Flag Replacement">unified China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> against <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">regional warlords</a>, leading to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a>. After initially allying with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) in the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a>, the party under Chiang purged communist members. It was the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">sole ruling party</a> of China from 1928 to 1949 but gradually lost control while fighting the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and the CCP in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. In December 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan</a> following its defeat by the communists. </p><p>From 1949 to 1987, the KMT ruled Taiwan as an authoritarian <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> after the <a href="/wiki/February_28_incident" title="February 28 incident">February 28 incident</a>. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">martial law</a> was in effect and <a href="/wiki/Period_of_mobilization_for_the_suppression_of_Communist_rebellion" title="Period of mobilization for the suppression of Communist rebellion">civil liberties were curtailed</a> as part of its <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> efforts, with the period known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a>. The party oversaw Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">economic development</a>, but experienced <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">diplomatic setbacks</a>, including the ROC <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">losing its United Nations seat</a> and most countries, including its ally the US, switching diplomatic recognition to the CCP-led <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) in the 1970s. In the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>, Chiang Kai-shek's son, lifted martial law and the ban on opposition parties. His successor <a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> continued democratic reforms and was re-elected <a href="/wiki/1996_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1996 Taiwanese presidential election">in 1996 through a direct presidential election</a>, the first time in the ROC history. The <a href="/wiki/2000_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2000 Taiwanese presidential election">2000 presidential election</a> ended 72 years of KMT presidencies. The party later reclaimed power with the landslide victory of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2008 Taiwanese presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>, whose presidency significantly loosened restrictions on economic and cultural exchanges with the People's Republic of China. The KMT then lost the presidency and its legislative majority in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Taiwanese_general_election" title="2016 Taiwanese general election">2016 election</a>, but regained a legislative plurality in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2024 Taiwanese legislative election">2024 election</a>. </p><p>The KMT is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a>. The party's guiding ideology is the <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a>, advocated by Sun Yat-sen and organized on a basis of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism_(Kuomintang)" title="Democratic centralism (Kuomintang)">democratic centralism</a>. As the KMT strongly supports the ROC as the only representative of China, it strongly opposes both <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a> under the PRC and formal <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence</a>. As the KMT opposes non-peaceful means to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">cross-strait disputes</a> while still strongly adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">ROC constitution</a>, the party favors a closer relationship with the PRC and accepts the <a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a>, which defines both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a> as "<a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">one China</a>" but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations. It seeks to maintain <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Taiwan's status quo</a> rather than formal independence or the unification. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_Sun_Yat-sen_era">Founding and Sun Yat-sen era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding and Sun Yat-sen era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Yat_Sen_portrait_2_(9to12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sun_Yat_Sen_portrait_2_%289to12%29.jpg/170px-Sun_Yat_Sen_portrait_2_%289to12%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sun_Yat_Sen_portrait_2_%289to12%29.jpg/255px-Sun_Yat_Sen_portrait_2_%289to12%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sun_Yat_Sen_portrait_2_%289to12%29.jpg/340px-Sun_Yat_Sen_portrait_2_%289to12%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>The KMT reveres its founder, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, as the "Father of the Nation"</figcaption></figure> <p>The KMT traces its ideological and organizational roots to the work of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> and democracy who founded the <a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a> at the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, on 24 November 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces with other <a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">anti-monarchist societies</a> in Tokyo, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, to form the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a>, a group committed to the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and to establish a republic in China. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_revolutionary_army_attacks_Nanking_and_crosses_a_stream_Wellcome_V0047152_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_revolutionary_army_attacks_Nanking_and_crosses_a_stream_Wellcome_V0047152_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_revolutionary_army_attacks_Nanking_and_crosses_a_stream_Wellcome_V0047152_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_revolutionary_army_attacks_Nanking_and_crosses_a_stream_Wellcome_V0047152_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_revolutionary_army_attacks_Nanking_and_crosses_a_stream_Wellcome_V0047152_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_revolutionary_army_attacks_Nanking_and_crosses_a_stream_Wellcome_V0047152_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_revolutionary_army_attacks_Nanking_and_crosses_a_stream_Wellcome_V0047152_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>The Revolutionary Army attacking <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>The group supported the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> of 1911 and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> on 1 January 1912. Although Sun and the Tongmenghui are often depicted as the principal organizers of the Xinhai Revolution, this view is disputed by scholars who argue that the Revolution broke out in a leaderless and decentralized way and that Sun was only later elected provisional president of the new Chinese republic.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Sun did not have military power and ceded the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">provisional presidency</a> of the republic to <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, who arranged for the <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, the last Emperor, on 12 February. </p><p>On 25 August 1912, the Nationalist Party was established at the <a href="/wiki/Huguang_Guild_Hall" title="Huguang Guild Hall">Huguang Guild Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> and five smaller pro-revolution parties merged to contest the first national elections.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun was chosen as the party chairman with <a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang Xing</a> as his deputy. </p><p>The most influential member of the party was the third ranking <a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song Jiaoren</a>, who mobilized mass support from gentry and merchants for the Nationalists to advocate a constitutional parliamentary democracy. The party opposed <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(China)" title="Progressive Party (China)">constitutional monarchists</a> and sought to check the power of Yuan. The Nationalists won an overwhelming majority in the first <a href="/wiki/1912_Chinese_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 Chinese National Assembly election">National Assembly election</a> in December 1912. </p><p>However, Yuan soon began to ignore the parliament in making presidential decisions. Song Jiaoren was assassinated in Shanghai in 1913. Members of the Nationalists, led by Sun Yat-sen, suspected that Yuan was behind the plot and thus staged the <a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a> in July 1913, a poorly planned and ill-supported armed rising to overthrow Yuan, and failed. Yuan, claiming subversiveness and betrayal, expelled adherents of the KMT from the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yuan dissolved the Nationalists, whose members had largely fled into exile in Japan, in November and dismissed the parliament early in 1914. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915. While exiled in Japan in 1914, Sun established the Chinese Revolutionary Party on 8 July 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many of his old revolutionary comrades, including Huang Xing, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiongming" title="Chen Jiongming">Chen Jiongming</a>, refused to join him or support his efforts in inciting armed uprising against Yuan. To join the Revolutionary Party, members had to take an oath of personal loyalty to Sun, which many old revolutionaries regarded as undemocratic and contrary to the spirit of the revolution. As a result, he became largely sidelined within the Republican movement during this period. </p><p>Sun returned to China in 1917 to establish a military junta at <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> but was soon forced out of office and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. There, with renewed support, he resurrected the KMT on 10 October 1919, under the name Kuomintang of China (<span lang="zh-Hant">中國國民黨</span>) and established its headquarters in Canton in 1920. </p><p>In 1923, the KMT and its Canton government accepted aid from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after being denied recognition by the western powers. Soviet advisers—the most prominent of whom was <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodin" title="Mikhail Borodin">Mikhail Borodin</a>, an agent of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>—arrived in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a>, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> party structure that lasted into the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005413_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005413-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was under Comintern instructions to cooperate with the KMT, and its members were encouraged to join while maintaining their separate party identities, forming the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a> between the two parties. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and early members of the CCP also joined the KMT in 1923. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/1st_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang_of_China.jpg/220px-1st_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/1st_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang_of_China.jpg/330px-1st_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/1st_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang_of_China.jpg/440px-1st_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang_of_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Venue of the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang" class="mw-redirect" title="1st National Congress of Kuomintang">1st National Congress of Kuomintang</a> in 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>Soviet advisers also helped the KMT to set up a political institute to train propagandists in mass mobilization techniques, and in 1923 Chiang Kai-shek, one of Sun's lieutenants from the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> days, was sent to Moscow for several months' military and political study. At the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_Kuomintang" class="mw-redirect" title="1st National Congress of Kuomintang">first party congress in 1924</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, Guangdong, which included non-KMT delegates such as members of the CCP, they adopted Sun's political theory, which included the <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a>: nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8E%89%E7%85%A7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8E%89%E7%85%A7.png/250px-%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8E%89%E7%85%A7.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8E%89%E7%85%A7.png/330px-%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8E%89%E7%85%A7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8E%89%E7%85%A7.png/500px-%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8E%89%E7%85%A7.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of President <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a>, 1955</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Chiang_Kai-shek_in_Mainland_China">Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, the political leadership of the KMT fell to <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Group" title="Reorganization Group">Reorganization Group</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a>"), respectively the left-wing and right-wing leaders of the party. However, the real power was in the hands of Chiang Kai-shek, who was in near complete control of the military as the superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a>. With their military superiority, the KMT confirmed their rule on Canton, the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. The Guangxi warlords pledged loyalty to the KMT. The KMT now became a rival government in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlord era">warlord</a> <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalist_China_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalist_China-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chiang assumed leadership of the KMT on 6 July 1926. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, whom he admired greatly and who forged all his political, economic, and revolutionary ideas primarily from what he had learned in Hawaii and indirectly through <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, Chiang knew relatively little about the West. He also studied in Japan, but he was firmly rooted in his ancient <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> identity and was steeped in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>. As his life progressed, he became increasingly attached to ancient Chinese culture and traditions. His few trips to the West confirmed his pro-ancient Chinese outlook and he studied the ancient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a> and ancient Chinese history assiduously.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalist_China_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalist_China-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, after the formation of the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a>, Sun Yat-sen sent Chiang to spend three months in Moscow studying the political and military system of the Soviet Union. Although Chiang did not follow the Soviet Communist doctrine, he, like the Communist Party, sought to destroy <a href="/wiki/Warlordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlordism">warlordism</a> and foreign <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">imperialism in China</a>, and upon his return established the <a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a> near Guangzhou, following the Soviet Model.<sup id="cite_ref-China_in_the_20th_Century_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_in_the_20th_Century-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chiang was also particularly committed to Sun's idea of "political tutelage". Sun believed that the only hope for a unified and better China lay in a military conquest, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. Using this ideology, Chiang built himself into the dictator of the Republic of China, both in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mainland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese mainland">Chinese mainland</a> and after the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">national government</a> relocated to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalist_China_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalist_China-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the KMT leader and launched the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(1926%E2%80%931927)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Expedition (1926–1927)">Northern Expedition</a> to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_era_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlord era (China)">northern warlords</a> and unite China under the party. With its power confirmed in the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a> appointed Chiang Kai-shek commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> (NRA), and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> to suppress the warlords began. Chiang had to defeat three separate warlords and two independent armies. Chiang, with Soviet supplies, conquered the southern half of China in nine months. </p><p>A split erupted between the Chinese Communist Party and the KMT, which threatened the Northern Expedition. Wang Jing Wei, who led the KMT leftist allies, took the city of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> in January 1927. With the support of the Soviet agent <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodin" title="Mikhail Borodin">Mikhail Borodin</a>, Wang declared the National Government as having moved to Wuhan. Having taken Nanjing in March, Chiang halted his campaign and prepared a violent break with Wang and his communist allies. Chiang's expulsion of the CCP and their Soviet advisers, marked by the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a> on 12 April, led to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. Wang finally surrendered his power to Chiang. Once this split had been healed, Chiang resumed his Northern Expedition and managed to take Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalist_China_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalist_China-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countermand_concession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Countermand_concession.jpg/250px-Countermand_concession.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Countermand_concession.jpg/330px-Countermand_concession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Countermand_concession.jpg/500px-Countermand_concession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> soldiers marched into the British concessions in <a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanjing incident</a> in March 1927, the NRA stormed the consulates of the United States, the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>, looted foreign properties and almost assassinated the Japanese consul. An American, two British, one French, an Italian and a Japanese were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These looters also stormed and seized millions of dollars' worth of British concessions in <a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a>, refusing to hand them back to the UK government.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Nationalists and Communist soldiers within the army participated in the rioting and looting of foreign residents in Nanjing.<sup id="cite_ref-beede_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beede-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NRA took Beijing in 1928. The city was the internationally recognized capital, even when it was previously controlled by warlords. This event allowed the KMT to receive widespread diplomatic recognition in the same year. The capital was moved from Beijing to Nanjing, the original capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, and thus a symbolic purge of the final Qing elements. This period of KMT rule in China between 1927 and 1937 was relatively stable and prosperous and is still known as the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> in 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> under the KMT declared that China had been exploited for decades under the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a> signed between the foreign powers and the Qing dynasty. The KMT government demanded that the foreign powers renegotiate the treaties on equal terms.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Northern Expedition, the KMT began as a heterogeneous group advocating American-inspired federalism and provincial autonomy. However, the KMT under Chiang's leadership aimed at establishing a centralized <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> with one ideology. This was even more evident following Sun's elevation into a cult figure after his death. The control by one single party began the period of "political tutelage", whereby the party was to lead the government while instructing the people on how to participate in a democratic system. The topic of reorganizing the army, brought up at a military conference in 1929, sparked the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a>. The cliques, some of them former warlords, demanded to retain their army and political power within their own territories. Although Chiang finally won the war, the conflicts among the cliques would have a devastating effect on the survival of the KMT. Muslim Generals in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> waged war against the <a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a> in favor of the KMT during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conflict_in_Gansu_(1927%E2%80%931930)" title="Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–1930)">conflict in Gansu in 1927–1930</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kmtarmy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/250px-Kmtarmy.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/330px-Kmtarmy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/340px-Kmtarmy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Nationalist soldiers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1931, Japanese aggression resumed with the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> and occupation of Manchuria, and the CCP founded the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> (CSR) in <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> while secretly recruiting within the KMT government and military. Chiang was alarmed by the expansion of communist influence; he wanted to suppress internal conflicts before confronting foreign aggression. The KMT were aided by German military advisors. The CSR was destroyed in 1934 after a series of KMT offensives. The communists abandoned bases in southeast China for Shaanxi in a military retreat called the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>; less than 10% of the communist army survived. A new base, the <a href="/wiki/Shaan-Gan-Ning_Border_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region">Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region</a>, was created with Soviet aid. </p><p>KMT secret police persecuted suspected communists and political opponents with <a href="/wiki/Terror_(politics)" title="Terror (politics)">terror</a>. In <i>The Birth of Communist China</i>, C.P. Fitzgerald describes China under the rule of the KMT thus: "the Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, Chiang was kidnapped by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang" title="Zhang Xueliang">Zhang Xueliang</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a> and forced into the <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a>, an anti-Japanese alliance with the CCP; the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> started the following year. The alliance brought little coordination and was treated as a temporary cease fire in the civil war. The <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="New Fourth Army Incident">New Fourth Army Incident</a> in 1941 ended the alliance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19451025_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%97%E9%99%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%BE%8C_%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E8%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%85%A8%E9%AB%94%E5%AE%98%E5%85%B5%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/19451025_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%97%E9%99%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%BE%8C_%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E8%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%85%A8%E9%AB%94%E5%AE%98%E5%85%B5%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg/250px-19451025_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%97%E9%99%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%BE%8C_%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E8%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%85%A8%E9%AB%94%E5%AE%98%E5%85%B5%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/19451025_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%97%E9%99%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%BE%8C_%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E8%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%85%A8%E9%AB%94%E5%AE%98%E5%85%B5%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg/330px-19451025_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%97%E9%99%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%BE%8C_%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E8%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%85%A8%E9%AB%94%E5%AE%98%E5%85%B5%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/19451025_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%97%E9%99%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%BE%8C_%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E8%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%85%A8%E9%AB%94%E5%AE%98%E5%85%B5%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg/500px-19451025_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%80%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E5%8F%97%E9%99%8D%E5%85%B8%E7%A6%AE%E5%BE%8C_%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E8%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E7%B8%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%85%A8%E9%AB%94%E5%AE%98%E5%85%B5%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">retrocession of Taiwan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> on 25 October 1945</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered</a> in 1945, and <a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Taiwan was returned</a> to the Republic of China on 25 October of that year. The brief period of celebration was soon shadowed by the possibility of a civil war between the KMT and CCP. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan just before it surrendered and occupied <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, the north eastern part of China. The Soviet Union denied the KMT army the right to enter the region but allowed the CCP to take control of the Japanese factories and their supplies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-13-14-22,_Tibetexpedition,_Haus_mit_Gl%C3%BCckszeichen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-13-14-22%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Haus_mit_Gl%C3%BCckszeichen.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-13-14-22%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Haus_mit_Gl%C3%BCckszeichen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-13-14-22%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Haus_mit_Gl%C3%BCckszeichen.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-13-14-22%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Haus_mit_Gl%C3%BCckszeichen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-13-14-22%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Haus_mit_Gl%C3%BCckszeichen.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-13-14-22%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Haus_mit_Gl%C3%BCckszeichen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>KMT flag displayed in Lhasa, Tibet in 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg/170px-Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg/255px-Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg/340px-Kuomintang_Party_in_Xinjiang_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>The KMT in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Dihua</a>, Xinjiang in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Full-scale civil war between the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalists</a> erupted in 1946. The Communist Chinese armies, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA), previously a minor faction, grew rapidly in influence and power due to several errors on the KMT's part. First, the KMT reduced troop levels precipitously after the Japanese surrender, leaving large numbers of able-bodied, trained fighting men who became unemployed and disgruntled with the KMT as prime recruits for the PLA. Second, the KMT government proved thoroughly unable to manage the economy, allowing hyperinflation to result. Among the most despised and ineffective efforts it undertook to contain inflation was the conversion to the gold standard for the national treasury and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_gold_yuan" title="Chinese gold yuan">Chinese gold yuan</a> in August 1948, outlawing private ownership of gold, silver and foreign exchange, collecting all such precious metals and foreign exchange from the people and issuing the Gold Standard Scrip in exchange. As most farmland in the north were under CCP's control, the cities governed by the KMT lacked food supply and this added to the hyperinflation. The new scrip became worthless in only ten months and greatly reinforced the nationwide perception of the KMT as a corrupt or at best inept entity. Third, Chiang Kai-shek ordered his forces to defend the urbanized cities. This decision gave CCP a chance to move freely through the countryside. At first, the KMT had the edge with the aid of weapons and ammunition from the United States (US). However, with the country suffering from <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>, widespread corruption and other economic ills, the KMT continued to lose popular support. Some leading officials and military leaders of the KMT hoarded material, armament and military-aid funding provided by the US. This became an issue which proved to be a hindrance of its relationship with <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a>. US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> wrote that "<a href="/wiki/Chiang_family" title="Chiang family">the Chiangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/HH_Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="HH Kung">the Kungs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soong_sisters" title="Soong sisters">the Soongs</a> (were) all thieves", having taken $750 million in US aid.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cina1948.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cina1948.JPG/250px-Cina1948.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cina1948.JPG/330px-Cina1948.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cina1948.JPG/500px-Cina1948.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Territories under the control of the Kuomintang/warlords (orange/grey) and communists (yellow) in 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, the suspension of American aid and tens of thousands of deserted or decommissioned soldiers being recruited to the PLA cause tipped the balance of power quickly to the CCP side, and the overwhelming popular support for the CCP in most of the country made it all but impossible for the KMT forces to carry out successful assaults against the Communists. </p><p>By the end of 1949, the CCP controlled almost all of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, as the KMT <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">retreated to Taiwan</a> with a significant amount of China's national treasures and 2 million people, including <a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">military forces and refugees</a>. Some party members stayed in the mainland and broke away from the main KMT to found the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Kuomintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang</a> (also known as the Left Kuomintang), which still currently exists as one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in the People's Republic of China">eight minor registered parties</a> of the People's Republic of China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Taiwan:_1945–present"><span id="In_Taiwan:_1945.E2.80.93present"></span>In Taiwan: 1945–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Taiwan: 1945–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kuomintang" title="Special:EditPage/Kuomintang">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kuomintang%22">"Kuomintang"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kuomintang%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kuomintang%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kuomintang%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kuomintang%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kuomintang%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Taiwan" title="North–South divide in Taiwan">North–South divide in Taiwan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Politics of Taiwan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Additional Articles of the Constitution</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan" title="Law of Taiwan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Presidency</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg/30px-ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg/45px-ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg/60px-ROC_Office_of_the_President_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="237" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President of the Republic of China</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Hsiao_Bi-khim" title="Hsiao Bi-khim">Hsiao Bi-khim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a>) </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(Taiwan)" title="Office of the President (Taiwan)">Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Taiwan)" title="National Security Council (Taiwan)">National Security Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Cho_Jung-tai" title="Cho Jung-tai">Cho Jung-tai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice Premier of the Republic of China">Vice Premier</a></b><br /></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Li-chun" title="Cheng Li-chun">Cheng Li-chun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a></b> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg/80px-11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg/120px-11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg/160px-11th_Legislative_Yuan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/11th_Legislative_Yuan" title="11th Legislative Yuan">11th Legislative Yuan</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Yuan" title="President of the Legislative Yuan">President of the Legislative Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han Kuo-yu</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">KMT</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Legislative_Yuan" title="Vice President of the Legislative Yuan">Vice President of the Legislative Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">KMT</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" title="Judicial Yuan">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" title="Judicial Yuan">Judicial Yuan</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Judicial_Yuan" title="List of presidents of the Judicial Yuan">President of the Judicial Yuan and Chief Justice</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Shieh_Ming-yan" title="Shieh Ming-yan">Shieh Ming-yan</a> <i>acting</i> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Judicial_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of vice presidents of the Judicial Yuan (page does not exist)">Vice President of the Judicial Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><i>Vacant</i> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of the Republic of China">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court (Taiwan)">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts (Taiwan)">District Courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China#Organizational_structure" title="Government of the Republic of China">Other branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Examination_Yuan" title="Examination Yuan">Examination Yuan</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Examination_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Examination Yuan">President of the Examination Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><i>Vacant</i> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Examination_Yuan" title="List of vice presidents of the Examination Yuan">Vice President of the Examination Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><i>Vacant</i> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a></b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Control_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Control Yuan">President of the Control Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Chen_Chu" title="Chen Chu">Chen Chu</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Control_Yuan" title="List of vice presidents of the Control Yuan">Vice President of the Control Yuan</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p>Lee Hung-chun </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Local government</a></b><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_magistrates_and_mayors_in_Taiwan" title="List of magistrates and mayors in Taiwan">Mayors and Magistrates</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg/40px-ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg/60px-ROC_Central_Election_Commission_Logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="211" /></a></span> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Taiwan)" title="Central Election Commission (Taiwan)">Central Election Commission</a></b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Taiwan" title="Presidential elections in Taiwan">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative elections in Taiwan">Legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Taiwan" title="Local elections in Taiwan">Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Taiwan" title="Referendums in Taiwan">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Represented in the Legislative Yuan</b><br /> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuomintang</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_People%27s_Party" title="Taiwan People's Party">Taiwan People's Party</a> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Others</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/New_Power_Party" title="New Power Party">New Power Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Statebuilding_Party" title="Taiwan Statebuilding Party">Taiwan Statebuilding Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Solidarity_Union" title="Taiwan Solidarity Union">Taiwan Solidarity Union</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">New Party</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Non-Partisan_Solidarity_Union" title="Non-Partisan Solidarity Union">Non-Partisan Solidarity Union</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_Taiwan" title="Green Party Taiwan">Green Party Taiwan</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Taiwan" title="Mass media in Taiwan">Mass media</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Taiwan" title="Television in Taiwan">Television</a></b><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Taiwan" title="List of newspapers in Taiwan">Newspapers</a></b><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/United_Daily_News" title="United Daily News">United Daily News</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Times" title="Liberty Times">Liberty Times</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a></i> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">Propaganda</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Censorship</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan#Film_censorship" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Film censorship</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Republic_of_China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)">Foreign Minister</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Lin_Chia-lung" title="Lin Chia-lung">Lin Chia-lung</a> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Special_state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special state-to-state relations">Special state-to-state relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_consensus" title="Taiwan consensus">Taiwan consensus</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Australia–Taiwan relations">Australia–Taiwan relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Canada–Taiwan relations">Canada–Taiwan relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="France–Taiwan relations">France–Taiwan relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Russia–Taiwan relations">Russia–Taiwan relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Taiwan–United Kingdom relations">Taiwan–United Kingdom relations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan–United States relations</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_and_the_World_Health_Organization" title="Taiwan and the World Health Organization">Taiwan and the World Health Organization</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">One-China policy</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Tangwai_movement" title="Tangwai movement">Tangwai movement</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Politics of Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Template talk:Politics of Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMT_Headquarters,_Taipei.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KMT_Headquarters%2C_Taipei.JPG/250px-KMT_Headquarters%2C_Taipei.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KMT_Headquarters%2C_Taipei.JPG/330px-KMT_Headquarters%2C_Taipei.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KMT_Headquarters%2C_Taipei.JPG/500px-KMT_Headquarters%2C_Taipei.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>The former KMT headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Taipei_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Taipei City">Taipei City</a> (1949–2006), whose imposing structure, directly facing the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Office_Building_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)">Presidential Office Building</a>, was seen as a symbol of the party's wealth and dominance</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1895, Formosa (now called Taiwan), including the <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> islands, became a Japanese colony via the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> following the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>. </p><p>After Japan's defeat at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._1" title="General Order No. 1">General Order No. 1</a> instructed Japan to surrender its troops in Taiwan to Chiang Kai-shek. On 25 October 1945, KMT general <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(Kuomintang)" title="Chen Yi (Kuomintang)">Chen Yi</a> acted on behalf of the Allied Powers to accept Japan's surrender and proclaimed that day as <a href="/wiki/Retrocession_Day" title="Retrocession Day">Taiwan Retrocession Day</a>. </p><p>Tensions between the local Taiwanese and <a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">mainlanders</a> from mainland China increased in the intervening years, culminating in a flashpoint on 27 February 1947 in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> when a dispute between a female cigarette vendor and an anti-smuggling officer in front of <a href="/wiki/Tianma_Tea_House" title="Tianma Tea House">Tianma Tea House</a> triggered civil disorder and protests that would last for days. The uprising turned bloody and was shortly put down by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Republic of China">ROC Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/February_28_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 28 Incident">February 28 Incident</a>. As a result of the 28 February Incident in 1947, Taiwanese people endured what is called the "<a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a>", a KMT-led political repression that resulted in the death or disappearance of over 30,000 Taiwanese intellectuals, activists, and people suspected of opposition to the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC)</a> on 1 October 1949, the commanders of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) believed that <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu</a> had to be taken before a final assault on Taiwan. The KMT fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guningtou" title="Battle of Guningtou">Battle of Guningtou</a> on 25–27 October 1949 and stopped the PLA invasion. The KMT headquarters were set up on 10 December 1949 at No. 11 Zhongshan South Road.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, Chiang took office in Taipei under the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_Effective_During_the_Period_of_Communist_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion">Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion</a>. The provision declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">martial law in Taiwan</a> and halted some democratic processes, including presidential and parliamentary elections, until the mainland could be recovered from the CCP. The KMT estimated it would take 3 years to defeat the Communists. The slogan was "prepare in the first year, start fighting in the second, and conquer in the third year." Chiang also initiated the <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a> to retake back the mainland in 1965, but was eventually dropped in July 1972 after many unsuccessful attempts. </p><p>However, various factors, including international pressure, are believed to have prevented the KMT from militarily engaging the CCP full-scale. The KMT backed Muslim insurgents formerly belonging to the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency_in_China_(1950%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency in China (1950–58)">KMT Islamic insurgency in 1950–1958</a> in mainland China. A cold war with a couple of minor military conflicts was resulted in the early years. The various government bodies previously in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, that were re-established in Taipei as the KMT-controlled government, actively claimed sovereignty over all China. The Republic of China in Taiwan retained <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China's seat in the United Nations</a> until 1971 as well as recognition by the United States until 1979. </p><p>Until the 1970s, the KMT successfully pushed ahead with land reforms, developed the economy, implemented a democratic system in a lower level of the government, improved <a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">relations between Taiwan and the mainland</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_economic_miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan economic miracle">Taiwan economic miracle</a>. However, the KMT controlled the government under a one-party authoritarian state until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s. The ROC in Taiwan was once referred to synonymously with the KMT and known simply as Nationalist China after its ruling party. In the 1970s, the KMT began to allow for "supplemental elections" in Taiwan to fill the seats of the aging representatives in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a>. </p><p>Although opposition parties were not permitted, the pro-democracy movement <i><a href="/wiki/Tangwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangwai">Tangwai</a></i> ("outside the KMT") created the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (DPP) on 28 September 1986. Outside observers of Taiwanese politics expected the KMT to clamp down and crush the illegal opposition party, though this did not occur, and instead the party's formation marked the beginning of Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a> ceased in 1987 and the President <a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> terminated the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_Effective_During_the_Period_of_Communist_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion">Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion</a> in 1991. All parties started to be allowed to compete at all levels of elections, including the presidential election. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a>, the ROC's first democratically elected president and the leader of the KMT during the 1990s, announced his advocacy of "special state-to-state relations" with the PRC. The PRC associated this idea with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence</a>. </p><p>The KMT faced a split in 1993 that led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">New Party</a> in August 1993, alleged to be a result of Lee's "corruptive ruling style". The New Party has, since the purging of Lee, largely reintegrated into the KMT. A much more serious split in the party occurred as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2000_Taiwan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Taiwan presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>. Upset at the choice of <a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a> as the party's presidential nominee, former party Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/James_Soong" title="James Soong">James Soong</a> launched an independent bid, which resulted in the expulsion of Soong and his supporters and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a> (PFP) on 31 March 2000. The KMT candidate placed third behind Soong in the elections. After the election, Lee's strong relationship with the opponent became apparent. To prevent defections to the PFP, Lien moved the party away from Lee's pro-independence policies and became more favorable toward <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a>. This shift led to Lee's expulsion from the party and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Solidarity_Union" title="Taiwan Solidarity Union">Taiwan Solidarity Union</a> (TSU) by Lee supporters on 24 July 2001. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan-blue_supporters_during_2004_ROC_presidential_election_with_ROC_flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pan-blue_supporters_during_2004_ROC_presidential_election_with_ROC_flags.jpg/250px-Pan-blue_supporters_during_2004_ROC_presidential_election_with_ROC_flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pan-blue_supporters_during_2004_ROC_presidential_election_with_ROC_flags.jpg/330px-Pan-blue_supporters_during_2004_ROC_presidential_election_with_ROC_flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pan-blue_supporters_during_2004_ROC_presidential_election_with_ROC_flags.jpg/500px-Pan-blue_supporters_during_2004_ROC_presidential_election_with_ROC_flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-blue</a> supporters at a rally during the <a href="/wiki/2004_Republic_of_China_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Republic of China presidential election">2004 presidential election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to this, the party's voters had defected to both the PFP and TSU, and the KMT did poorly in the <a href="/wiki/2001_Taiwan_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Taiwan legislative election">December 2001 legislative elections</a> and lost its position as the largest party in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a>. However, the party did well in the 2002 local government mayoral and council election with <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a>, its candidate for Taipei mayor, winning reelection by a landslide and its candidate for <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a> mayor narrowly losing but doing surprisingly well. Since 2002, the KMT and PFP have coordinated electoral strategies. In 2004, the KMT and PFP ran a joint presidential ticket, with Lien running for president and Soong running for vice-president. </p><p>The loss of the presidential election of 2004 to DPP President <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> by merely over 30,000 votes was a bitter disappointment to party members, leading to large scale rallies for several weeks protesting alleged electoral fraud and the "odd circumstances" of the <a href="/wiki/3-19_shooting_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="3-19 shooting incident">shooting of President Chen</a>. However, the fortunes of the party were greatly improved when the KMT did well in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Taiwan_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Taiwan legislative election">legislative elections</a> held in December 2004 by maintaining its support in southern Taiwan achieving a majority for the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a>. </p><p>Soon after the election, there appeared to be a falling out with the KMT's junior partner, the People First Party and talk of a merger seemed to have ended. This split appeared to widen in early 2005, as the leader of the PFP, James Soong appeared to be reconciling with President <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-Bian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Shui-Bian">Chen Shui-Bian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a>. Many PFP members including legislators and municipal leaders have since defected to the KMT, and the PFP is seen as a fading party. </p><p>In 2005, Ma Ying-jeou became KMT chairman defeating speaker <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jin-pyng" title="Wang Jin-pyng">Wang Jin-pyng</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2005_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Kuomintang chairmanship election">first public election for KMT chairmanship</a>. The KMT won a decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/2005_Taiwanese_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Taiwanese local elections">3-in-1 local elections</a> of December 2005, replacing the DPP as the largest party at the local level. This was seen as a major victory for the party ahead of legislative elections in 2007. There were elections for the two municipalities of the ROC, Taipei and <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a> in December 2006. The KMT won a clear victory in Taipei, but lost to the DPP in the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a> by the slim margin of 1,100 votes. </p><p>On 13 February 2007, Ma was indicted by the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office on charges of allegedly embezzling approximately NT$11 million (US$339,000), regarding the issue of "special expenses" while he was mayor of Taipei. Shortly after the indictment, he submitted his resignation as KMT chairman at the same press conference at which he formally announced his candidacy for ROC president. Ma argued that it was customary for officials to use the special expense fund for personal expenses undertaken in the course of their official duties. In December 2007, Ma was acquitted of all charges and immediately filed suit against the prosecutors. In 2008, the KMT won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Taiwan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Taiwan presidential election">Republic of China presidential election on 22 March 2008</a>. The KMT fielded former Taipei mayor and former KMT chairman <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> to run against the DPP's Frank Hsieh. Ma won by a margin of 17% against Hsieh. Ma took office on 20 May 2008, with vice-presidential candidate Vincent Siew, and ended 8 years of the DPP presidency. The KMT also won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Taiwan_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Taiwan legislative election">2008 legislative elections</a>, winning 81 of 113 seats, or 71.7% of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a>. These two elections gave the KMT firm control of both the executive and legislative yuans. </p><p>On 25 June 2009, President Ma launched his bid to regain the KMT leadership and registered as the sole candidate for the <a href="/wiki/2009_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Kuomintang chairmanship election">chairmanship election</a>. On 26 July, Ma won 93.9% of the vote, becoming the new chairman of the KMT,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking office on 17 October 2009. This officially allowed Ma to be able to meet with <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, and other PRC delegates, as he was able to represent the KMT as leader of a Chinese political party rather than as head-of-state of a political entity unrecognized by the PRC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 November 2014, the KMT suffered a heavy loss in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Taiwanese_local_elections" title="2014 Taiwanese local elections">local election</a> to the DPP, winning only 6 municipalities and counties, down from 14 in the previous election in <a href="/wiki/2009_Taiwanese_local_elections" title="2009 Taiwanese local elections">2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Taiwanese_municipal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Taiwanese municipal elections">2010</a>. Ma Ying-jeou subsequently resigned from the party chairmanship on 3 December and replaced by acting Chairman <a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a>. <a href="/wiki/2015_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Kuomintang chairmanship election">Chairmanship election</a> was held on 17 January 2015 and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a> was elected to become the new chairman. He was inaugurated on 19 February.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2021, Kuomintang elected its former leader (in office 2015–2016), veteran politician <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a>, as its new leader to replace <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a> (in office 2020–2021).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2024, no party won a majority in Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2024 Taiwanese legislative election">legislative election</a> for the first time since 2004, meaning 51 seats for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 52 seats for the Kuomintang (KMT), and the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) secured eight seats.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_issues_and_challenges">Current issues and challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current issues and challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Party_assets">Party assets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Party assets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon arriving in Taiwan the KMT occupied assets previously owned by the Japanese and forced local businesses to make contributions directly to the KMT. Some of this real estate and other assets was distributed to party loyalists, but most of it remained with the party, as did the profits generated by the properties.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the ruling party on Taiwan, the KMT amassed a vast business empire of banks, investment companies, petrochemical firms, and television and radio stations, thought to have made it the world's richest political party, with assets once estimated to be around US$2–10 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-KMT_asset_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KMT_asset-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this war chest appeared to help the KMT until the mid-1990s, it later led to accusations of corruption (often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Black_gold_(politics)" title="Black gold (politics)">black gold</a>"). </p><p>After 2000, the KMT's financial holdings appeared to be more of a liability than a benefit, and the KMT started to divest itself of its assets. However, the transactions were not disclosed and the whereabouts of the money earned from selling assets (if it has gone anywhere) is unknown. There were accusations in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Taiwan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Taiwan presidential election">2004 presidential election</a> that the KMT retained assets that were illegally acquired. During the 2000–2008 DPP presidency, a law was proposed by the DPP in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> to recover illegally acquired party assets and return them to the government. However, due to the DPP's lack of control of the legislative chamber at the time, it never materialized. </p><p>The KMT also acknowledged that part of its assets were acquired through extra-legal means and thus promised to "retro-endow" them to the government. However, the quantity of the assets which should be classified as illegal are still under heated debate. DPP, in its capacity as ruling party from 2000 to 2008, claimed that there is much more that the KMT has yet to acknowledge. Also, the KMT actively sold assets under its title to quench its recent financial difficulties, which the DPP argues is illegal. Former KMT chairman <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-Jeou" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Ying-Jeou">Ma Ying-Jeou</a>'s position is that the KMT will sell some of its properties at below market rates rather than return them to the government and that the details of these transactions will not be publicly disclosed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shilin_Division,_Kuomintang_Taipei_City_Committee_20161231.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Shilin_Division%2C_Kuomintang_Taipei_City_Committee_20161231.jpg/220px-Shilin_Division%2C_Kuomintang_Taipei_City_Committee_20161231.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Shilin_Division%2C_Kuomintang_Taipei_City_Committee_20161231.jpg/330px-Shilin_Division%2C_Kuomintang_Taipei_City_Committee_20161231.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Shilin_Division%2C_Kuomintang_Taipei_City_Committee_20161231.jpg/440px-Shilin_Division%2C_Kuomintang_Taipei_City_Committee_20161231.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Kuomintang public service center in Shilin, Taipei</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, the KMT sold its headquarters at 11 Zhongshan South Road in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> to <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Group" title="Evergreen Group">Evergreen Group</a> for <a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">NT$</a>2.3 billion (US$96 million). The KMT moved into a smaller building on Bade Road in the eastern part of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2014, the KMT reported total assets of NT$26.8 billion (US$892.4 million) and interest earnings of NT$981.52 million for the year of 2013, making it one of the richest political parties in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Ill-gotten_Party_Assets_Settlement_Committee" title="Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee">Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement Committee</a> was set up by the ruling DPP government to investigate KMT party assets acquired during the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">martial law</a> period and recover those that were determined to be illegally acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supporter_base">Supporter base</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Supporter base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Support for the KMT in Taiwan encompasses a wide range of social groups but is largely determined by age. KMT support is concentrated in northern Taiwan in urban areas, where it draws its backing from big businesses due to its policy of maintaining commercial links with mainland China. As of 2020, only 3% of KMT members are under 40 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (January 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The KMT also has some support in the labor sector because of the many labor benefits and insurance implemented while the KMT was in power. The KMT traditionally has strong cooperation with military officers, teachers, and government workers. Among ethnic groups in Taiwan, the KMT has stronger support among <a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">mainlanders</a> and their descendants for ideological reasons and among <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a>. The support for the KMT generally tend to be stronger in majority-<a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>-speaking counties of Taiwan, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>-majority southwestern counties that tend to support the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a>. </p><p>Hostility between indigenous communities and (Taiwanese) Hoklo and the indigenous communities' robust KMT networks both contribute to the indigenous tendency to vote for the KMT and their skepticism towards the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous peoples have criticized politicians for abusing the "indigenization" movement for political gains, such as indigenous opposition to the DPP's "rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships voting for <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 the Kuomintang displayed a massive photo of the anti-Japanese Seediq leader <a href="/wiki/Mona_Rudao" title="Mona Rudao">Mona Rudao</a> at its headquarters in honor of the 60th anniversary of Taiwan's retrocession from Japan to the Republic of China.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On social issues, the KMT does not take an official position on <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Taiwan" title="Same-sex marriage in Taiwan">same-sex marriage</a>, though most members of legislative committees, mayors of cities, and the 2020 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han Kuo-yu</a> oppose it. The party does, however, have a small faction that supports same-sex marriage, consisting mainly of young people and residents of the <a href="/wiki/Taipei_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Taipei metropolitan area">Taipei metropolitan area</a>. The opposition to same-sex marriage comes mostly from <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Christian</a> groups, who wield significant political influence within the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuomintang_Central_Committee_20050405.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kuomintang_Central_Committee_20050405.jpg/170px-Kuomintang_Central_Committee_20050405.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kuomintang_Central_Committee_20050405.jpg/255px-Kuomintang_Central_Committee_20050405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Kuomintang_Central_Committee_20050405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Bade building in Taipei City, before becoming the KMT headquarters. The KMT Central Committee sold the original headquarters to private investors of the <a href="/wiki/EVA_Air" title="EVA Air">EVA Airways</a> Corporation, and moved to this more modest building in June 2006.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMT_Kinmen_20141231.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/KMT_Kinmen_20141231.JPG/220px-KMT_Kinmen_20141231.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/KMT_Kinmen_20141231.JPG/330px-KMT_Kinmen_20141231.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/KMT_Kinmen_20141231.JPG/440px-KMT_Kinmen_20141231.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>KMT Kinmen headquarters office in <a href="/wiki/Jincheng,_Kinmen" title="Jincheng, Kinmen">Jincheng Township</a>, Kinmen County</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wongwt_%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%A8%E9%83%A8_(16921318627).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wongwt_%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%A8%E9%83%A8_%2816921318627%29.jpg/220px-Wongwt_%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%A8%E9%83%A8_%2816921318627%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wongwt_%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%A8%E9%83%A8_%2816921318627%29.jpg/330px-Wongwt_%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%A8%E9%83%A8_%2816921318627%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wongwt_%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%A8%E9%83%A8_%2816921318627%29.jpg/440px-Wongwt_%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%A8%E9%83%A8_%2816921318627%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>KMT <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMT_San_Francisco_Headquarters_(6532).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KMT_San_Francisco_Headquarters_%286532%29.JPG/170px-KMT_San_Francisco_Headquarters_%286532%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KMT_San_Francisco_Headquarters_%286532%29.JPG/255px-KMT_San_Francisco_Headquarters_%286532%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KMT_San_Francisco_Headquarters_%286532%29.JPG/340px-KMT_San_Francisco_Headquarters_%286532%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The KMT maintains offices in some of the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a> of the world and its United States party headquarters are located in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">San Francisco Chinatown</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Stockton_Street_(San_Francisco)" title="Stockton Street (San Francisco)">Stockton Street</a> directly across the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Six_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Six Companies">Chinese Six Companies</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kmtny.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kmtny.JPG/170px-Kmtny.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kmtny.JPG/255px-Kmtny.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kmtny.JPG/340px-Kmtny.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>KMT Eastern U.S. headquarters, located in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">New York Chinatown</a>, are the party's earliest offices in the U.S., established in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMT_Blg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KMT_Blg.jpg/250px-KMT_Blg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KMT_Blg.jpg/330px-KMT_Blg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KMT_Blg.jpg/500px-KMT_Blg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>KMT Building in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver Chinatown">Vancouver's Chinatown</a>, British Columbia, Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Nationalist_Party_of_Australia_building_Ultimo_Rd_in_Sydney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chinese_Nationalist_Party_of_Australia_building_Ultimo_Rd_in_Sydney.jpg/170px-Chinese_Nationalist_Party_of_Australia_building_Ultimo_Rd_in_Sydney.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chinese_Nationalist_Party_of_Australia_building_Ultimo_Rd_in_Sydney.jpg/255px-Chinese_Nationalist_Party_of_Australia_building_Ultimo_Rd_in_Sydney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chinese_Nationalist_Party_of_Australia_building_Ultimo_Rd_in_Sydney.jpg/340px-Chinese_Nationalist_Party_of_Australia_building_Ultimo_Rd_in_Sydney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>KMT office of <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> in Sydney, Australia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun Yat-sen as party president. After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general (1927–1975) and a chairman (since 1975), positions which officially discharge the functions of the president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_Central_Committee_Leadership">Current Central Committee Leadership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current Central Committee Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Chairman of the Kuomintang">Chairman of the Kuomintang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Secretary-General of the Kuomintang">Secretary-General of the Kuomintang</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Name(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Chairman of the Kuomintang">Chairman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Kuomintang#List_of_deputy_party_leaders" title="Chairman of the Kuomintang">Vice Chairpersons</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huang_Min-hui" title="Huang Min-hui">Huang Min-hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hsia" title="Andrew Hsia">Andrew Hsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Lien" title="Sean Lien">Sean Lien</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Secretary-General of the Kuomintang">Secretary-General</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Huang" title="Justin Huang">Justin Huang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deputy Secretaries-General </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Chun-ting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiang Chun-ting (page does not exist)">Chiang Chun-ting</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E4%BF%8A%E9%9C%86" class="extiw" title="zh:江俊霆">zh</a>]</span> (full-time), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Yu-min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Yu-min (page does not exist)">Wang Yu-min</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%82%B2%E6%95%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:王育敏">zh</a>]</span> (full-time), <a href="/wiki/Lee_Yen-hsiu" title="Lee Yen-hsiu">Lee Yen-hsiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hsieh_Yi-fong" title="Hsieh Yi-fong">Hsieh Yi-fong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Fai" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Fai">Alex Fai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Policy Committee Executive Director </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tseng_Ming-chung" title="Tseng Ming-chung">Tseng Ming-chung</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organizational_Development_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organizational Development Committee (page does not exist)">Organizational Development Committee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="zh:中國國民黨中央委員會組織發展委員會">zh</a>]</span> Director </td> <td>Hsu Yu-chen </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_and_Communications_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture and Communications Committee (page does not exist)">Culture and Communications Committee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="zh:中國國民黨中央委員會文化傳播委員會">zh</a>]</span> Director </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ling_Tao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ling Tao (page does not exist)">Ling Tao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8C%E6%BF%A4" class="extiw" title="zh:凌濤">zh</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Administration Committee Director </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiu_Da-chan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiu Da-chan (page does not exist)">Chiu Da-chan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%95" class="extiw" title="zh:邱大展">zh</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Disciplinary_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Disciplinary Committee (page does not exist)">Party Disciplinary Committee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E8%80%83%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="zh:中國國民黨中央委員會考核紀律委員會">zh</a>]</span> Director </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Guei-min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Guei-min (page does not exist)">Lee Guei-min</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%B2%B4%E6%95%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:李貴敏">zh</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Revolutionary_Practice" title="Institute of Revolutionary Practice">Institute of Revolutionary Practice</a> Director </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Yi-hua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Yi-hua (page does not exist)">Lin Yi-hua</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%95%E8%8F%AF(%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3)" class="extiw" title="zh:林奕華(台灣)">zh</a>]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative_Yuan_leader_(Caucus_leader)"><span id="Legislative_Yuan_leader_.28Caucus_leader.29"></span>Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Yuh-chin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hong Yuh-chin (page does not exist)">Hong Yuh-chin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E7%8E%89%E6%AC%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:洪玉欽">zh</a>]</span> (1 February 1999 – 1 February 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseng_Yung-chuan" title="Tseng Yung-chuan">Tseng Yung-chuan</a> (1 February 2004 – 1 December 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yi-shih" title="Lin Yi-shih">Lin Yi-shih</a> (1 December 2008 – 1 February 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hung-chih" title="Lin Hung-chih">Lin Hung-chih</a> (1 February 2012 – 31 July 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Fai" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Fai">Alex Fai</a> (31 July 2014 – 7 February 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Shyh-bao" title="Lai Shyh-bao">Lai Shyh-bao</a> (7 February 2015 – 7 July 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Kuo-tung" title="Liao Kuo-tung">Liao Kuo-tung</a> (7 July 2016 – 29 June 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Te-fu" title="Lin Te-fu">Lin Te-fu</a> (29 June 2017 – 14 June 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a> (14 June 2018 – 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseng_Ming-chung" title="Tseng Ming-chung">Tseng Ming-chung</a> (2019 – 2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Wei-chou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Wei-chou (page does not exist)">Lin Wei-chou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%82%BA%E6%B4%B2" class="extiw" title="zh:林為洲">zh</a>]</span> (2020 – 2021)</li> <li>Alex Fai (2021 – 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseng_Ming-chung" title="Tseng Ming-chung">Tseng Ming-chung</a> (2022 – present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_organization_and_structure">Party organization and structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Party organization and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The KMT is being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to a <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> principle of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism_(Kuomintang)" title="Democratic centralism (Kuomintang)">democratic centralism</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>National Congress <ul><li>Party chairman <ul><li>Vice-chairmen</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Kuomintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Committee of the Kuomintang (page does not exist)">Central Committee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="zh:中國國民黨中央委員會">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li>Central Steering Committee for Women</li></ul></li> <li>Central Standing Committee</li> <li>Secretary-General <ul><li>Deputy Secretaries-General</li></ul></li> <li>Executive Director</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standing_committees_and_departments">Standing committees and departments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Standing committees and departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Policy Committee <ul><li>Policy Coordination Department</li> <li>Policy Research Department</li> <li>Mainland Affairs Department</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Revolutionary_Practice" title="Institute of Revolutionary Practice">Institute of Revolutionary Practice</a>, formerly National Development Institute <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Youth_League" title="Kuomintang Youth League">Kuomintang Youth League</a></li> <li>Research Division</li> <li>Education and Counselling Division</li></ul></li> <li>Party Disciplinary Committee <ul><li>Evaluation and Control Office</li> <li>Audit Office</li></ul></li> <li>Culture and Communications Committee <ul><li>Cultural Department</li> <li>Communications Department</li> <li>KMT Party History Institute</li></ul></li> <li>Administration Committee <ul><li>Personnel Office</li> <li>General Office</li> <li>Finance Office</li> <li>Accounting Office</li> <li>Information Center</li></ul></li> <li>Organizational Development Committee <ul><li>Organization and Operations Department</li> <li>Elections Mobilization Department</li> <li>Community Volunteers Department</li> <li>Overseas Department</li> <li>Youth Department</li> <li>Women's Department</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_charter">Party charter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Party charter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kuomintang Party Charter was adopted on January 28, 1924. The current charter has 51 articles and includes contents of General Principles, Party Membership, Organization, The National President, The Director-General, The National Congress, The Central Committee, District and Sub-District Party Headquarters, Cadres and Tenure, Discipline, Awards and Punishment, Funding, and Supplementary Provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent version was made at the Twentieth National Congress on July 28, 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factions">Factions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Factions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>“Mainlander” faction (外省派) - <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a></li> <li>“Taiwanese” faction (本土派) - <a href="/wiki/Hou_You-yi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou You-yi">Hou You-yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a></li> <li>Huang Fu-hsing faction (黃復興) - <a href="/wiki/Hau_Pei-tsun" title="Hau Pei-tsun">Hau Pei-tsun</a></li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_in_mainland_China">Ideology in mainland China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ideology in mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">Conservatism in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Category:Three Principles of the People">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000099; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF"><b>Three Principles<br />of the People</b></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B_(cropped)_(cropped2).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B_%28cropped%29_%28cropped2%29.tif/lossy-page1-240px-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B_%28cropped%29_%28cropped2%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B_%28cropped%29_%28cropped2%29.tif/lossy-page1-360px-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B_%28cropped%29_%28cropped2%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B_%28cropped%29_%28cropped2%29.tif/lossy-page1-480px-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B_%28cropped%29_%28cropped2%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Nationalism (Mínzú)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy (Mínquán)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Power_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-Power Constitution">Five-Power Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_people%27s_rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary people's rights (page does not exist)">Revolutionary people's rights</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:革命民權">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialism (Mínshēng)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equalization_of_Land_Ownership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equalization of Land Ownership (page does not exist)">Equalization of Land Ownership</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%9C%B0%E6%AC%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:平均地權">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_International_Development_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The International Development of China (page does not exist)">The International Development of China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E6%A5%AD%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:實業計畫">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Taiwan" title="Land reform in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_16_incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June 16 incident (page does not exist)">June 16 incident</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" class="extiw" title="zh:六一六事变">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_in_London" title="Kidnapped in London">Kidnapped in London</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Revolution (Republic of China) (page does not exist)">National Revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:國民革命">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese Nationalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">Chinese Pan-Blue Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/123_Democratic_Alliance" title="123 Democratic Alliance">123 Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Alliance (Hong Kong)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">Young China Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslim_Association" title="Chinese Muslim Association">Chinese Muslim Association</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Youth_League" title="Kuomintang Youth League">Kuomintang Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Group" title="Reorganization Group">Reorganization Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-shui" title="Chiang Wei-shui">Chiang (Wei-shui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Zhongkai" title="Liao Zhongkai">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yuanchong" title="Shao Yuanchong">Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chonghui" title="Wang Chonghui">Wang (Chonghui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang (Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhihui" title="Wu Zhihui">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Youren" title="Yu Youren">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zhiben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zhiben (page does not exist)">Zhang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%9F%A5%E6%9C%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:張知本">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Zhixin_(revolutionary)" title="Zhu Zhixin (revolutionary)">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zou_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zou Lu (page does not exist)">Zou (Lu)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%92%E9%AD%AF" class="extiw" title="zh:鄒魯">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Rong" title="Zou Rong">Zou (Rong)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outside of mainland China</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_Democracy_and_Unity_Party" title="Kokang Democracy and Unity Party">Kokang Democracy and Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_(Singapore)" title="People's Power Party (Singapore)">People's Power Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Restoration League of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_Equality" title="Three Principles of the Equality">Three Principles of the Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_People%27s_Party" title="Taiwanese People's Party">Taiwanese People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Improvement_Party" title="Tibet Improvement Party">Tibet Improvement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Vietnamese Nationalist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a> (element)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism</a> (element)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism_(Kuomintang)" title="Democratic centralism (Kuomintang)">Democratic centralism (Kuomintang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Taiwan">National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Military_Academy" title="Republic of China Military Academy">Republic of China Military Academy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Republic of China">Republic of China portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Template:Three Principles of the People"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Three Principles of the People (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Three Principles of the People"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_China" title="Category:Conservatism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in China</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">Party-state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism#China" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#China" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism#China" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism#China" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism#China" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_book#Greater_China" title="Genealogy book">Genealogy book</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exceptionalism" title="Chinese exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rectification_of_names" title="Rectification of names">Rectification of names</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance" title="Chinese Cultural Renaissance">Chinese Cultural Renaissance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (1915–1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law in Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Taiwan_during_martial_law" title="Language policy in Taiwan during martial law">Language policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" title="Reform and opening up">Reform and opening up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Against_Crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign">Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueheng_School" title="Xueheng School">Xueheng School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Bell" title="Daniel A. Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Ya-chung" title="Chang Ya-chung">Chang (Ya-chung)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuan" title="Chen Yuan">Chen (Yuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chao_Cuo" title="Chao Cuo">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Hongming" title="Gu Hongming">Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Xijin" title="Hu Xijin">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang (Qing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang (Shigong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Canrong" title="Jin Canrong">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao" title="Li Ao">Li (Ao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li (Hongzhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li (Zehou)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zaifu" title="Liu Zaifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Yiu-chung" title="Tam Yiu-chung">Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jiaxiang" title="Wu Jiaxiang">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Gongqin" title="Xiao Gongqin">Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiwei_(professor)" title="Zhang Weiwei (professor)">Zhang (Weiwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yongnian" title="Zheng Yongnian">Zheng (Yongnian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Rong" title="Zou Rong">Zou</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Imperial China</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chao_Cuo" title="Chao Cuo">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Shao" title="Duke of Shao">Duke Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang" title="Wen Tianxiang">Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu (Han)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Yang Jisheng (Ming dynasty)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke Zhou</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (before 1949)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai (Jitao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai (Li)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu (Hanmin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen">Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>People's Republic of China (Mainland)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kunming" title="Huang Kunming">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chan" title="Gary Chan">Chan (Gary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joephy_Chan" title="Joephy Chan">Chan (Joephy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Chow" title="Holden Chow">Chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fok" title="Kenneth Fok">Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Ho" title="Junius Ho">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ip_Kwok-him" title="Ip Kwok-him">Ip (Kwok-him)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Ip" title="Regina Ip">Ip (Regina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwok_Wai-keung" title="Kwok Wai-keung">Kwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lee" title="Dominic Lee">Lee (Dominic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">Lee (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starry_Lee" title="Starry Lee">Lee (Starry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Liao" title="Martin Liao">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quat" title="Elizabeth Quat">Quat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Tsang (Donald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Yok-sing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsang Yok-sing">Tsang (Yok-sing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Yung" title="Eunice Yung">Yung</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Chui" title="Fernando Chui">Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Ho (Edmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat_Seng" title="Ho Iat Seng">Ho (Iat Seng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hou_Fai" title="Sam Hou Fai">Sam</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wan-an" title="Chiang Wan-an">Chiang (Wan-an)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiu_Yi" title="Chiu Yi">Chiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gou" title="Terry Gou">Gou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Lung-pin" title="Hau Lung-pin">Hau (Lung-pin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Pei-tsun" title="Hau Pei-tsun">Hau (Pei-tsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Huan" title="Lee Huan">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lien Chen">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yang-kang" title="Lin Yang-kang">Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Soong" title="James Soong">Soong (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong (Mei-ling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Kuo-hwa" title="Yu Kuo-hwa">Yu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Mainland China</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China#After_the_Chinese_economic_reform" title="Conservatism in China">factions</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong" title="Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong">Business and Professionals Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Force" title="Civil Force">Civil Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Public_Housing_Estates" title="Federation of Public Housing Estates">Federation of Public Housing Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Education_Workers" title="Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers">Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_West_New_Dynamic" title="Kowloon West New Dynamic">Kowloon West New Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberal Party (Hong Kong)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Forum" title="New Century Forum">New Century Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Party" title="New People's Party">New People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Prospect_for_Hong_Kong" title="New Prospect for Hong Kong">New Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Territories_Association_of_Societies" title="New Territories Association of Societies">New Territories Association of Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politihk_Social_Strategic" title="Politihk Social Strategic">Politihk Social Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundtable_(Hong_Kong)" title="Roundtable (Hong Kong)">Roundtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Majority_for_Hong_Kong" title="Silent Majority for Hong Kong">Silent Majority</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Change_(Macau)" title="Alliance for Change (Macau)">Alliance for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau-Guangdong_Union" title="Macau-Guangdong Union">Macau-Guangdong Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Macau_Development_Union" title="New Macau Development Union">New Macau Development Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_United_Citizens_Association" title="Macau United Citizens Association">United Citizens Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">Chinese New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Unification_Promotion_Party" title="Chinese Unification Promotion Party">Chinese Unification Promotion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Public_Good_Party" title="For Public Good Party">For Public Good Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">Young China Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Overseas</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(China)" title="Progressive Party (China)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(China)" title="Republican Party (China)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_Party" title="Royalist Party">Royalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(China)" title="Unity Party (China)">Unity Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Resources_Centre" title="Co-operative Resources Centre">Co-operative Resources Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_the_Stability_of_Hong_Kong" title="Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong">Federation for the Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_of_Chinese_and_Expatriates" title="Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates">Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Progressive_Alliance" title="Hong Kong Progressive Alliance">Hong Kong Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Federation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong">Liberal Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hong_Kong_Alliance" title="New Hong Kong Alliance">New Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Forum" title="Professional Forum">Professional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Hong_Kong_Society" title="Progressive Hong Kong Society">Progressive Hong Kong Society</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Party_Alliance" title="Congress Party Alliance">Congress Party Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkuotang" title="Minkuotang">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Motorists%27_Party_of_ROC" title="The Motorists' Party of ROC">The Motorists' Party of ROC</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Overseas</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ryukyu_Guomindang">Ryukyu Guomindang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Improvement_Party" title="Tibet Improvement Party">Tibet Improvement Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Pro-Kuomintang camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pro-Beijing camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)">Macau</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/America_Against_America" title="America Against America">America Against America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Wave:_Rise_of_a_Civilizational_State" title="The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State">The China Wave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_to_Revolution" title="Farewell to Revolution">Farewell to Revolution</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Active</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Youth_Service_%26_Recreation_Center" title="China Youth Service & Recreation Center">China Youth Service & Recreation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Revolutionary_Practice" title="Institute of Revolutionary Practice">Institute of Revolutionary Practice</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_89" title="Group of 89">Group of 89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsotanhui_Clique" title="Tsotanhui Clique">Tsotanhui Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Mainland China</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Headline_Daily" title="Headline Daily">Headline Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic_Times" title="Hong Kong Economic Times">Hong Kong Economic Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Daily_News" title="Oriental Daily News">Oriental Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sing_Tao_Daily" title="Sing Tao Daily">Sing Tao Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Standard (Hong Kong)">The Standard</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chung_T%27ien_Television" title="Chung T'ien Television">Chung T'ien Television</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Television" title="China Television">China Television</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Times" title="Commercial Times">Commercial Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TVBS" title="TVBS">TVBS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Daily_News" title="United Daily News">United Daily News</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Overseas</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Former</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Daily_News" title="Central Daily News">Central Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao">Shen Bao</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan (Republic of China)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong#Conservative_localism" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Conservative localism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_Movement" title="Hanfu Movement">Hanfu Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#China" title="Fascism in Asia">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism#State_nationalism" title="Statism">State nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Anti-national sentiments</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in China">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_big_families_of_Hong_Kong" title="Four big families of Hong Kong">Four big families of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism in China</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(opposing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Straight_man_cancer" title="Straight man cancer">Straight man cancer</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishang" title="Taishang">Taishang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(opposing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="World League for Freedom and Democracy">World League for Freedom and Democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Republic of China">Republic of China portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/17px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/26px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/34px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_China" title="Template:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_China" title="Template talk:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_nationalism">Chinese nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chinese nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism#State_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism § State nationalism</a></div> <p>The KMT was a nationalist revolutionary party that had been supported by the Soviet Union. It was organized on the <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> principle of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism_(Kuomintang)" title="Democratic centralism (Kuomintang)">democratic centralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005413_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005413-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT had several influences upon its ideology by revolutionary thinking. The KMT and Chiang Kai-shek used the words <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterrevolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolutionary">counterrevolutionary</a> as synonyms for evil and backwardness, and they proudly proclaimed themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang called the <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlords</a> feudalists, and he also called for feudalism and counterrevolutionaries to be stamped out by the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google65_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google65-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kai_Shew_Chiang_Kai_Shew_2007_225_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kai_Shew_Chiang_Kai_Shew_2007_225-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google268_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google268-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called a warlord, because of the word's negative and feudal connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Bufang was forced to defend himself against the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a part of "National army, people's power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200250_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag200250-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the KMT, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. He was personally angry at the way China was treated by foreigners, mainly by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-google65_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google65-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005504_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005504-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his <a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a> called for the crushing of Soviet, Western, American and other foreign influences in China. Chen Lifu, a <a href="/wiki/CC_Clique" title="CC Clique">CC Clique</a> member in the KMT, said "Communism originated from Soviet imperialism, which has encroached on our country." It was also noted that "the white bear of the North Pole is known for its viciousness and cruelty".<sup id="cite_ref-google268_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google268-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>KMT leaders across China adopted nationalist rhetoric. The Chinese Muslim general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to the people of China who was fighting against <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western imperialism</a> to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He used his Chinese nationalist credentials to his advantage to keep himself in power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200248_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag200248-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200249_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag200249-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascist_influences">Fascist influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fascist influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism#Ultranationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">ultranationalist</a> paramilitary organization within the KMT that modeled itself after <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">blackshirts</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">anti-foreign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<sup id="cite_ref-DaiLi_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaiLi-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man <a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai Li</a> were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005414_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005414-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close <a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_(1926%E2%80%931941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)">Sino-German ties</a> also promoted cooperation between the Kuomintang and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (NSDAP).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a> was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, mixed with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> that have some similarities to fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-schok_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schok-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It rejected <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, while also opposing <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. Some historians regard this movement as imitating <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and being a neo-<a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a> movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman" title="Frederic Wakeman">Frederic Wakeman</a> suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley Payne</a>, Chiang's KMT was "normally classified as a multi-class <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">populist</a> or '<a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a>' party but not a fitting candidate for fascism (except by old-line Communists)." He also stated that, "Lloyd Eastman has called the Blue Shirts, whose members admired <a href="/wiki/European_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="European fascism">European fascism</a> and were influenced by it, a Chinese fascist organization. This is probably an exaggeration. The Blue Shirts certainly exhibited some of the characteristics of fascism, as did many nationalist organizations around the world, but it is not clear that the group possessed the full qualities of an intrinsic fascist movement....The Blue Shirts probably had some affinity with and for fascism, a common feature of nationalisms in crisis during the 1930s, but it is doubtful that they represented any clear-cut Asian variant of fascism."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="China–Germany relations (1912–1949)">Sino-German relationship</a> also rapidly deteriorated as Germany failed to pursue a détente between China and Japan, which led to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. China later declared war on <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">fascist countries</a>, including Germany, Italy, and Japan, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war during World War II</a> and Chiang, the head of the KMT, became the most powerful "<a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a>" leader in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology_of_the_New_Guangxi_Clique">Ideology of the New Guangxi Clique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ideology of the New Guangxi Clique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The KMT branch in Guangxi province, led by the <a href="/wiki/New_Guangxi_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="New Guangxi Clique">New Guangxi Clique</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a>, implemented anti-imperialist, anti-religious, and anti-foreign policies. During the Northern Expedition, in 1926 in Guangxi, Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a> led his troops in destroying most of the Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and KMT headquarters. Bai led an anti-foreign wave in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for non-natives. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.<sup id="cite_ref-google99_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google99-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaders clashed with Chiang Kai-shek, which led to the Central Plains War where Chiang defeated the clique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism_and_anti-capitalist_agitation">Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_Merchant_Volunteers_Corps_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps Uprising">Canton Merchant Volunteers Corps Uprising</a></div> <p>The KMT had a left wing and a right wing, the left being more radical in its pro-Soviet policies, but both wings equally persecuted merchants, accusing them of being counterrevolutionaries and reactionaries. The right wing under Chiang Kai-shek prevailed, and continued radical policies against private merchants and industrialists, even as they denounced communism.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the Three Principles of the People of the KMT, Mínshēng, was defined as socialism by Sun Yat-sen. He defined this principle of saying in his last days "its socialism and its communism". The concept may be understood as <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> as well. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>, (see <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">land value tax</a> in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause included by Sun in the original Tongmenhui. The KMT's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese Socialism as part of its ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union trained KMT revolutionaries in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Moscow Sun Yat-sen University">Moscow Sun Yat-sen University</a>. In the West and in the Soviet Union, Chiang was known as the "Red General".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakula2009346_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakula2009346-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang, at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University Portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls, and in the Soviet May Day Parades that year<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, and other socialist leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT attempted to levy taxes upon merchants in Canton, and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's volunteer corps. Sun initiated this anti-merchant policy, and Chiang Kai-shek enforced it, Chiang led his army of <a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a> graduates to defeat the merchant's army. Chiang was assisted by Soviet advisors, who supplied him with weapons, while the merchants were supplied with weapons from the Western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby200571_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby200571-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakula2009128_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakula2009128-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT was accused of leading a "Red Revolution" in Canton. The merchants were conservative and <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>, and their Volunteer Corp leader Chen Lianbao was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Comprador" title="Comprador">comprador</a> trader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby200571_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby200571-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The merchants were supported by the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western powers</a>, who led an international flotilla to support them against the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakula2009128_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakula2009128-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KMT seized many of Western-supplied weapons from the merchants, using them to equip their troops. A KMT General executed several merchants, and the KMT formed a Soviet-inspired Revolutionary Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby200572_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby200572-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">British Communist Party</a> sent a letter to Sun, congratulating him on his military successes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby200573_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby200573-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, the KMT again attacked the merchants of Shanghai. Chiang Kai-shek sent his son <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay there, to start a social revolution by attacking middle-class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005485_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005485-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shop owners, Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster <a href="/wiki/Du_Yuesheng" title="Du Yuesheng">Du Yuesheng</a> was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by <a href="/wiki/H.H._Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="H.H. Kung">H.H. Kung</a> and his family. H.H. Kung's wife was <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ai-ling" title="Soong Ai-ling">Soong Ai-ling</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> who was Ching-kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested, the Kung's responded by blackmailing the Chiang's, threatening to release information about them, eventually he was freed after negotiations, and Ching-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005486_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005486-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT also promotes <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">government-owned corporations</a>. KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">natural monopolies</a> or the usage of land belonged to the public. Sun argued for Georgism and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his Three Principles of the People. </p><p>"The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT Muslim Governor of <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a>, promoted state-owned monopolies. His government had a company, Fu Ning Company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industry in Ningxia.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corporations such as <a href="/wiki/CSBC_Corporation,_Taiwan" title="CSBC Corporation, Taiwan">CSBC Corporation, Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/CPC_Corporation" title="CPC Corporation">CPC Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Industrial_Development_Corporation" title="Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation">Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation</a> are owned by the state in the Republic of China. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxists</a> also existed in the KMT. They viewed the Chinese revolution in different terms than the CCP, claiming that China already went past its feudal stage and was in a stagnation period rather than in another mode of production. These Marxists in the KMT opposed the CCP ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Left Kuomintang who disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang</a> when the KMT was on the edge of defeat in the civil war and later joined the government of the CCP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confucianism_and_religion_in_its_ideology">Confucianism and religion in its ideology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Confucianism and religion in its ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NRA_Generals_Northern_Expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NRA_Generals_Northern_Expedition.jpg/220px-NRA_Generals_Northern_Expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NRA_Generals_Northern_Expedition.jpg/330px-NRA_Generals_Northern_Expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NRA_Generals_Northern_Expedition.jpg/440px-NRA_Generals_Northern_Expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>From left to right, KMT members pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition: Generals <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Jin" title="Cheng Jin">Cheng Jin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zuobao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zuobao (page does not exist)">Zhang Zuobao</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Diaoyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Diaoyuan (page does not exist)">Chen Diaoyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woo_Tsin-hang" class="mw-redirect" title="Woo Tsin-hang">Woo Tsin-hang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Sida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Sida (page does not exist)">Ma Sida</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The KMT used traditional Chinese religious ceremonies. According to the KMT, the souls of party martyrs were sent to heaven. Chiang Kai-shek believed that these martyrs still witnessed events on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT backed the New Life Movement, which promoted Confucianism, and it was also against westernization. KMT leaders also opposed the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>. Chiang Kai-shek, as a nationalist, and Confucianist, was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. He viewed some western ideas as foreign, as a Chinese nationalist, and that the introduction of western ideas and literature that the May Fourth Movement wanted was not welcome. He and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting morals of youth.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT also incorporated <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>. It pardoned <a href="/wiki/Shi_Jianqiao" title="Shi Jianqiao">Shi Jianqiao</a> for murdering <a href="/wiki/Sun_Chuanfang" title="Sun Chuanfang">Sun Chuanfang</a>, because she did it in revenge since Sun executed her father Shi Congbin, which was an example of <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a> to one's parents in Confucianism.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KMT encouraged filial revenge killings and extended pardons to those who performed them.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Chiang Kai-shek promoted a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance" title="Chinese Cultural Renaissance">Chinese Cultural Renaissance</a> movement which followed in the steps of the New Life Movement, promoting Confucian values.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The KMT purged China's education system of Western ideas, introducing Confucianism into the curriculum. Education came under the total control of the state, which meant, in effect, the KMT, via the Ministry of Education. Military and political classes on KMT's <i>Three Principles of the People</i> were added. Textbooks, exams, degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state, as were all universities.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet-style_military">Soviet-style military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Soviet-style military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as KMT director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a>, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and KMT activities were propagated throughout the whole of the armed forces. Opposed to this was <a href="/wiki/Sun_Li-jen" title="Sun Li-jen">Sun Li-jen</a>, who was educated at the American <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Anti-communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China#Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism in China § Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></div> <p>Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was ruling China and strongly opposed the Chinese Communist Party as it was funded and militarily backed by the <a href="/wiki/COMINTERN" class="mw-redirect" title="COMINTERN">COMINTERN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) and pursuing a <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">communist revolution</a> to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> . On 12 April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek purged the communists in what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a> which led to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese Nationalist government then led 5 military campaigns in order to wipe out <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a>, a Soviet-puppet state established by the Chinese Communist Party. Initially, the Kuomintang was successful, eventually forcing the Chinese Communist Party to escape on a <a href="/wiki/Long_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Long march">long march</a> until a <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">full-scale invasion of China by Japan</a> forced both the Nationalists and the Communists into an <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">alliance</a>. After the war, the two parties were thrown back into a civil war. The Kuomintang were defeated in the mainland and escaped in exile to Taiwan while the rest of mainland China became Communist in 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_on_ethnic_minorities">Policy on ethnic minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Policy on ethnic minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">List of ethnic groups in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></div> <p>Former KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek considered all the minority peoples of China as descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>, the semi-mythical initiator of the Chinese civilization. Chiang considered all ethnic minorities in China to belong to the <i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i> (Chinese nation) and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China, and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Taiwan, the president performs a ritual honoring the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT retained the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission" title="Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission">Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission</a> for dealing with Mongolian and Tibetan affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman2004266_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman2004266-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> and it established schools especially for Muslims, Muslim KMT warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Masumi_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masumi-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KMT Muslim Warlord <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> built a girls' school for Muslim girls in <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia City</a> which taught modern secular education.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, but KMT Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> allowed them to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag2002273_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag2002273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chengxiang" title="Ma Chengxiang">Ma Chengxiang</a> was a Muslim KMT member, and he refused to surrender to the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KMT incited anti-<a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a> sentiments among <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a> and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Masud_Sabri" title="Masud Sabri">Masud Sabri</a>, a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> by the KMT, as was the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a> and the Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Yulbars_Khan" title="Yulbars Khan">Yulbars Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang_Mansion" title="Ma Bufang Mansion">Ma Bufang Mansion</a> along with a portrait of party founder Sun Yatsen arranged with the KMT flag and the Republic of China flag. </p><p>General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the <a href="/wiki/Kokonuur_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokonuur Lake">Kokonuur Lake</a> Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200251_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag200251-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cult of personality around the KMT leader and the KMT was standard in all meetings. Sun Yat-sen's portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005325_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005325-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun's portrait was arranged with two flags crossed under, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun">KMT flag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">flag of the Republic of China</a>. </p><p>The KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Isa_Yusuf_Alptekin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Yusuf Alptekin">Isa Yusuf Alptekin</a> and Ma Fuliang were sent on a mission by the KMT to the Middle Eastern countries such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to gain support for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Chinese War against Japan</a>, they also visited Afghanistan in 1940 and contacted <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Amin_Bughra" title="Muhammad Amin Bughra">Muhammad Amin Bughra</a>, they asked him to come to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, the capital of the Nationalist Government. Bughra was arrested by the British government in 1942 for spying, and the KMT arranged for Bughra's release. He and Isa Yusuf worked as editors of KMT Muslim publications.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Tianying (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬天英</span></span>) (1900–1982) led the 1939 mission which had 5 other people including Isa and Fuliang.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-separatism">Anti-separatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Anti-separatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg/220px-Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg/330px-Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg/440px-Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>The claimed sovereign borders of the Republic of China, as inherited from the Great Qing in 1912 and claimed by the Kuomintang.</figcaption></figure> <p>The KMT, being anti-separatist, claims sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> as well as the territories of the modern People's Republic and Republic of China.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>KMT Muslim General Ma Bufang waged war on the invading Tibetans during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War_of_1930%E2%80%931932" title="Sino-Tibetan War of 1930–1932">Sino-Tibetan War</a> with his Muslim army, and he repeatedly crushed Tibetan revolts during bloody battles in Qinghai provinces. Ma Bufang was fully supported by President Chiang Kai-shek, who ordered him to prepare his Muslim army to invade Tibet several times and threatened aerial bombardment on the Tibetans. With support from the KMT, Ma Bufang repeatedly attacked the Tibetan area of <a href="/wiki/Golog" class="mw-redirect" title="Golog">Golog</a> seven times during the <a href="/wiki/Golok_conflicts_(1917%E2%80%931949)" title="Golok conflicts (1917–1949)">KMT Pacification of Qinghai</a>, eliminating thousands of Tibetans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag2002273_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag2002273-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission" title="Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission">Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission</a> stated that Mongolia and Tibet were an integral part of the Republic of China, arguing: </p> <blockquote><p>Our Party [the Guomindang] takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind [Ch. fei wo zulei zhe]. Now the people of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years. [...] Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman2004266_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman2004266-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ma Bufang also crushed Mongol separatist movements, abducting the Genghis Khan Shrine and attacking Tibetan Buddhist Temples like Labrang, and keeping a tight control over them through the Kokonur God ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200251_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag200251-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_in_Taiwan">Ideology in Taiwan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ideology in Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-communism_2">Anti-communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Anti-communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China#Taiwan_(Republic_of_China,_1949–present)" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism in China § Taiwan (Republic of China, 1949–present)</a></div> <p>On 28 February 1947, the Kuomintang cracked down on an anti-government uprising in Taiwan known as the <a href="/wiki/February_28_incident" title="February 28 incident">February 28 incident</a> and the government began the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror in Taiwan</a> in order to purge communist spies and prevent Chinese communist subversion.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Taiwan, the Republic of China government under the Kuomintang remained anti-communist and attempted to <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">recover the mainland from the Communist forces</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Free China</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the China on the mainland was known as Red China<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Communist China in the West, to mark the ideological difference between the capitalist '<a href="/wiki/Free_World" title="Free World">Free World</a>' and the communist nations. The ROC government under the Kuomintang also actively supported anti-communist efforts in Southeast Asia and around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effort did not cease until the death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kuomintang continued to be anti-communist during the period of Chiang Chin-kuo. Contacts between Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party have started since 1990s to re-establish <a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a>. Although relations has improved with the PRC since the <a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with both sides having a common opposition to <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Taiwan's_new_Kuomintang_leader_keeps_party_on_China-friendly_track_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiwan's_new_Kuomintang_leader_keeps_party_on_China-friendly_track-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it continues to be opposed to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, as anti-communism is written under Article 2 of Kuomintang's party charter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Principles_of_the_People">Three Principles of the People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Three Principles of the People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></div> <p>Sun Yat-sen was not just the founder of the Republic of China, but also the founder of the Kuomintang. Sun Yat-sen's political ideology was based on building a free and democratic China founded on <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a>, namely Democracy (civil rights of people), people's economic livelihood and nationalism. Although the Kuomintang lost control over mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China under Kuomintang rule was able to achieve the political ideal of a democratic Republic of China on the island of Taiwan based on the Three Principles of the People after its retreat to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-KMT-Britannica-Wright_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KMT-Britannica-Wright-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Three Principles of the People is not just written in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">ROC Constitution</a>, but also in Article 1, 5, 7, 9, 37, 42, 43 of Kuomintang's party charter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_democracy">Chinese democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Chinese democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kuomintang advocates a free and democratic China under the Republic of China founded on Three Principles of the People. In fact, during the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> advocated <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_for_China%27s_Reunification_under_the_Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People">Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People</a>. Since then, a democracy promotion banner for Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People continues to exist in <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> today as a display to mainland China that the Republic of China's unification principle should be based on Chinese democracy. Today, the Kuomintang continues to view the Republic of China as the free, democratic and legitimate China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-Strait_relations">Cross-Strait relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cross-Strait relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalist</a> party,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005504_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005504-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman2004266_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman2004266-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Kuomintang strongly adheres to the defense of the Republic of China and upholding the Constitution of the Republic of China. It is strongly opposed to formal <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwanese independence</a> and the party also holds that the ROC is the sole legitimate representative of all of China. It favors a closer relationship with the PRC and the CCP,<sup id="cite_ref-Taiwan's_new_Kuomintang_leader_keeps_party_on_China-friendly_track_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiwan's_new_Kuomintang_leader_keeps_party_on_China-friendly_track-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it also opposes <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a> under the "<a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a>" framework of the PRC.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It opposes any non-peaceful means to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">cross-strait disputes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also accepts the <a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a>, which defines both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a> as "<a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">one China</a>" but maintains its ambiguity to different interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the KMT's long-term goal is to unify China under the ROC, the party advocates maintaining the status quo of Taiwan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_conservatism">Chinese conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Chinese conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/60px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/120px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kuomintang" title="Talk:Kuomintang">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Category:Conservatism in Taiwan">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000095; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Conservatism in Taiwan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Taiwan<br />(Republic of China)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KMT-Emblem-Std.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KMT-Emblem-Std.svg/120px-KMT-Emblem-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KMT-Emblem-Std.svg/250px-KMT-Emblem-Std.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">Party-state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism#In_Taiwan" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">All Pan-Blue</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement#Opposition_to_independence" title="Taiwan independence movement">Anti-Taiwan independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Chinese irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification#Pan-Blue_interpretation" title="Chinese unification">Unification under ROC</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Free China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huadu_(Taiwan)" title="Huadu (Taiwan)">Republic of China independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Chiangist rule (Before 1992)</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China#Taiwan_(Republic_of_China,_1949–present)" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Anti-People's Republic of China">Anti-PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cults_of_personality#Republic_of_China" title="List of cults of personality">Cult of personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_statues" title="Chiang Kai-shek statues">Chiang Kai-shek statues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism_(Kuomintang)" title="Democratic centralism (Kuomintang)">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_mainland" title="Counterattack the mainland">Reclaim The Mainland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pro-Beijing</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/20px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/40px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Anti-Japanese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement#Opposition_to_independence" title="Taiwan independence movement">Anti-Taiwan independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Culture of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Chinese irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification#Official_stance_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Chinese unification">Unification under PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Taiwan" title="United front in Taiwan">United front</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pro-independence<br />(limited to conservative factions)</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/20px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/23px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/30px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#Taiwan" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Taiwanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanization" title="Taiwanization">Taiwanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Great Retreat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (1915–1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalist Revolution (page does not exist)">Nationalist Revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:國民革命">zh</a>]</span>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueheng_School" title="Xueheng School">Xueheng School</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Taiwan (1945–present)">Taiwan (1949–)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance" title="Chinese Cultural Renaissance">Chinese Cultural Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Taiwan" title="Land reform in Taiwan">Land reform in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Ma–Xi meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_the_Republic_of_China" title="Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China">Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">Taiwan Miracle</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Taiwan Strait Crises</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Links" title="Three Links">Three Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Noes" title="Three Noes">Three Noes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Taiwan_during_martial_law" title="Language policy in Taiwan during martial law">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_against_the_Communist_Rebellion" title="Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion">Temporary Provisions</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pan-Blue</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Ya-chung" title="Chang Ya-chung">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao" title="Li Ao">Li</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai (Jitao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai (Li)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu (Hanmin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen">Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pan-Blue</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wan-an" title="Chiang Wan-an">Chiang (Wan-an)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gou" title="Terry Gou">Gou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Lung-pin" title="Hau Lung-pin">Hau (Lung-pin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Pei-tsun" title="Hau Pei-tsun">Hau (Pei-tsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Huan" title="Lee Huan">Lee (Huan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee (Teng-hui)</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(early)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yang-kang" title="Lin Yang-kang">Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Soong" title="James Soong">Soong (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong (Mei-ling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Kuo-hwa" title="Yu Kuo-hwa">Yu</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pro-Beijing</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/20px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/40px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_An-lo" title="Chang An-lo">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chou_Ching-chun" title="Chou Ching-chun">Chou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiu_Yi" title="Chiu Yi">Chiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pro-independence<br />(limited to conservative factions)</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/20px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/23px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/30px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yi-te" title="Liu Yi-te">Liu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Taiwan, pan-Blue</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">Chinese New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pro-Beijing</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/20px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/40px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">Chinese New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Unification_Promotion_Party" title="Chinese Unification Promotion Party">Chinese Unification Promotion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Public_Good_Party" title="For Public Good Party">For Public Good Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Alliance_Association" title="Patriot Alliance Association">Patriot Alliance Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pro-independence<br />(limited to conservative factions)</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/20px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/23px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/30px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Solidarity_Union" title="Taiwan Solidarity Union">Taiwan Solidarity Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Localism_Front" title="Taiwanese Localism Front">Taiwanese Localism Front</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">Young China Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong, pro-ROC</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Mainland China, pro-ROC (after 1949)</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">Union of Chinese Nationalists</a> (banned)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(China)" title="Progressive Party (China)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(China)" title="Republican Party (China)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_Party" title="Royalist Party">Royalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(China)" title="Unity Party (China)">Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">Young China Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pan-Blue</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minkuotang" title="Minkuotang">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pro-independence<br />(limited to conservative factions)</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/20px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/23px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/30px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Nationalist_Party" title="Taiwan Nationalist Party">Taiwan Nationalist Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Party_Alliance" title="Congress Party Alliance">Congress Party Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Motorists%27_Party_of_ROC" title="The Motorists' Party of ROC">The Motorists' Party of ROC</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan under Japanese rule</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/20px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/40px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kominhokokai" title="Kominhokokai">Imperial Subjects for Patriotic Services</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Rikken Seiyūkai</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong, pro-ROC</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123_Democratic_Alliance" title="123 Democratic Alliance">123 Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Alliance (Hong Kong)">Yuen Long Tin Shui Wai Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>All Pan-Blue</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pro-Beijing</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/20px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/40px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Taiwan" title="United front in Taiwan">United front in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Taiwan" title="Organized crime in Taiwan">Organized crime in Taiwan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pro-independence<br />(limited to conservative factions)</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/20px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/23px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Taiwan-icon.svg/30px-Taiwan-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Alliance" title="Formosa Alliance">Formosa Alliance</a> (factions)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pan-Blue</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Youth_League" title="Kuomintang Youth League">Kuomintang Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Want_Want" title="Want Want">Want Want</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="World League for Freedom and Democracy">World League for Freedom and Democracy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong, pro-ROC</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Youth_Service_%26_Recreation_Center" title="China Youth Service & Recreation Center">China Youth Service & Recreation Center</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Daily_News" title="Central Daily News">Central Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao">Shen Bao</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Taiwan, pan-Blue</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Daily_News" title="Central Daily News">Central Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chung_T%27ien_Television" title="Chung T'ien Television">Chung T'ien Television</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Television" title="China Television">China Television</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Times" title="Commercial Times">Commercial Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TVBS" title="TVBS">TVBS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Daily_News" title="United Daily News">United Daily News</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong, pro-ROC</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, 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relations">Cross-strait relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_nation,_two_states" title="One nation, two states">One nation, two states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples#Transition_to_democracy" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Conservative indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Progressivism in Taiwan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taishang" title="Taishang">Taishang</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Republic of China">Republic of China portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Template:Conservatism in Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In modern Taiwanese politics, the Kuomintang is seen as a <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-Qi-Shim_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qi-Shim-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fell-Rigger-Ogasawara_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fell-Rigger-Ogasawara-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political party. The Kuomintang believes in the values associated with <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kuomintang has a strong tradition of defending the established institutions of the Republic of China, such as defending Constitution of the Republic of China, defending the five branches of government (modeled on Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy of Three Principles of the People), espousing the <a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">One-China policy</a> as a vital component for the Republic of China (ROC)'s international security and economic development, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Taiwanization" title="Taiwanization">Taiwanization</a>. The Kuomintang claims to have a strong tradition of fighting to defend, preserve and revive traditional Chinese culture and religious freedom as well as advocating for Confucian values, <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>. The KMT still sees the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> in Taiwan as presenting the true cultural China which has preserved Chinese culture, as compared to the People's Republic of China which had experienced Chinese cultural destruction during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. </p><p>Some Kuomintang conservatives see traditional social or <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a> as being threatened by <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal values</a> and oppose same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KMT conservatives are also typically against the abolishment of capital punishment, arguing the need to maintain deterrence against harsh crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative KMT policies may also be characterized by a focus on maintaining the traditions and doctrine of Confucian thought, namely reinforcing the morals of paternalism and patriarchy in Taiwan's society. In terms of education policy, KMT policies advocate increasing more Classical Chinese content in Chinese education and Chinese history content in order to reinforce Chinese cultural identity, as opposed to de-sinicization attempts by advocates of Taiwan independence who typically decrease Classical Chinese and Chinese history content in schools in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/Taiwanization" title="Taiwanization">Taiwanization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parties_affiliated_with_the_Kuomintang">Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysian_Chinese_Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Malaysian Chinese Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Malaysian_Chinese_Association.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Malaysian_Chinese_Association.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Malaysian_Chinese_Association.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Malaysian_Chinese_Association.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Malaysian_Chinese_Association.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Malaysian_Chinese_Association.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_Malaysian_Chinese_Association.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a> (MCA) was initially pro-ROC and mainly consisted of KMT members who joined as an alternative and were also in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a>, supporting the KMT in China by funding them with the intention of reclaiming the Chinese mainland from the communists.<sup id="cite_ref-Ching_Fatt_Yong,_R._B._McKenna_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ching_Fatt_Yong,_R._B._McKenna-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet_Improvement_Party">Tibet Improvement Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tibet Improvement Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Improvement_Party" title="Tibet Improvement Party">Tibet Improvement Party</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Improvement_Party" title="Tibet Improvement Party">Tibet Improvement Party</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Pandatsang_Rapga" title="Pandatsang Rapga">Pandatsang Rapga</a>, a pro-ROC and pro-KMT <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Khampa</a> revolutionary, who worked against the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>'s Tibetan Government in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a>. Rapga borrowed Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People doctrine and translated his political theories into the Tibetan language, hailing it as the best hope for Asian peoples against imperialism. Rapga stated that "the Sanmin Zhuyi was intended for all peoples under the domination of foreigners, for all those who had been deprived of the rights of man. But it was conceived especially for the Asians. It is for this reason that I translated it. At that time, a lot of new ideas were spreading in Tibet," during an interview in 1975 by Heather Stoddard.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wanted to destroy the feudal government in Lhasa, in addition to modernizing and secularizing Tibetan society. The ultimate goal of the party was the overthrow of the Dalai Lama's regime, and the creation of a Tibetan Republic which would be an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Republic">autonomous Republic</a> within the ROC.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT funded the party and their efforts to build an army to battle the Dalai Lama's government.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KMT was extensively involved in the Kham region, recruiting the Khampa people to both oppose the Dalai Lama's Tibetan government, fight the Communist Red Army, and crush the influence of local Chinese warlords who did not obey the central government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamese_Nationalist_Party">Vietnamese Nationalist Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Vietnamese Nationalist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_VNQDD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_VNQDD.svg/250px-Flag_of_VNQDD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_VNQDD.svg/330px-Flag_of_VNQDD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_VNQDD.svg/500px-Flag_of_VNQDD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Kuomintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Kuomintang">Vietnamese Kuomintang</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam" title="People's Action Party of Vietnam">People's Action Party of Vietnam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The KMT assisted the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a> party which translates literally into Chinese (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">越南國民黨</span></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yuènán Guómíndǎng</span></i>) as the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald1972238_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald1972238-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was established, it was based on the Chinese KMT and was pro-Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese KMT helped the party, known as the VNQDD, set up headquarters in Canton and Yunnan, to aid their anti-imperialist struggle against the French occupiers of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indochina</a> and against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Communist Party">Vietnamese Communist Party</a>. It was the first revolutionary nationalist party to be established in Vietnam, before the communist party. The KMT assisted VNQDD with funds and military training. </p><p>The VNQDD was founded with KMT aid in 1925, they were against <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>'s Viet Nam Revolutionary Youth League.<sup id="cite_ref-Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archimedes%252525252520L%25252525252E%252525252520A%25252525252E%252525252520Patti%2525252525201980%252525252520532-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the VNQDD fled to China after the failed uprising against the French, they settled in Yunnan and Canton, in two different branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellen%2525252520J%252525252E%2525252520Hammer%25252525201955%252525252084_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellen%252525252520J%25252525252E%252525252520Hammer%2525252525201955%25252525252084-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VNQDD existed as a party in exile in China for 15 years, receiving help, militarily and financially, and organizationally from the Chinese KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two VNQDD parties merged into a single organization, the Canton branch removed the word "revolutionary" from the party name. <a href="/wiki/Lu_Han_(general)" title="Lu Han (general)">Lu Han</a>, a KMT official in Nanjing, who was originally from Yunnan, was contacted by the VNQDD, and the KMT Central Executive Committee and Military made direct contact with VNQDD for the first time, the party was reestablished in Nanjing with KMT help.<sup id="cite_ref-Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archimedes%252525252520L%25252525252E%252525252520A%25252525252E%252525252520Patti%2525252525201980%252525252520532-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese KMT used the VNQDD for its own interests in south China and Indo China. General <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Fakui" title="Zhang Fakui">Zhang Fakui</a> (Chang Fa-kuei), who based himself in Guangxi, established the Việt Nam Cách mệnh Đồng minh Hội meaning "Viet Nam Revolutionary League" in 1942, which was assisted by the VNQDD to serve the KMT's aims. The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People, created by KMT founder Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Revolutionary League was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BA%A3i_Th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nguyễn Hải Thần">Nguyễn Hải Thần</a>. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league, as his main goal was Chinese influence in Indo China.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A KMT left-winger, General Chang Fa-kuei, worked with Nguyễn Hải Thần, a VNQDD member, against French Imperialists and Communists in Indo China.<sup id="cite_ref-google61_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google61-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Chang Fa-kuei planned to lead a Chinese army invasion of <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> in Indochina to free Vietnam from French control, and to get Chiang Kai-shek's support.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VNQDD opposed the government of <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a> during the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald1972239_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald1972239-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party dissolved after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a> in 1977 and was later re-founded in 1991 as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam" title="People's Action Party of Vietnam">People's Action Party of Vietnam</a> (Đảng Nhân dân Hành động Việt Nam). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ryukyu_Guomindang">Ryukyu Guomindang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ryukyu Guomindang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></div> <p>The <b>Ryukyu Guomindang</b> (琉球国民党) was established on 30 November 1958. <a href="/wiki/Tsugumasa_Kiyuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsugumasa Kiyuna">Tsugumasa Kiyuna</a> headed its predecessor party, the Ryukyuan separatist Ryukyu Revolutionary Party (琉球革命党) which was backed by the Kuomintang in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong_Pro-ROC_camp">Hong Kong Pro-ROC camp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Hong Kong Pro-ROC camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">pro-ROC camp</a> is a political alignment in Hong Kong. It pledges allegiance to the Republic of China. One of these members, the <a href="/wiki/123_Democratic_Alliance" title="123 Democratic Alliance">123 Democratic Alliance</a>, dissolved in 2000 due to the lack of financial support from the Taiwanese government after the <a href="/wiki/2000_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2000 Taiwanese presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponsored_organizations">Sponsored organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sponsored organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taipei_Grand_Mosque_20060112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Taipei_Grand_Mosque_20060112.jpg/250px-Taipei_Grand_Mosque_20060112.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Taipei_Grand_Mosque_20060112.jpg/330px-Taipei_Grand_Mosque_20060112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Taipei_Grand_Mosque_20060112.jpg/500px-Taipei_Grand_Mosque_20060112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Taipei Grand Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a> founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the KMT, including the China Islamic Association (<span lang="zh-Hant">中國回教公會</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman2004266_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman2004266-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>KMT Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a> was Chairman of the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim Chengda school and Yuehua publication were supported by the Nationalist Government, and they supported the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-google375_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google375-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslim_Association" title="Chinese Muslim Association">Chinese Muslim Association</a> was also sponsored by the KMT, and it evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan with the party. The Chinese Muslim Association owns the <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Grand_Mosque" title="Taipei Grand Mosque">Taipei Grand Mosque</a> which was built with funds from the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yihewani" title="Yihewani">Yihewani</a> (Ikhwan al Muslimun a.k.a. Muslim brotherhood) was the predominant Muslim sect backed by the KMT. Other Muslim sects, like the <a href="/wiki/Xidaotang" title="Xidaotang">Xidaotang</a> were also supported by the KMT. The Chinese Muslim brotherhood became a Chinese nationalist organization and supported KMT rule. Brotherhood Imams like <a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a> ordered Muslims to pray for the Nationalist Government, salute KMT flags during <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">prayer</a>, and listen to nationalist sermons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Candidate </th> <th>Running mate </th> <th>Total votes </th> <th>Share of votes </th> <th>Outcome </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1923_Chinese_presidential_election" title="1923 Chinese presidential election">1923</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a><sup id="cite_ref-pres_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pres-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td align="right">33 </td> <td align="right">6.9% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Defeated </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1948_Chinese_presidential_election" title="1948 Chinese presidential election">1948</a> </th> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a><sup id="cite_ref-pres_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pres-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a> </td> <td align="right">2,430 </td> <td align="right">90.0% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1954_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1954 Taiwanese presidential election">1954</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Cheng" title="Chen Cheng">Chen Cheng</a> </td> <td align="right">1,507 </td> <td align="right">96.9% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1960_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1960 Taiwanese presidential election">1960</a> </th> <td align="right">1,481 </td> <td align="right">100% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unopposed </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1966_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1966 Taiwanese presidential election">1966</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yen_Chia-kan" title="Yen Chia-kan">Yen Chia-kan</a> </td> <td align="right">1,481 </td> <td align="right">100% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unopposed </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1972 Taiwanese presidential election">1972</a> </th> <td align="right">1,308 </td> <td align="right">100% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unopposed </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1978_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1978 Taiwanese presidential election">1978</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hsieh_Tung-min" title="Hsieh Tung-min">Hsieh Tung-min</a> </td> <td align="right">1,184 </td> <td align="right">100% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unopposed </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1984 Taiwanese presidential election">1984</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td> <td align="right">1,012 </td> <td align="right">100% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unopposed </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1990 Taiwanese presidential election">1990</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Yuan-tsu" title="Lee Yuan-tsu">Lee Yuan-tsu</a> </td> <td align="right">641 </td> <td align="right">100% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Unopposed </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="1996 Taiwanese presidential election">1996</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a> </td> <td align="right">5,813,699 </td> <td align="right">54.0% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2000 Taiwanese presidential election">2000</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Siew" title="Vincent Siew">Vincent Siew</a> </td> <td align="right">2,925,513 </td> <td align="right">23.1% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Defeated </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2004 Taiwanese presidential election">2004</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Soong" title="James Soong">James Soong</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Republic_of_China)" title="People First Party (Republic of China)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/LogoPFP.svg/20px-LogoPFP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/LogoPFP.svg/40px-LogoPFP.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="People First Party (Republic of China)">PFP</a></span>) </td> <td align="right">6,442,452 </td> <td align="right">49.9% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Defeated </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2008_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2008 Taiwanese presidential election">2008</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Siew" title="Vincent Siew">Vincent Siew</a> </td> <td align="right">7,659,014 </td> <td align="right">58.5% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2012_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2012 Taiwanese presidential election">2012</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a> </td> <td align="right">6,891,139 </td> <td align="right">51.6% </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2016_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2016 Taiwanese presidential election">2016</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ju-hsuan" title="Wang Ju-hsuan">Wang Ju-hsuan</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-nill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black-nill.png/15px-Black-nill.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black-nill.png/23px-Black-nill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black-nill.png/30px-Black-nill.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a></span>) </td> <td align="right">3,813,365 </td> <td align="right">31.0% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Defeated </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2020 Taiwanese presidential election">2020</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han Kuo-yu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang_San-cheng" title="Chang San-cheng">Chang San-cheng</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-nill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black-nill.png/15px-Black-nill.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black-nill.png/23px-Black-nill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black-nill.png/30px-Black-nill.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a></span>) </td> <td align="right">5,522,119 </td> <td align="right">38.6% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Defeated </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_presidential_election" title="2024 Taiwanese presidential election">2024</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yu-ih" title="Hou Yu-ih">Hou Yu-ih</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw Shaw-kong</a> </td> <td align="right">4,671,021 </td> <td align="right">33.5% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Defeated </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pres-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pres_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pres_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Other KMT candidates running in this election are not listed.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_elections">Legislative elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Legislative elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Total seats won </th> <th>Total votes </th> <th>Share of votes </th> <th>Changes </th> <th>Election leader </th> <th>Status </th> <th>President </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1948_Chinese_legislative_election" title="1948 Chinese legislative election">1948</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">716 / 759</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 94%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td> <td rowspan="3">Chiang Kai-shek </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1969_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1969 Taiwanese legislative election">1969</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 11</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 73%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1972 Taiwanese legislative election">1972</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">41 / 51</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 80%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1975_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1975 Taiwanese legislative election">1975</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">42 / 52</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 81%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td> <td>Yen Chia-kan </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1980_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1980 Taiwanese legislative election">1980</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">79 / 97</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 81%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td> <td rowspan="3">Chiang Ching-kuo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1983_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1983 Taiwanese legislative election">1983</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">83 / 98</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 85%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1986 Taiwanese legislative election">1986</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">79 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 79%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1989 Taiwanese legislative election">1989</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">94 / 130</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 72%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1992_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1992 Taiwanese legislative election">1992</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">95 / 161</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>5,030,725 </td> <td>53.0% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1995_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1995 Taiwanese legislative election">1995</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">85 / 164</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>4,349,089 </td> <td>46.1% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1998_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1998 Taiwanese legislative election">1998</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">123 / 225</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2">4,659,679 </td> <td rowspan="2">46.4% </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 seats<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(adjusted)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Opposing majority </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2001_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2001 Taiwanese legislative election">2001</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">68 / 225</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2,949,371 </td> <td>31.3% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 46 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Opposing plurality </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2004 Taiwanese legislative election">2004</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">79 / 225</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>3,190,081 </td> <td>34.9% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Opposing plurality </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2008_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2008 Taiwanese legislative election">2008</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">81 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 72%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2">5,291,512 </td> <td rowspan="2">53.5% </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 41 seats<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(adjusted)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Po-hsiung" title="Wu Po-hsiung">Wu Po-hsiung</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Opposing majority </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2012_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2012 Taiwanese legislative election">2012</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">64 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 57%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>5,863,379 </td> <td>44.5% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2016_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2016 Taiwanese legislative election">2016</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">35 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>3,280,949 </td> <td>26.9% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 29 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Minority </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2020 Taiwanese legislative election">2020</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">38 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>4,723,504 </td> <td>33.3% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Minority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="2024 Taiwanese legislative election">2024</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">52 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>4,764,293 </td> <td>34.6% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Opposing plurality </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_elections">Local elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Local elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Magistrates and mayors </th> <th>Councillors </th> <th>Township/city mayors </th> <th>Township/city council representatives </th> <th>Village chiefs </th> <th>Party leader </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_Taiwanese_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 Taiwanese municipal elections (page does not exist)">1994</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">provincial</span> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">2 / 3</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">91 / 175</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_Taiwanese_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 Taiwanese local elections (page does not exist)">1997</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 23</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">522 / 886</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">236 / 319</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 74%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Taiwanese_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Taiwanese municipal elections (page does not exist)">1998</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">municipal</span> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 2</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">48 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2001_Taiwanese_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Taiwanese local elections">2001</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">9 / 23</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">382 / 897</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">195 / 319</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 61%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_Taiwanese_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Taiwanese local elections">2002</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">municipal</span> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 2</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">32 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_Taiwanese_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Taiwanese local elections">2005</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 23</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 61%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">408 / 901</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">173 / 319</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2006_Taiwanese_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Taiwanese local elections">2006</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">municipal</span> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 2</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">41 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_Taiwanese_local_elections" title="2009 Taiwanese local elections">2009</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 17</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 71%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">289 / 587</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">121 / 211</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 57%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2010_Taiwanese_local_elections" title="2010 Taiwanese local elections">2010</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">municipal</span> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 5</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 60%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">130 / 314</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1,195 / 3,757</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_Taiwanese_local_elections" title="2014 Taiwanese local elections">2014</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">unified</span> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">6 / 22</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">386 / 906</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">80 / 204</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">538 / 2,137</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1,794 / 7,836</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 23%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_Taiwanese_local_elections" title="2018 Taiwanese local elections">2018</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">unified</span> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">15 / 22</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 68%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">394 / 912</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">83 / 204</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">390 / 2,148</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 18%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1,120 / 7,744</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Taiwanese_local_elections" title="2022 Taiwanese local elections">2022</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">unified</span> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 22</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 64%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">367 / 910</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">76 / 204</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">294 / 2,139</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">953 / 7,748</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Assembly_elections">National Assembly elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: National Assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Total seats won </th> <th>Total votes </th> <th>Share of votes </th> <th>Changes </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th>Status </th> <th>President </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1912_Chinese_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 Chinese National Assembly election">1912</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">132 / 274(Senate)</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">269 / 596(House)</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sung_Chiao-jen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sung Chiao-jen">Sung Chiao-jen</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Plurality </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1947_Chinese_National_Assembly_election" title="1947 Chinese National Assembly election">1947</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">2,901 / 3,045</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 95%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1969_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1969 Taiwanese legislative election">1969</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">15 / 15</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1972 Taiwanese legislative election">1972</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 53</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 81%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1980_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1980 Taiwanese legislative election">1980</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">61 / 76</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 80%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_Taiwanese_legislative_election" title="1986 Taiwanese legislative election">1986</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">68 / 84</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 81%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td align="right">? </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1991_Taiwan_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Taiwan National Assembly election">1991</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">254 / 325</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 78%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="right">6,053,366 </td> <td align="right">69.1% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 186 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_Taiwan_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Taiwan National Assembly election">1996</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">183 / 334</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="right">5,180,829 </td> <td align="right">49.7% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 71 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_Taiwan_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Taiwan National Assembly election">2005</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">117 / 300</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000099; color:inherit; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="right">1,508,384 </td> <td align="right">38.92% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 66 seats </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Plurality </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Elections in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Taiwan-related_articles" title="Index of Taiwan-related articles">Index of Taiwan-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Republic of China">Military of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_nation,_two_states" title="One nation, two states">One nation, two states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eternal Premier of the Kuomintang</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eternal President of the Kuomintang</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Words in native languages</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-upper-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-word1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-word1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese script</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant-TW">中國國民黨</span></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn-TW">Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a>: <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language text"><i lang="nan-Latn-TW">Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a> Hakka: <span title="Hakka-language text"><i lang="hak-Latn-TW">Chûng-koet Koet-mìn-tóng</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a>: <span title="Min Dong Chinese-language text"><i lang="cdo-Latn-TW">Dṳ̆ng-guók Guók-mìng-dōng</i></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-abbr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abbr_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abbr_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2021" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Munir (28 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/781269/wishing-chinas-communist-party-a-happy-birthday/">"Wishing China's Communist Party a happy birthday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times (Pakistan)</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707002823/https://dailytimes.com.pk/781269/wishing-chinas-communist-party-a-happy-birthday/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times+%28Pakistan%29&rft.atitle=Wishing+China%27s+Communist+Party+a+happy+birthday&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Munir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F781269%2Fwishing-chinas-communist-party-a-happy-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taiwan_-_The_World_Factbook-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taiwan_-_The_World_Factbook_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taiwan_-_The_World_Factbook_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/#government">"Taiwan – The World Factbook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Virginia" title="Langley, Virginia">Langley, Virginia</a>, U.S.: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223447/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/#government">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft.place=Langley%2C+Virginia%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftaiwan%2F%23government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx">"Kuomintang Official Website"</a>. Kuomintang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703160339/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuomintang+Official+Website&rft.pub=Kuomintang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmt.org.tw%2Fenglish%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWakeman2003" class="citation book cs1">Wakeman, Frederic (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/14341/chapter-abstract/168278705">"Ideological Rivalries: The Blue Shirts and the "CC" Clique"</a>. In Wakeman, Frederic (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/14341"><i>Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520234079.003.0009">10.1525/california/9780520234079.003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23407-9"><bdi>978-0-520-23407-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718174302/https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/14341">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideological+Rivalries%3A+The+Blue+Shirts+and+the+%22CC%22+Clique&rft.btitle=Spymaster%3A+Dai+Li+and+the+Chinese+Secret+Service&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520234079.003.0009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23407-9&rft.aulast=Wakeman&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcalifornia-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F14341%2Fchapter-abstract%2F168278705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nownews.com/news/6206391"><bdi lang="zh">最大在野黨實力！國民黨資產202億、黨員45萬人</bdi></a> (in Chinese). NOWnews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%A8%E9%87%8E%E9%BB%A8%E5%AF%A6%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%81+%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2202%E5%84%84%E3%80%81%E9%BB%A8%E5%93%A145%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nownews.com%2Fnews%2F6206391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation web cs1">Evans, David (2 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.thenewslens.com/article/116615">"The KMT Paradox: The Anti-Communist Party or the 'One China' Party?"</a>. <i>The News Lens International Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Lens+International+Edition&rft.atitle=The+KMT+Paradox%3A+The+Anti-Communist+Party+or+the+%27One+China%27+Party%3F&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.thenewslens.com%2Farticle%2F116615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2020/03/18/2003732895">"Taking the KMT back to its roots"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i>. 18 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Taking+the+KMT+back+to+its+roots&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2020%2F03%2F18%2F2003732895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twreporter.org/a/kmt-china-relationship-crossroad-english">"【The Silent War】Taiwan's Kuomintang at a Crossroads: Should the Nationalist Rethink Its China-leaning Posture? - 報導者 The Reporter"</a>. <i>www.twreporter.org</i> (in Chinese (Taiwan))<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.twreporter.org&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90The+Silent+War%E3%80%91Taiwan%27s+Kuomintang+at+a+Crossroads%3A+Should+the+Nationalist+Rethink+Its+China-leaning+Posture%3F+-+%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8E%E8%80%85+The+Reporter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.twreporter.org%2Fa%2Fkmt-china-relationship-crossroad-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/comment/letters/article/3089293/win-back-taiwan-kmt-must-return-its-anti-communist-roots">"To win back Taiwan, KMT must return to its anti-communist roots"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=To+win+back+Taiwan%2C+KMT+must+return+to+its+anti-communist+roots&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fcomment%2Fletters%2Farticle%2F3089293%2Fwin-back-taiwan-kmt-must-return-its-anti-communist-roots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%25E5%25B0%2588%25E6%25AC%2584-%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%25B0%2591%25E9%25BB%25A8%25E5%25BE%259E%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2588%25B0%25E8%25A6%25AA%25E5%2585%25B1%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E6%25BC%2594%25E8%25AE%258A-180458375.html">"國民黨從反共到親共的政治演變"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i> (in Chinese). 10 March 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E5%BE%9E%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1%E5%88%B0%E8%A6%AA%E5%85%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A&rft.date=2025-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.news.yahoo.com%2F%2525E5%2525B0%252588%2525E6%2525AC%252584-%2525E5%25259C%25258B%2525E6%2525B0%252591%2525E9%2525BB%2525A8%2525E5%2525BE%25259E%2525E5%25258F%25258D%2525E5%252585%2525B1%2525E5%252588%2525B0%2525E8%2525A6%2525AA%2525E5%252585%2525B1%2525E7%25259A%252584%2525E6%252594%2525BF%2525E6%2525B2%2525BB%2525E6%2525BC%252594%2525E8%2525AE%25258A-180458375.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qi-Shim-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qi-Shim_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qi-Shim_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/world/eric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election/news-story/d47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74">"New face for KMT in Taiwan"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109081847/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fworld%2Feric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election%2Fnews-story%2Fd47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=18865bb0b0fd95f14b8ccbc48f1c1d7c-1610180326">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>The problems for the centre-right KMT in retaining the presidency over the centre-left DPP...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=New+face+for+KMT+in+Taiwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fworld%2Feric-chu-to-lead-kuomintang-in-presidential-election%2Fnews-story%2Fd47cb4b78a3806e9700509f2b79f2d74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Qi, Dongtao (11 November 2013). "Globalization, Social Justice Issues, Political and Economic Nationalism in Taiwan: An Explanation of the Limited Resurgence of the DPP during 2008–2012". <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>216</b>: <span class="nowrap">1018–</span>1044. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741013001124">10.1017/S0305741013001124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154336295">154336295</a>. <q>Furthermore, the studies also suggest that the DPP, as a centre-left party opposed to the centre-right KMT, has been the leading force in addressing Taiwan's various social justice issues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Globalization%2C+Social+Justice+Issues%2C+Political+and+Economic+Nationalism+in+Taiwan%3A+An+Explanation+of+the+Limited+Resurgence+of+the+DPP+during+2008%E2%80%932012&rft.volume=216&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1018-%3C%2Fspan%3E1044&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741013001124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154336295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Qi&rft.aufirst=Dongtao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShim2018" class="citation journal cs1">Shim, Jaemin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan">"Mind the Gap! Comparing Gender Politics in Japan and Taiwan"</a>. <i>GIGA Focus | Asia</i> (5). <a href="/wiki/German_Institute_for_Global_and_Area_Studies" title="German Institute for Global and Area Studies">German Institute for Global and Area Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226021639/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/mind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GIGA+Focus+%7C+Asia&rft.atitle=Mind+the+Gap%21+Comparing+Gender+Politics+in+Japan+and+Taiwan&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Shim&rft.aufirst=Jaemin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giga-hamburg.de%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fmind-the-gap-comparing-gender-politics-in-japan-and-taiwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Fell-Rigger-Ogasawara-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fell-Rigger-Ogasawara_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fell-Rigger-Ogasawara_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFell2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Fell" title="Dafydd Fell">Fell, Dafydd</a> (2005). <i>Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rp_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">98</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rp_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-24021-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-134-24021-X"><bdi>1-134-24021-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Politics+in+Taiwan%3A+Party+Change+and+the+Democratic+Evolution+of+Taiwan%2C+1991%E2%80%932004&rft.pages=98%2C+117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-134-24021-X&rft.aulast=Fell&rft.aufirst=Dafydd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRigger2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Rigger" title="Shelley Rigger">Rigger, Shelley</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438716300369">"Kuomintang Agonistes: Party Politics in the Wake of Taiwan's 2016 Elections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Orbis_(journal)" title="Orbis (journal)">Orbis</a></i>. <b>60</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">408–</span>503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orbis.2016.08.005">10.1016/j.orbis.2016.08.005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109081846/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030438716300369">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>Instead of reshaping its priorities to fit the expectations of a changing society, the KMT (at least for the moment) seems to be doubling down on its self-marginalizing approach. The new party chair is Hung Hsiu-chu, the erstwhile presidential candidate whose far-right views made it necessary to replace her.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbis&rft.atitle=Kuomintang+Agonistes%3A+Party+Politics+in+the+Wake+of+Taiwan%27s+2016+Elections&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E408-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.orbis.2016.08.005&rft.aulast=Rigger&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0030438716300369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoshiyuki_Ogasawara2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Yoshiyuki Ogasawara (12 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/taiwans-2020-presidential-elections/">"Taiwan's 2020 Presidential Elections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20220901221821/https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/taiwans-2020-presidential-elections/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>These supporters, called 'Han maniacs,' elevated Han to presidential nominee. Ultimately, though, they were a minority, possibly some twenty percent of the overall electorate, and Han's political position, friendly to Beijing and inclined to right-wing populism, started to erode his support.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+2020+Presidential+Elections&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.au=Yoshiyuki+Ogasawara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F12%2Ftaiwans-2020-presidential-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-centre-right-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-centre-right_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Troy_Burnett2020" class="citation book cs1">M. Troy Burnett, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OprzDwAAQBAJ&dq=centre-right+Pan-Blue+Coalition&pg=PA201"><i>Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World [2 volumes]</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5000-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-5000-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414145229/https://books.google.com/books?id=OprzDwAAQBAJ&dq=centre-right+Pan-Blue+Coalition&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>The center-right Pan-Blue Coalition, led by the KMT, maintains that the ROC is the sole legitimate government for all of China (including Taiwan) and that the aim of the government should be the eventual reunification of the mainland ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+Today%3A+Extreme+Political+Movements+around+the+World+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5000-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOprzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcentre-right%2BPan-Blue%2BCoalition%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716031006/http://idu.org/member-parties/">"Members"</a>. IDU. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idu.org/member-parties/">the original</a> on 16 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members&rft.pub=IDU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidu.org%2Fmember-parties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-china/guomindang-COM_00058">"Brill's Encyclopedia of China"</a>. <i>referenceworks.brillonline.com</i>. 10 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126170910/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-china/guomindang-COM_00058">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+China&rft.btitle=referenceworks.brillonline.com&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-china%2Fguomindang-COM_00058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGauss1942" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Gauss" title="Clarence E. Gauss">Gauss, Clarence E.</a> (30 July 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1942China/d177">"Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1942, China Document 177 893.00/14876"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chungking" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungking">Chungking</a>, China: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>, United States Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%3A+Diplomatic+Papers%2C+1942%2C+China+Document+177+893.00%2F14876&rft.place=Chungking%2C+China&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian%2C+United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=1942-07-30&rft.aulast=Gauss&rft.aufirst=Clarence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1942China%2Fd177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLattimoreGauss1944" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Lattimore" title="Owen Lattimore">Lattimore, Owen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Frances_Lattimore" title="Eleanor Frances Lattimore">Gauss, Eleanor</a> (1 August 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/resource/the-chinese-revolution/">"The Chinese Revolution – from GI Roundtable 42: Our Chinese Ally (1944)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States: <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Revolution+%E2%80%93+from+GI+Roundtable+42%3A+Our+Chinese+Ally+%281944%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+United+States&rft.pub=American+Historical+Association&rft.date=1944-08-01&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Gauss%2C+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fresource%2Fthe-chinese-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See (Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10">"Major Events in KMT" <i>History Official Site of the KMT</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121126201029/http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=10">Archived</a> 26 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> last accessed 30 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpence2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Spence, Jonathan</a> (2012). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">249–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-93451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-93451-9"><bdi>978-0-393-93451-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Modern+China&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-393-93451-9&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2009" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Mary Clabaugh (4 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300014600/china-revolution"><i>Introduction, China in Revolution</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01460-0"><bdi>978-0-300-01460-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107013131/https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300014600/china-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction%2C+China+in+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01460-0&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Clabaugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300014600%2Fchina-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrand2002" class="citation book cs1">Strand, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YF-ftHbw59sC&pg=PA389">"Chapter 2: Citizens in the Audience and at the Podium"</a>. In Goldman, Merle; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Perry" title="Elizabeth J. Perry">Perry, Elizabeth</a> (eds.). <i>Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00766-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00766-6"><bdi>978-0-674-00766-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103119/https://books.google.com/books?id=YF-ftHbw59sC&pg=PA389">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Citizens+in+the+Audience+and+at+the+Podium&rft.btitle=Changing+Meanings+of+Citizenship+in+Modern+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00766-6&rft.aulast=Strand&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYF-ftHbw59sC%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Chisholm1922" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Chisholm (1922). Hugh Chisholm (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bAooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA658"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>. The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd. p. 658. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085023/https://books.google.com/books?id=bAooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA658">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=658&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Company+ltd.&rft.date=1922&rft.au=Hugh+Chisholm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbAooAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Chisholm1922" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Chisholm (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA658"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: Abbe to English history ("The first of the new volumes")</i></a>. The Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd. p. 658. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024143/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf9aAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA658">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Abbe+to+English+history+%28%22The+first+of+the+new+volumes%22%29&rft.pages=658&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Company+ltd&rft.date=1922&rft.au=Hugh+Chisholm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlf9aAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nationalist-Party-Chinese-political-party">"Nationalist Party – Chinese political party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois, U.S.: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 15 March 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationalist+Party+%E2%80%93+Chinese+political+party&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2025-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNationalist-Party-Chinese-political-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005413-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005413_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005413_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2005">Fenby 2005</a>, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalist_China-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nationalist_China_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationalist_China_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationalist_China_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationalist_China_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906095406/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MODCHINA/NATIONAL.HTM">"Nationalist China"</a>. Washington State University. 6 June 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MODCHINA/NATIONAL.HTM">the original</a> on 6 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationalist+China&rft.pub=Washington+State+University&rft.date=1996-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FMODCHINA%2FNATIONAL.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China_in_the_20th_Century-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-China_in_the_20th_Century_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowblis" class="citation web cs1">Bowblis, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://departments.kings.edu/history/20c/china.html#Chiang">"China in the 20th Century"</a>. <i>Kings College History</i>. King's College History Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231856/https://departments.kings.edu/history/20c/china.html#Chiang">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kings+College+History&rft.atitle=China+in+the+20th+Century&rft.aulast=Bowblis&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepartments.kings.edu%2Fhistory%2F20c%2Fchina.html%23Chiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426030922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722979,00.html">"Foreign News: NANKING"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 4 April 1927. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722979,00.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+NANKING&rft.date=1927-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C722979%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426030508/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,730304,00.html">"China: Japan & France"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 11 April 1927. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,730304,00.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=China%3A+Japan+%26+France&rft.date=1927-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C730304%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beede-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beede_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeede1994" class="citation book cs1">Beede, R. Benjamin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/355"><i>The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/355">355</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5624-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5624-8"><bdi>0-8240-5624-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898%2C+and+U.S.+interventions%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8240-5624-8&rft.aulast=Beede&rft.aufirst=R.+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2%2Fpage%2F355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426030536/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html">"CHINA: Nationalist Notes"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 25 June 1928. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=CHINA%3A+Nationalist+Notes&rft.date=1928-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C786420%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</i></a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.P. Fitzgerald, <i>The Birth of Communist China</i>, Penguin Books, 1964, pp. 106. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140206944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140206944">978-0140206944</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWesley_Marvin_Bagby1992" class="citation book cs1">Wesley Marvin Bagby (1992). <i>The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations With China in World War II</i>. University of Delaware Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-418-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-418-6"><bdi>978-0-87413-418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle-Dragon+Alliance%3A+America%27s+Relations+With+China+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-418-6&rft.au=Wesley+Marvin+Bagby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishnews.ftv.com.tw/read.aspx?sno=5B33122680FD5E65A32B8E335FE5727A">"Ceremonies held to commemorate 228 Incident victims (2014/02/28)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211124818/http://englishnews.ftv.com.tw/read.aspx?sno=5B33122680FD5E65A32B8E335FE5727A">Archived</a> 11 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>englishnews.ftv.com.tw</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=108">"Party's History"</a>. Kuomintang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232702/http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=108">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>Following the government of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang relocates to Taiwan. Kuomintang Party headquarters are set up at No. 11 Zhongshan South Road.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party%27s+History&rft.pub=Kuomintang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.kmt.org.tw%2Fenglish%2Fpage.aspx%3Ftype%3Dpara%26mnum%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiedlSlaterWongZiblatt2020" class="citation journal cs1">Riedl, Rachel Beatty; Slater, Dan; Wong, Joseph; Ziblatt, Daniel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-052318-025732">"Authoritarian-Led Democratization"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">315–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-052318-025732">10.1146/annurev-polisci-052318-025732</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Authoritarian-Led+Democratization&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-052318-025732&rft.aulast=Riedl&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Beatty&rft.au=Slater%2C+Dan&rft.au=Wong%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Ziblatt%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-052318-025732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.cna.com.tw/ReadNews/Detail.aspx?pSearchDate=&pNewsID=200907270004&pType1=PD&pType0=xPDCS&pTypeSel=0">President Ma elected KMT chairman</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> – CNA ENGLISH NEWS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=986347&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng">Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou registers for KMT leadership race</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429035126/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=986347&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng">Archived</a> 29 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – eTaiwan News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201411290001.aspx">"Polls open for 9-in-1 local government elections"</a>. 29 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706061952/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201411290001.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polls+open+for+9-in-1+local+government+elections&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fnews%2Faipl%2F201411290001.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Taiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track">"Taiwan's new Kuomintang leader keeps party on China-friendly track"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211012043849/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Taiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+new+Kuomintang+leader+keeps+party+on+China-friendly+track&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2FTaiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202401130014">"No party gets majority in Legislature; KMT wins most seats - Focus Taiwan"</a>. <i>Focus Taiwan - CNA English News</i>. 13 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204163716/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202401130014">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus+Taiwan+-+CNA+English+News&rft.atitle=No+party+gets+majority+in+Legislature%3B+KMT+wins+most+seats+-+Focus+Taiwan&rft.date=2024-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fpolitics%2F202401130014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnaforian2021" class="citation web cs1">Anaforian, Daniel (21 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaltaiwan.org/2021/04/vol-6-issue-8/">"KMT Assets a Barrier to Party Reform and Electoral Success"</a>. <i>Global Taiwan Brief</i>. Global Taiwan Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425010359/https://globaltaiwan.org/2021/04/vol-6-issue-8/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Taiwan+Brief&rft.atitle=KMT+Assets+a+Barrier+to+Party+Reform+and+Electoral+Success&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft.aulast=Anaforian&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaltaiwan.org%2F2021%2F04%2Fvol-6-issue-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXu1997" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Dianqing (May 1997). "The KMT Party's Enterprises in Taiwan". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">399–</span>413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00014359">10.1017/S0026749X00014359</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143714126">143714126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+KMT+Party%27s+Enterprises+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E413&rft.date=1997-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00014359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143714126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Dianqing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KMT_asset-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KMT_asset_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=898158">"Taiwan's Kuomintang On the brink"</a>. <i>Economist</i>. 6 December 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908041252/http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=898158">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economist&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+Kuomintang+On+the+brink&rft.date=2001-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fprintedition%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3FStory_ID%3D898158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mo, Yan-chih. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/03/23/2003298738">KMT headquarters sold for NT$2.3bn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413190732/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2006/03/23/2003298738">Archived</a> 13 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a></i>. Thursday 23 March 2006. Page 1. Retrieved 29 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2014-07-24, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/07/24/2003595820">KMT is again 'world's richest party'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726150524/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/07/24/2003595820">Archived</a> 26 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Taipei Times</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaiHsiehHsu2016" class="citation news cs1">Tai, Ya-chen; Hsieh, Chia-chen; Hsu, Elizabeth (31 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201608310021.aspx">"Commission to investigate KMT assets launched"</a>. Central News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901140008/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201608310021.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Commission+to+investigate+KMT+assets+launched&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft.aulast=Tai&rft.aufirst=Ya-chen&rft.au=Hsieh%2C+Chia-chen&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fnews%2Faipl%2F201608310021.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429023403/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200421/p2g/00m/0in/048000c">"Taiwan's once-powerful Kuomintang faces make-or-break moment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mainichi" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mainichi">The Mainichi</a></i>. 22 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200421/p2g/00m/0in/048000c">the original</a> on 29 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mainichi&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+once-powerful+Kuomintang+faces+make-or-break+moment&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmainichi.jp%2Fenglish%2Farticles%2F20200421%2Fp2g%2F00m%2F0in%2F048000c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamm2012" class="citation book cs1">Damm, Jens (2012). "Multiculturalism in Taiwan and the Influence of Europe". In Damm, Jens; Lim, Paul (eds.). <i>European perspectives on Taiwan</i>. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-94303-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-94303-9"><bdi>978-3-531-94303-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multiculturalism+in+Taiwan+and+the+Influence+of+Europe&rft.btitle=European+perspectives+on+Taiwan&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Springer+VS&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-531-94303-9&rft.aulast=Damm&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Simon 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520072855/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Archived</a> 20 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-80741">"The Enlightened Mindset - Exploring the World of Knowledge and Understanding" <bdi lang="zh">國民黨紀念光復稱莫那魯道抗日英雄</bdi></a>. <i><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E7%AB%8B%E6%8A%A5" class="extiw" title="zh:台湾立报">Lihpao</a></i> (in Traditional Chinese). 26 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094925/http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-80741">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lihpao&rft.atitle=The+Enlightened+Mindset+-+Exploring+the+World+of+Knowledge+and+Understanding+%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E5%85%89%E5%BE%A9%E7%A8%B1%E8%8E%AB%E9%82%A3%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84&rft.date=2005-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lihpao.com%2F%3Faction-viewnews-itemid-80741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgence_France-Presse_in_Taipei2015" class="citation news cs1">Agence France-Presse in Taipei (18 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1892493/taiwan-pins-same-***-marriage-hopes-political-change">"Taiwan pins same-sex marriage hopes on political change"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Taiwan+pins+same-sex+marriage+hopes+on+political+change&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft.au=Agence+France-Presse+in+Taipei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolicies-politics%2Farticle%2F1892493%2Ftaiwan-pins-same-%2A%2A%2A-marriage-hopes-political-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccbala.org/home/productdetail/115890">"僑團史略"</a>. <i>中國國民黨駐羅省分部</i> (in Chinese (Taiwan)).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E9%A7%90%E7%BE%85%E7%9C%81%E5%88%86%E9%83%A8&rft.atitle=%E5%83%91%E5%9C%98%E5%8F%B2%E7%95%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccbala.org%2Fhome%2Fproductdetail%2F115890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=107">"Kuomintang News Network"</a>. Kmt.org.tw. 26 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927081830/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=107">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuomintang+News+Network&rft.pub=Kmt.org.tw&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmt.org.tw%2Fenglish%2Fpage.aspx%3Ftype%3Dpara%26mnum%3D107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=109">"Kuomintang News Network"</a>. <i>www1.kmt.org.tw</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206204127/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=109">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.kmt.org.tw&rft.atitle=Kuomintang+News+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.kmt.org.tw%2Fenglish%2Fpage.aspx%3Ftype%3Dpara%26mnum%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaltaiwan.org/2023/03/kmt-factional-divisions-and-their-implications-for-the-2024-election/">"KMT Factional Divisions and their Implications for the 2024 Election"</a>. 8 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313041545/https://globaltaiwan.org/2023/03/kmt-factional-divisions-and-their-implications-for-the-2024-election/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KMT+Factional+Divisions+and+their+Implications+for+the+2024+Election&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaltaiwan.org%2F2023%2F03%2Fkmt-factional-divisions-and-their-implications-for-the-2024-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdgar_Snow2008" class="citation book cs1">Edgar Snow (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUABRj8IDwC&pg=PA89"><i>Red Star Over China – The Rise of the Red Army</i></a>. Read Books. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-3673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-3673-2"><bdi>978-1-4437-3673-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143957/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYUABRj8IDwC&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Star+Over+China+%E2%80%93+The+Rise+of+the+Red+Army&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-3673-2&rft.au=Edgar+Snow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYUABRj8IDwC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJieru_Chen,_Lloyd_E._EastmanLloyd_E._Eastman1993" class="citation book cs1">Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman; Lloyd E. Eastman (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen"><i>Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju</i></a></span>. Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1825-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-1825-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiang+Kai-shek%27s+Secret+Past%3A+The+Memoir+of+His+Second+Wife%2C+Ch%27en+Chieh-ju&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7&rft.au=Jieru+Chen%2C+Lloyd+E.+Eastman&rft.au=Lloyd+E.+Eastman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchiangkaisheksse00chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKai-shek_ChiangPhilip_Jacob_Jaffe1947" class="citation book cs1">Kai-shek Chiang; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jacob_Jaffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Jacob Jaffe">Philip Jacob Jaffe</a> (1947). Philip Jacob Jaffe (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9e9wAAAAMAAJ"><i>China's Destiny & Chinese Economic Theory</i></a>. Roy Publishers. p. 225. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205051802/https://books.google.com/books?id=9e9wAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Destiny+%26+Chinese+Economic+Theory&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Roy+Publishers&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Kai-shek+Chiang&rft.au=Philip+Jacob+Jaffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9e9wAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google65-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google65_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google65_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimei_Qing2007" class="citation book cs1">Simei Qing (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpproKeP7cwC&pg=PA65"><i>From Allies to Enemies: Visions of Modernity, Identity, and U.S.–China Diplomacy, 1945–1960</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02344-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02344-4"><bdi>978-0-674-02344-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205031825/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpproKeP7cwC&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Allies+to+Enemies%3A+Visions+of+Modernity%2C+Identity%2C+and+U.S.%E2%80%93China+Diplomacy%2C+1945%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02344-4&rft.au=Simei+Qing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpproKeP7cwC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kai_Shew_Chiang_Kai_Shew_2007_225-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kai_Shew_Chiang_Kai_Shew_2007_225_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKai_Shew_Chiang_Kai_Shew2007" class="citation book cs1">Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&pg=PA225"><i>China's Destiny and Chinese Economic Theory</i></a>. Read Books. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5838-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5838-2"><bdi>978-1-4067-5838-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205145519/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&pg=PA225">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Destiny+and+Chinese+Economic+Theory&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-5838-2&rft.au=Kai+Shew+Chiang+Kai+Shew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCAjnuU3z-sC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google268-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google268_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google268_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHongshan_Li,_Zhaohui_HongZhaohui_Hong1998" class="citation book cs1">Hongshan Li, Zhaohui Hong; Zhaohui Hong (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268"><i>Image, Perception, and the Making of U.S.–China Relations</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1158-9"><bdi>978-0-7618-1158-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103059/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnmxDpX7ZlsC&pg=PA268">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image%2C+Perception%2C+and+the+Making+of+U.S.%E2%80%93China+Relations&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-1158-9&rft.au=Hongshan+Li%2C+Zhaohui+Hong&rft.au=Zhaohui+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgnmxDpX7ZlsC%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJieru_Chen,_Lloyd_E._EastmanLloyd_E._Eastman1993" class="citation book cs1">Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman; Lloyd E. Eastman (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen"><i>Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Ch'en Chieh-ju</i></a></span>. Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen/page/226">226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1825-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-1825-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiang+Kai-shek%27s+Secret+Past%3A+The+Memoir+of+His+Second+Wife%2C+Ch%27en+Chieh-ju&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7&rft.au=Jieru+Chen%2C+Lloyd+E.+Eastman&rft.au=Lloyd+E.+Eastman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchiangkaisheksse00chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag200250-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200250_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBulag2002">Bulag 2002</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005504-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005504_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005504_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2005">Fenby 2005</a>, p. 504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag200248-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200248_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBulag2002">Bulag 2002</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag200249-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200249_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBulag2002">Bulag 2002</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaiLi-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DaiLi_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_E._Wakeman2003" class="citation book cs1">Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75"><i>Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23407-9"><bdi>978-0-520-23407-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spymaster%3A+Dai+Li+and+the+Chinese+Secret+Service&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23407-9&rft.au=Frederic+E.+Wakeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYYYQYK6FAYC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005414-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005414_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2005">Fenby 2005</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Rodriguez, Robyn L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1319222757"><i>Journey to the East: The German Military Mission in China, 1927-1938</i></a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773097163">773097163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Journey+to+the+East%3A+The+German+Military+Mission+in+China%2C+1927-1938&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773097163&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Robyn+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frave.ohiolink.edu%2Fetdc%2Fview%3Facc_num%3Dosu1319222757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schok-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schok_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoppa, R. Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&q=New+Life+Movement">The Revolution and Its Past</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403221205/https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&q=New+Life+Movement">Archived</a> 3 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (New York: Pearson Prentic Hall, 2nd ed. 2006, pp. 208–209 .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism." <i>The China Quarterly</i> 150: 395–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne2021" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&q=blue%20shirts%20chiang"><i>A History of Fascism 1914–1945</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299148744" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299148744"><bdi>978-0299148744</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0299148744&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLiFIEdI1V4C%26q%3Dblue%2520shirts%2520chiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuido_Samarani2005" class="citation book cs1">Guido Samarani, ed. (2005). <i>Shaping the Future of Asia: Chiang Kai-shek, Nehru and China-India Relations During the Second World War Period</i>. Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+the+Future+of+Asia%3A+Chiang+Kai-shek%2C+Nehru+and+China-India+Relations+During+the+Second+World+War+Period&rft.pub=Centre+for+East+and+South-East+Asian+Studies%2C+Lund+University&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google99-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google99_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Lary1974" class="citation book cs1">Diana Lary (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Region and Nation: The Kwangsi Clique in Chinese Politics, 1925–1937</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20204-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20204-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20204-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204225209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Region+and+Nation%3A+The+Kwangsi+Clique+in+Chinese+Politics%2C+1925%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20204-6&rft.au=Diana+Lary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCA9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee1930" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Edward Bing-Shuey (1930). "The Three Principles of the Kuomintang". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>152</b>: <span class="nowrap">262–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271623015200130">10.1177/000271623015200130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1016560">1016560</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220853814">220853814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Three+Principles+of+the+Kuomintang&rft.volume=152&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.date=1930&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220853814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1016560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271623015200130&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Edward+Bing-Shuey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArif_Dirlik2005" class="citation book cs1">Arif Dirlik (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC&pg=PA20"><i>The Marxism in the Chinese Revolution</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3069-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-3069-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042103/https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marxism+in+the+Chinese+Revolution&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3069-0&rft.au=Arif+Dirlik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-aGLEtx7AYC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVon_KleinSmid_Institute_of_International_Affairs,_University_of_Southern_California._School_of_Politics_and_International_Relations1988" class="citation book cs1">Von KleinSmid Institute of International Affairs, University of Southern California. School of Politics and International Relations (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHnmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in comparative communism, Volume 21</i></a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 134. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084844/https://books.google.com/books?id=VHnmAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+comparative+communism%2C+Volume+21&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Von+KleinSmid+Institute+of+International+Affairs%2C+University+of+Southern+California.+School+of+Politics+and+International+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHnmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakula2009346-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakula2009346_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPakula2009">Pakula 2009</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJay_Taylor2000" class="citation book cs1">Jay Taylor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA42"><i>The Generalissimo's son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00287-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00287-6"><bdi>978-0-674-00287-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205144819/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generalissimo%27s+son%3A+Chiang+Ching-kuo+and+the+Revolutions+in+China+and+Taiwan&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00287-6&rft.au=Jay+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_5R2fnVZXiwC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby200571-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby200571_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby200571_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2005">Fenby 2005</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakula2009128-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakula2009128_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakula2009128_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPakula2009">Pakula 2009</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby200572-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby200572_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2005">Fenby 2005</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby200573-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby200573_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2005">Fenby 2005</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005485-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005485_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2005">Fenby 2005</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005486-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005486_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2005">Fenby 2005</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simei Qing "From Allies to Enemies," 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA._Doak_Barnett1968" class="citation book cs1">A. Doak Barnett (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kt0gAAAAIAAJ"><i>China on the Eve of Communist Takeover</i></a>. Praeger. p. 190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042025/https://books.google.com/books?id=kt0gAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+on+the+Eve+of+Communist+Takeover&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1968&rft.au=A.+Doak+Barnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkt0gAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._J._Byres,_Harbans_MukhiaHarbans_Mukhia1985" class="citation book cs1">T. J. Byres, Harbans Mukhia; Harbans Mukhia (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usOMZjTWrJ0C&pg=PA207"><i>Feudalism and non-European Societies</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3245-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-3245-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081542/https://books.google.com/books?id=usOMZjTWrJ0C&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudalism+and+non-European+Societies&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3245-2&rft.au=T.+J.+Byres%2C+Harbans+Mukhia&rft.au=Harbans+Mukhia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DusOMZjTWrJ0C%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJieru_Chen,_Lloyd_E._EastmanLloyd_E._Eastman1993" class="citation book cs1">Jieru Chen, Lloyd E. Eastman; Lloyd E. Eastman (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen"><i>Chiang Kai-shek's Secret Past: The Memoir of His Second Wife, Chʻen Chieh-ju</i></a></span>. Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiangkaisheksse00chen/page/236">236</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1825-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-1825-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiang+Kai-shek%27s+Secret+Past%3A+The+Memoir+of+His+Second+Wife%2C+Ch%CA%BBen+Chieh-ju&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1825-7&rft.au=Jieru+Chen%2C+Lloyd+E.+Eastman&rft.au=Lloyd+E.+Eastman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchiangkaisheksse00chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHans_J._Van_de_Ven2003" class="citation book cs1">Hans J. Van de Ven (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5H_DC5V-MC&pg=PA100"><i>War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14571-8"><bdi>978-0-415-14571-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083832/https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5H_DC5V-MC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Nationalism+in+China%2C+1925%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14571-8&rft.au=Hans+J.+Van+de+Ven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtx5H_DC5V-MC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Chao,_Ramon_H._MyersRamon_H._Myers1998" class="citation book cs1">Linda Chao, Ramon H. Myers; Ramon H. Myers (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSS4AAAAIAAJ"><i>The First Chinese Democracy: Political Life in the Republic of China on Taiwan</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5650-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5650-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-5650-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205043822/https://books.google.com/books?id=LSS4AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Chinese+Democracy%3A+Political+Life+in+the+Republic+of+China+on+Taiwan&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5650-1&rft.au=Linda+Chao%2C+Ramon+H.+Myers&rft.au=Ramon+H.+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSS4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKai-shek_Chiang1946" class="citation book cs1">Kai-shek Chiang (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVNwAAAAMAAJ"><i>President Chiang Kai-shek's Selected Speeches and Messages, 1937–1945</i></a>. China Cultural Service. p. 137. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084741/https://books.google.com/books?id=TVNwAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Chiang+Kai-shek%27s+Selected+Speeches+and+Messages%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=China+Cultural+Service&rft.date=1946&rft.au=Kai-shek+Chiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVNwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_T._Chen1971" class="citation book cs1">Joseph T. Chen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13"><i>The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai: The Making of a Social Movement in Modern China</i></a>. Brill Archive. p. 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081556/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+May+Fourth+Movement+in+Shanghai%3A+The+Making+of+a+Social+Movement+in+Modern+China&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Joseph+T.+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDc4UAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEugenia_Lean2007" class="citation book cs1">Eugenia Lean (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&pg=PA90"><i>Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24718-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24718-5"><bdi>978-0-520-24718-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083802/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Passions%3A+The+Trial+of+Shi+Jianqiao+and+the+Rise+of+Popular+Sympathy+in+Republican+China&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24718-5&rft.au=Eugenia+Lean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxG188kNRWUC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEugenia_Lean2007" class="citation book cs1">Eugenia Lean (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC"><i>Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24718-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24718-5"><bdi>978-0-520-24718-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011112059/http://books.google.com/books?id=gxG188kNRWUC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Passions%3A+The+Trial+of+Shi+Jianqiao+and+the+Rise+of+Popular+Sympathy+in+Republican+China&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24718-5&rft.au=Eugenia+Lean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxG188kNRWUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_BaryLufrano2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_de_Bary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ted de Bary">De Bary, William Theodore</a>; Lufrano, Richard John, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0aAjW8GU7kC"><i>Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Introduction to Asian civilizations. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11271-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11271-0"><bdi>978-0-231-11271-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2011</span>. <q>The meaning of Li, Yi, Lian, and Chi[.] [...] <i>li</i>, <i>yi</i>, <i>lian</i>, and <i>chi</i> have always been regarded as the foundations of the nation [...] they may be interpreted as follows: <i>Li</i> means 'regulated attitude.' <i>Yi</i> means 'right conduct.' <i>Lian</i> means 'clear discrimination.' <i>Chi</i> means 'real self-consciousness.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Chinese+Tradition%3A+From+1600+Through+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.series=Introduction+to+Asian+civilizations&rft.pages=342&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11271-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0aAjW8GU7kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Draguhn,_David_S._G._GoodmanDavid_S.G._Goodman2002" class="citation book cs1">Werner Draguhn, David S. G. Goodman; David S.G. Goodman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC"><i>China's Communist Revolutions: Fifty Years of the People's Republic of China</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1630-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1630-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-1630-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143203/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Communist+Revolutions%3A+Fifty+Years+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1630-2&rft.au=Werner+Draguhn%2C+David+S.+G.+Goodman&rft.au=David+S.G.+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Caknr1VAqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJay_Taylor2000" class="citation book cs1">Jay Taylor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195"><i>The Generalissimo's Son: Chiang Ching-kuo and the Revolutions in China and Taiwan</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00287-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00287-6"><bdi>978-0-674-00287-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103039/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generalissimo%27s+Son%3A+Chiang+Ching-kuo+and+the+Revolutions+in+China+and+Taiwan&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00287-6&rft.au=Jay+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_5R2fnVZXiwC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_R._Moody1977" class="citation book cs1">Peter R. Moody (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302"><i>Opposition and Dissent in Contemporary China</i></a>. Hoover Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-6771-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-6771-0"><bdi>978-0-8179-6771-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143937/https://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opposition+and+Dissent+in+Contemporary+China&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-6771-0&rft.au=Peter+R.+Moody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAW9yrtekFRkC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Bernkopf_Tucker1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Bernkopf_Tucker" title="Nancy Bernkopf Tucker">Nancy Bernkopf Tucker</a> (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternsindustch00tuck"><i>Patterns in the dust: Chinese–American Relations and the Recognition Controversy, 1949–1950</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternsindustch00tuck/page/181">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05362-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05362-2"><bdi>0-231-05362-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+in+the+dust%3A+Chinese%E2%80%93American+Relations+and+the+Recognition+Controversy%2C+1949%E2%80%931950&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-231-05362-2&rft.au=Nancy+Bernkopf+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatternsindustch00tuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilbur, Nationalist Revolution 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray_A._Rubinstein1994" class="citation book cs1">Murray A. Rubinstein (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416"><i>The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-193-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-193-2"><bdi>978-1-56324-193-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Taiwan%3A+1945+to+the+present&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-193-2&rft.au=Murray+A.+Rubinstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYujNjFgTuGMC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Millward2007" class="citation book cs1">James A. Millward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208"><i>Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109033724/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+crossroads%3A+a+history+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.au=James+A.+Millward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hibbert_Clyde,_Burton_F._BeersBurton_F._Beers1971" class="citation book cs1">Paul Hibbert Clyde, Burton F. Beers; Burton F. Beers (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fareasthistoryof0000clyd"><i>The Far East: a history of the Western impact and the Eastern response (1830-1970)</i></a></span>. Prentice-Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fareasthistoryof0000clyd/page/409">409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-302976-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-302976-5"><bdi>978-0-13-302976-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+East%3A+a+history+of+the+Western+impact+and+the+Eastern+response+%281830-1970%29&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-13-302976-5&rft.au=Paul+Hibbert+Clyde%2C+Burton+F.+Beers&rft.au=Burton+F.+Beers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffareasthistoryof0000clyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheong_Ching2001" class="citation book cs1">Cheong Ching (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/willtaiwanbreaka0000chin"><i>Will Taiwan break away: the rise of Taiwanese nationalism</i></a></span>. World Scientific. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/willtaiwanbreaka0000chin/page/188">188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4486-6"><bdi>978-981-02-4486-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Will+Taiwan+break+away%3A+the+rise+of+Taiwanese+nationalism&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-02-4486-6&rft.au=Cheong+Ching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilltaiwanbreaka0000chin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman2004266-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman2004266_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman2004266_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman2004266_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman2004266_106-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipman2004">Lipman 2004</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masumi-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masumi_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasumi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Masumi, Matsumoto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054724/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr">"The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty towards China and Islam"</a>. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Completion+of+the+Idea+of+Dual+Loyalty+towards+China+and+Islam&rft.aulast=Masumi&rft.aufirst=Matsumoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience-islam.net%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D676%26lang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Jaschok,_Jingjun_ShuiJingjun_Shui2000" class="citation book cs1">Maria Jaschok, Jingjun Shui; Jingjun Shui (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96"><i>The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own</i></a>. Routledge. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1302-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1302-8"><bdi>978-0-7007-1302-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728100745/http://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Women%27s+Mosques+in+Chinese+Islam%3A+A+Mosque+of+Their+Own&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1302-8&rft.au=Maria+Jaschok%2C+Jingjun+Shui&rft.au=Jingjun+Shui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjV9_YvgUmpsC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag2002273-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag2002273_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag2002273_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBulag2002">Bulag 2002</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Brown,_Paul_PickowiczPaul_Pickowicz2007" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Brown, Paul Pickowicz; Paul Pickowicz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192"><i>Dilemmas of Victory: The Early years of the People's Republic of China</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 462. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02616-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02616-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02616-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205025333/https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+of+Victory%3A+The+Early+years+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=462&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02616-2&rft.au=Jeremy+Brown%2C+Paul+Pickowicz&rft.au=Paul+Pickowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSK7Jdfnf9RIC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_D._Wang1999" class="citation book cs1">David D. Wang (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949</i></a>. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. p. 577. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-201-831-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-201-831-0"><bdi>978-962-201-831-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704172901/http://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Soviet+Shadow%3A+The+Yining+Incident%3A+Ethnic+Conflicts+and+International+Rivalry+in+Xinjiang%2C+1944%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=577&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-962-201-831-0&rft.au=David+D.+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeBxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1">Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC"><i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58264-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58264-3&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsLQdBUgyMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911–1949</i></a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+A+Political+History+of+Republican+Sinkiang%2C+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulag200251-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200251_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulag200251_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBulag2002">Bulag 2002</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby2005325-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenby2005325_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2005">Fenby 2005</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNihon_Gaiji_Kyōkai1942" class="citation book cs1">Nihon Gaiji Kyōkai (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chiang Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese affairs, Volume 11</i></a>. The Foreign Affairs Association of Japan. p. 1626. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024059/https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiang+Contemporary+Japan%3A+A+Review+of+Japanese+affairs%2C+Volume+11&rft.pages=1626&rft.pub=The+Foreign+Affairs+Association+of+Japan&rft.date=1942&rft.au=Nihon+Gaiji+Ky%C5%8Dkai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0nVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1">Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC"><i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58264-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58264-3&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsLQdBUgyMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAliya_Ma_Lynn2007" class="citation book cs1">Aliya Ma Lynn (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27"><i>Muslims in China</i></a>. University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88093-861-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88093-861-7"><bdi>978-0-88093-861-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143128/https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+China&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88093-861-7&rft.au=Aliya+Ma+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4Lp8tgr3esC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320">"Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview"</a>. 8 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525131807/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ma+refers+to+China+as+ROC+territory+in+magazine+interview&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2008%2F10%2F08%2F2003425320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Kocot_Nietupski1999" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kocot Nietupski (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35"><i>Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist Monastery at the Crossroads of Four Civilizations</i></a>. Snow Lion Publications. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-090-3"><bdi>978-1-55939-090-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084013/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labrang%3A+a+Tibetan+Buddhist+Monastery+at+the+Crossroads+of+Four+Civilizations&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-090-3&rft.au=Paul+Kocot+Nietupski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGvECiS-uEgC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, Murray A. (2007). <i>Taiwan: A New History</i>. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. 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"Taiwan's Development as Free China". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>321</b>. Sage Publications, Inc: <span class="nowrap">122–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271625932100114">10.1177/000271625932100114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1030986">1030986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154403559">154403559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+Development+as+Free+China&rft.volume=321&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154403559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1030986%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271625932100114&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,866201,00.html">"RED CHINA: The Third Solution"</a>. <i>Times Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905181822/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,866201,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=RED+CHINA%3A+The+Third+Solution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C866201%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/taiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia">"Taiwan's Cold War in Southeast Asia | Wilson Center"</a>. <i>www.wilsoncenter.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721163834/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/taiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+Cold+War+in+Southeast+Asia+%7C+Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Ftaiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheung2019" class="citation web cs1">Cheung, Han (17 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/11/17/2003725988/2">"Taiwan in Time: Spies, guerillas and the final counterattack"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234557/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/11/17/2003725988/2">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Taiwan+in+Time%3A+Spies%2C+guerillas+and+the+final+counterattack&rft.date=2019-11-17&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Han&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2019%2F11%2F17%2F2003725988%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=para&mnum=109">"Party Charter"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+Charter&rft.pub=Kuomintang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.kmt.org.tw%2Fenglish%2Fpage.aspx%3Ftype%3Dpara%26mnum%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taiwan's_new_Kuomintang_leader_keeps_party_on_China-friendly_track-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taiwan's_new_Kuomintang_leader_keeps_party_on_China-friendly_track_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taiwan's_new_Kuomintang_leader_keeps_party_on_China-friendly_track_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHale2021" class="citation web cs1">Hale, Erin (28 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Taiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track">"Taiwan's new Kuomintang leader keeps party on China-friendly track"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712212058/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Taiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+new+Kuomintang+leader+keeps+party+on+China-friendly+track&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2FTaiwan-s-new-Kuomintang-leader-keeps-party-on-China-friendly-track&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KMT-Britannica-Wright-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KMT-Britannica-Wright_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html"><bdi lang="zh">政策綱領</bdi></a>. <i>Kmt.org.tw</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513013915/http://www.kmt.org.tw/p/blog-page_3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kmt.org.tw&rft.atitle=%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%B6%B1%E9%A0%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmt.org.tw%2Fp%2Fblog-page_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People">"Three Principles of the People"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163157/https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Principles-of-the-People">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three+Principles+of+the+People&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FThree-Principles-of-the-People&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Wright" title="Mary C. Wright">Wright, Mary C.</a> (1955). <i>From Revolution to Restoration: The Transformation of Kuomintang Ideology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Asian_Studies" title="Association for Asian Studies">Association for Asian Studies</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">515–</span>532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Revolution+to+Restoration%3A+The+Transformation+of+Kuomintang+Ideology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E515-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.pub=Association+for+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZarrow2021" class="citation web cs1">Zarrow, Peter (1 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/01/chinese-communist-party-ccp-sun-yat-sen/">"The Chinese Communist Party Has Followed Sun Yat-sen's Road Map"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160658/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/01/chinese-communist-party-ccp-sun-yat-sen/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+Has+Followed+Sun+Yat-sen%27s+Road+Map&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft.aulast=Zarrow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F07%2F01%2Fchinese-communist-party-ccp-sun-yat-sen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Post, Louis Freeland (April 12, 1912). "Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China". The Public. 15: 349. Retrieved 8 November 2016.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamson_Ellis_and_Adrian_Kennedy2022" class="citation web cs1">Samson Ellis and Adrian Kennedy (4 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/07/04/asia-pacific/xi-suppression-hong-kong-taiwan/">"Xi's suppression of Hong Kong democracy pushes Taiwan further from China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117070011/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/07/04/asia-pacific/xi-suppression-hong-kong-taiwan/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>For Taiwan though, the proposal has never been an option. Even the Kuomintang — a vestige of the losing side in China's civil war and the main force backing eventual unification with the mainland, has rejected the model</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Xi%27s+suppression+of+Hong+Kong+democracy+pushes+Taiwan+further+from+China&rft.date=2022-07-04&rft.au=Samson+Ellis+and+Adrian+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2022%2F07%2F04%2Fasia-pacific%2Fxi-suppression-hong-kong-taiwan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIvan_Kanapathy2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kanapathy" title="Ivan Kanapathy">Ivan Kanapathy</a> (17 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/collapse-one-china">"The Collapse of One China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">CSIS</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106145547/https://www.csis.org/analysis/collapse-one-china">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>Hong Kong's hastening loss of autonomy and civil liberties since then has only sharpened these sentiments in Taiwan... Thus, the KMT faces a dilemma. A significant and growing majority of Taiwanese people do not want political union with the mainland—certainly not if imposed on them. Following its 2020 electoral defeat, the KMT rejected the One Country Two Systems framework but continues to assert the 1992 Consensus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CSIS&rft.atitle=The+Collapse+of+One+China&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.au=Ivan+Kanapathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fcollapse-one-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMicah_McCartney2022" class="citation web cs1">Micah McCartney (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/taiwans-kmt-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/">"Taiwan's KMT: Between a Rock and a Hard Place"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117070010/https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/taiwans-kmt-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>On August 10, a white paper published by China's Taiwan Affairs Office, the first such document released on Xi Jinping's watch, confirmed that "One Country, Two Systems" is fundamental to Beijing's vision of unification with Taiwan. This is makes a rapprochement with a KMT, or indeed any Taiwanese administration, more difficult to achieve given how "One Country, Two Systems" played out in Hong Kong. Even pro-China former President <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma</a> has declared the framework "dead".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+KMT%3A+Between+a+Rock+and+a+Hard+Place&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.au=Micah+McCartney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2022%2F08%2Ftaiwans-kmt-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Hioe2023" class="citation web cs1">Brian Hioe (11 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newbloommag.net/2023/05/11/hou-you-yi-cross-strait-stance/">"Hou You-yi Emphasizes Opposition to Both "One Country, two systems", Taiwaneses independence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117070010/https://newbloommag.net/2023/05/11/hou-you-yi-cross-strait-stance/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hou+You-yi+Emphasizes+Opposition+to+Both+%22One+Country%2C+two+systems%22%2C+Taiwaneses+independence&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft.au=Brian+Hioe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewbloommag.net%2F2023%2F05%2F11%2Fhou-you-yi-cross-strait-stance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/17/nuclear-power-japan-south-korea-japan-fukushima-disaster/">"It's Not Techno-Angst That's Driving East Asia to Abandon Nuclear Power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. 17 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717003302/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/17/nuclear-power-japan-south-korea-japan-fukushima-disaster/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>In Taiwan, the conservative Kuomintang's aging demographic base and support for closer ties with mainland China now appears out of touch with a younger electorate increasingly distrustful of China and hostile to reunification.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Not+Techno-Angst+That%27s+Driving+East+Asia+to+Abandon+Nuclear+Power&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2019-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F06%2F17%2Fnuclear-power-japan-south-korea-japan-fukushima-disaster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2012" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, Mickey, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8zdiN_Z1x0C&pg=PA65"><i>Climate Affairs: A Primer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Island_Press" title="Island Press">Island Press</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-941-4"><bdi>978-1-59726-941-4</bdi></a>. y8zdiN_Z1x0C&pg=PA65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804023612/https://books.google.com/books">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Affairs%3A+A+Primer&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-941-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8zdiN_Z1x0C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeung2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Leung, Zoe (23 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/marriage-equality-in-taiwan-hinges-on-politics/">"Marriage Equality in Taiwan Hinges on Politics - In past electoral politics, marriage equality was seldom a dominant issue, but the landscape is shifting and some barriers to equality remain in place"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Marriage+Equality+in+Taiwan+Hinges+on+Politics+-+In+past+electoral+politics%2C+marriage+equality+was+seldom+a+dominant+issue%2C+but+the+landscape+is+shifting+and+some+barriers+to+equality+remain+in+place&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fmarriage-equality-in-taiwan-hinges-on-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWen2014" class="citation news cs1">Wen, Lii (21 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/marriage-equality-in-taiwan-hinges-on-politics/">"Gay marriage proposal set for review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Gay+marriage+proposal+set+for+review&rft.date=2014-12-21&rft.aulast=Wen&rft.aufirst=Lii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fmarriage-equality-in-taiwan-hinges-on-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomson2024" class="citation news cs1">Thomson, Jono (25 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/5942075">"KMT slams new limitations on Taiwan death penalty"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_News" title="Taiwan News">Taiwan News</a></i>. Taipei City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+News&rft.atitle=KMT+slams+new+limitations+on+Taiwan+death+penalty&rft.date=2024-09-25&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Jono&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwannews.com.tw%2Fnews%2F5942075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFanWangKay2024" class="citation news cs1">Fan, Chen-hsiang; Wang, Yang-yu; Kay, Liu (26 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202409260026">"KMT lawmakers criticize death penalty court ruling"</a>. Taipei City. Central News Agency (Taiwan)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Focus_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus Taiwan">Focus Taiwan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=KMT+lawmakers+criticize+death+penalty+court+ruling&rft.date=2024-09-26&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Chen-hsiang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yang-yu&rft.au=Kay%2C+Liu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fpolitics%2F202409260026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ching_Fatt_Yong,_R._B._McKenna-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ching_Fatt_Yong,_R._B._McKenna_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChing_Fatt_YongR._B._McKenna1990" class="citation book cs1">Ching Fatt Yong; R. B. McKenna (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQkDmsTWnbIC&pg=PA1"><i>The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya, 1912–1949</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-137-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-137-0"><bdi>978-9971-69-137-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021357/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQkDmsTWnbIC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kuomintang+Movement+in+British+Malaya%2C+1912%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-137-0&rft.au=Ching+Fatt+Yong&rft.au=R.+B.+McKenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQkDmsTWnbIC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray_Tuttle2007" class="citation book cs1">Gray Tuttle (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&pg=PA152"><i>Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13447-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13447-7"><bdi>978-0-231-13447-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104141628/http://books.google.com/books?id=KlOEi9C4T3QC&pg=PA152">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Buddhists+in+the+Making+of+Modern+China&rft.pages=152&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13447-7&rft.au=Gray+Tuttle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKlOEi9C4T3QC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelvyn_C._Goldstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Melvyn C. Goldstein (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA450"><i>A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist state</i></a>. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07590-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07590-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07590-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104143003/http://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA450">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tibet%2C+1913%E2%80%931951%3A+The+Demise+of+the+Lamaist+state&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07590-0&rft.au=Melvyn+C.+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpwq0I-wm7YC%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hsiao-ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Hsiao-ting">Hsiao-ting Lin</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95"><i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i></a>. Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia. Vol. 67. Taylor & Francis. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58264-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610194850/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+the+modern+history+of+Asia&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58264-3&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsLQdBUgyMUC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald1972238-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald1972238_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzGerald1972">FitzGerald 1972</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchimedes_L._A._Patti1980" class="citation book cs1">Archimedes L. A. Patti (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532"><i>Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04156-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04156-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Viet+Nam%3F%3A+Prelude+to+America%27s+Albatross&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04156-1&rft.au=Archimedes+L.+A.+Patti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbFx8OhYSjcC%26pg%3DPA532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeat_Gin_Ooi2004" class="citation book cs1">Keat Gin Ooi (2004). Keat Gin Ooi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA37"><i>Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205032541/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.au=Keat+Gin+Ooi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archimedes%2525252520L%252525252E%2525252520A%252525252E%2525252520Patti%25252525201980%2525252520532-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archimedes%252525252520L%25252525252E%252525252520A%25252525252E%252525252520Patti%2525252525201980%252525252520532_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archimedes%252525252520L%25252525252E%252525252520A%25252525252E%252525252520Patti%2525252525201980%252525252520532_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchimedes_L._A._Patti1980" class="citation book cs1">Archimedes L. A. Patti (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532"><i>Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04156-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04156-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Viet+Nam%3F%3A+Prelude+to+America%27s+Albatross&rft.pages=532&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04156-1&rft.au=Archimedes+L.+A.+Patti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbFx8OhYSjcC%26pg%3DPA532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellen%2525252520J%252525252E%2525252520Hammer%25252525201955%252525252084-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellen%252525252520J%25252525252E%252525252520Hammer%2525252525201955%25252525252084_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllen_J._Hammer1955" class="citation book cs1">Ellen J. Hammer (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0458-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0458-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-0458-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205031951/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZeaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+Indochina%2C+1940%E2%80%931955&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0458-8&rft.au=Ellen+J.+Hammer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZeaAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerch_Berberoglu2007" class="citation book cs1">Berch Berberoglu (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2d0UDTYyByQC&pg=PA53"><i>The State and Revolution in the Twentieth Century: Major Social Transformations of Our Time</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3884-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3884-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-3884-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081040/https://books.google.com/books?id=2d0UDTYyByQC&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+and+Revolution+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Major+Social+Transformations+of+Our+Time&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3884-9&rft.au=Berch+Berberoglu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2d0UDTYyByQC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritannica_Educational_Publishing2009" class="citation book cs1">Britannica Educational Publishing (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvfQpUoH5Z0C&pg=PA98"><i>The Korean War and the Vietnam War: People, Politics, and Power</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-047-1"><bdi>978-1-61530-047-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042256/https://books.google.com/books?id=EvfQpUoH5Z0C&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War+and+the+Vietnam+War%3A+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-047-1&rft.au=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvfQpUoH5Z0C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchimedes_L._A._Patti1980" class="citation book cs1">Archimedes L. A. Patti (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532"><i>Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04156-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04156-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074701/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA532">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Viet+Nam%3F%3A+Prelude+to+America%27s+Albatross&rft.pages=533&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04156-1&rft.au=Archimedes+L.+A.+Patti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbFx8OhYSjcC%26pg%3DPA532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_P._Harrison1989" class="citation book cs1">James P. Harrison (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna00harr"><i>The Endless War: Vietnam's Struggle for Independence</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endlesswarvietna00harr/page/81">81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06909-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06909-0"><bdi>978-0-231-06909-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Endless+War%3A+Vietnam%27s+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06909-0&rft.au=James+P.+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendlesswarvietna00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff._Historical_Division1982" class="citation book cs1">United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954</i></a>. Michael Glazier. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89453-287-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89453-287-0"><bdi>978-0-89453-287-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042117/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDfAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff%3A+History+of+the+Indochina+incident%2C+1940%E2%80%931954&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Michael+Glazier&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89453-287-0&rft.au=United+States.+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff.+Historical+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEDfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOscar_Chapuis2000" class="citation book cs1">Oscar Chapuis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106"><i>The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31170-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31170-3"><bdi>978-0-313-31170-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081920/https://books.google.com/books?id=9RorGHF0fGIC&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Emperors+of+Vietnam%3A+From+Tu+Duc+to+Bao+Dai&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31170-3&rft.au=Oscar+Chapuis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RorGHF0fGIC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._Duiker1976" class="citation book cs1">William J. Duiker (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofnationalis0000duik"><i>The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofnationalis0000duik/page/272">272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0951-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0951-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-0951-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Nationalism+in+Vietnam%2C+1900%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-0951-6&rft.au=William+J.+Duiker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofnationalis0000duik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google61-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google61_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN._Khac_Huyen1971" class="citation book cs1">N. Khac Huyen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HxuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Vision Accomplished?: The Enigma of Ho Chi Minh</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-073590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-073590-8"><bdi>978-0-02-073590-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205042300/https://books.google.com/books?id=-HxuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+Accomplished%3F%3A+The+Enigma+of+Ho+Chi+Minh&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-02-073590-8&rft.au=N.+Khac+Huyen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Fitzsimmons1975" class="citation book cs1">James Fitzsimmons (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAHAQAAIAAJ"><i>Lugano Review, Volume 2, Issues 4–6</i></a>. J. Fitzsimmons. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205102951/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAHAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lugano+Review%2C+Volume+2%2C+Issues+4%E2%80%936&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=J.+Fitzsimmons.&rft.date=1975&rft.au=James+Fitzsimmons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_RAHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald1972239-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald1972239_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzGerald1972">FitzGerald 1972</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF石井2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">石井, 明 (29 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/61324/1/05Ishii_summary.pdf"><bdi lang="ja">中国の琉球・沖縄政策 : 琉球・沖縄の帰属問題を中心に</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Japan Border Review</i> (in Japanese). <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">71–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14943%2Fjbr.1.71">10.14943/jbr.1.71</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010446/http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/61324/1/05Ishii_summary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Border+Review&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E3%83%BB%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96+%3A+%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E3%83%BB%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E3%81%AE%E5%B8%B0%E5%B1%9E%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E3%82%92%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%81%AB&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14943%2Fjbr.1.71&rft.aulast=%E7%9F%B3%E4%BA%95&rft.aufirst=%E6%98%8E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2115%2F61324%2F1%2F05Ishii_summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chan-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chan_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanSo2002" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Ming K.; So, Alvin Y. (2002). <i>Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong</i>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Transformation+in+China%27s+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Ming+K.&rft.au=So%2C+Alvin+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA86"><i>China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects</i></a>. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-1026-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205035157/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+Community%3A+Migration%2C+Settlement+and+Sects&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUEswLE4SWUC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google375-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google375_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStéphane_A._DudoignonHisao_KomatsuYasushi_Kosugi2006" class="citation book cs1">Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA135"><i>Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36835-3"><bdi>978-0-415-36835-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081618/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectuals+in+the+Modern+Islamic+World%3A+Transmission%2C+Transformation%2C+Communication&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36835-3&rft.au=St%C3%A9phane+A.+Dudoignon&rft.au=Hisao+Komatsu&rft.au=Yasushi+Kosugi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJzB6wrz6Q4C%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_G._Gowing1970" class="citation news cs1">Peter G. Gowing (July–August 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911170917/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm">"Islam in Taiwan"</a>. <i>Saudi Aramco World</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm">the original</a> on 11 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Taiwan&rft.date=1970-07%2F1970-08&rft.au=Peter+G.+Gowing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F197004%2Fislam.in.taiwan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenby2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Fenby, Jonathan</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiangkaishekchi0000fenb"><i>Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</i></a>. Carroll & Graf Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786714841" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786714841"><bdi>978-0786714841</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029283712">1029283712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiang+Kai+Shek%3A+China%27s+Generalissimo+and+the+Nation+He+Lost&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029283712&rft.isbn=978-0786714841&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchiangkaishekchi0000fenb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Bulag, Uradyn Erden (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mongolsatchinase0000bula"><i>The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1144-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-1144-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols+at+China%27s+Edge%3A+History+and+the+Politics+of+National+Unity&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1144-6&rft.aulast=Bulag&rft.aufirst=Uradyn+Erden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmongolsatchinase0000bula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPakula2009" class="citation book cs1">Pakula, Hannah (2009). <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Empress:_Madame_Chiang_Kai-shek_and_the_Birth_of_Modern_China" title="The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China"><i>The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the Birth of Modern China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4893-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4893-8"><bdi>978-1-4391-4893-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/310397746">310397746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Empress%3A+Madame+Chiang+Kai-Shek+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+China&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F310397746&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-4893-8&rft.aulast=Pakula&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipman2004" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (2004). <i>Familiar Strangers: a History of Muslims in Northwest China</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6069%2F9780295800554">10.6069/9780295800554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97644-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97644-0"><bdi>978-0-295-97644-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbtzmb8">j.ctvbtzmb8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36485989">36485989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+Strangers%3A+a+History+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36485989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvbtzmb8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6069%2F9780295800554&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97644-0&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Neaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_FitzGerald_(journalist)" title="Frances FitzGerald (journalist)">FitzGerald, Frances</a> (1972). <a href="/wiki/Fire_in_the_Lake" title="Fire in the Lake"><i>Fire in the lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam</i></a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-15919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-15919-7"><bdi>978-0-316-15919-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/375867">375867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+lake%3A+the+Vietnamese+and+the+Americans+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F375867&rft.isbn=978-0-316-15919-7&rft.aulast=FitzGerald&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergereLloyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Bergere, Marie-Claire; Lloyd, Janet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sunyatsen00berg"><i>Sun Yat-sen</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4011-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-4011-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Yat-sen&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4011-1&rft.aulast=Bergere&rft.aufirst=Marie-Claire&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsunyatsen00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2003" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Denny (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn"><i>Taiwan: A Political History</i></a></span>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8805-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-8805-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+A+Political+History&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8805-4&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Denny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaiwan00denn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuomintang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>John F. Copper. <i>The KMT Returns to Power: Elections in Taiwan, 2008 to 2012</i> (Lexington Books; 2013) 251 pp. – How Taiwan's Nationalist Party regained power after losing in 2000.</li> <li>Westad, Odd Arne. <i>Decisive encounters: the Chinese civil war, 1946–1950</i> (Stanford University Press, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Decisive-Encounters-Chinese-1946-1950-Paperback/dp/B00OVMULDY/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908202747/https://www.amazon.com/Decisive-Encounters-Chinese-1946-1950-Paperback/dp/B00OVMULDY">Archived</a> 8 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuomintang&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Kuomintang</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuomintang" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kuomintang">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" class="extiw" title="c:中國國民黨">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuomintang" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Kuomintang">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuomintang" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Kuomintang">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuomintang" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Kuomintang">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuomintang" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kuomintang">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuomintang" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kuomintang">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmt.org.tw/">Official website</a></span></span> (Chinese)</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.kmt.org.tw/english/index.aspx">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31113#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> (English, inactive since 2020)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028051800/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563041/Kuomintang.html">The History of Kuomintang</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028051800/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563041/Kuomintang.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npf.org.tw/">National Policy Foundation Website (Kuomintang Think Tank)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120041112/http://www.npf.org.tw/">Archived</a> 20 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kuomintang343" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#000099;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kuomintang" title="Template:Kuomintang"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kuomintang" title="Template talk:Kuomintang"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kuomintang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kuomintang"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kuomintang343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Kuomintang</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang_cultural_policy" title="History of the Kuomintang cultural policy">History of the Kuomintang cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun">Blue Sky with a White Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuomintang_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kuomintang_Emblem.svg/100px-Kuomintang_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kuomintang_Emblem.svg/150px-Kuomintang_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kuomintang_Emblem.svg/200px-Kuomintang_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song Jiaoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Haodong" title="Lu Haodong">Lu Haodong</a> (Flag, emblem creator)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism_(Kuomintang)" title="Democratic centralism (Kuomintang)">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Chairman of the Kuomintang"><span style="color:white;">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song Jiaoren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Renjie" title="Zhang Renjie">Zhang Renjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Po-hsiung" title="Wu Po-hsiung">Wu Po-hsiung</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Pin-kung" title="Chiang Pin-kung">Chiang Pin-kung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huang_Min-hui" title="Huang Min-hui">Huang Min-hui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung Hsiu-chu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Junq-tzer" title="Lin Junq-tzer">Lin Junq-tzer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Rong-te" title="Lin Rong-te">Lin Rong-te</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Party congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="1st National Congress of the Kuomintang">1st (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="2nd National Congress of the Kuomintang">2nd (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="3rd National Congress of the Kuomintang">3rd (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="4th National Congress of the Kuomintang">4th (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="5th National Congress of the Kuomintang">5th (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Extraordinary National Congress of the Kuomintang">Extraordinary (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="6th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">6th (Wang, 1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="6th National Congress of the Kuomintang">6th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="7th National Congress of the Kuomintang">7th (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="8th National Congress of the Kuomintang">8th (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="9th National Congress of the Kuomintang">9th (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="10th National Congress of the Kuomintang">10th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="11th National Congress of the Kuomintang">11th (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="12th National Congress of the Kuomintang">12th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="13th National Congress of the Kuomintang">13th (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="14th National Congress of the Kuomintang">14th (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="15th National Congress of the Kuomintang">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="16th National Congress of the Kuomintang">16th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="17th National Congress of the Kuomintang">17th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="18th National Congress of the Kuomintang">18th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="19th National Congress of the Kuomintang">19th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="20th National Congress of the Kuomintang">20th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=21st_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21st National Congress of the Kuomintang (page does not exist)">21st (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2001 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2007 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2007 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2015 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2015 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2016 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2016 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2020 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2020 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Significant venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huguang_Guild_Hall" title="Huguang Guild Hall">Huguang Guild Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace_(Nanjing)" title="Presidential Palace (Nanjing)">Presidential Palace (Nanjing)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_the_Kuomintang" title="List of assets owned by the Kuomintang">List of assets owned by the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kuomintang_presidential_primary" title="2019 Kuomintang presidential primary">2019 Kuomintang presidential primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#000099;color:white;;background:#000099;color:white;"><div>Notes: Acting leaders <i>italicised</i> ; By-elections denoted with (b)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Taiwan&#124;link=Taiwan_Political_parties_of_Taiwan411" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwanese_political_parties" title="Template:Taiwanese political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taiwanese_political_parties" title="Template talk:Taiwanese political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwanese_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwanese political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Taiwan&#124;link=Taiwan_Political_parties_of_Taiwan411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">Political parties of Taiwan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationally represented<br />(<a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> seats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuomintang</a> (52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_People%27s_Party" title="Taiwan People's Party">Taiwan People's Party</a> (8)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of Taiwan"><img alt="National emblem of Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locally represented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Partisan_Solidarity_Union" title="Non-Partisan Solidarity Union">Non-Partisan Solidarity Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Power_Party" title="New Power Party">New Power Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Solidarity_Union" title="Taiwan Solidarity Union">Taiwan Solidarity Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Statebuilding_Party" title="Taiwan Statebuilding Party">Taiwan Statebuilding Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_Taiwan" title="Green Party Taiwan">Green Party Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(Taiwan)" title="Labor Party (Taiwan)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Taiwan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Taiwan)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Shen_Min_Party" title="Zheng Shen Min Party">Zheng Shen Min Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">List of political parties in Taiwan</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Republic of China">Politics of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_Civil_War1843" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_Civil_War1843" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: none;"><div> <dl><dt>Principal belligerents and <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War">campaigns</a></dt></dl> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalist Party</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">National Government</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Constitutional ROC Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">ROC Armed Forces</a>) <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a><hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui_(pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/20px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="305" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> / <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/20px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/40px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/20px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/40px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">→</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Liberated Area</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">8th Route Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">etc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">→</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;">Pre-1945</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Post-1945</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1923</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sun%E2%80%93Joffe_Manifesto" title="Sun–Joffe Manifesto">Sun–Joffe Manifesto</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1924</td><td> <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1926</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Canton Coup</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanjing%E2%80%93Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing–Wuhan split">Nanjing–Wuhan split</a><br /><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">715 Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Little_Long_March" title="Little Long March">Little Long March</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou Uprising</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1930–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan_line" title="Li Lisan line">Li Lisan line</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns_(Chinese_Civil_War)" title="Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)">Encirclement campaigns</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1931–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1933–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian People's Government</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1934–1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1937–1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1944</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">Chongqing Negotiations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Jiaochangkou_incident" title="Jiaochangkou incident">Jiaochangkou Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Peiping rape case</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Zisan_Incident" title="Yu Zisan Incident">Yu Zisan Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948</td><td> <a href="/wiki/SS_Kiangya" title="SS Kiangya">SS <i>Kiangya</i> incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign" title="Liaoshen campaign">Liaoshen campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taiping_(steamer)" title="Taiping (steamer)"><i>Taiping Steamer</i> Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign" title="Yangtze River Crossing campaign">Yangtze River Crossing campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amethyst_incident" title="Amethyst incident"><i>Amethyst</i> Incident</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">ROC Government retreat to Taiwan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949–1953</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shanghai_(1949-1953)" title="Bombing of Shanghai (1949-1953)">Bombing of Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan Island campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign" title="Wanshan Archipelago Campaign">Wanshan Archipelago Campaign</a><br /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950–1958</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1961–1972</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Cross-strait_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Taiwan&#124;link=Taiwan474" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cross-strait_relations" title="Template:Cross-strait relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cross-strait_relations" title="Template talk:Cross-strait relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cross-strait_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cross-strait relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Cross-strait_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Taiwan&#124;link=Taiwan474" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">Cross-strait relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic,_Trade_and_Cultural_Office_(Taiwan)" title="Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan)">Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_in_Hong_Kong" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong">Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_(Taiwan)" title="Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan)">Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_in_Macau" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau">Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_South-North_route" title="Opening of the South-North route">Opening of the South-North route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Taiwan_strait_shipping" title="Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping">Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang%E2%80%93Koo_summit" title="Wang–Koo summit">Wang–Koo summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Taiwanese_cross-strait_relations_referendum" title="2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum">2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17_Statement" title="May 17 Statement">May 17 Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_high-level_talks" title="Cross-strait high-level talks">Cross-strait high-level talks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="First Chen–Chiang summit">First Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Second Chen–Chiang summit">Second Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Fourth Chen–Chiang summit">Fourth Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Fifth Chen–Chiang summit">Fifth Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Sixth Chen–Chiang summit">Sixth Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Seventh Chen–Chiang summit">Seventh Chen–Chiang summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuan_Tuan_and_Yuan_Yuan" title="Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan">Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_CEO_Summit" title="Cross-Strait CEO Summit">Cross-Strait CEO Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinjiang%E2%80%93Kinmen_Pipeline" title="Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline">Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wang%E2%80%93Zhang_meetings" title="2014 Wang–Zhang meetings">2014 Wang–Zhang meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Xi%E2%80%93Chu_meeting" title="2015 Xi–Chu meeting">2015 Xi–Chu meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Ma–Xi meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Forum" title="Straits Forum">Straits Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai-Taipei_City_Forum" title="Shanghai-Taipei City Forum">Shanghai-Taipei City Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Second Ma–Xi meeting">Second Ma–Xi meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanbi_policy" title="Guanbi policy">Guanbi policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dong-Yin" title="Battle of Dong-Yin">Battle of Dong-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dongshan" title="Battle of Dongshan">Battle of Dongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_East_Chongwu" title="Battle of East Chongwu">Battle of East Chongwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands" title="Senkaku Islands">Senkaku Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_dispute" title="Senkaku Islands dispute">Dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAAC_Flight_296" title="CAAC Flight 296">CAAC Flight 296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_334" title="China Airlines Flight 334">China Airlines Flight 334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Guangzhou_Baiyun_airport_collisions" title="1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions">1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiandao_Lake_incident" title="Qiandao Lake incident">Qiandao Lake incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_611" title="China Airlines Flight 611">China Airlines Flight 611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement" title="Sunflower Student Movement">Sunflower Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braga_incident" title="Braga incident">Braga incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_Box_Curriculum_Movement" title="Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement">Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Liqiang" title="Wang Liqiang">Wang Liqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_pineapples" title="Freedom pineapples">Freedom pineapples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Solomon_Islands_unrest" title="2021 Solomon Islands unrest">2021 Solomon Islands unrest</a></li> <li>Chinese military exercises around Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan" title="2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan" title="2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Sword-2024" title="Joint Sword-2024">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kinmen_Chinese_motorboat_capsizing_incident" title="2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident">2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Act" title="Cross-Strait Act">Cross-Strait Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_National_Unification_Promotion_Law" title="Proposed National Unification Promotion Law">Proposed National Unification Promotion Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Infiltration_Act" title="Anti-Infiltration Act">Anti-Infiltration Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Taiwan_Compatriots" title="All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots">All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumni_Association_of_Huangpu_Military_Academy" title="Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy">Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_Exchange_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_Peaceful_National_Reunification" title="China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification">China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Straits_Common_Market_Foundation" title="Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation">Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Economic,_Trade_and_Culture_Forum" title="Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum">Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Peace_Forum" title="Cross-Strait Peace Forum">Cross-Strait Peace Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_for_China%27s_Reunification_under_the_Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People">Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lienchiang_Cross-Strait_Matters_Forum" title="Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum">Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council" title="Mainland Affairs Council">Mainland Affairs Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unification_Council" title="National Unification Council">National Unification Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Exchange_Foundation" title="Straits Exchange Foundation">Straits Exchange Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Competitiveness_Forum" title="Taiwan Competitiveness Forum">Taiwan Competitiveness Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait_Tourism_Association" title="Taiwan Strait Tourism Association">Taiwan Strait Tourism Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Both_sides_of_the_Taiwan_Strait_are_one_family" title="Both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family">Both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Circle" title="China Circle">China Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Chinese irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Economic_Zone" title="Cross-Strait Economic Zone">Cross-Strait Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noes_and_One_Without" title="Four Noes and One Without">Four Noes and One Without</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_Demonstration_Zone" title="Fujian Demonstration Zone">Fujian Demonstration Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">One-China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_propaganda" title="Cross-strait propaganda">Cross-strait propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special non-state-to-state relations">Special non-state-to-state relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Assurances" title="Six Assurances">Six Assurances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan,_China" title="Taiwan, China">Taiwan, China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Noes" title="Three Noes">Three Noes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Links" title="Three Links">Three Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_consensus" title="Taiwan consensus">Taiwan consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Undetermined_Status_of_Taiwan" title="Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan">Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Taiwan" title="United front in Taiwan">United front in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Roof_of_One_China" title="Under the Roof of One China">Under the Roof of One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27s_Five_Points" title="Xi's Five Points">Xi's Five Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paper_on_the_Taiwan_Question" title="White Paper on the Taiwan Question">White Paper on the Taiwan Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2045_(game)" title="2045 (game)">2045 (game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Day_(Taiwanese_TV_series)" title="Zero Day (Taiwanese TV series)">Zero Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujian%E2%80%93Taiwan_relationship" title="Fujian–Taiwan relationship">Fujian–Taiwan relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Hong Kong–Taiwan relations">Hong Kong–Taiwan relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Taiwan_Economic_and_Cultural_Co-operation_and_Promotion_Council" title="Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council">Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Economic_and_Cultural_Co-operation_Council" title="Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council">Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-ROC camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-ROC camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Macau–Taiwan relations">Macau–Taiwan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Travel_Document" title="Chinese Travel Document">Chinese Travel Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Entry_Permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Entry Permit">Taiwan Entry Permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Travel_Permit_for_Taiwan_Resident" title="Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Resident">Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Resident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_language_database" title="Cross-strait language database">Cross-strait language database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECFA_Debate" title="ECFA Debate">ECFA Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Aurora_(12)" title="HMS Aurora (12)">HMS Aurora (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Bank" title="China and the World Bank">China and the World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations and information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet 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of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China">Timeline of diplomatic relations with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrategy_in_Taiwan" title="Geostrategy in Taiwan">Geostrategy in Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist_Hero" title="Anti-Communist Hero">Anti-Communist Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_Tea_Alliance" title="Milk Tea Alliance">Milk Tea Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishang" title="Taishang">Taishang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G3_Beijing%E2%80%93Taipei_Expressway" title="G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway">G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G99_Taiwan_Ring_Expressway" title="G99 Taiwan Ring Expressway">G99 Taiwan Ring Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_228_(Taiwan)" title="China National Highway 228 (Taiwan)">China National Highway 228 (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission" title="Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission">Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Religious_Foundation_of_His_Holiness_the_Dalai_Lama" title="Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama">Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_(sculpture)" title="The World Turned Upside Down (sculpture)">The World Turned Upside Down</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_and_Reclaim_the_Mainland" title="Go and Reclaim the Mainland">Go and Reclaim the Mainland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cross-strait_relations" title="Category:Cross-strait relations">Category:Cross-strait relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16323" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Frost_Crisis" title="Night Frost Crisis">Night Frost Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_Crisis" title="Note Crisis">Note Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasikivi%E2%80%93Kekkonen_doctrine" title="Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine">Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Democracy_Union33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Democracy_Union" title="Template:International Democracy Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Democracy_Union" title="Template talk:International Democracy Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Democracy_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Democracy Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Democracy_Union33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_European_Conservatives_and_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists">Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Democrat Union">Asia Pacific Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Democrat_Union" title="Caribbean Democrat Union">Caribbean Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Union_of_Africa" title="Democrat Union of Africa">Democrat Union of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Women's Democrat Union">International Women's Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Young_Democrat_Union" title="International Young Democrat Union">International Young Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Latin_American_Parties" title="Union of Latin American Parties">Union of Latin American Parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Member_parties33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Member parties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:3.0em;white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla"><img alt="Anguilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/40px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/60px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palmavon_Webster" title="Palmavon Webster">Palmavon Webster</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Independence_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Independence Party">National Independence Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize"><img alt="Belize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Belize)" title="United Democratic Party (Belize)">United Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democrat Movement">Social Democrat Movement</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action" title="Party of Democratic Action">Party of Democratic Action</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democrats_(Brazil)" title="Democrats (Brazil)">Democrats</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democratic_Union" title="Independent Democratic Union">Independent Democratic Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_(Chile)" title="National Renewal (Chile)">National Renewal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Democratic Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">Civic Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica"><img alt="Dominica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominica_Freedom_Party" title="Dominica Freedom Party">Dominica Freedom Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Force" title="National Progressive Force">National Progressive Force</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:3.0em;white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Social_Christian_Party_(Ecuador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Christian Party (Ecuador)">Social Christian Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Republican_Alliance" title="Nationalist Republican Alliance">Nationalist Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Isamaa" title="Isamaa">Isamaa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement" title="United National Movement">United National Movement</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada"><img alt="Grenada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(Grenada)" title="New National Party (Grenada)">New National Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Guatemala)" title="Unionist Party (Guatemala)">Unionist Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/40px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/60px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party">Jamaica Labour Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives"><img alt="Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/40px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/60px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Democratic_Party" title="Maldivian Democratic Party">Maldivian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/60px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Moldova" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova">Liberal Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Mongolia)" title="Democratic Party (Mongolia)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:3.0em;white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/60px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Conservative Party (Nicaragua)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO–DPMNE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/40px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/60px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Peru)" title="Christian People's Party (Peru)">Christian People's Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Social_Centre_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party">CDS–PP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis"><img alt="Saint Kitts and Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Movement" title="People's Action Movement">People's Action Movement</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia"><img alt="Saint Lucia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Workers_Party_(Saint_Lucia)" title="United Workers Party (Saint Lucia)">United Workers Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"><img alt="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)" title="New Democratic Party (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)">New Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Serbia">Democratic Party of Serbia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">Slovenian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands"><img alt="Turks and Caicos Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Movement_(Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)" title="People's Democratic Movement (Turks and Caicos Islands)">People's Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party" title="Moderate Party">Moderate Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Democratic_Change" title="Forum for Democratic Change">Forum for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Project_Venezuela" title="Project Venezuela">Project Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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<a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> and warlordism during the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1915–1924</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1925–1934</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_warlords_and_military_cliques_in_the_Warlord_Era" title="List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era">Factions</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1911–1914</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lang_Rebellion" title="Bai Lang Rebellion">Bai Lang Rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1913</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915–1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Death of Yuan Shikai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Golok_rebellions_(1917%E2%80%931949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golok rebellions (1917–1949)">Golok rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1918–1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">Shandong Problem</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Occupation of Outer Mongolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Zhili%E2%80%93Anhui_War" title="Zhili–Anhui War">Zhili–Anhui War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Guangdong–Guangxi War">Guangdong–Guangxi War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Soldier_rebellions_(1920%E2%80%931926)" title="Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926)">Spirit Soldier rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China">1st National CPC Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/First_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="First Zhili–Fengtian War">First Zhili–Fengtian War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923–1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lincheng_Outrage" title="Lincheng Outrage">Lincheng Outrage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1924</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="Second Zhili–Fengtian War">Second Zhili–Fengtian War</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton_Merchants%27_Corps_Uprising" title="Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising">Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1924_Beijing_Coup" title="1924 Beijing Coup">Beijing Coup</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Yunnan–Guangxi War">Yunnan–Guangxi War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fengtian_War" title="Anti-Fengtian War">Anti-Fengtian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Zhongshan Warship Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926–1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_government#Nanjing–Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan government">Nanjing–Wuhan Split</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Nationalist-Communist Civil War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">July 15 Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927–1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conflict_in_Gansu_(1927%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)">Muslim conflict in Gansu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Huanggutun_incident" title="Huanggutun incident">Huanggutun incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum" title="Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum">Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Flag_Replacement" title="Northeast Flag Replacement">Northeast Flag Replacement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Red_Spears%27_uprising_in_Shandong_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Red Spears' uprising in Shandong (1928–1929)">Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang-Gui_War" title="Chiang-Gui War">Chiang-Gui War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Rebellion_in_northeastern_Shandong" title="Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong">Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Revolt" title="Beijing Revolt">Beijing Revolt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930–1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1931–1935</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Liu_War" title="Han–Liu War">Han–Liu War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Two-Liu_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Liu war">Two-Liu war</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1934</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ningxia_(1934)" title="War in Ningxia (1934)">War in Ningxia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anhui_clique" title="Anhui clique">Anhui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_clique" title="Zhili clique">Zhili</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fengtian_clique" title="Fengtian clique">Fengtian</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Pacification_Army" title="National Pacification Army">National Pacification Army</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_Army_(Fengtian_clique)" title="Zhili Army (Fengtian clique)">Zhili Army</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_clique" title="Shanxi clique">Shanxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ma_clique" title="Ma clique">Ma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_clique" title="Yunnan clique">Yunnan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_clique" title="Sichuan clique">Sichuan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Guangxi_clique" title="Old Guangxi clique">Old Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique" title="New Guangxi clique">New Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiongming" title="Chen Jiongming">Guangdong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guizhou_clique" title="Guizhou clique">Guizhou</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuomintang <span style="font-size: 85%;">(KMT)</span></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party <span style="font-size: 85%;">(CCP)</span></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taiwan_articles508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwan_topics" title="Template:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taiwan_topics" title="Template talk:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taiwan_articles508" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Taiwan-related_articles" title="Index of Taiwan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="History29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Taiwanese_history" title="Timeline of Taiwanese history">Timeline of Taiwanese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Taiwan" title="List of archaeological sites in Taiwan">archaeological sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Chinese_contact_with_Taiwan" title="Early Chinese contact with Taiwan">Early Chinese contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">Kingdom of Middag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Taiwan (1945–present)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanbi_policy" title="Guanbi policy">Guanbi policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Policy_in_Taiwan%27s_White_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Policy in Taiwan's White Terror">Mandarin policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Geography127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Taiwan" title="List of beaches in Taiwan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Taiwan" title="List of cities in Taiwan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan#Climate" title="Geography of Taiwan">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Taiwan" title="Deforestation in Taiwan">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Taiwan" title="List of earthquakes in Taiwan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Taiwan" title="List of endemic species of Taiwan">Endemic species</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_species_in_Taiwan" title="List of protected species in Taiwan">Protected species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese hot springs">Hot springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan" title="List of islands of Taiwan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Taiwan" title="List of lakes of Taiwan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Taiwan" title="List of mountains in Taiwan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Taiwan" title="National parks of Taiwan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Taiwan" title="List of rivers of Taiwan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_scenic_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of national scenic areas in Taiwan">Scenic areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Taiwan" title="List of volcanoes in Taiwan">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="GovernmentPoliticsEconomy531" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">politics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Taiwan" title="Civil defense in Taiwan">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Additional Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Taiwan">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Taiwan)" title="National Security Bureau (Taiwan)">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan" title="Law of Taiwan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Taiwan" title="Law enforcement in Taiwan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Taiwan" title="Military history of Taiwan">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(Taiwan)" title="Office of the President (Taiwan)">Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_to_the_President_(Republic_of_China)" title="Secretary-General to the President (Republic of China)">Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Taiwan" title="Regions of Taiwan">Regions of Taiwan</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_municipality_(Taiwan)" title="Special municipality (Taiwan)">Special municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (Taiwan)">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_city_(Taiwan)" title="Provincial city (Taiwan)">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="List of administrative divisions of Taiwan">List of administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan">Metropolitan areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Political issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Taiwan" title="North–South divide in Taiwan">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Taiwanese_identity" title="Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity">Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special non-state-to-state relations">Special non-state-to-state relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Agriculture in Taiwan">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Taiwan" title="Aquaculture in Taiwan">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Taiwan" title="Banking in Taiwan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Taiwan" title="List of banks in Taiwan">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Taiwan" title="List of companies of Taiwan">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_Taiwan" title="List of largest companies in Taiwan">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises of Taiwan">State-owned enterprises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Taiwan" title="Defense industry of Taiwan">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Taiwan" title="Forestry in Taiwan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_industries_of_Taiwan" title="Maritime industries of Taiwan">Maritime industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Taiwan" title="Mining in Taiwan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Semiconductor industry in Taiwan">Semiconductor industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Stock_Exchange" title="Taiwan Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">Taiwan Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Textile industry in Taiwan">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Taiwan" title="Tourism in Taiwan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan" title="Transportation in Taiwan">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Invoice_lottery" title="Uniform Invoice lottery">Uniform Invoice lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Taiwan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Taiwan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="National_SymbolsPeopleSocietyCulture259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>National Symbols</li><li>People</li><li>Society</li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Taiwan" title="National symbols of Taiwan">National symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anthems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Taiwan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_flags_of_Taiwan" title="Proposed flags of Taiwan">proposed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_Olympic_flag" title="Chinese Taipei Olympic flag">Olympic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flower_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flower of the Republic of China">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Seals_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Seals of the Republic of China">Seals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan" title="List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Hans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Taiwanese">Hakkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Taiwan" title="Architecture of Taiwan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Taiwan" title="Crime in Taiwan">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Taiwan" title="Organized crime in Taiwan">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Sex trafficking in Taiwan">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan" title="Healthcare in Taiwan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Taiwan" title="Prostitution in Taiwan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Taiwan" title="Public holidays in Taiwan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Taiwan" title="Public housing in Taiwan">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Taiwan" title="Squatting in Taiwan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_studies" title="Taiwan studies">Taiwan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Taiwan" title="Cultural history of Taiwan">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Taiwan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Taiwan" title="Gambling in Taiwan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_markets_in_Taiwan" title="Night markets in Taiwan">Night markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan" title="Smoking in Taiwan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Taiwan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Beauty" title="T-Beauty">T-Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wave" title="Taiwanese wave">Taiwanese wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">tea culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Taiwan" title="List of tourist attractions in Taiwan">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwan" title="Category:Taiwan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taiwan" title="Outline of Taiwan">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" title="Reform and opening up">Reform and opening up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">List of massacres in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law45" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_China" title="Cyberwarfare and China">Cyberwarfare and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" title="Reform and opening up">Reform and opening up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_China" title="Economic inequality in China">Economic inequality in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_evictions_in_China" title="Forced evictions in China">Forced evictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underoccupied_developments_in_China" title="Underoccupied developments in China">Underoccupied developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_China" title="Unemployment in China">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_China" title="Freedom of the press in China">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Chinese_culture" title="Martyrdom in Chinese culture">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China" title="Protest and dissent in China">Protest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_incidents_in_China" title="Mass incidents in China">”Mass incidents”</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Republic of China">Republic of China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2914" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2914" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31113#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121902546">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155479869">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5021628-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50072265">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119681380">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119681380">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00415288">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36592841">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kuomintang"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20050510013&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zhongguo tong meng hui"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005275615&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97005548">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="중국의 국민당"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2000020999">Korea</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810534042105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zhong guo guo min dang"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/22384">Vatican</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zhong guo guo min dang"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/22383">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007390770305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA19604864?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027693961">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-77d76c48d9-d8qm9","wgBackendResponseTime":466,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.446","walltime":"4.301","ppvisitednodes":{"value":43648,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1232310,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":89482,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":87,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":743710,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3263.717 1 -total"," 29.38% 958.802 5 Template:Reflist"," 14.15% 461.715 83 Template:Cite_book"," 10.82% 353.134 1 Template:Infobox_political_party"," 10.81% 352.903 3 Template:Infobox"," 9.87% 322.203 3 Template:Navbox_with_columns"," 7.68% 250.764 1 Template:International_Democracy_Union"," 7.55% 246.298 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 7.28% 237.687 63 Template:Flag_icon"," 5.68% 185.407 71 Template:Composition_bar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.710","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23455140,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Doak_Barnett1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgence_France-Presse_in_Taipei2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAliya_Ma_Lynn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnaforian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFArchimedes_L._A._Patti1980\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFArif_Dirlik2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeede1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerch_Berberoglu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergereLloyd2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowblis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Hioe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica_Educational_Publishing2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulag2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanSo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheong_Ching2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheung2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChing_Fatt_YongR._B._McKenna1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamm2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_D._Wang1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_BaryLufrano2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiana_Lary1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgar_Snow2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllen_J._Hammer1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEugenia_Lean2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanWangKay2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzGerald1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederic_E._Wakeman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGauss1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray_Tuttle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuido_Samarani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans_J._Van_de_Ven2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHongshan_Li,_Zhaohui_HongZhaohui_Hong1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHugh_Chisholm1922\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIvan_Kanapathy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_A._Millward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Fitzsimmons1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_P._Harrison1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJay_Taylor2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Brown,_Paul_PickowiczPaul_Pickowicz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJieru_Chen,_Lloyd_E._EastmanLloyd_E._Eastman1993\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_T._Chen1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKai-shek_Chiang1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKai-shek_ChiangPhilip_Jacob_Jaffe1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKai_Shew_Chiang_Kai_Shew2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeat_Gin_Ooi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattimoreGauss1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeung2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinda_Chao,_Ramon_H._MyersRamon_H._Myers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Troy_Burnett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Jaschok,_Jingjun_ShuiJingjun_Shui2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasumi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvyn_C._Goldstein1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicah_McCartney2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray_A._Rubinstein1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Khac_Huyen1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNancy_Bernkopf_Tucker1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNihon_Gaiji_Kyōkai1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOscar_Chapuis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakula2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Hibbert_Clyde,_Burton_F._BeersBurton_F._Beers1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Kocot_Nietupski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_G._Gowing1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_R._Moody1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedlSlaterWongZiblatt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinstein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamson_Ellis_and_Adrian_Kennedy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShim2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimei_Qing2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrand2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStéphane_A._DudoignonHisao_KomatsuYasushi_Kosugi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._J._Byres,_Harbans_MukhiaHarbans_Mukhia1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaiHsiehHsu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff._Historical_Division1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_KleinSmid_Institute_of_International_Affairs,_University_of_Southern_California._School_of_Politics_and_International_Relations1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakeman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner_Draguhn,_David_S._G._GoodmanDavid_S.G._Goodman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesley_Marvin_Bagby1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_J._Duiker1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshiyuki_Ogasawara2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarrow2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF石井2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"China topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese Nationalist Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 83,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Color box\"] = 1,\n [\"Composition bar\"] = 71,\n [\"Conservatism in China\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Taiwan\"] = 1,\n [\"Cross-Strait relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 7,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn native lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"History of the Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 12,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox political party\"] = 1,\n [\"International Democracy Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Langn\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"N/A\"] = 1,\n [\"N/a\"] = 22,\n [\"Nbnd\"] = 2,\n [\"No\"] = 8,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ur\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 2,\n [\"POV section\"] = 1,\n [\"Partial\"] = 5,\n [\"Party color\"] = 73,\n [\"Politics of the Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Portalbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 28,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 13,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 2,\n [\"Taiwan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Taiwanese political parties\"] = 1,\n [\"Three Principles of the People\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 2,\n [\"Tone superscript\"] = 2,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Warlord era\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Yes\"] = 31,\n [\"Yes2\"] = 2,\n [\"Zh\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","660","30.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","11.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","8.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","7.5"],["recursiveClone 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