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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Đại_Nam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Đại Nam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Đại_Nam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nam_Triều" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nam_Triều"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Nam Triều </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nam_Triều-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Other names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_and_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background and establishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_Nguyễn_clan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_Nguyễn_clan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Origin of Nguyễn clan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_Nguyễn_clan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lê_dynasty's_loyal_vassal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lê_dynasty's_loyal_vassal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Lê dynasty's loyal vassal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lê_dynasty's_loyal_vassal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nguyễn's_dominion_in_the_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguyễn's_dominion_in_the_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Nguyễn's dominion in the south </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguyễn's_dominion_in_the_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nguyễn-Trịnh_confrontation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguyễn-Trịnh_confrontation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Nguyễn-Trịnh confrontation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguyễn-Trịnh_confrontation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tây_Sơn–Nguyễn_war_(1771–1802)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tây_Sơn–Nguyễn_war_(1771–1802)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Tây Sơn–Nguyễn war (1771–1802) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tây_Sơn–Nguyễn_war_(1771–1802)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_end_of_the_Nguyễn_lords'_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_end_of_the_Nguyễn_lords'_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 The end of the Nguyễn lords' reign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_end_of_the_Nguyễn_lords'_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nguyễn_Ánh_escapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguyễn_Ánh_escapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Nguyễn Ánh escapes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguyễn_Ánh_escapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nguyễn–Cambodian_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguyễn–Cambodian_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Nguyễn–Cambodian agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguyễn–Cambodian_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Vietnamese_support_for_Nguyễn_Ánh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Vietnamese_support_for_Nguyễn_Ánh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Chinese Vietnamese support for Nguyễn Ánh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Vietnamese_support_for_Nguyễn_Ánh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nguyễn–Siam_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguyễn–Siam_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Nguyễn–Siam alliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguyễn–Siam_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 French assistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_China–Lê_alliance_against_Tây_Sơn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_China–Lê_alliance_against_Tây_Sơn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Qing China–Lê alliance against Tây Sơn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_China–Lê_alliance_against_Tây_Sơn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco–Nguyễn_alliance_against_Tây_Sơn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco–Nguyễn_alliance_against_Tây_Sơn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Franco–Nguyễn alliance against Tây Sơn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco–Nguyễn_alliance_against_Tây_Sơn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nguyễn_Ánh's_counter-attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nguyễn_Ánh's_counter-attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8.1 Nguyễn Ánh's counter-attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nguyễn_Ánh's_counter-attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_of_the_Tây_Sơn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_of_the_Tây_Sơn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8.2 Defeat of the Tây Sơn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_of_the_Tây_Sơn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_rule_(1802–1883)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_rule_(1802–1883)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Imperial rule (1802–1883) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_rule_(1802–1883)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gia_Long_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gia_Long_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Gia Long period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gia_Long_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_and_expansion_under_Minh_Mạng" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_and_expansion_under_Minh_Mạng"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Rise and expansion under Minh Mạng </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_and_expansion_under_Minh_Mạng-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Siam_and_invasion_of_Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Siam_and_invasion_of_Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 War with Siam and invasion of Cambodia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Siam_and_invasion_of_Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_the_Nguyễn_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_the_Nguyễn_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Decline of the Nguyễn dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_the_Nguyễn_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 French conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_independence_(1874–1885)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_independence_(1874–1885)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 End of independence (1874–1885) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_independence_(1874–1885)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_protectorates_of_Annam_and_Tonkin_(1883–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_protectorates_of_Annam_and_Tonkin_(1883–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_protectorates_of_Annam_and_Tonkin_(1883–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Empire of Vietnam (1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 National administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Emperor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_service_and_bureaucracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_service_and_bureaucracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Civil service and bureaucracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_service_and_bureaucracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Taxes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Political organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Education system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Colonial education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Pension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_Gia_Long" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Gia_Long"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Under Gia Long </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Gia_Long-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minh_Mạng_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minh_Mạng_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Minh Mạng and later </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minh_Mạng_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture_and_cultural_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_cultural_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Culture and cultural discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_cultural_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamisation_of_ethnic_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamisation_of_ethnic_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Vietnamisation of ethnic minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamisation_of_ethnic_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Costume </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Photography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Imperial family </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imperial_family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Imperial family subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Imperial_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Emperors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Lineage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Succession line </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Symbols </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Symbols subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Seals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sun,_moon,_auspicious_clouds,_and_the_Yin-Yang_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sun,_moon,_auspicious_clouds,_and_the_Yin-Yang_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Sun, moon, auspicious clouds, and the Yin-Yang symbol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sun,_moon,_auspicious_clouds,_and_the_Yin-Yang_symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dragons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dragons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Dragons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dragons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Gallery of symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nguyễn dynasty</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سلالة نغوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة نغوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ti%C3%A2u" title="Nguyễn Tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nguyễn Tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Nguyen" title="Dinastia Nguyen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Nguyen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Dynastie Nguyễn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dynastie Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n-dynastiet" title="Nguyễn-dynastiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nguyễn-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n-Dynastie" title="Nguyễn-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nguyễn-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Δυναστεία Νγκουιέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Νγκουιέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Dinastía Nguyễn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dinastia" title="Nguyễn dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nguyễn dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Dynastie Nguyễn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Dinastía Nguyễn – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EC%9A%B0%EC%98%8C_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="응우옌 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="응우옌 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Nguyen" title="Dinasti Nguyen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Nguyen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Dinastia Nguyễn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნგუენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნგუენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%99" title="ລາຊະວົງຫງວຽນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງຫງວຽນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Dinasti Nguyễn – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen-dynastie" title="Nguyen-dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nguyen-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D" title="阮朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="阮朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n-dynastiet" title="Nguyễn-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nguyễn-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyenlar" title="Nguyenlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nguyenlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%93" title="រាជវង្សង្វៀន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សង្វៀន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Dynastia Nguyễn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Dinastia Nguyễn – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Династия Нгуен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Династия Нгуен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nguyễn dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Dinastija Nguyễn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ngujen" title="Dinastija Ngujen – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dinastija Ngujen" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n-dynastia" title="Nguyễn-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nguyễn-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85ndynastin" title="Nguyễndynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nguyễndynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ราชวงศ์เหงียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์เหงียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Nguyễn Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nguyễn Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%94%D0%BD" title="Династія Нгуєн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Нгуєн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Nguy%E1%BB%85n" title="Nhà Nguyễn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Nguyễn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D" title="阮朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阮朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D" title="阮朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阮朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D" title="阮朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Imperial dynasty in Vietnam, 1802–1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen (surname)">Nguyen (surname)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kingdom of Vietnam" redirects here. For other kingdoms, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">List of Vietnamese dynasties</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Đại Việt Quốc <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>大越國 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1802–1804)<hr /> Việt Nam Quốc <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">越南國 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1804–1839; 1945)<hr />Đại Nam Quốc <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">大南國 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1839–1945)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1802–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_tinh_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nguyễn dynasty"><img alt="Flag of Nguyễn dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/125px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/188px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/250px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Vietnam" title="List of flags of Vietnam">Court flag</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920s–1945)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF,_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_(1980)_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Nguyễn dynasty"><img alt="Coat of arms of Nguyễn dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="823" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%91%C3%A0n_cung" title="Đăng đàn cung">Đăng đàn cung</a> ("The Emperor Mounts His Throne")<div class="center" style="margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="Đăng_Đàn_cung_(登壇宮)_-_1941_Annam_Anthem_-_Recreation_by_Prof._Liam_C._Kelley_(Lê_Minh_Khải).mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%90%C3%A0n_cung_%28%E7%99%BB%E5%A3%87%E5%AE%AE%29_-_1941_Annam_Anthem_-_Recreation_by_Prof._Liam_C._Kelley_%28L%C3%AA_Minh_Kh%E1%BA%A3i%29.mp3/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%90%C3%A0n_cung_%28%E7%99%BB%E5%A3%87%E5%AE%AE%29_-_1941_Annam_Anthem_-_Recreation_by_Prof._Liam_C._Kelley_%28L%C3%AA_Minh_Kh%E1%BA%A3i%29.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%90%C3%A0n_cung_%28%E7%99%BB%E5%A3%87%E5%AE%AE%29_-_1941_Annam_Anthem_-_Recreation_by_Prof._Liam_C._Kelley_%28L%C3%AA_Minh_Kh%E1%BA%A3i%29.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">Heirloom Seal of the Southern Realm</a> Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 大南受天永命傳國璽 <a href="/wiki/File:Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/85px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/128px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/170px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="677" /></a> (1846–1945)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_(1820-1841).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam at its greatest extent (1834–1841) under the latter reign of Emperor Minh Mạng, including Cambodia (direct rule) and other polities under Vietnamese sphere of influence (light red)."><img alt="Vietnam at its greatest extent (1834–1841) under the latter reign of Emperor Minh Mạng, including Cambodia (direct rule) and other polities under Vietnamese sphere of influence (light red)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png/250px-Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png/375px-Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png/500px-Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2482" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Vietnam at its greatest extent (1834–1841) under the latter reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a>, including <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Th%C3%A0nh_province" title="Tây Thành province">Cambodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">direct rule</a>) and other polities under Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> (light red).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Nguyen_Dynasty,_administrative_divisions_map_(1838).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Administrative divisions of Việt Nam in 1838 during the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng."><img alt="Administrative divisions of Việt Nam in 1838 during the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg/250px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg/375px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg/500px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_administrative_divisions_map_%281838%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="835" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Administrative divisions of Việt Nam in 1838 during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_at_home,_king_abroad" title="Emperor at home, king abroad">Internal imperial system</a> within <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">tributary</a> (1802–1883)<a href="#cite_note-Kang-tributary-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> French <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> (1883–1945)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_puppet_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese puppet state">Puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> (1945)<a href="#cite_note-Lebra-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li-Reid-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Phú Xuân">Phú Xuân</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&params=16_28_N_107_36_E_type:city">16°28′N 107°36′E / 16.467°N 107.600°E / 16.467; 107.600</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_ng%C3%B4n" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn ngôn">Văn ngôn</a> French (from 1884)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State ideology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy#Confucianism_in_Vietnam" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Ruism</a> Minority: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> <ul><li>under the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French colonial administration</a> (1883–1945)</li> <li>under Japanese occupation (1940–1945)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_monarchs#Nguyễn_dynasty_(1802–1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vietnamese monarchs">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1802–1820 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1847–1883 (last independent) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1926–1945 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1818–1820 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1884–1885 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nguyễn Văn Tường">Nguyễn Văn Tường</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern era</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Coronation of <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long Emperor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1802</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Civil_War_of_1789%E2%80%931802" title="Vietnamese Civil War of 1789–1802">defeated</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1802</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1858</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Treaty of Saigon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 1862</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">End of independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1883</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Protectorate Treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam#History" title="Empire of Vietnam">Declaration of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 March 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">Abdication</a> of <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1830</th><td class="infobox-data">557,000 km2 (215,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1830 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,500,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1858 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,031,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1890 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14,752,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1942 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,552,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper-alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper-alloy">copper-alloy</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cash" title="Vietnamese cash">cash coins</a> (denominated in phần, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_v%C4%83n_(currency_unit)" title="Vietnamese văn (currency unit)">văn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_m%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Vietnamese mạch">mạch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">quán</a>) Silver and gold cash coins and <a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">ingots</a> (denominated in <a href="/wiki/Fen_(currency)" title="Fen (currency)">phân</a>, nghi, <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n" title="Tiền">tiền</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tael#Vietnam" title="Tael">lạng / lượng</a>) <a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">French Indochinese piastre</a> (from 1885)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/20px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/30px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/40px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="239" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg/20px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg/30px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg/40px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="984" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">1862: Cochinchina</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">1883: Annam</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="591" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">1883: Tonkin</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Central_Vietnam_%281885-1890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="591" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">1945: North Vietnam</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> China <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Nguyễn</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label">State of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Nam">Đại Nam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">19th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Phúc Ánh">Nguyễn Phúc Ánh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_V%C4%A9nh_Th%E1%BB%A5y" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy">Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Emperor of Đại Nam/ Emperor of Việt Nam</a> Titles given by the Chinese empires: <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_qu%E1%BB%91c_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" class="extiw" title="vi:Việt Nam quốc vương">King of Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Estate(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Phú Xuân</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deposition</th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr></tbody></table> The Nguyễn dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Nhà Nguyễn or Triều Nguyễn, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a>: 茹阮, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: 阮朝) was the last <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Vietnamese dynasty</a>, which was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> and ruled the unified Vietnamese state independently from 1802 to 1883 before being a French protectorate. During its existence, the empire expanded into modern-day southern Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> through a continuation of the centuries-long <a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="Siamese–Vietnamese wars">Siamese–Vietnamese wars</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a>, the Nguyễn dynasty was forced to give up sovereignty over parts of southern Vietnam to France in 1862 and 1874, and after 1883 the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the French <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a> (in central Vietnam) as well as <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> (in northern Vietnam). They later cancelled treaties with France and were the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> for a short time until 25 August 1945. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="House of Nguyễn Phúc">Nguyễn Phúc family</a> established <a href="/wiki/Fengjian#"Feudalism"_and_Chinese_Marxism" title="Fengjian">feudal</a> rule over large amounts of territory as the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> (1558–1777, 1780–1802) by the 16th century before defeating the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a> and establishing their own imperial rule in the 19th century. The dynastic rule began with <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> ascending the throne in 1802, after ending the previous Tây Sơn dynasty. The Nguyễn dynasty was gradually absorbed by <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> over the course of several decades in the latter half of the 19th century, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">Cochinchina Campaign</a> in 1858 which led to the occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">southern area of Vietnam</a>. A series of <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a> followed; the occupied territory became the <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French colony of Cochinchina</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">1862 Treaty of Saigon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1863)" title="Treaty of Huế (1863)">1863 Treaty of Huế</a> gave France access to Vietnamese ports and increased control of its foreign affairs. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">1883</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">1884 Treaties of Huế</a> divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyễn Phúc rule. In 1887, Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate of Cambodia">French Protectorate of Cambodia</a> were grouped together to form <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. The Nguyễn dynasty remained the formal emperors of Annam and Tonkin within Indochina until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> had <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">occupied Indochina</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">French collaboration</a> in 1940, but as the war seemed increasingly lost, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japan overthrew the French administration</a> in March 1945 and proclaimed independence for its constituent countries. The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> under Emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> was a nominally independent Japanese <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> during the last months of the war. It ended with the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">abdication of Bảo Đại</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> by the anti-colonial <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a> in August 1945. This ended the 143-year rule of the Nguyễn dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names of Vietnam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Việt_Nam">Việt Nam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Việt Nam">edit</a>]</div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Country of Vietnam</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Nguy%C3%AAn_B%E1%BA%A3o_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6)_-_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_era_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Nguy%C3%AAn_B%E1%BA%A3o_%28%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_era_01.png/220px-Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Nguy%C3%AAn_B%E1%BA%A3o_%28%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_era_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Nguy%C3%AAn_B%E1%BA%A3o_%28%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_era_01.png/330px-Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Nguy%C3%AAn_B%E1%BA%A3o_%28%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_era_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Nguy%C3%AAn_B%E1%BA%A3o_%28%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_era_01.png/440px-Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Nguy%C3%AAn_B%E1%BA%A3o_%28%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_era_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1580" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A Việt Nam Nguyên Bảo (越南元寶), gold <a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">sycee</a> of 10 <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</a> produced during the <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> period.</div></td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nước Việt Nam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1n-N%C3%B4m" class="mw-redirect" title="Hán-Nôm">Hán-Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B8%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:渃">渃</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:越">越</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:南">南</a></td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> The name Việt Nam (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Vietnamese pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[viə̀t naːm]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:越南">越南</a>) is a variation of <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nam Việt</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:南越">南越</a>; literally "Southern Việt"), a name that can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%87u_dynasty" title="Triệu dynasty">Triệu dynasty</a> of the second century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200238-8">[8]</a> The term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="wikt:Việt">Việt</a>" (Yue) (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:越">越</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Yuè; <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Yale">Cantonese Yale</a>: Yuht; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Yüeh4; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="wikt:Việt">Việt</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Chinese">Early Middle Chinese</a> was first written using the <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograph</a> "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bone</a> and bronze inscriptions of the late <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (c. 1200 BC), and later as "越".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976-9">[9]</a> At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996-10">[10]</a> In the early eighth century BC, a tribe on the middle <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> were called the <a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a>, a term later used for peoples further south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996-10">[10]</a> Between the seventh and fourth centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">State of Yue</a> in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996-10">[10]</a> From the third century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called <a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouyue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouyue">Ouyue</a>, Luoyue (Vietnamese: <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a>), etc., collectively called the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> (Bách Việt, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:百越">百越</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Bǎiyuè; <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Yale">Cantonese Yale</a>: Baak Yuet; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Bách Việt; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Hundred Yue/Viet'; ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue_Hashimoto19721-11">[11]</a> The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_Chunqiu" title="Lüshi Chunqiu">Lüshi Chunqiu</a> compiled around 239 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnoblockRiegel2001510-12">[12]</a> By the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, educated Vietnamese called themselves and their people as người Việt and người Nam, which combined to become người Việt Nam (Vietnamese people). However, this designation was for the Vietnamese themselves and not for the whole country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003405-13">[13]</a> The form Việt Nam (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:越南">越南</a>) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%A5m_Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_Tr%C3%ACnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sấm Trạng Trình">Sấm Trạng Trình</a>. The name has also been found on 12 <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a> carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Hải Phòng</a> that dates to 1558.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan1985510-14">[14]</a> In 1802, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Phúc Ánh">Nguyễn Phúc Ánh</a> (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the <a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' (南越 in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Tuo" title="Zhao Tuo">Zhao Tuo</a>'s Nanyue, which included the regions of <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004932-15">[15]</a> Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.<a href="#cite_note-17">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Đại_Nam">Đại Nam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Đại Nam">edit</a>]</div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">State of Đại Nam</td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Đại Nam Quốc</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:南">南</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:國">國</a></td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> In 1839, under the rule of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a>'s, the official name of the empire was Đại Việt Nam (大越南, which means "Great Vietnam"), and it was shortened to Đại Nam (大南, which means "Great South").<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToda188246-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nam_Triều">Nam Triều</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nam Triều">edit</a>]</div> During the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Government of the Nguyễn dynasty">its government</a> used the name Nam Triều (南朝, Southern dynasty) on its official documents.<a href="#cite_note-Chánh-phủ-Nam-Triều-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names">Other names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other names">edit</a>]</div> Westerners in the past often called the kingdom Annam<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerlag1827298-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToda188241-22">[21]</a> or the Annamite Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiley1848350-23">[22]</a> However, in Vietnamese historiography, modern historians often refer to this period in Vietnamese history as Nguyễn Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003187-24">[23]</a> or simply Vietnam to distinguish with the pre-19th century <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcombe201710–11-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_establishment">Background and establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Background and establishment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin_of_Nguyễn_clan">Origin of Nguyễn clan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origin of Nguyễn clan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a></div> The Nguyễn clan, which originated in the <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hóa Province">Thanh Hóa Province</a> had long exerted substantial political influence and military power throughout early modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnamese history</a> through one form or another. The clan's affiliations with the ruling elites dated back to the tenth century when <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%E1%BA%B7c" title="Nguyễn Bặc">Nguyễn Bặc</a> was appointed the first grand chancellor of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a> under emperor <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a> in 965.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Another instance of their influences materializes through <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Anh" title="Nguyễn Thị Anh">Nguyễn Thị Anh</a>, the empress consort of emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thái Tông">Lê Thái Tông</a>; she served as the official regent of Đại Việt for her son, the child emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Nhân Tông">Lê Nhân Tông</a> between 1442 and 1453.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lê_dynasty's_loyal_vassal">Lê dynasty's loyal vassal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lê dynasty's loyal vassal">edit</a>]</div> In 1527, <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%90%C4%83ng_Dung" title="Mạc Đăng Dung">Mạc Đăng Dung</a>, after defeating and executing the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>'s vassal, Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ in a rebellion, emerged as the intermediate victor and established the <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a>. He did this by deposing the Lê emperor, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Cung_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Lê Cung Hoàng">Lê Cung Hoàng</a>, taking the throne for himself, effectively ending the once prosperous but declining <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">later Lê dynasty</a>. Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ's son, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kim" title="Nguyễn Kim">Nguyễn Kim</a>, the leader of the Nguyễn clan with his allies, the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Trịnh lord">Trịnh clan</a> remained fiercely loyal to the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>. They attempted to restore the Lê dynasty to power, igniting an anti-Mạc rebellion, in favor of the loyalist cause.<a href="#cite_note-tai-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2013-29">[28]</a> Both the Trịnh and Nguyễn clan again took up arms in <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_province" title="Thanh Hóa province">Thanh Hóa province</a> and revolted against the Mạc. However the initial rebellion failed and the loyalist forces had to fled to the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>, where king <a href="/wiki/Photisarath" title="Photisarath">Photisarath</a> allows them to establish an exiled loyalist government in <a href="/wiki/Xam_Neua" title="Xam Neua">Xam Neua</a> (modern day Laos). The Lê loyalists under Lê Ninh, a descendant of the imperial family, escaped to Muang Phuan (today <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>). During this exile, the Marquis of An Thanh, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kim" title="Nguyễn Kim">Nguyễn Kim</a> summoned those who were still loyal to the Lê emperor and formed a new army to begin another revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung. In 1539, the coalition returned to Đại Việt beginning their military campaign against the <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_province" title="Thanh Hóa province">Thanh Hóa</a>, capturing the <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Tây Đô</a> in 1543. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:VietnamMac1540.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Vietnam from 1540 to 1592 during Southern and Northern Dynasties period shows the division of Đại Việt between   Mạc dynasty   Lê dynasty under command of Nguyễn Kim   Kingdom of Champa ."><img alt="Map of Vietnam from 1540 to 1592 during Southern and Northern Dynasties period shows the division of Đại Việt between   Mạc dynasty   Lê dynasty under command of Nguyễn Kim   Kingdom of Champa ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/VietnamMac1540.gif/72px-VietnamMac1540.gif" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/VietnamMac1540.gif/108px-VietnamMac1540.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/VietnamMac1540.gif/144px-VietnamMac1540.gif 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="713" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Vietnam from 1540 to 1592 during <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties (Vietnam)">Southern and Northern Dynasties period</a> shows the division of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> between <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> under command of <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kim" title="Nguyễn Kim">Nguyễn Kim</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></div>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nguyễn's_dominion_in_the_south">Nguyễn's dominion in the south</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nguyễn's dominion in the south">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_H%C3%B3a" title="Thuận Hóa">Thuận Hóa</a></div> In 1539, the Lê dynasty was restored in opposition to the Mạc in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thăng Long</a>, this occurred after the loyalist's capture of Thanh Hoá province, reinstalling the Lê emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Trang_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Trang Tông">Lê Trang Tông</a> on the throne. However, the Mạc at this point still controls most of the country, including the capital, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thăng Long</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kim" title="Nguyễn Kim">Nguyễn Kim</a>, who had served as leader of the loyalists throughout the 12 years of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA%E2%80%93M%E1%BA%A1c_War" title="Lê–Mạc War">Lê–Mạc War</a> (from 1533 to 1545) and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties (Vietnam)">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> period, was assassinated in 1545 by a captured Mạc general, <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ch%E1%BA%A5p_Nh%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dương Chấp Nhất (page does not exist)">Dương Chấp Nhất</a>. Shortly after Nguyễn Kim's death, his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ki%E1%BB%83m" title="Trịnh Kiểm">Trịnh Kiểm</a>, leader of the Trịnh clan, killed Nguyễn Uông, the eldest son of Kim in order to take over the control of the loyalist forces. The sixth son of Kim, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Nguyễn Hoàng">Nguyễn Hoàng</a>, fears that his fate will be like his elder brother; therefore, he tried to escape the capital to avoid the purges. Later, he asks his sister, Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo (the wife of Trịnh Kiểm) to ask Kiểm to appoint him to be the governor of far-south frontier of Đại Việt, <a href="/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_H%C3%B3a" title="Thuận Hóa">Thuận Hóa</a> (modern Quảng Bình to Quảng Nam provinces). Trịnh Kiểm, thinking of this proposal as an opportunity to remove the power and influence of Nguyễn Hoàng away from the capital city, agreed to the proposal. In 1558, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Anh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Anh Tông">Lê Anh Tông</a>, emperor of the newly-restored <a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Nguyễn Hoàng">Nguyễn Hoàng</a> to the lordship of the <a href="/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_H%C3%B3a" title="Thuận Hóa">Thuận Hóa</a>, the territory which have been previously conquered during the 15th century from the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> kingdom. This event of Nguyễn Hoàng leaving Thăng Long laid the foundation for the eventual fragmentation and division of Đại Việt later down the road as the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh clan</a> would solidify their power in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Ngo%C3%A0i" title="Đàng Ngoài">North</a>, establishing a unique political system where the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê</a> emperors would reign (as figureheads) yet the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a> would rule (wielding actual political power). Meanwhile the descendants of the Nguyễn clan, through the bloodline of Nguyễn Hoàng would rule in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">South</a>; the Nguyễn clan, just like their Trịnh relatives in the north, recognize the authority of the Lê emperors over Đại Việt yet at the same time solely exercise political power over their own territory.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The official <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">schism</a> of the two families however, would not begin until 1627, the first war between the two. <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Lan" title="Nguyễn Phúc Lan">Nguyễn Phúc Lan</a> chose the city of <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Phú Xuân">Phú Xuân</a> in 1636 as his residence and established the dominion of the Nguyễn lord in the southern part of the country. Although the Nguyễn and Trịnh lords ruled as de facto rulers in their respective lands, they paid official tribute to the Lê emperors in a ceremonial gesture, and recognize Lê dynasty as the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:VietnamMac1560.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Vietnam from 1569 to 1592 shows the division of Đại Việt between land of   Nguyễn clan when Nguyễn Hoàng was appointed as governor of Thuận Hóa and Quảng Nam   Lê dynasty under Trịnh clan's authority   Mạc dynasty   Kingdom of Champa ."><img alt="Map of Vietnam from 1569 to 1592 shows the division of Đại Việt between land of   Nguyễn clan when Nguyễn Hoàng was appointed as governor of Thuận Hóa and Quảng Nam   Lê dynasty under Trịnh clan's authority   Mạc dynasty   Kingdom of Champa ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/VietnamMac1560.gif/72px-VietnamMac1560.gif" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/VietnamMac1560.gif/108px-VietnamMac1560.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/VietnamMac1560.gif/144px-VietnamMac1560.gif 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="713" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Vietnam from 1569 to 1592 shows the division of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> between land of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn clan</a></div> when <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Nguyễn Hoàng">Nguyễn Hoàng</a> was appointed as governor of <a href="/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_H%C3%B3a" title="Thuận Hóa">Thuận Hóa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Nam">Quảng Nam</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh clan</a>'s authority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></div>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nguyễn-Trịnh_confrontation">Nguyễn-Trịnh confrontation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nguyễn-Trịnh confrontation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Trịnh–Nguyễn War</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Nguyễn Hoàng">Nguyễn Hoàng</a> and his successors started to engage in <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">rivalry with the Trịnh lords</a>, after refusing to pay tax and tribute to the central government in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> tried to create the autonomous regime. They expanded their territory by making parts of <a href="/wiki/Dark_ages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark ages of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> as a protectorate, invaded <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, captured the last vestiges of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> in 1693 and ruled in an unbroken line until 1776.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coedes2015-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aung-ThwinHall2011-33">[32]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam1650.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Vietnam from 1627 shows Đại Việt between   Nguyễn   Lê dynasty under Trịnh clan's control   Mạc as rump state   Kingdom of Champa ."><img alt="Map of Vietnam from 1627 shows Đại Việt between   Nguyễn   Lê dynasty under Trịnh clan's control   Mạc as rump state   Kingdom of Champa ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vietnam1650.GIF/72px-Vietnam1650.GIF" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vietnam1650.GIF/108px-Vietnam1650.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vietnam1650.GIF/144px-Vietnam1650.GIF 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="713" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Vietnam from 1627 shows <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh clan</a>'s control</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a> as rump state</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></div>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tây_Sơn–Nguyễn_war_(1771–1802)">Tây Sơn–Nguyễn war (1771–1802)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tây Sơn–Nguyễn war (1771–1802)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty#Conquest_of_Nguyễn_lords" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty § Conquest of Nguyễn lords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War#Conquest_of_Huế_–_1775" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Trịnh–Nguyễn War § Conquest of Huế – 1775</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty#Tây_Sơn_rebellion" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty § Tây Sơn rebellion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_end_of_the_Nguyễn_lords'_reign">The end of the Nguyễn lords' reign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The end of the Nguyễn lords' reign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tdtu-_gl_tau_quoc_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red, pink and white book cover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tdtu-_gl_tau_quoc_1.jpg/220px-Tdtu-_gl_tau_quoc_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tdtu-_gl_tau_quoc_1.jpg/330px-Tdtu-_gl_tau_quoc_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tdtu-_gl_tau_quoc_1.jpg/440px-Tdtu-_gl_tau_quoc_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>The cover of Tân Dân Tử's (1875–1955) 1930 book, Gia Long tẩu quốc, depicted the exile of Nguyễn Ánh.</figcaption></figure> The 17th-century war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn ended in an uneasy peace, with the two sides creating de facto separate states although both professed loyalty to the same <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>. After 100 years of domestic peace, the Nguyễn lords were confronted with the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn rebellion</a> in 1774. Its military had had considerable losses in manpower after a series of campaigns in Cambodia and proved unable to contain the revolt. By the end of the year, the Trịnh lords had formed an alliance with the Tây Sơn rebels and captured Huế in 1775.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Nguyễn lord, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Thu%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nguyễn Phúc Thuần">Nguyễn Phúc Thuần</a> fled south to the <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_province" title="Quảng Nam province">Quảng Nam province</a>, where he left a garrison under co-ruler <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Phúc Dương">Nguyễn Phúc Dương</a>. He fled further south to the <a href="/wiki/Gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Định Province">Gia Định Province</a> (around modern-day Ho Chi Minh City) by sea before the arrival of Tây Sơn leader <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nguyễn Nhạc">Nguyễn Nhạc</a>, whose forces defeated the Nguyễn garrison and seized Quảng Nam.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In early 1777 a large Tây Sơn force under <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Huệ">Nguyễn Huệ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_L%E1%BB%AF" title="Nguyễn Lữ">Nguyễn Lữ</a> attacked and captured Gia Định from the sea and defeated the Nguyễn Lord forces. The Tây Sơn received widespread popular support as they presented themselves as champions of the Vietnamese people, who rejected any foreign influence and fought for the full reinstitution of the Lê dynasty. Hence, the elimination of the Nguyễn and Trinh lordships was considered a priority and all but one member of the Nguyễn family captured at Saigon were executed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nguyễn_Ánh_escapes">Nguyễn Ánh escapes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nguyễn Ánh escapes">edit</a>]</div> In 1775, the 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a> escaped and with the help of the Vietnamese Catholic priest Paul Hồ Văn Nghị soon arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Hà Tiên">Hà Tiên</a>. With Tây Son search parties closing in, he kept on moving and eventually met the French missionary <a href="/wiki/Pigneau_de_Behaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigneau de Behaine">Pigneau de Behaine</a>. By retreating to the <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Chu_Islands" title="Thổ Chu Islands">Thổ Chu Islands</a> in the Gulf of Thailand, both escaped Tây Sơn capture.<a href="#cite_note-tk140142-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-harvnb7-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naval,2013-38">[37]</a> Pigneau de Behaine decided to support Ánh, who had declared himself heir to the Nguyễn lordship. A month later the Tây Sơn army under Nguyễn Huệ had returned to <a href="/wiki/Quy_Nh%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Quy Nhơn">Quy Nhơn</a>. Ánh seized the opportunity and quickly raised an army at his new base in <a href="/wiki/Long_Xuy%C3%AAn" title="Long Xuyên">Long Xuyên</a>, marched to Gia Định and occupied the city in December 1777. The Tây Sơn returned to Gia Định in February 1778 and recaptured the province. When Ánh approached with his army, the Tây Sơn retreated.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated10-39">[38]</a> By the summer of 1781, Ánh's forces had grown to 30,000 soldiers, 80 battleships, three large ships and two Portuguese ships procured with the help of de Behaine. Ánh organized an unsuccessful ambush of the Tây Sơn base camps in the <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn_province" title="Phú Yên province">Phú Yên province</a>. In March 1782 the Tây Sơn emperor <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="mw-redirect" title="Thái Đức">Thái Đức</a> and his brother Nguyễn Huệ sent a naval force to attack Ánh. Ánh's army was defeated and he fled via Ba Giồng to Svay Rieng in Cambodia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nguyễn–Cambodian_agreement">Nguyễn–Cambodian agreement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nguyễn–Cambodian agreement">edit</a>]</div> Ánh met with the Cambodian King <a href="/wiki/Ang_Eng" title="Ang Eng">Ang Eng</a>, who granted him exile and offered support in his struggle with the Tây Sơn. In April 1782 a Tây Sơn army invaded Cambodia, detained and forced Ang Eng to pay tribute, and demanded, that all Vietnamese nationals living in Cambodia were to return to Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_Vietnamese_support_for_Nguyễn_Ánh">Chinese Vietnamese support for Nguyễn Ánh</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chinese Vietnamese support for Nguyễn Ánh">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people#Early_immigration:_15th-18th_centuries" title="Hoa people">Hoa people § Early immigration: 15th-18th centuries</a></div> Support by the Chinese Vietnamese began when the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> refused to live under the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> Qing and fled to Southeast Asia (including Vietnam). Most were welcomed by the Nguyễn lords to resettle in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">southern Vietnam</a> and set up business and trade. In 1782, Nguyễn Ánh escaped to Cambodia and the Tây Sơn seized southern Vietnam (now Cochinchina). They had discriminated against the ethnic Chinese, displeasing the Chinese-Vietnamese. That April, Nguyễn loyalists Tôn Thất Dụ, Trần Xuân Trạch, Trần Văn Tự and Trần Công Chương sent military support to Ánh. The Nguyễn army killed <a href="/wiki/Grand_admiral" title="Grand admiral">grand admiral</a> Phạm Ngạn, who had a close relationship with Emperor Thái Đức, at Tham Lương bridge.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-40">[39]</a> Thái Đức, angry, thought that the ethnic Chinese had collaborated in the killing. He sacked the town of Cù lao (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a>), which had a large Chinese population,<a href="#cite_note-havrv-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-ttkks3sdsds-42">[41]</a> and ordered the oppression of the Chinese community to avenge their assistance to Ánh. <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a> had previously occurred in <a href="/wiki/Hoi_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoi An">Hoi An</a>, leading to support by wealthy Chinese for Ánh. He returned to Giồng Lữ, defeated Admiral Nguyễn Học of the Tây Sơn and captured eighty battleships. Ánh then began a campaign to reclaim southern Vietnam, but Nguyễn Huệ deployed a naval force to the river and destroyed his navy. Ánh again escaped with his followers to <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_Giang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hậu Giang">Hậu Giang</a>. Cambodia later cooperated with the Tây Sơn to destroy Ánh's force and made him retreat to <a href="/wiki/R%E1%BA%A1ch_Gi%C3%A1" title="Rạch Giá">Rạch Giá</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Hà Tiên">Hà Tiên</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Phú Quốc">Phú Quốc</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nguyễn–Siam_alliance">Nguyễn–Siam alliance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nguyễn–Siam alliance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%E1%BA%A1ch_G%E1%BA%A7m-Xo%C3%A0i_M%C3%BAt" title="Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút">Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút</a></div> Following consecutive losses to the Tây Sơn, Ánh sent his general <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_V%C4%83n_Ti%E1%BA%BFp" title="Châu Văn Tiếp">Châu Văn Tiếp</a> to Siam to request military assistance. Siam, under <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri</a> rule, wanted to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam. King <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> agreed to ally with the Nguyễn lord and intervene militarily in Vietnam. Châu Văn Tiếp sent a secret letter to Ánh about the alliance. After meeting with Siamese generals at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0_Mau" title="Cà Mau">Cà Mau</a>, Ánh, thirty officials and some troops visited <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> to meet Rama I in May 1784. The governor of <a href="/wiki/Gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Định Province">Gia Định Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Nguyễn Văn Thành">Nguyễn Văn Thành</a>, advised Ánh against foreign assistance.<a href="#cite_note-PK517-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nguyen_Anh_in_Bangkok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nguyen_Anh_in_Bangkok.jpg/220px-Nguyen_Anh_in_Bangkok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nguyen_Anh_in_Bangkok.jpg/330px-Nguyen_Anh_in_Bangkok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nguyen_Anh_in_Bangkok.jpg/440px-Nguyen_Anh_in_Bangkok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Nguyễn Ánh (sitting, 2nd row) in audience with King <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Phra Thinang Amarin Winitchai</a>, Bangkok, 1782.</figcaption></figure> Rama I, fearing the growing influence of the Tây Sơn dynasty in Cambodia and Laos, decided to dispatch his army against it. In Bangkok, Ánh began to recruit Vietnamese refugees in Siam to join his army (which totaled over 9,000).<a href="#cite_note-tt195-45">[44]</a> He returned to Vietnam and prepared his forces for the Tây Sơn campaign in June 1784, after which he captured Gia Định. Rama I nominated his nephew, Chiêu Tăng, as admiral the following month. The admiral led Siamese forces including 20,000 marine troops and 300 warships from the Gulf of Siam to <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiên Giang">Kiên Giang</a> Province. In addition, more than 30,000 Siamese infantry troops crossed the Cambodian border to <a href="/wiki/An_Giang" class="mw-redirect" title="An Giang">An Giang</a> Province.<a href="#cite_note-TCDT124-46">[45]</a> On 25 November 1784, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_V%C4%83n_Ti%E1%BA%BFp" title="Châu Văn Tiếp">Châu Văn Tiếp</a> died in battle against the Tây Sơn in <a href="/wiki/Mang_Th%C3%ADt_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang Thít District">Mang Thít District</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Vĩnh Long Province">Vĩnh Long Province</a>. The alliance was largely victorious from July through November, and the Tây Sơn army retreated north. However, Emperor Nguyễn Huệ halted the retreat and counter-attacked the Siamese forces in December. In the decisive battle of Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút, more than 20,000 Siamese soldiers died and the remainder retreated to Siam.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Ánh, disillusioned with Siam, escaped to <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Chu_Island" title="Thổ Chu Island">Thổ Chu Island</a> in April 1785 and then to <a href="/wiki/Ko_Kut_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ko Kut District">Ko Kut Island</a> in Thailand. The Siamese army escorted him back to Bangkok, and he was briefly exiled in Thailand. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_assistance">French assistance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: French assistance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh</a></div> The war between the Nguyễn lord and the Tây Sơn dynasty forced Ánh to find more allies. His relationship with de Behaine improved, and support for an alliance with France increased. Before the request for Siamese military assistance, de Behaine was in <a href="/wiki/Chanthaburi" title="Chanthaburi">Chanthaburi</a> and Ánh asked him to come to <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Phú Quốc">Phú Quốc</a> Island.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Ánh asked him to contact King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> of France for assistance; de Behaine agreed to coordinate an alliance between France and Vietnam, and Ánh gave him a letter to present at the French court. Ánh's oldest son, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_C%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh">Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh</a>, was chosen to accompany de Behaine. Due to inclement weather, the voyage was postponed until December 1784. The group departed from Phú Quốc Island for <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and thence to <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>, and Ánh moved his family to Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The group arrived in <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> in February 1787, and Louis XVI agreed to meet them in May. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatures_of_the_1787_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Signatures on the 1787 Treaty of Versailles"><img alt="Signatures on the 1787 Treaty of Versailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Signatures_of_the_1787_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/120px-Signatures_of_the_1787_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Signatures_of_the_1787_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/180px-Signatures_of_the_1787_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Signatures_of_the_1787_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/240px-Signatures_of_the_1787_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="655" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Signatures on the 1787 Treaty of Versailles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigneau_de_Behaine_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pigneau de Behaine, the French priest who recruited armies for Nguyễn Ánh during Ánh's war against the Tây Sơn"><img alt="Pigneau de Behaine, the French priest who recruited armies for Nguyễn Ánh during Ánh's war against the Tây Sơn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pigneau_de_Behaine_portrait.jpg/86px-Pigneau_de_Behaine_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pigneau_de_Behaine_portrait.jpg/129px-Pigneau_de_Behaine_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pigneau_de_Behaine_portrait.jpg/172px-Pigneau_de_Behaine_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="744" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pigneau_de_Behaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigneau de Behaine">Pigneau de Behaine</a>, the French priest who recruited armies for Nguyễn Ánh during Ánh's war against the Tây Sơn</div> </li> </ul> On 28 November 1787, Behaine signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1787)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1787)">Treaty of Versailles</a> with French <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Armand Marc</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> on behalf of Nguyễn Ánh.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb17-50">[49]</a> The treaty stipulated that France provide four frigates, 1,200 infantry troops, 200 artillery, 250 <a href="/wiki/Cafres" title="Cafres">cafres</a> (African soldiers), and other equipment. Nguyễn Ánh ceded the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_N%E1%BA%B5ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Đà Nẵng">Đà Nẵng</a> estuary and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Côn Sơn Island</a> to France.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The French were allowed to trade freely and control foreign trade in Vietnam. Vietnam had to build one ship per year which was similar to the French ship which brought aid and gave it to France. Vietnam was obligated to supply food and other aid to France when the French were at war with other East Asian nations. On 27 December 1787, Pigneau de Behaine and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_C%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh">Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh</a> left France for Pondicherry to wait for the military support promised by the treaty. However, due to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the abolition of the French monarchy, the treaty was never executed. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Conway" title="Thomas Conway">Thomas Conway</a>, who was responsible for French assistance, refused to provide it. Although the treaty was not implemented, de Behaine recruited French businessman who intended to trade in Vietnam and raised funds to assist Nguyễn Ánh. He spent fifteen thousand francs of his own money to purchase guns and warships. Cảnh and de Behaine returned to Gia Định in 1788 (after Nguyễn Ánh had recaptured it), followed by a ship with the war materiel. Frenchmen who were recruited included <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chaigneau" title="Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau">Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Vannier" title="Philippe Vannier">Philippe Vannier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_Puymanel" title="Olivier de Puymanel">Olivier de Puymanel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Dayot" title="Jean-Marie Dayot">Jean-Marie Dayot</a>. A total of twenty people joined Ánh's army. The French purchased and supplied equipment and weaponry, reinforcing the defense of Gia Định, Vĩnh Long, Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên, Biên Hòa, Bà Rịa and training Ánh's artillery and infantry according to the European model.<a href="#cite_note-Nguyễn_Quang_Trung_Tiến-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qing_China–Lê_alliance_against_Tây_Sơn">Qing China–Lê alliance against Tây Sơn</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Qing China–Lê alliance against Tây Sơn">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty#Qing_invasion" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty § Qing invasion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_(Vi).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color-coded map of Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png/220px-Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png/330px-Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png/440px-Vietnam_at_the_end_of_18th_century_%28Vi%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption>Vietnam at the end of the 18th century. The Tây Sơn army, including <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Huệ">Nguyễn Huệ</a>, ruled the north (purple); <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nguyễn Nhạc">Nguyễn Nhạc</a> the middle (yellow), and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a> the south (green).</figcaption></figure> In 1786, Nguyễn Huệ led the army against the Trịnh lords; <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Trịnh Khải">Trịnh Khải</a> escaped to the north but got captured by the local people. He then committed suicide. After the Tây Sơn army returned to Quy Nhơn, subjects of the Trịnh lord restored <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_B%E1%BB%93ng" title="Trịnh Bồng">Trịnh Bồng</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Giang" title="Trịnh Giang">Trịnh Giang</a>) as the next lord. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Chi%C3%AAu_Th%E1%BB%91ng" title="Lê Chiêu Thống">Lê Chiêu Thống</a>, emperor of the Lê dynasty, wanted to regain power from the Trịnh. He summoned Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, governor of Nghệ An, to attack the Trịnh lord at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Citadel_of_Th%C4%83ng_Long" title="Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long">Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long</a>. Trịnh Bồng surrendered to the Lê and became a monk. Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh wanted to unify the country under Lê rule, and began to prepare the army to march south and attack the Tây Sơn. Huệ led the army, killed Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, and captured the later Lê capital. The Lê imperial family were exiled to China, and the later Lê dynasty collapsed. At that time, Nguyễn Huệ's influence became stronger in northern Vietnam; this made Emperor Nguyễn Nhạc of the Tây Sơn dynasty suspect Huệ's loyalty. The relationship between the brothers became tense, eventually leading to battle. Huệ had his army surround Nhạc's capital, at Quy Nhơn citadel, in 1787. Nhạc begged Huệ not to kill him, and they reconciled. In 1788, Lê emperor Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China and asked for military assistance. The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of the Qing ordered <a href="/wiki/Sun_Shiyi" title="Sun Shiyi">Sun Shiyi</a> to lead the military campaign into Vietnam. The campaign failed, and later on, the Qing recognized the Tây Sơn as the legitimate dynasty in Vietnam. However, with the death of Huệ (1792), the Tây Sơn dynasty began to weaken. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franco–Nguyễn_alliance_against_Tây_Sơn">Franco–Nguyễn alliance against Tây Sơn</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Franco–Nguyễn alliance against Tây Sơn">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Civil_War_of_1789%E2%80%931802" title="Vietnamese Civil War of 1789–1802">Vietnamese Civil War of 1789–1802</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nguyễn_Ánh's_counter-attack">Nguyễn Ánh's counter-attack</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nguyễn Ánh's counter-attack">edit</a>]</div> Ánh began to reorganize a strong armed force in Siam. He left Siam (after thanking King Rama I), and returned to Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb35-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-54">[53]</a> During the 1787 war between Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Nhạc in northern Vietnam, Ánh recaptured the southern Vietnamese capital of Gia Định. Southern Vietnam had been ruled by the Nguyễns and they remained popular, especially with the ethnic Chinese. <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_L%E1%BB%AF" title="Nguyễn Lữ">Nguyễn Lữ</a>, the youngest brother of Tây Sơn (who ruled southern Vietnam), could not defend the citadel and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Quy_Nh%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Quy Nhơn">Quy Nhơn</a>. The citadel of Gia Định was seized by the Nguyễn lords.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb999-55">[54]</a> In 1788 de Behaine and Ánh's son, Prince Cảnh, arrived in Gia Định with modern war equipment and more than twenty Frenchmen who wanted to join the army. The force was trained and strengthened with French assistance.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Defeat_of_the_Tây_Sơn">Defeat of the Tây Sơn</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Defeat of the Tây Sơn">edit</a>]</div> After the fall of the citadel at Gia Định, Nguyễn Huệ prepared an expedition to reclaim it before his death on 16 September 1792. His young son, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quang_To%E1%BA%A3n" title="Nguyễn Quang Toản">Nguyễn Quang Toản</a>, succeeded him as emperor of the Tây Sơn and was a poor leader.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb24-57">[56]</a> In 1793, Nguyễn Ánh began a campaign against Quang Toản. Due to conflict between officials of the Tây Sơn court, Quang Toản lost battle after battle. In 1797, Ánh and Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh attacked <a href="/wiki/Qui_Nh%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qui Nhơn">Qui Nhơn</a> (then in <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phú Yên Province">Phú Yên Province</a>) in the Battle of Thị Nại. They were victorious, capturing a large amount of Tây Sơn equipment.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Quang Toản became unpopular due to his murders of generals and officials, leading to a decline in the army. In 1799, Ánh captured the citadel of Quy Nhơn. He seized the capital (<a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Phú Xuân">Phú Xuân</a>) on 3 May 1801, and Quang Toản retreated north. On 20 July 1802, Ánh captured <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> and end the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a>, all of the members of the Tây Sơn was captured. Ánh then executed all the members of the Tây Sơn dynasty that year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_rule_(1802–1883)">Imperial rule (1802–1883)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Imperial rule (1802–1883)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> In Vietnamese historiography, the independent period is referred to as the Nhà Nguyễn thời độc lập period. During this period the Nguyễn dynasty's territories comprised the present-day territories of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, bordering <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a> to the west and Manchu <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> to the north. The ruling Nguyễn emperors established and ran the first well-defined imperial administrative and bureaucratic system of Vietnam and annexed Cambodia and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> into its territories in the 1830s. Together with Chakri Siam and <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung Burma</a>, it was one among three major Southeast Asian powers at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman200330–31-59">[58]</a> The emperor Gia Long was relatively friendly toward Western powers and Christianity. After his reign of <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> brought a new approach, he ruled for 21 years from 1820 to 1841, as a conservative and <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> ruler; introducing a policy of isolationism which kept the country from the rest of the world for nearly 40 years until the <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">French invasion in 1858</a>. Minh Mạng tightened control over <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, and ethnic minorities, resulting in more than two hundred rebellions across the country during his twenty-one-year reign. He also further expanded Vietnamese imperialism in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. Minh Mạng's successors, <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> (r. 1841–1847) and <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> (r. 1847–1883) would be assailed by serious problems that ultimately decimated the Vietnamese state. In the late 1840s, Vietnam was struck by the global <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> that killed roughly 8% of the country's population, while the countries isolationist policies damaged the economy. France and Spain declared war on Vietnam in September 1858. Faced with these industrialised powers, the hermit Nguyễn dynasty and its military crumbled, the alliance capturing <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> in early 1859. A series of <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a> followed with first the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">1862 Treaty of Saigon</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1863)" title="Treaty of Huế (1863)">1863 Treaty of Huế</a> which gave France access to Vietnamese ports and increased control of its foreign affairs. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1874)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1874)">Treaty of Saigon (1874)</a> concluded the French annexation of Cochinchina that had begun in 1862. The last independent Nguyễn emperor of note was Tự Đức. Upon his death, a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession</a> crisis followed, as the regent <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a> orchestrated the murders of three emperors in a year. This presented an opportunity to the French. The Huế court was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Harmand Convention</a> in September 1883, which formalised the handover of <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> to the French administration. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Treaty of Patenôtre</a> was signed in 1884, France finished its annexation and partitioning of Vietnam into three constituent protectorates of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, and turned the Nguyễn into a vassal monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201670-60">[59]</a> Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tientsin (1885)">Treaty of Tientsin (1885)</a> between the Chinese Empire and the French Republic was signed on 9 June 1885 recognizing French dominion over Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201671-61">[60]</a> All emperors after <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> were chosen by the French, and only ruled symbolically. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gia_Long_period">Gia Long period</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gia Long period">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Phúc Ánh">Nguyễn Phúc Ánh</a> united Vietnam after a three-hundred-year division of the country. He celebrated his coronation at Huế on 1 June 1802 and proclaimed himself emperor (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Hoàng Đế), with the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">era name</a> Gia Long (嘉隆). This title emphasized his rule from "Gia" Định region (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>) in the far south to Thăng "Long" (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>) in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003427-62">[61]</a> Gia Long prioritized the nation's defense and worked to avoid another civil war. He replaced the feudal system with a reformist <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The Nguyen dynasty was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> of the Qing Empire, with Gia Long receiving an imperial pardon and recognition as the ruler of Vietnam from the <a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing Emperor</a> for recognizing Chinese <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kang-tributary-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The envoys sent to China to acquire this recognition cited the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> (Vietnamese: Nam Việt) to Emperor Jiaqing as the countries name, this displeased the emperor who was disconcerted by such pretentions, and Nguyễn Phúc Ánh had to officially rename his kingdom as Vietnam the next year to satisfy the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013398-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003427-62">[61]</a> The country was officially known as 'The (Great) Vietnamese state' (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Đại Việt Nam quốc),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomoki2015157,_"...When_my_father_Thế_tổ_Cao_hoàng_đế_[Gia_Long]_possessed_An_Nam,_our_kingdom_was_named_the_country_of_Great_Việt_Nam_[Đại_Việt_Nam_quốc]..."_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomoki2015157,_"...When_my_father_Thế_tổ_Cao_hoàng_đế_[Gia_Long]_possessed_An_Nam,_our_kingdom_was_named_the_country_of_Great_Việt_Nam_[Đại_Việt_Nam_quốc]..."-67">[66]</a> Gia Long asserted that he was reviving the bureaucratic state that was built by King <a href="/wiki/Le_Thanh_Tong" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Thanh Tong">Lê Thánh Tông</a> during the fifteenth-century golden age (1470–1497), as such he adopted a Confucian-bureaucratic government model, and sought unification with northern literati.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmoreZottoli2016200,_226-68">[67]</a> To ensure stability over the unified kingdom, he placed two of his most loyal and Confucian-educated advisors, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Nguyễn Văn Thành">Nguyễn Văn Thành</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a> as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a> of Hanoi and Saigon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013400-69">[68]</a> From 1780 to 1820, roughly 300 Frenchmen served Gia Long's court as officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019273-70">[69]</a> Seeing the French influence in Vietnam with alarm, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British Empire</a> sent two envoys to Gia Long in 1803 and 1804 to convince him to abandon his friendship with the French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020487-71">[70]</a> In 1808, a British fleet led by <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Bryen_Drury" title="William O'Bryen Drury">William O'Bryen Drury</a> mounted an attack on the Red River Delta, but was soon driven back by the Vietnamese navy and suffered several losses. After the Napoleonic War and Gia Long's death, the British Empire renewed relations with Vietnam in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2020488-72">[71]</a> During his reign, a system of roads connecting Hanoi, Hue, and Saigon with postal stations and inns was established, several canals connecting the Mekong River to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Siam">Gulf of Siam</a> were constructed and finished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201649-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019274-74">[73]</a> In 1812, Gia Long issued the Gia Long Code, which was instituted based on the Ch'ing Code of China, replaced the previous Thánh Tông's 1480 Code.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside198846,_48-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013401-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019273-70">[69]</a> In 1811, a <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1811%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian rebellion (1811–12)">coup d'état</a> broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a>, a Vietnamese tributary state, forcing the pro-Vietnamese King <a href="/wiki/Ang_Chan_II" title="Ang Chan II">Ang Chan II</a> to seek support from Vietnam. Gia Long sent 13,000 men to Cambodia, successfully restoring his vassal to his throne,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988248-77">[76]</a> and beginning a more formal <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">occupation of the country</a> for the next 30 years, while <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> seized northern Cambodia in 1814.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019276-78">[77]</a> Gia Long died in 1819 and was succeeded by his fourth son, <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Nguyễn Phúc Đảm</a>, who soon became known as Emperor <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> (r. 1820–1841) of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019277-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_and_expansion_under_Minh_Mạng">Rise and expansion under Minh Mạng</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rise and expansion under Minh Mạng">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_(1820-1841).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png/180px-Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png/271px-Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png/361px-Maps_of_Vietnam_during_the_reign_of_Emperor_Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_%281820-1841%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption>Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) under the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> was the younger brother of prince <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_C%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh">Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh</a> and fourth son of Emperor Gia Long. Educated in Confucian principles from youth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod199124-80">[79]</a> Minh Mạng became the Emperor of Vietnam in 1820, during a deadly <a href="/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic" title="1817–1824 cholera pandemic">cholera</a> <a href="/wiki/Outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak">outbreak</a> that ravaged and killed 200,000 people across the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside198837-81">[80]</a> His reign mainly focused on centralizing and stabilizing the state, by abolishing the Viceroy system and implementing a new full bureaucracy-provincial-based administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013418-82">[81]</a> He also halted diplomacy with Europe, and cracked down on religious minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201645-83">[82]</a> Minh Mạng shunned relations with the European powers. By 1824, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marie_Despiau" title="Jean Marie Despiau">Jean Marie Despiau</a>, no Western advisors who had served Gia Long remained in Minh Mạng's court. The last French consul of Vietnam, Eugene Chaigneau, was never able to obtain audience with Minh Mạng. After he left, France ceased attempts at contact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis20004-84">[83]</a> In the next year he launched an anti-<a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> propaganda campaign, denouncing the religion as "vicious" and full of "false teaching." In 1832 Minh Mạng turned the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Cham</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Principality of Thuận Thành">Principality of Thuận Thành</a> into a Vietnamese province, the final conquest in a long history of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars">colonial conflict between Cham and Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019279-85">[84]</a> He coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus in violation of their religions to forcibly assimilate them to Vietnamese culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi2004a141-86">[85]</a> The first Cham revolt for independence took place in 1833–1834 when <a href="/wiki/Katip_Sumat" class="mw-redirect" title="Katip Sumat">Katip Sumat</a>, a Cham mullah who had just returned to Vietnam from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> declared a holy war (<a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>) against the Vietnamese emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Hubert2012-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The rebellion failed to gain the support of the Cham elite and was quickly suppressed by the Vietnamese military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016419-91">[90]</a> A second revolt began the following year, led by a Muslim clergy named <a href="/wiki/Ja_Thak_Wa_uprising" title="Ja Thak Wa uprising">Ja Thak</a> with support from the old Cham royalty, highland people, and Vietnamese dissents. Minh Mạng mercilessly crushed the Ja Thak rebellion and executed the last Cham ruler <a href="/wiki/Po_Phaok_The" title="Po Phaok The">Po Phaok The</a> in early 1835.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha2016420-92">[91]</a> In 1833, as Minh Mạng had been trying to take firm control over the six southern provinces, a large <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt" title="Lê Văn Khôi revolt">rebellion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Lê Văn Khôi">Lê Văn Khôi</a> (an adopted son of the Saigon viceroy <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a>) broke out in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, attempting to place Minh Mang's brother <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_C%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh">Prince Cảnh</a> on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod199130-93">[92]</a> The rebellion lasted for two years, gathering much support from Vietnamese Catholics, Khmers, Chinese merchants in Saigon, and even the Siamese ruler <a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Rama III</a> until it was crushed by the government forces in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2004a12-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201657-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019279-85">[84]</a> In January, he issued the first country-wide prohibition of Catholicism, and began persecuting Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod199131-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201656-97">[96]</a> 130 Christian missionaries, priests and church leaders were executed, dozens of churches were burned and destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019277-79">[78]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg/160px-Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg/240px-Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg/320px-Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1958" /></a><figcaption>Execution of French missionary <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Borie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Borie">Pierre Borie</a>, 1838.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_Siam_and_invasion_of_Cambodia">War with Siam and invasion of Cambodia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: War with Siam and invasion of Cambodia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars" title="Siamese–Vietnamese wars">Siamese–Vietnamese wars</a></div> Minh Mạng also expanded his empire westward, putting central and southern Laos under Cam Lộ Province, and collided with his father's former ally – <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>, in Vientiane and Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019283-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988249-99">[98]</a> He backed the revolt of Laotian king <a href="/wiki/Anouvong" title="Anouvong">Anouvong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Vientiane</a> against the Siamese, and seized <a href="/wiki/Xam_Neua" title="Xam Neua">Xam Neua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savannakhet_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannakhet Province">Savannakhet</a> in 1827.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988249-99">[98]</a> In 1834, the Vietnamese Crown fully annexed Cambodia and renamed it to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Th%C3%A0nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Thành Province">Tây Thành Province</a>. Minh Mạng placed the general <a href="/wiki/Truong_Minh_Giang" class="mw-redirect" title="Truong Minh Giang">Trương Minh Giảng</a> as the governor of the Cambodian province, expanding his forcible religious assimilation to the new territory. King <a href="/wiki/Ang_Chan_II" title="Ang Chan II">Ang Chan II</a> of Cambodia died in the next year and Ming Mang installed Chan's daughter <a href="/wiki/Ang_Mey" title="Ang Mey">Ang Mey</a> as Commandery Princess of Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019285-100">[99]</a> Cambodian officials were required to wear Vietnamese-style clothing, and govern in Vietnamese style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2018152–153-101">[100]</a> However the Vietnamese rule over Cambodia did not last long and proved draining to Vietnam's economy to maintain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019286-102">[101]</a> Minh Mạng died in 1841, whilst a Khmer uprising was in progress with Siamese support, putting an end to the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Th%C3%A0nh_province" title="Tây Thành province">Tây Thành province</a> and Vietnamese control of Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019283–288-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2018159–163-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_of_the_Nguyễn_dynasty">Decline of the Nguyễn dynasty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Decline of the Nguyễn dynasty">edit</a>]</div> Over the next forty years, Vietnam was ruled by two further independent emperors <a href="/wiki/Thieu_Tri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thieu Tri">Thiệu Trị</a> (r. 1841–1847) and <a href="/wiki/Tu_Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Duc">Tự Đức</a> (r. 1848–1883). Thiệu Trị or Prince Miên Tông, was the eldest son of Emperor Minh Mạng. His six-year reign showed a significant decrease in Catholic persecution. With the population growing fast from 6 million in the 1820s to 10 million in 1850,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2003175-105">[104]</a> the attempts at agricultural self sufficiency were proving unworkable. Between 1802 and 1862, the court had faced 405 minor and large revolts of peasants, political dissents, ethnic minorities, Lê loyalists (people that were loyal to the old Lê Duy dynasty) across the country,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2003163-106">[105]</a> this made responding to the challenge of European colonisers significantly more challenging. In 1845, the American warship <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Đà Nẵng</a>, taking all local officials hostage with the demands that Thiệu Trị free imprisoned French bishop <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lef%C3%A8bvre" title="Dominique Lefèbvre">Dominique Lefèbvre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199042–44-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200047-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013433-109">[108]</a> In 1847, Thiệu Trị had made peace with Siam, but the imprisonment of Dominique Lefebvre offered an excuse for French and British aggression. In April the French navy <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">attacked</a> the Vietnamese and sank many Vietnamese ships in Đà Nẵng, demanding the release of Lefèbvre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod199135-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013434-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201659-112">[111]</a> Angered by the incident, Thiệu Trị ordered all European documents in his palace to be smashed, and all European caught on Vietnamese land were to immediate execution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019290-113">[112]</a> In autumn, two British warships of <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Davis" title="John Francis Davis">Sir John Davis</a> arrived in Đà Nẵng and attempted to force a commercial treaty on Vietnam, but the emperor refused. He died a few days later of apoplexy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013435-114">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tu_Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Duc">Tự Đức</a>, or Prince Hồng Nhậm was Thiệu Trị's youngest son, well-educated in Confucian learning, he was crowned by minister and co-regent Trương Đăng Quế. Prince <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_H%E1%BB%93ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo">Hồng Bảo</a>-the elder brother of Tự Đức, the primogeniture heir rebelled against Tự Đức on the day of his accession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod199139-115">[114]</a> This coup failed but he was spared execution on the intervention of <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_D%E1%BB%A5" title="Từ Dụ">Từ Dụ</a>, with his sentence being reduced to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013436–437-116">[115]</a> Aware of the rise of Western influences in Asia, Tự Đức confirmed his grandfathers isolationist policy towards the European powers, prohibiting embassies, forbidding trade and contact with foreigners and renewing <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_Catholic_Persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tự Đức's Catholic Persecution">the persecution</a> of Catholics his grandfather had orchestrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod199138–39-117">[116]</a> During Tự Đức's first twelve years, Vietnamese Catholics faced harsh persecution with 27 European missionaries, 300 Vietnamese priests and bishops, and 30,000 Vietnamese Christians executed and crucified from 1848 to 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019290-113">[112]</a> In the late 1840s, another <a href="/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic" title="1846–1860 cholera pandemic">cholera outbreak</a> hit Vietnam, having travelled from India. The epidemic quickly spread out of control and killed 800,000 people (8–10% of Vietnam's 1847 population) across the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201660-118">[117]</a> Locusts plagued northern Vietnam in 1854, and a major rebellion in the following year damaged much of the Tonkin countryside. These various crises weakened the empire's control over Tonkin considerably.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019290-113">[112]</a> In the 1850–70s, a new class of liberal intellectuals emerged in the court as persecution relaxed, many of them Catholics who had studied abroad in Europe, most notably <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_T%E1%BB%99" title="Nguyễn Trường Tộ">Nguyễn Trường Tộ</a>, who urged the emperor to reform and transform the Empire following the Western model and open Vietnam to the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith201247-119">[118]</a> Despite their efforts the conservative Confucian bureaucrats and Tự Đức himself had a literal interest in such reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019305-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200087-121">[120]</a> The economy remained largely agricultural, with 95% of the population living in rural areas, only mining offered potential to the modernist's dreams of a western-style state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_conquest">French conquest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: French conquest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_capture_of_Saigon_in_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/French_capture_of_Saigon_in_1859.jpg/220px-French_capture_of_Saigon_in_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/French_capture_of_Saigon_in_1859.jpg/330px-French_capture_of_Saigon_in_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/French_capture_of_Saigon_in_1859.jpg/440px-French_capture_of_Saigon_in_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>The Alliance (France-Spain) army capture of Saigon in 1859.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Saigon_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Treaty_of_Saigon_1862.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Saigon_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Treaty_of_Saigon_1862.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Saigon_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Treaty_of_Saigon_1862.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Saigon_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Treaty of Saigon (1862)</a>.</figcaption></figure> In September 1858, Napoleon III orchestrated a Franco-<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spanish army</a> bombardment and invaded <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Đà Nẵng</a> to protest against the executions of two Spanish Dominican missionaries. Seven months later, they sailed to the south to attack Saigon and the rich Mekong Delta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirell2019169-122">[121]</a> The Alliance troops held Saigon for two years, while a rebellion of Lê loyalists led by Catholic bishop Pedro <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_V%C4%83n_Ph%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Tạ Văn Phụng">Tạ Văn Phụng</a>, who proclaimed himself to be a Lê prince, broke out in the north and escalated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith201249-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley201650-124">[123]</a> Alongside the pretext of avenging the death of the missionaries the French invasion was designed to prove to Europe that France wasn't a second-rate power, and 'civilize' the area. In February 1861, French reinforcement and 70 warships led by General Vassoigne arrived and overwhelmed the Vietnamese strongholds. Facing the Alliance invasion and internal rebellion, Tự Đức chose to cede three Southern provinces to France in order to deal with the coinciding rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200048–49-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201665-126">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph%C3%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_nh%C3%A0_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_do_Kinh_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_s%E1%BB%A9_Nam_k%E1%BB%B3_Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n_sang_th%C4%83m_Ph%C3%A1p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ph%C3%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_nh%C3%A0_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_do_Kinh_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_s%E1%BB%A9_Nam_k%E1%BB%B3_Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n_sang_th%C4%83m_Ph%C3%A1p.jpg/220px-Ph%C3%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_nh%C3%A0_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_do_Kinh_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_s%E1%BB%A9_Nam_k%E1%BB%B3_Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n_sang_th%C4%83m_Ph%C3%A1p.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ph%C3%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_nh%C3%A0_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_do_Kinh_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_s%E1%BB%A9_Nam_k%E1%BB%B3_Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n_sang_th%C4%83m_Ph%C3%A1p.jpg/330px-Ph%C3%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_nh%C3%A0_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_do_Kinh_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_s%E1%BB%A9_Nam_k%E1%BB%B3_Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n_sang_th%C4%83m_Ph%C3%A1p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ph%C3%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_nh%C3%A0_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_do_Kinh_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_s%E1%BB%A9_Nam_k%E1%BB%B3_Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n_sang_th%C4%83m_Ph%C3%A1p.jpg/440px-Ph%C3%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_nh%C3%A0_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_do_Kinh_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_s%E1%BB%A9_Nam_k%E1%BB%B3_Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n_sang_th%C4%83m_Ph%C3%A1p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese delegation to <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> in 20/9/1863 for peace treaty negotiation, Head of legation <a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n" title="Phan Thanh Giản">Phan Thanh Giản</a> (first row, middle) .</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phan-Thanh-Gi%E1%BA%A3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Phan-Thanh-Gi%E1%BA%A3n.jpg/220px-Phan-Thanh-Gi%E1%BA%A3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Phan-Thanh-Gi%E1%BA%A3n.jpg/330px-Phan-Thanh-Gi%E1%BA%A3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Phan-Thanh-Gi%E1%BA%A3n.jpg/440px-Phan-Thanh-Gi%E1%BA%A3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese mission to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s court at <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> (1863).</figcaption></figure> In June 1862, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Treaty of Saigon</a> was signed, resulting in Vietnam losing three southern provinces; <a href="/wiki/Gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Định province">Gia Định</a>, Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa which became the basis of <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French Cochinchina</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1863)" title="Treaty of Huế (1863)">Treaty of Huế (1863)</a> the island of Poulo Condoræ would allow Catholicism, three ports would be open to French trade, and the sea opened to allow French expansion into <a href="/wiki/Kampuchea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a>. and war reparations were required to be sent to France. Despite the religious elements of this treaty, France would not intervene in the Christian revolt in <a href="/wiki/Bac_Bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bac Bo">Northern Vietnam</a>, even with their missionaries urging them to. To the Queen dowager, Từ Dụ, the court, and the people, the 1862 treaty was a national humiliation. Tự Đức once again sent a mission to the French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, in which he called to revise the 1862 treaty. In July 1864, another draft treaty was signed. France returned the three provinces to Vietnam, but still held control over three important cities Saigon, Mỹ Tho, and Thủ Dầu Một.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200050–51-127">[126]</a> In 1866, France convinced Tự Đức to hand over the southern provinces of Vĩnh Long, Hà Tiên, and Châu Đốc. <a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Gian" class="mw-redirect" title="Phan Thanh Gian">Phan Thanh Giản</a>, the governor of the three provinces immediately resigned. Without resistance, in 1867, the French annexed the provinces and turned their attention to the northern provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200053-128">[127]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Saigon by Charles Rigault de Genouilly on 17 February 1859, painted by Antoine Morel-Fatio."><img alt="Capture of Saigon by Charles Rigault de Genouilly on 17 February 1859, painted by Antoine Morel-Fatio." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg/120px-Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg/180px-Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg/240px-Prise_de_Saigon_18_Fevrier_1859_Antoine_Morel-Fatio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1147" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of Saigon by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly" title="Charles Rigault de Genouilly">Charles Rigault de Genouilly</a> on 17 February 1859, painted by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Morel-Fatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Morel-Fatio">Antoine Morel-Fatio</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_L%27exp%C3%A9dition_de_Cochinchine_-_prise_et_incendie_de_Bien-Hao_le_18_d%C3%A9cembre_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bombardment of Biên Hòa (16 December 1861)."><img alt="Bombardment of Biên Hòa (16 December 1861)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_L%27exp%C3%A9dition_de_Cochinchine_-_prise_et_incendie_de_Bien-Hao_le_18_d%C3%A9cembre_1861.jpg/120px-L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_L%27exp%C3%A9dition_de_Cochinchine_-_prise_et_incendie_de_Bien-Hao_le_18_d%C3%A9cembre_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_L%27exp%C3%A9dition_de_Cochinchine_-_prise_et_incendie_de_Bien-Hao_le_18_d%C3%A9cembre_1861.jpg/180px-L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_L%27exp%C3%A9dition_de_Cochinchine_-_prise_et_incendie_de_Bien-Hao_le_18_d%C3%A9cembre_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_L%27exp%C3%A9dition_de_Cochinchine_-_prise_et_incendie_de_Bien-Hao_le_18_d%C3%A9cembre_1861.jpg/240px-L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_L%27exp%C3%A9dition_de_Cochinchine_-_prise_et_incendie_de_Bien-Hao_le_18_d%C3%A9cembre_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15340" data-file-height="3476" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a> (16 December 1861).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:French_ships_at_Danang_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French warships Siege of Tourane (Đà Nẵng), September 1858."><img alt="French warships Siege of Tourane (Đà Nẵng), September 1858." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/French_ships_at_Danang_1858.jpg/120px-French_ships_at_Danang_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/French_ships_at_Danang_1858.jpg/180px-French_ships_at_Danang_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/French_ships_at_Danang_1858.jpg/240px-French_ships_at_Danang_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="420" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French warships <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tourane" title="Siege of Tourane">Siege of Tourane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Đà Nẵng</a>), September 1858.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_Bac-Ninh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Bắc Ninh during the Tonkin campaign."><img alt="Capture of Bắc Ninh during the Tonkin campaign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Prise_de_Bac-Ninh.jpg/120px-Prise_de_Bac-Ninh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Prise_de_Bac-Ninh.jpg/180px-Prise_de_Bac-Ninh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Prise_de_Bac-Ninh.jpg/240px-Prise_de_Bac-Ninh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="255" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of <a href="/wiki/Bac_Ninh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bac Ninh">Bắc Ninh</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_ninh_binh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The capture of Ninh Bình by Aspirant Hautefeuille and his sailors"><img alt="The capture of Ninh Bình by Aspirant Hautefeuille and his sailors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Capture_ninh_binh.jpg/94px-Capture_ninh_binh.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Capture_ninh_binh.jpg/142px-Capture_ninh_binh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Capture_ninh_binh.jpg/189px-Capture_ninh_binh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1031" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The capture of <a href="/wiki/Ninh_B%C3%ACnh" title="Ninh Bình">Ninh Bình</a> by Aspirant Hautefeuille and his sailors</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Hai_Duong_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French attack on the citadel of Hải Dương."><img alt="French attack on the citadel of Hải Dương." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Capture_of_Hai_Duong_1873.jpg/120px-Capture_of_Hai_Duong_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Capture_of_Hai_Duong_1873.jpg/180px-Capture_of_Hai_Duong_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Capture_of_Hai_Duong_1873.jpg/240px-Capture_of_Hai_Duong_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="1813" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French attack on the citadel of <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hải Dương">Hải Dương</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Taking-of-bac-ninh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turcos and fusiliers-marins at Bắc Ninh, 12 March 1884"><img alt="Turcos and fusiliers-marins at Bắc Ninh, 12 March 1884" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Taking-of-bac-ninh.jpg/120px-Taking-of-bac-ninh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Taking-of-bac-ninh.jpg/180px-Taking-of-bac-ninh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Taking-of-bac-ninh.jpg/240px-Taking-of-bac-ninh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="581" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turcos and fusiliers-marins at Bắc Ninh, 12 March 1884</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:French_artillery_at_Gia_Cuc.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="A French naval gun, deployed on a dyke, supports a marine infantry attack on the Vietnamese positions at Gia Cuc (Gia Quất)"><img alt="A French naval gun, deployed on a dyke, supports a marine infantry attack on the Vietnamese positions at Gia Cuc (Gia Quất)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/French_artillery_at_Gia_Cuc.jpeg/120px-French_artillery_at_Gia_Cuc.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/French_artillery_at_Gia_Cuc.jpeg/180px-French_artillery_at_Gia_Cuc.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/French_artillery_at_Gia_Cuc.jpeg/240px-French_artillery_at_Gia_Cuc.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1261" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A French naval gun, deployed on a dyke, supports a marine infantry attack on the Vietnamese positions at Gia Cuc (Gia Quất)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Warships_at_Thuan_An.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French warships deployed off the Thuận An forts, 18 August 1883"><img alt="French warships deployed off the Thuận An forts, 18 August 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Warships_at_Thuan_An.jpg/120px-Warships_at_Thuan_An.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Warships_at_Thuan_An.jpg/180px-Warships_at_Thuan_An.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Warships_at_Thuan_An.jpg/240px-Warships_at_Thuan_An.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="927" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French warships deployed off the Thuận An forts, 18 August 1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_on_the_Thuan_An_forts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The attack on the Thuận An forts, 20 August 1883"><img alt="The attack on the Thuận An forts, 20 August 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Attack_on_the_Thuan_An_forts.jpg/100px-Attack_on_the_Thuan_An_forts.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Attack_on_the_Thuan_An_forts.jpg/150px-Attack_on_the_Thuan_An_forts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Attack_on_the_Thuan_An_forts.jpg/200px-Attack_on_the_Thuan_An_forts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="1951" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The attack on the Thuận An forts, 20 August 1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_Son_Tay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The capture of Sơn Tây, 16 December 1883"><img alt="The capture of Sơn Tây, 16 December 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Prise_de_Son_Tay.jpg/102px-Prise_de_Son_Tay.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Prise_de_Son_Tay.jpg/152px-Prise_de_Son_Tay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Prise_de_Son_Tay.jpg/203px-Prise_de_Son_Tay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="626" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The capture of <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Tây">Sơn Tây</a>, 16 December 1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_of_Nam_Dinh_19_July_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Nam Định, 19 July 1883."><img alt="Capture of Nam Định, 19 July 1883." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Combat_of_Nam_Dinh_19_July_1883.jpg/120px-Combat_of_Nam_Dinh_19_July_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Combat_of_Nam_Dinh_19_July_1883.jpg/180px-Combat_of_Nam_Dinh_19_July_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Combat_of_Nam_Dinh_19_July_1883.jpg/240px-Combat_of_Nam_Dinh_19_July_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="1850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capture of <a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Nam Định">Nam Định</a>, 19 July 1883.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CaptureNamDinh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French troops attack Nam Định fortress."><img alt="French troops attack Nam Định fortress." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CaptureNamDinh.jpg/120px-CaptureNamDinh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CaptureNamDinh.jpg/180px-CaptureNamDinh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CaptureNamDinh.jpg/240px-CaptureNamDinh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="963" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French troops attack <a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Nam Định">Nam Định</a> fortress.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunghoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Hưng Hóa"><img alt="Capture of Hưng Hóa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hunghoa.jpg/78px-Hunghoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hunghoa.jpg/117px-Hunghoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hunghoa.jpg/156px-Hunghoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="1007" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a" title="Capture of Hưng Hóa">Capture of Hưng Hóa</a></div> </li> </ul> By the late 1860s, pirates, bandits, and remnants of the Taiping rebellion in China, fled to Tonkin and turned Northern Vietnam into a hotbed for their raid activities. The Vietnamese state was too weak to fight against the pirates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirell2019174-129">[128]</a> These Chinese rebels eventually formed their own mercenary armies as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_Army" title="Black Flag Army">Black Flags</a> had done and cooperated with local Vietnamese officials to interfere with French business interests. As France was looking to acquire Yunnan and Tonkin, when in 1873, a French merchant-adventurer named <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dupuis" title="Jean Dupuis">Jean Dupuis</a> was intercepted by local Hanoi authority, the <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French Cochinchina</a> government responded by sending out a new attack without talking with the Hue court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley201663–64-130">[129]</a> A French army led by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Garnier" title="Francis Garnier">Francis Garnier</a> arrived at Tonkin in November. Because local administrators had allied with the Black Flags and mistrusted of Hanoi governor <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Tri_Phuong" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Tri Phuong">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a>, in late November the French and Lê loyalists opened fire at the Vietnamese citadel of Hanoi. Tự Đức immediately sent delegations to negotiate with Garnier, but Prince <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_K%E1%BA%BF_Vi%C3%AAm" title="Hoàng Kế Viêm">Hoàng Kế Viêm</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Tây">Sơn Tây</a>, had enlisted the Chinese Black Flags militia of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongfu" title="Liu Yongfu">Liu Yongfu</a> to attack the French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201666-131">[130]</a> Garnier was killed on 21 December by the Black Flag soldiers at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y_(1873)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cầu Giấy (1873) (page does not exist)">Battle of Cầu Giấy</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y_(1873)" class="extiw" title="vi:Trận Cầu Giấy (1873)">vi</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirell2019179-132">[131]</a> A peace negotiation between Vietnam and France was reached on 5 January 1874.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirell2019180-133">[132]</a> France formally recognized Vietnam's full independence from China; France would pay off Vietnam's Spanish debts; French force returned Hanoi to the Vietnamese; the Vietnamese military in Hanoi had to disband and be reduced to a simple police force; total religious and trade freedom was ensured; Vietnam was compelled to recognise all six southern provinces as French territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200055–61-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201667-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_independence_(1874–1885)">End of independence (1874–1885)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: End of independence (1874–1885)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Thuan_An_Forts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Capture_of_Thuan_An_Forts.jpg/220px-Capture_of_Thuan_An_Forts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Capture_of_Thuan_An_Forts.jpg/330px-Capture_of_Thuan_An_Forts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Capture_of_Thuan_An_Forts.jpg/440px-Capture_of_Thuan_An_Forts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="3151" /></a><figcaption>French victory in Thuận An, August 1883.</figcaption></figure> Just two years after French recognition, Tự Đức sent an embassy to Qing China in 1876 and re-provoked the tributary relationship with the Chinese (the last mission was in 1849). In 1878, Vietnam renewed relations with Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200061-136">[135]</a> In 1880, Britain, Germany, and Spain were still debating the fate of Vietnam, and the Chinese Embassy in Paris openly rejected the 1874 Franco-Vietnamese agreement. In Paris, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> proposed a direct military campaign against Vietnam to revise the 1874 treaty. Because Tự Đức was too preoccupied to keep the French out of his Empire without directly engaging against them, he requested assistance from the Chinese court. In 1882, 30,000 Qing troops flooded into the northern provinces and occupied cities. The Black Flags had also been returning, together, collaborating with local Vietnamese officials and harassing French businesses. In March, the French responded by sending a second expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Rivi%C3%A8re_(naval_officer)" title="Henri Rivière (naval officer)">Henri Rivière</a> to the north to deal with these various problems but had to avoid all international attention, particularly from China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200063-137">[136]</a> On 25 April 1882, Rivière took Hanoi without facing any resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200065-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley201690-139">[138]</a> Tự Đức informed the Chinese court that their tributary state was being attacked. In September 1882, 17 Chinese divisions (200,000 men) crossed the Sino-Vietnamese borders and occupied <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Lạng Sơn">Lạng Sơn</a>, Cao Bằng, Bac Ninh, and Thái Nguyên, under the pretext of defending against the French aggression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200066-140">[139]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1885_chromolithograph_celebrating_the_French_conquest_in_Indochina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Admiral Amédée Courbet and Harmand at Huế, August 1883"><img alt="Admiral Amédée Courbet and Harmand at Huế, August 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1885_chromolithograph_celebrating_the_French_conquest_in_Indochina.jpg/120px-1885_chromolithograph_celebrating_the_French_conquest_in_Indochina.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1885_chromolithograph_celebrating_the_French_conquest_in_Indochina.jpg/180px-1885_chromolithograph_celebrating_the_French_conquest_in_Indochina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1885_chromolithograph_celebrating_the_French_conquest_in_Indochina.jpg/240px-1885_chromolithograph_celebrating_the_French_conquest_in_Indochina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="17332" data-file-height="13661" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Admiral <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Courbet" title="Amédée Courbet">Amédée Courbet</a> and Harmand at Huế, August 1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Signing of the Treaty of Huế, 25 August 1883"><img alt="Signing of the Treaty of Huế, 25 August 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg/120px-Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg/180px-Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg/240px-Signature_of_1883_Treaty_of_Hue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="1489" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Signing of the Treaty of Huế, 25 August 1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%E1%BB%91ng-Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%C3%A3_n%C3%B3i_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_kh%E1%BA%AFng_kh%C3%ADt_v%E1%BB%9Bi_th%C3%A1i_b%C3%ACnh,_nh%C6%B0_d%C3%A2n_qu%C3%AA_v%E1%BB%9Bi_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_ru%E1%BB%99ng.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French propaganda painting in Hanoi, 1942"><img alt="French propaganda painting in Hanoi, 1942" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Th%E1%BB%91ng-Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%C3%A3_n%C3%B3i_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_kh%E1%BA%AFng_kh%C3%ADt_v%E1%BB%9Bi_th%C3%A1i_b%C3%ACnh%2C_nh%C6%B0_d%C3%A2n_qu%C3%AA_v%E1%BB%9Bi_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_ru%E1%BB%99ng.jpg/87px-Th%E1%BB%91ng-Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%C3%A3_n%C3%B3i_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_kh%E1%BA%AFng_kh%C3%ADt_v%E1%BB%9Bi_th%C3%A1i_b%C3%ACnh%2C_nh%C6%B0_d%C3%A2n_qu%C3%AA_v%E1%BB%9Bi_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_ru%E1%BB%99ng.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Th%E1%BB%91ng-Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%C3%A3_n%C3%B3i_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_kh%E1%BA%AFng_kh%C3%ADt_v%E1%BB%9Bi_th%C3%A1i_b%C3%ACnh%2C_nh%C6%B0_d%C3%A2n_qu%C3%AA_v%E1%BB%9Bi_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_ru%E1%BB%99ng.jpg/131px-Th%E1%BB%91ng-Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%C3%A3_n%C3%B3i_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_kh%E1%BA%AFng_kh%C3%ADt_v%E1%BB%9Bi_th%C3%A1i_b%C3%ACnh%2C_nh%C6%B0_d%C3%A2n_qu%C3%AA_v%E1%BB%9Bi_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_ru%E1%BB%99ng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Th%E1%BB%91ng-Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%C3%A3_n%C3%B3i_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_kh%E1%BA%AFng_kh%C3%ADt_v%E1%BB%9Bi_th%C3%A1i_b%C3%ACnh%2C_nh%C6%B0_d%C3%A2n_qu%C3%AA_v%E1%BB%9Bi_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_ru%E1%BB%99ng.jpg/175px-Th%E1%BB%91ng-Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%C3%A3_n%C3%B3i_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_kh%E1%BA%AFng_kh%C3%ADt_v%E1%BB%9Bi_th%C3%A1i_b%C3%ACnh%2C_nh%C6%B0_d%C3%A2n_qu%C3%AA_v%E1%BB%9Bi_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_ru%E1%BB%99ng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10240" data-file-height="14072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French propaganda painting in Hanoi, 1942</div> </li> </ul> Backed by the Chinese army and prince Hoàng Kế Viêm, Liu Yongfu, and the Black Flags decided to attack Rivière. On 19 May 1883, the Black Flags ambushed and beheaded Rivière at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y_(1883)" title="Battle of Cầu Giấy (1883)">Second Battle of Cầu Giấy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2016102-141">[140]</a> When news of Rivière's death reached France, there was immediate outcry and demands for a response. The French Parliament quickly voted for the conquest of Vietnam. Tens of thousands of French and Chinese reinforcements poured into the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirell2019191-142">[141]</a> Tự Đức died on 17 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmirell2019194-143">[142]</a> Succession trouble temporarily paralyzed the court. One of his nephews <a href="/wiki/D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dục Đức">Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Ái</a> was crowned as Emperor Dục Đức but was, however, imprisoned and executed after three days by the three powerful regents <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nguyễn Văn Tường">Nguyễn Văn Tường</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a> and Tran Tien Thanh for unknown reasons. Tự Đức's brother <a href="/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_H%C3%B2a" title="Hiệp Hòa">Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật</a> succeeded on 30 July as Emperor Hiệp Hòa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2016106-144">[143]</a> The senior Censorate official of the court <a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a> denounced the three regents for their irregular handling of Tự Đức's succession. Tôn Thất Thuyết excoriated Phan Đình Phùng and sent him from the court to his home territory, where later he led a nationalist resistance movement against the French for ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013474-145">[144]</a> To knock Vietnam out of the war, France decided to take a direct assault on the city of Huế. The French army split up itself into two parts: the smaller under General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre-Eug%C3%A8ne_Bou%C3%ABt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre-Eugène Bouët (page does not exist)">Bouët</a> stayed in Hanoi and waited for reinforcement from France while the French fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Courbet" title="Amédée Courbet">Amédée Courbet</a> and Jules Harmand sailed to <a href="/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_An" title="Thuận An">Thuận An</a>, the sea gate of Hue on August 17. Harmand demanded the two regents Nguyễn Văn Tường and Tôn Thất Thuyết surrender Northern Vietnam, North-Central Vietnam (<a href="/wiki/Thanh_Ho%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoá">Thanh Hoá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghệ An">Nghệ An</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C4%A9nh" title="Hà Tĩnh">Hà Tĩnh</a>) and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Thuận Province">Bình Thuận Province</a> to French possession, and to accept a French résident in Huế who could demand imperial audiences. He sent an ultimatum to the regents that "The name Vietnam will no longer exist in history" if they did not comply with this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201669–70-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019319-147">[146]</a> On 18 August, French battleships began shelling Vietnamese positions in the Thuận An citadel. Two days later, at dawn, Courbet and the French marines landed on the shore. By the next morning, all Vietnamese defenses in Huế were overwhelmed by the French. Emperor Hiệp Hòa dispatched mandarin Nguyễn Thượng Bắc to negotiate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200067-148">[147]</a> On 25 September, two court officials, Trần Đình Túc and Nguyễn Trọng Hợp signed a twenty-seven-article treaty known as <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Harmand Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2016107-149">[148]</a> The French were granted Bình Thuận; Đà Nẵng and Qui Nhơn were opened for trade; the ruling sphere of the Vietnamese monarchy was reduced to Central Vietnam while Northern Vietnam became a French Protectorate. In November, Emperor Hiệp Hòa and Trần Tiễn Thành were executed by Nguyễn Văn Tường and Tôn Thất Thuyết for their perceived pro-French sympathies. 14-year-old Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng was crowned as Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a>. After achieving peace with China through the <a href="/wiki/Tientsin_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Tientsin Accord">Tientsin Accord</a> in May 1884, on 6 June the French Ambassador in China <a href="/wiki/Jules_Paten%C3%B4tre_des_Noyers" title="Jules Patenôtre des Noyers">Jules Patenôtre des Noyers</a> signed with Nguyen Van Tuong the Protectorate <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Treaty of Patenôtre</a>, which confirmed French dominion over Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013475-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201670-60">[59]</a> On 31 May 1885, France appointed the first governor of all Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuis200071-151">[150]</a> On 9 June 1885, Vietnam ceased to exist after 83 years as an independent state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201671-61">[60]</a> The leader of the pro-war faction, Tôn Thất Thuyết and his supporters revolted against the French in July 1885, but were forced to retreat to the Laotian highlands with the young emperor <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> (Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch.) Meanwhile the French installed his pro-French brother Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ as emperor <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201691-152">[151]</a> Thuyết called up the nobility, loyalists and nationalists to arm for the resistance against the French occupation (<a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương movement</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201690-153">[152]</a> The movement lasted for 11 years (1885–1896) and Thuyết was forced to exile in China in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoscha201693-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_protectorates_of_Annam_and_Tonkin_(1883–1945)">French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam (French protectorate)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin (French protectorate)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">1883 Treaty of Huế</a> led to the rest of Vietnam becoming French protectorates, divided into the <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Protectorates of Annam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a>. The terms were, however, considered overly harsh in French diplomatic circles and never ratified in France. The following <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">1884 Treaty of Huế</a> provided a softened version of the previous treaty.<a href="#cite_note-The_conquest_of_Vietnam_by_France-155">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tientsin (1885)">1885 Treaty of Tientsin</a>, which reaffirmed the 1884 <a href="/wiki/Tientsin_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Tientsin Accord">Tientsin Accord</a> and ended the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a>, confirmed Vietnam's status as French protectorates and severed Vietnam's tributary relationship with the Qing dynasty by requiring that all of Vietnam's foreign affairs be conducted through France.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> After this the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the two French protectorates. Annam and Tonkin were combined with Cochinchina and the neighboring <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodian protectorate</a> in 1887 to form the Union of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, of which they became administrative components.<a href="#cite_note-The_conquest_of_Vietnam_by_France-155">[154]</a> French rule also reinforced ingredients that the Portuguese had already added to Vietnam's cultural stew: Catholicism and a <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">alphabet</a>. The spelling used in the Vietnamese transliteration is in fact Portuguese-based, because the French relied on a dictionary compiled earlier by a Portuguese cleric, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Pina" title="Francisco de Pina">Francisco de Pina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_conquest_of_Vietnam_by_France-155">[154]</a> Due to their presence in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> were also the ones who brought <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Catholicism</a> to Vietnam in the XVI Century, although it was the French who built most of the churches and established missions in the country.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="History of Vietnam during World War I">History of Vietnam during World War I</a></div> While seeking to maximize the use of Indochina's natural resources and manpower to fight World War I, France cracked down on Vietnam's patriotic mass movements. Indochina (mainly Vietnam) had to provide France with 70,000 soldiers and 70,000 workers, who were forcibly drafted from villages to serve on the French battlefront. Vietnam also contributed 184 million <a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">piastres</a> in loans and 336,000 tons of food. These burdens proved heavy since agriculture experienced natural disasters from 1914 to 1917. Lacking a unified nationwide organization, the vigorous Vietnamese national movement failed to use the difficulties France had as a result of the war to stage significant uprisings. In May 1916, sixteen-year-old emperor <a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a> escaped from his palace to participate in an uprising of Vietnamese troops. The French were informed of the plan, and its leaders were arrested and executed. Duy Tân was deposed and exiled to the island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> in the Indian Ocean. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931946_in_French_Indochina" title="1940–1946 in French Indochina">1940–1946 in French Indochina</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a></div> Nationalist sentiment intensified in Vietnam (especially during and after the First World War), but uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain concessions from the French. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> greatly impacted 20th-century Vietnamese history. For Vietnam, the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 was as decisive as the 1858 French seizure of Đà Nẵng. The <a href="/wiki/Axis_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis power">Axis power</a> of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> invaded Vietnam on 22 September 1940, attempting to construct military bases to strike against <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> in Southeast Asia. This led to a period of Indochina under <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Japanese occupation</a> with the cooperation of the <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">collaborationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a>, who still retained the administration of the colony. During this time the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a>, a communist resistance movement, developed under <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> from 1941, with <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied</a> support. During 1944–1945 <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Famine of 1945">famine in northern Vietnam</a>, over one million people starved to death. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945)">Empire of Vietnam (1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Empire of Vietnam (1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">Abdication of Bảo Đại</a></div> In March 1945, after the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">liberation of France</a> and heavy setbacks in the war, the Japanese in a last ditch effort to gather support in Indochina <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">overthrew the French administration</a>, imprisoned their civil servants and proclaimed independence for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia#Collaborationist_Kingdom_of_Kampuchea" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_of_Laos#Japanese_occupation_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate of Laos">Laos</a> and Vietnam, which became the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> with <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> as its Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Lebra-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li-Reid-6">[6]</a> The Empire of Vietnam was a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lebra-5">[5]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a>, Bảo Đại abdicated on 25 August 1945 after the Viet Minh launched the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> This ended the 143-year reign of the Nguyễn dynasty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_administration">National administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: National administration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Government of the Nguyễn dynasty">Government of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emperor">Emperor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Emperor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="House of Nguyễn Phúc">House of Nguyễn Phúc</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Con_d%E1%BA%A5u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial seal, decorated with a dragon, and its imprint against a red background."><img alt="Imperial seal, decorated with a dragon, and its imprint against a red background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Con_d%E1%BA%A5u.jpg/120px-Con_d%E1%BA%A5u.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Con_d%E1%BA%A5u.jpg/180px-Con_d%E1%BA%A5u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Con_d%E1%BA%A5u.jpg/240px-Con_d%E1%BA%A5u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1481" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Imperial seal, decorated with a dragon, and its imprint against a red background.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_headgear_Nguyen_era_NMVH_EDAV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nine-dragon Imperial Crown (Cửu Long thông thiên quan, 九龍通天冠) influenced by Chinese Yishan guan (翼善冠)."><img alt="Nine-dragon Imperial Crown (Cửu Long thông thiên quan, 九龍通天冠) influenced by Chinese Yishan guan (翼善冠)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Imperial_headgear_Nguyen_era_NMVH_EDAV.jpg/120px-Imperial_headgear_Nguyen_era_NMVH_EDAV.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Imperial_headgear_Nguyen_era_NMVH_EDAV.jpg/180px-Imperial_headgear_Nguyen_era_NMVH_EDAV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Imperial_headgear_Nguyen_era_NMVH_EDAV.jpg/240px-Imperial_headgear_Nguyen_era_NMVH_EDAV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3999" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nine-dragon Imperial Crown (Cửu Long thông thiên quan, 九龍通天冠) influenced by Chinese <a href="/wiki/Futou#Derivatives_and_influences" title="Futou">Yishan guan (翼善冠)</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nguyen_Dynasty,_19th-20th_Century_Swords_and_Rifles_(9735530409).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial sword and hunting rifle of emperor Minh Mang."><img alt="Imperial sword and hunting rifle of emperor Minh Mang." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_19th-20th_Century_Swords_and_Rifles_%289735530409%29.jpg/120px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_19th-20th_Century_Swords_and_Rifles_%289735530409%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_19th-20th_Century_Swords_and_Rifles_%289735530409%29.jpg/180px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_19th-20th_Century_Swords_and_Rifles_%289735530409%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_19th-20th_Century_Swords_and_Rifles_%289735530409%29.jpg/240px-Nguyen_Dynasty%2C_19th-20th_Century_Swords_and_Rifles_%289735530409%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Imperial sword and hunting rifle of emperor Minh Mang.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HoangVietLoatLe_first_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoàng Việt luật lệ (皇越律例), Code of law introduced by Gia Long."><img alt="Hoàng Việt luật lệ (皇越律例), Code of law introduced by Gia Long." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HoangVietLoatLe_first_page.jpg/120px-HoangVietLoatLe_first_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HoangVietLoatLe_first_page.jpg/180px-HoangVietLoatLe_first_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HoangVietLoatLe_first_page.jpg/240px-HoangVietLoatLe_first_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="615" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hoàng Việt luật lệ (皇越律例), Code of law introduced by Gia Long.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao-Da%C3%AF_fit_le_p%C3%A8lerinage_aux_Tombeaux_des_anc%C3%AAtres_de_la_Dynastie_%C3%A0_Thanh-H%C3%B3a,_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The visit of Bảo Đại to the ancestral tombs of Nguyễn Clan in Thanh Hóa, 4/11/1932"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao-Da%C3%AF_fit_le_p%C3%A8lerinage_aux_Tombeaux_des_anc%C3%AAtres_de_la_Dynastie_%C3%A0_Thanh-H%C3%B3a%2C_1932.jpg/1000px-Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao-Da%C3%AF_fit_le_p%C3%A8lerinage_aux_Tombeaux_des_anc%C3%AAtres_de_la_Dynastie_%C3%A0_Thanh-H%C3%B3a%2C_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao-Da%C3%AF_fit_le_p%C3%A8lerinage_aux_Tombeaux_des_anc%C3%AAtres_de_la_Dynastie_%C3%A0_Thanh-H%C3%B3a%2C_1932.jpg/1500px-Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao-Da%C3%AF_fit_le_p%C3%A8lerinage_aux_Tombeaux_des_anc%C3%AAtres_de_la_Dynastie_%C3%A0_Thanh-H%C3%B3a%2C_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao-Da%C3%AF_fit_le_p%C3%A8lerinage_aux_Tombeaux_des_anc%C3%AAtres_de_la_Dynastie_%C3%A0_Thanh-H%C3%B3a%2C_1932.jpg/2000px-Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao-Da%C3%AF_fit_le_p%C3%A8lerinage_aux_Tombeaux_des_anc%C3%AAtres_de_la_Dynastie_%C3%A0_Thanh-H%C3%B3a%2C_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7661" data-file-height="3364" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao-Da%C3%AF_fit_le_p%C3%A8lerinage_aux_Tombeaux_des_anc%C3%AAtres_de_la_Dynastie_%C3%A0_Thanh-H%C3%B3a,_1932.jpg" title="File:Sa Majesté Bao-Daï fit le pèlerinage aux Tombeaux des ancêtres de la Dynastie à Thanh-Hóa, 1932.jpg"> </a></div>The visit of Bảo Đại to the ancestral tombs of <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Lords">Nguyễn Clan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Thanh Hóa</a>, 4/11/1932</div></div></div> The Nguyễn dynasty retained the bureaucratic and hierarchic system of previous dynasties. The emperor was the head of state who wielded absolute authority. Under the emperor was the Ministry of Interior (which worked on papers, imperial messages and recording) and four Grand Secretariats (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Tứ trụ Đại thần), later renamed the Ministry of Secret Council.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty was an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist ruler</a>, which means he was both the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeane1896295-163">[162]</a> The Gia Long Code in 1812 declared the Vietnamese monarch as the universal ruler of all Vietnam; using the Confucian concept <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> to provide monarchs absolute power. Their reign and popular images were judged based on how prosperous the livelihood (民生, dân sinh) of the people and the Confucian concept of chính danh (rectification of names), according to the Confucian biblical <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a>, everything has to stay in its right order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside19889-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside198814-165">[164]</a> Gia Long also perceived the ancient Chinese conception of <a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua-Yi</a> and in 1805 he confessed his Empire as Trung Quốc (中國, "the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Middle Kingdom (disambiguation)">Middle Kingdom</a>"), the Vietnamese term which often refers to China but now was taken by Gia Long to emphasis his Son of Heaven status and the devaluation of China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside198818-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside198819-167">[166]</a> Following next decades, Confucianism and the Mandate of Heaven theory gradually lost their positions among the Vietnamese officials and intellectuals. When the fourth emperor, Tự Đức, ceded Southern Vietnam to France and called all Southern officials to give up arms, many ignored, disobeyed the Son of Heaven and continued to fight against invaders. Many dissents viewed him as surrendering and frightened of France. Rebellions against Tự Đức erupted every year from 1860 until he died in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019303-168">[167]</a> A dual theory of sovereignty existed in Vietnam. All the Nguyễn monarchs were addressed as hoàng đế (黃帝, Sino-Vietnamese title for "Emperor") in the court while referring himself the first person honorific trẫm (he who give the order). They also used the concept of thiên tử (天子, "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a>", which is borrowed from China) to demonstrate that the ruler was descended and commissioned by heaven to rule the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside19889-164">[163]</a> However, in most cases, Nguyen rulers were formally called vua (𪼀, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> title for "monarch" or " sovereign ruler") by the ordinary Vietnamese folks.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander-Barton-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside198810-170">[169]</a> The concept of a divine Son of Heaven has not been dogmatically practiced, and the monarch's divinity was not absolute due to the dual theory. For example, <a href="/wiki/Xu_Jiyu" title="Xu Jiyu">Xu Jiyu</a>, a Chinese geographer, reported that the bureaucrats in the Vietnamese court sat down and even felt free to search themselves for body lice during the court audiences. Gia Long once told the son of J.B. Chaigneau, one of his advisors, that the use of Son of Heaven in Vietnam was an "absurdity" and "at least in mixed Vietnamese–European Company."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside198810-170">[169]</a> Once the young crown prince is chosen to succeed, his obligation is to be filial with parents, be well-educated in politics and classics, and internalize the morals and ethics of a ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside198811-171">[170]</a> After the 1884 Treaty of Huế was signed, the Nguyễn dynasty became two protectorates of France and the French installed their own administrators.<a href="#cite_note-Trần-Gia-Phụng-172">[171]</a> Although the Emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty were still nominally in control of the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, the <a href="/wiki/Resident-Superior_of_Annam" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident-Superior of Annam">Resident-Superior of Annam</a> gradually gained more influence over the imperial court in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trần-Gia-Phụng-172">[171]</a> In 1897 the Resident-Superior was granted the power to appoint the Nguyễn dynasty Emperors and presided over the meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_c%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Viện cơ mật">Viện cơ mật</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trần-Gia-Phụng-172">[171]</a> These moves incorporated French officials directly into the administrative structure of the Imperial Huế Court and further legitimized French rule in the legislative branch of the Nguyễn government.<a href="#cite_note-Trần-Gia-Phụng-172">[171]</a> From this period onwards any imperial edicts issued by the Emperors of Đại Nam had to be confirmed by the Resident-Superior of Annam giving him both legislative and executive power over the Nguyễn government.<a href="#cite_note-Trần-Gia-Phụng-172">[171]</a> In the year 1898, the federal government of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> took over the financial and property management duties of the Nguyễn dynasty's imperial court meaning that the Nguyễn dynasty Emperor (at the time <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a>) became a salaried employee of the Indochinese colonial structure, reducing their power to being only a civil servant of the Protectorate government.<a href="#cite_note-Trần-Gia-Phụng-172">[171]</a> The Resident-Superior of Annam also took over the management of provincial <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarins</a> and was a member of the Supreme Council (Conseil supérieur) of the Government-General of French Indochina.<a href="#cite_note-Trần-Gia-Phụng-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_service_and_bureaucracy">Civil service and bureaucracy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Civil service and bureaucracy">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandarin_in_palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nguyễn dynasty mandarins in the imperial palace"><img alt="Nguyễn dynasty mandarins in the imperial palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mandarin_in_palace.jpg/120px-Mandarin_in_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mandarin_in_palace.jpg/180px-Mandarin_in_palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mandarin_in_palace.jpg/240px-Mandarin_in_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="423" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nguyễn dynasty mandarins in the imperial palace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TranhtrieuNguyen-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The imperial guards of the Nguyễn dynasty."><img alt="The imperial guards of the Nguyễn dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TranhtrieuNguyen-19.jpg/120px-TranhtrieuNguyen-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TranhtrieuNguyen-19.jpg/180px-TranhtrieuNguyen-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TranhtrieuNguyen-19.jpg/240px-TranhtrieuNguyen-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="449" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The imperial guards of the Nguyễn dynasty.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-giam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eunuchs of the Nguyễn dynasty."><img alt="Eunuchs of the Nguyễn dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/76px-Thai-giam.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/114px-Thai-giam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thai-giam.jpg/152px-Thai-giam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="551" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eunuchs of the Nguyễn dynasty.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81o_t%E1%BA%A5c_b%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3o_m%C3%A3ng_b%C3%A0o.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandarin (left) in the traditional Áo tấc and mandarin (right) in the imperial court dress."><img alt="Mandarin (left) in the traditional Áo tấc and mandarin (right) in the imperial court dress." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%C3%81o_t%E1%BA%A5c_b%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3o_m%C3%A3ng_b%C3%A0o.jpeg/89px-%C3%81o_t%E1%BA%A5c_b%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3o_m%C3%A3ng_b%C3%A0o.jpeg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%C3%81o_t%E1%BA%A5c_b%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3o_m%C3%A3ng_b%C3%A0o.jpeg/134px-%C3%81o_t%E1%BA%A5c_b%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3o_m%C3%A3ng_b%C3%A0o.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%C3%81o_t%E1%BA%A5c_b%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3o_m%C3%A3ng_b%C3%A0o.jpeg/179px-%C3%81o_t%E1%BA%A5c_b%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3o_m%C3%A3ng_b%C3%A0o.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandarin (left) in the traditional Áo tấc and mandarin (right) in the imperial court dress.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandarin1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandarins kowtow in front of the Imperial palace"><img alt="Mandarins kowtow in front of the Imperial palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mandarin1.jpg/120px-Mandarin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mandarin1.jpg/180px-Mandarin1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mandarin1.jpg/240px-Mandarin1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="371" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandarins kowtow in front of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Imperial palace</a></div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Civil position</th> <th>Military position </th></tr> <tr> <td>Upper first rank (Bậc trên nhất phẩm)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a> (Tông Nhân Phủ, Tôn nhân lệnh) <a href="/wiki/Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a> (Tam công): * Grand Preceptor (Thái sư) * Grand Tutor (Thái phó) * Grand Protector (Thái bảo)</td> <td>Same </td></tr> <tr> <td>First senior rank (Chánh nhất phẩm)</td> <td>Left Right Imperial Clan Court (Tôn nhân phủ, Tả Hữu tôn chính") Three Vice-Ducal Ministers (Tam Thiếu) * Vice Preceptor (Thiếu sư) * Vice Tutor (Thiếu phó) * Vice Protector (Thiếu bảo)</td> <td>Same </td></tr> <tr> <td>First junior rank (Tòng nhất phẩm)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Council of State">Council of State</a> (Tham chính viện) <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a> (Tham Nghị viện) <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a> (Thị trung Đại học sĩ)</td> <td>Banner Unit Lieutenant General, General-in-Chief, Provincial Commander-in-Chief </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second senior rank (Chánh nhị phẩm)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">6 ministries</a> (Lục bộ): * <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a> (Lại Bộ ) * <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a> (Lễ Bộ ) * <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice (imperial China)</a> (Hình Bộ ) * <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Finance</a> (Hộ Bộ ) * <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Public Works</a> (Công Bộ ) * <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of Defense</a> (Binh Bộ ) Supreme <a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a> (Đô sát viện, Tả Hữu Đô ngự sử)</td> <td>Banner Captain General, Commandants of Divisions, Brigade General </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second junior rank (Tòng nhị phẩm)</td> <td>6 Ministerial Advisors (Lục bộ Tả Hữu Tham tri) Grand coordinator and provincial governor (Tuần phủ) Supreme Vice-<a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a> (Đô sát viện, Tả Hữu Phó đô ngự sử)</td> <td>Major General, Colonel </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third senior rank (Chánh tam phẩm)</td> <td>Senior Head of 6 Ministries (Chánh thiêm sự) Administration Commissioner (Cai bạ) Surveillance Commissioner (Ký lục) State Auxiliary Academician of <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">Secretariat</a> (Thị trung Trực học sĩ) Court Auxiliary Academician (Trực học sĩ các điện) Court academician (Học sĩ các điện) Provincial governor (Hiệp trấn các trấn)</td> <td>Brigadiers of Artillery & Musketry, Brigadier of Scouts, Banner Division Colonel </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third junior rank (Tòng tam phẩm)</td> <td>Junior Head of Six Ministries (Thiếu thiêm sự) Senior Palace Administration Commissioner (Cai bạ Chính dinh) <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé d'affaires</a> (Tham tán) Court of Imperial Seals (Thượng bảo tự) General Staff (Tham quân)</td> <td>Banner Brigade Commander </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth senior rank (Chánh tứ phẩm)</td> <td>Provincial Education Commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a> (Quốc tử giám Đốc học) Head of six ministries (Thiếu thiêm sự) Junior Court of Imperial Seals (Thượng bảo thiếu Khanh) <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Secretaries">Grand Secretaries</a> (Đông các học sĩ) Administration Commissioner of Trường Thọ palace (Cai bạ cung Trường Thọ) Provincial Advisor to Defense Command Lieutenant Governor (Tham hiệp các trấn)</td> <td>Lieutenant Colonel of Artillery, Musketry & Scouts Captain, Police Major </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth junior rank (Tòng tứ phẩm)</td> <td>Provincial Vice Education Commissioner of Guozijian (Quốc tử giám phó Đốc học), Prefect (Tuyên phủ sứ),</td> <td>Captain, Assistant Major in Princely Palaces </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fifth senior rank (Chánh ngũ phẩm)</td> <td>Inner Deputy Supervisors of Instruction at Hanlin Institutes, Sub-Prefects</td> <td>Police Captain, Lieutenant or First Lieutenant </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fifth junior rank (Tòng ngũ phẩm)</td> <td>Assistant Instructors and Librarians at Imperial and Hanlin Institutes, Assistant Directors of Boards and Courts, Circuit Censors</td> <td>Gate Guard Lieutenants, Second Captain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixth senior rank (Chánh lục phẩm)</td> <td>Secretaries & Tutors at Imperial & Hanlin Institutes, Secretaries and Registrars at Imperial Offices, Police Magistrate</td> <td>Bodyguards, Lieutenants of Artillery, Musketry & Scouts, Second Lieutenants </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixth junior rank (Tòng lục phẩm)</td> <td>Assistant Secretaries in Imperial Offices and Law Secretaries, Provincial Deputy Sub-Prefects, Buddhist & Taoist priests</td> <td>Deputy Police Lieutenant </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seventh senior rank (Chánh thất phẩm)</td> <td>None</td> <td>City Gate Clerk, Sub-Lieutenants </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seventh junior rank (Tòng thất phẩm)</td> <td>Secretaries in Offices of Assistant Governors, Salt Controllers & Transport Stations</td> <td>Assistant Major in Nobles' Palaces </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eighth senior rank (Chánh bát phẩm)</td> <td>None</td> <td>Ensigns </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eighth junior rank (Tòng bát phẩm)</td> <td>Sub-director of Studies, Archivists in Office of Salt Controller</td> <td>First Class Sergeant </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ninth senior rank (Chánh cửu phẩm)</td> <td>None</td> <td>Second Class Sergeant </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ninth junior rank (Tòng cửu phẩm)</td> <td>Prefectural Tax Collector, Deputy Jail Warden, Deputy Police Commissioner, Tax Examiner</td> <td>Third Class Sergeant, Corporal, First & Second Class Privates </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Taxes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Nguyễn dynasty">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty_coinage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nine coins, with pictures of their respective emperors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty_coinage.jpg/220px-Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty_coinage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty_coinage.jpg/330px-Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty_coinage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty_coinage.jpg/440px-Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty_coinage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>Nguyễn dynasty coins</figcaption></figure> Vietnam's monetary subunit was the quan (貫). One quan equaled 10 coins, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">₫</a>600. In 1839, Emperor Minh Mạng determined that officials received the following taxes (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: thuế đầu người):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrần2018437–438-173">[172]</a> <ul><li>First senior rank (Chánh nhất phẩm): 400 quan; rice: 300 kg; per-capita tax: 70 quan</li> <li>First junior rank (Tòng nhất phẩm): 300 quan; rice: 250 kg; tax: 60 quan</li> <li>Second senior rank (Chánh nhị phẩm): 250 quan; rice: 200 kg; tax: 50 quan</li> <li>Second junior rank (Tòng nhị phẩm): 180 quan; rice: 150 kg; tax: 30 quan</li> <li>Third senior rank (Chánh tam phẩm): 150 quan; rice: 120 kg; tax: 20 quan</li> <li>Third junior rank (Tòng tam phẩm): 120 quan; rice: 90 kg; tax: 16 quan</li> <li>Fourth senior rank (Chánh tứ phẩm): 80 quan; rice: 60 kg; tax: 14 quan</li> <li>Fourth junior rank (Tòng tứ phẩm): 60 quan; rice: 50 kg; tax: 10 quan</li> <li>Fifth senior rank (Chánh ngũ phẩm): 40 quan; rice: 43 kg; tax: 9 quan</li> <li>Fifth junior rank (Tòng ngũ phẩm): 35 quan; rice: 30 kg; tax: 8 quan</li> <li>Sixth senior rank (Chánh lục phẩm): 30 quan; rice: 25 kg; tax: 7 quan</li> <li>Sixth junior rank (Tòng lục phẩm): 30 quan; rice: 22 kg; tax: 6 quan</li> <li>Seventh senior rank (Chánh thất phẩm): 25 quan; rice: 20 kg; tax: 5 quan</li> <li>Seventh junior rank (Tòng thất phẩm): 22 quan; rice: 20 kg; tax: 5 quan</li> <li>Eighth senior rank (Chánh bát phẩm): 20 quan; rice: 18 kg; tax: 5 quan</li> <li>Eighth junior rank (Tòng bát phẩm): 20 quan; rice: 18 kg; tax: 4 quan</li> <li>Ninth senior rank (Chánh cửu phẩm): 18 quan; rice: 16 kg; tax: 4 quan</li> <li>Ninth junior rank (Tòng cửu phẩm): 18 quan; rice: 16 kg; tax: 4 quan</li></ul> Officials from the first to third ranks received taxes twice a year, while those from the fourth to seventh ranks received taxes at the end of the four seasons. The eighth and ninth-ranked officials did so every month in a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrần2018438-174">[173]</a> The Emperor also granted an annual "dưỡng liêm" money to prevent corruption among regional administrators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrần2018439-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_organization">Political organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Political organization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Six_Ministries_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Six Ministries of the Nguyễn dynasty">Six Ministries of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Vi%E1%BB%87n_C%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt_(le_Conseil_Secret).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Privy Council of Nguyễn Dynasty (Cơ Mật Viện: 機密院)."><img alt="Privy Council of Nguyễn Dynasty (Cơ Mật Viện: 機密院)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Vi%E1%BB%87n_C%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt_%28le_Conseil_Secret%29.jpg/228px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Vi%E1%BB%87n_C%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt_%28le_Conseil_Secret%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Vi%E1%BB%87n_C%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt_%28le_Conseil_Secret%29.jpg/342px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Vi%E1%BB%87n_C%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt_%28le_Conseil_Secret%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Vi%E1%BB%87n_C%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt_%28le_Conseil_Secret%29.jpg/456px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_Vi%E1%BB%87n_C%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt_%28le_Conseil_Secret%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="808" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Privy Council of Nguyễn Dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_c%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Viện cơ mật">Cơ Mật Viện</a>: 機密院).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BA%A1i_(Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ministry of Administration of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lại Bộ : 吏部)."><img alt="Ministry of Administration of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lại Bộ : 吏部)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BA%A1i_%28Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur%29.jpg/222px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BA%A1i_%28Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BA%A1i_%28Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur%29.jpg/332px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BA%A1i_%28Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BA%A1i_%28Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur%29.jpg/443px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BA%A1i_%28Minist%C3%A8re_de_l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9rieur%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="650" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ministry of Administration of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lại Bộ : 吏部).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BB%85_(Minist%C3%A8re_des_Rites).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ministry of Rites of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lễ Bộ: 禮部)."><img alt="Ministry of Rites of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lễ Bộ: 禮部)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BB%85_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Rites%29.jpg/237px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BB%85_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Rites%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BB%85_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Rites%29.jpg/356px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BB%85_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Rites%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BB%85_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Rites%29.jpg/475px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_L%E1%BB%85_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Rites%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="777" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ministry of Rites of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lễ Bộ: 禮部).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_H%E1%BB%99_(Minist%C3%A8re_des_Finances).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ministry of Finance of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hộ Bộ: 戸部)."><img alt="Ministry of Finance of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hộ Bộ: 戸部)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_H%E1%BB%99_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Finances%29.jpg/218px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_H%E1%BB%99_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Finances%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_H%E1%BB%99_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Finances%29.jpg/327px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_H%E1%BB%99_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Finances%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_H%E1%BB%99_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Finances%29.jpg/436px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_H%E1%BB%99_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Finances%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="853" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ministry of Finance of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hộ Bộ: 戸部).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_(Minist%C3%A8re_des_Travaux_publics).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ministry of Public Works of Nguyễn Dynasty (Công Bộ: 工部)."><img alt="Ministry of Public Works of Nguyễn Dynasty (Công Bộ: 工部)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Travaux_publics%29.jpg/219px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Travaux_publics%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Travaux_publics%29.jpg/329px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Travaux_publics%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Travaux_publics%29.jpg/438px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_%28Minist%C3%A8re_des_Travaux_publics%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="650" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ministry of Public Works of Nguyễn Dynasty (Công Bộ: 工部).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Excellency_T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%A0n,_minister_of_Justice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tôn Thất Đàn, Minister of Justice of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hình Bộ : 刑部)."><img alt="Tôn Thất Đàn, Minister of Justice of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hình Bộ : 刑部)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/His_Excellency_T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%A0n%2C_minister_of_Justice.jpg/253px-His_Excellency_T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%A0n%2C_minister_of_Justice.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/His_Excellency_T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%A0n%2C_minister_of_Justice.jpg/380px-His_Excellency_T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%A0n%2C_minister_of_Justice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/His_Excellency_T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%A0n%2C_minister_of_Justice.jpg/506px-His_Excellency_T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%A0n%2C_minister_of_Justice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%A0n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tôn Thất Đàn (page does not exist)">Tôn Thất Đàn</a>, Minister of Justice of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hình Bộ : 刑部).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Academy_of_Hue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Academy, Huế under Ministry of Education of Nguyễn Dynasty (Học Bộ : 學部)."><img alt="Imperial Academy, Huế under Ministry of Education of Nguyễn Dynasty (Học Bộ : 學部)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Imperial_Academy_of_Hue.jpg/275px-Imperial_Academy_of_Hue.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Imperial_Academy_of_Hue.jpg/413px-Imperial_Academy_of_Hue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Imperial_Academy_of_Hue.jpg/550px-Imperial_Academy_of_Hue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1178" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy,_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial Academy, Huế">Imperial Academy, Huế</a> under Ministry of Education of Nguyễn Dynasty (Học Bộ : 學部).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_L%E1%BB%85_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_m%E1%BA%A1ng_(la_C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_Phuc_mang).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phục mạng ceremony when mandarin receive the edict from the Emperor in 1895."><img alt="Phục mạng ceremony when mandarin receive the edict from the Emperor in 1895." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_L%E1%BB%85_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_m%E1%BA%A1ng_%28la_C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_Phuc_mang%29.jpg/222px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_L%E1%BB%85_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_m%E1%BA%A1ng_%28la_C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_Phuc_mang%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_L%E1%BB%85_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_m%E1%BA%A1ng_%28la_C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_Phuc_mang%29.jpg/333px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_L%E1%BB%85_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_m%E1%BA%A1ng_%28la_C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_Phuc_mang%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_L%E1%BB%85_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_m%E1%BA%A1ng_%28la_C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_Phuc_mang%29.jpg/444px-Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%C3%ACnh_Hu%E1%BA%BF_-_L%E1%BB%85_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_m%E1%BA%A1ng_%28la_C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_Phuc_mang%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="831" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phục mạng ceremony when mandarin receive the edict from the Emperor in 1895.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_system">Education system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Education system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confucian_court_examination_system_in_Vietnam" title="Confucian court examination system in Vietnam">Confucian court examination system in Vietnam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_education">Colonial education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Colonial education">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:School21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tailoring class in a colonial school in Hanoi."><img alt="Tailoring class in a colonial school in Hanoi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/School21.jpg/120px-School21.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/School21.jpg/180px-School21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/School21.jpg/240px-School21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="406" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tailoring class in a colonial school in Hanoi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Geography_class_in_colonial_school_Hanoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geography class in a colonial school. Hanoi, 1920"><img alt="Geography class in a colonial school. Hanoi, 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Geography_class_in_colonial_school_Hanoi.jpg/120px-Geography_class_in_colonial_school_Hanoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Geography_class_in_colonial_school_Hanoi.jpg/180px-Geography_class_in_colonial_school_Hanoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Geography_class_in_colonial_school_Hanoi.jpg/240px-Geography_class_in_colonial_school_Hanoi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="398" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geography class in a colonial school. Hanoi, 1920</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pension">Pension</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Pension">edit</a>]</div> When mandarins retired, they could receive one hundred to four hundred quan from the emperor. When they died, the imperial court provided twenty to two hundred quan for a funeral.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%27s_administrative_units" title="Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units">Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Gia_Long">Under Gia Long</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Under Gia Long">edit</a>]</div> During the reign of Gia Long, the kingdom was divided into twenty-three quasi-militant protectorates trấn and four military departments doanh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988141-176">[175]</a> Each protectorate, besides having their own separated regional governments, was under patrol of one greater, powerful unit called Overlord of Citadel, or the <a href="/wiki/Viceroys_of_Vietnam" title="Viceroys of Vietnam">Viceroy</a>. For examples, the northern protectorates had Bắc thành Tổng trấn (Viceroy of Northern Protectorates) in Hanoi, and southern protectorates had Gia Định thành Tổng trấn (Viceroy of Gia Định Protectorates) resides in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988142-177">[176]</a> Two famously viceroys during Gia Long's reign were <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Nguyễn Văn Thành">Nguyễn Văn Thành</a> (Hanoi) and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a> (Saigon). By 1802, these were: <ul><li>16 protectorates under joint-governance from the Viceroys.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li>Sơn Nam Thượng (Hanoi)</li> <li>Sơn Nam Hạ (<a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Nam Định">Nam Định</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Tây">Sơn Tây</a></li> <li>Kinh Bắc (<a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh" title="Bắc Ninh">Bắc Ninh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hải Dương">Hải Dương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang" title="Tuyên Quang">Tuyên Quang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hưng Hóa Province">Hưng Hoá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng" title="Cao Bằng">Cao Bằng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Lạng Sơn">Lạng Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Thái Nguyên">Thái Nguyên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Y%C3%AAn" title="Quảng Yên">Quảng Yên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Gia Định</a> or Phiên An</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_Ho%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Biên Hoà">Biên Hoà</a></li> <li>Vĩnh Thanh (later became <a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long" title="Vĩnh Long">Vĩnh Long</a> and <a href="/wiki/An_Giang" class="mw-redirect" title="An Giang">An Giang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Định Tường Province">Định Tường</a> (Tiền Giang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Hà Tiên">Hà Tiên</a></li></ol> </div> <ul><li>7 Central protectorates</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thanh_Ho%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoá">Thanh Hoá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghệ An">Nghệ An</a></li> <li>Quảng Nghĩa (<a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i" title="Quảng Ngãi">Quảng Ngãi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Định">Bình Định</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Phú Yên">Phú Yên</a></li> <li>Bình Hoà (<a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khánh Hòa Province">Khánh Hoà</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Thuận Province">Bình Thuận</a></li></ol> </div> <ul><li>4 departments surrounding <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, directly ruled by Gia Long.</li></ul> <ol><li>Quảng Đức</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_B%C3%ACnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Bình">Quảng Bình</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Quảng Trị">Quảng Trị</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Nam">Quảng Nam</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minh_Mạng_and_later">Minh Mạng and later</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Minh Mạng and later">edit</a>]</div> In 1831, Minh Mạng reorganised his kingdom by converting all these protectorates into 31 provinces (tỉnh). Each province had a series of smaller jurisdictions: the prefecture (phủ), the subprefecture (châu, in areas whereas having a significant population of ethnic minorities). Under prefecture and subprefecture, there was the district (huyện), the canton (tổng). Under district and canton, the bundle of hamlets around one common religious temple or social factor point, the village (làng or the commune xã) was the lowest administrative unit, which one respected person nominally took care of village administrative, which called lý trưởng.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988143-178">[177]</a> Two nearby provinces were combined into a pair. Every pair had a governor-general (Tổng đốc) and a governor (Tuần phủ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988145-179">[178]</a> Frequently, there were twelve governor-generals and eleven governors, although, in some periods, the Emperor would appoint a "commissioner in charge of patrolled borderlands" (kinh lược sứ) that supervising entire northern of the southern part of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988147-180">[179]</a> In 1803, Vietnam had 57 prefectures, 41 subprefectures, 201 districts, 4,136 cantons and 16,452 villages, and then by the 1840s its had been increased to 72 prefectures, 39 subprefectures and 283 districts, which an average 30,000 people per district.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988143-178">[177]</a> Cambodia had been absorbed into the Vietnamese administrative system, bore the name <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Th%C3%A0nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Thành Province">Tây Thành Province</a> from 1834 to 1845.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988146-181">[180]</a> With areas having minority groups like <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_people" title="Tày people">Tày</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a>, Mèo (<a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a>), <a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mường people">Mường</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Jarai</a>, the Huế court imposed the co-existing tributary and quasi-bureaucratic governance system, while allowing these people to have their own local rulers and autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988244-182">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DongDuong1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DongDuong1883.jpg/220px-DongDuong1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DongDuong1883.jpg/330px-DongDuong1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DongDuong1883.jpg/440px-DongDuong1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="2790" /></a><figcaption>Map of 1883 Indochina Peninsula, shows three Vietnamese regions and client territories (Pays des Mois and Royme de Tran-ninh) of the Vietnamese Crown.</figcaption></figure> In 1832, there were: <ul><li>Three regions and 31 provinces (encompassed modern-day Vietnam):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988148-183">[182]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_K%E1%BB%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Kỳ">Bắc Kỳ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>) <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Lạng Sơn">Lạng Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng" title="Cao Bằng">Cao Bằng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh" title="Bắc Ninh">Bắc Ninh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Thái Nguyên">Thái Nguyên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Nam Định">Nam Định</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0ng_Y%C3%AAn" title="Hưng Yên">Hưng Yên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Tây">Sơn Tây</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hưng Hóa Province">Hưng Hoá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang" title="Tuyên Quang">Tuyên Quang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hải Dương">Hải Dương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Y%C3%AAn" title="Quảng Yên">Quảng Yên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninh_B%C3%ACnh" title="Ninh Bình">Ninh Bình</a></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trung_K%E1%BB%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Trung Kỳ">Trung Kỳ</a> (Annam) <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thanh_Ho%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoá">Thanh Hoá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghệ An">Nghệ An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C4%A9nh" title="Hà Tĩnh">Hà Tĩnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_B%C3%ACnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Bình">Quảng Bình</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Quảng Trị">Quảng Trị</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%ABa_Thi%C3%AAn_Hu%E1%BA%BF_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Thừa Thiên Huế Province">Thừa Thiên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Nam">Quảng Nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i" title="Quảng Ngãi">Quảng Ngãi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Định">Bình Định</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Phú Yên">Phú Yên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khánh Hòa Province">Khánh Hoà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Thuận Province">Bình Thuận</a></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_K%E1%BB%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Kỳ">Nam Kỳ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a>) <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_Ho%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Biên Hoà">Biên Hoà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Định">Gia Định</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long" title="Vĩnh Long">Vĩnh Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Định Tường Province">Định Tường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Giang" class="mw-redirect" title="An Giang">An Giang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Hà Tiên">Hà Tiên</a></li></ol></li></ol> </div> <ul><li>Client/dependent territories:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988238–239-184">[183]</a></li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang" title="Kingdom of Luang Phrabang">Luang Phrabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Vientine</a></li> <li>Cambodia</li> <li>Jarai chiefdoms</li></ol> <ul><li>Chief cities:</li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, capital city, population (1880): 30,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, major city, population (1880): 120,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, major city, population (1880): 100,000</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_until_1884" title="Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884">Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_cultural_discrimination">Culture and cultural discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Culture and cultural discrimination">edit</a>]</div> The Nguyễn dynasty viewed cultures that were "non-Chinese" as barbaric and called themselves the Central Kingdom (Trung Quốc, 中國).<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> This includes the Han Chinese under the Qing dynasty who were viewed as "non-Chinese". As the Qing have caused the Chinese to not be "Han" anymore. Chinese were referred to as "Thanh nhân" (清人). This occurred after Vietnam had sent a delegate to Beijing, whereupon a diplomatic disaster caused Vietnam to view other "non-Chinese" as barbaric in much the same way as the Qing.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam#Hairstyle_and_teeth_blackening" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnamese culture by ceasing "barbarous" habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long</a> besides making them replace skirts with trousers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2018153-187">[186]</a> Han Chinese Ming dynasty refugees numbering 3,000 came to Vietnam at the end of the Ming dynasty. They opposed the Qing dynasty and were fiercely loyal to the Ming dynasty. Vietnamese women married these Han Chinese refugees since most of them were soldiers and single men. They did not wear Manchu hairstyle unlike <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">later Chinese migrants to Vietnam during the Qing dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamisation_of_ethnic_minorities">Vietnamisation of ethnic minorities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Vietnamisation of ethnic minorities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Section_of_the_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_d%C6%B0_ch%C3%AD_discussing_the_ethnic_demographics_of_the_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a_region_01.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Section_of_the_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_d%C6%B0_ch%C3%AD_discussing_the_ethnic_demographics_of_the_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a_region_01.gif/220px-Section_of_the_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_d%C6%B0_ch%C3%AD_discussing_the_ethnic_demographics_of_the_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a_region_01.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Section_of_the_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_d%C6%B0_ch%C3%AD_discussing_the_ethnic_demographics_of_the_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a_region_01.gif/330px-Section_of_the_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_d%C6%B0_ch%C3%AD_discussing_the_ethnic_demographics_of_the_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a_region_01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Section_of_the_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_d%C6%B0_ch%C3%AD_discussing_the_ethnic_demographics_of_the_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a_region_01.gif 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a>-period text regarding the demographics of the <a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hưng Hóa Province">Hưng Hóa Province</a> referring to the ethnic groups as "Hán (-Vietnamese)" (漢), "Thanh" (清), and "<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">Thổ</a>" (土). This indicates that during the beginning of the period of French domination the Vietnamese still maintained the "Hoa-Di distinction" while the indigenous peoples and the subjects of the Manchu Qing (Thanh) dynasty were viewed as "less civilised".</figcaption></figure> Under emperor Minh Mạng <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicisation</a> of ethnic minorities became state policy. He claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China's <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> for Vietnam, and used the term "Han people" (漢人, Hán nhân) to refer to the Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-Owen2005-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> According to the emperor, "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han [Sino-Vietnamese] customs."<a href="#cite_note-Moses2008-191">[190]</a> These policies were directed at the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Degar" class="mw-redirect" title="Degar">hill tribes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PeerenboomPetersen2006-192">[191]</a> Nguyễn Phúc Chu had referred to the Vietnamese as "Han people" in 1712, distinguishing them from the Chams.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The Nguyễn lords established <a href="/wiki/Tuntian#Other_countries" title="Tuntian">colonies</a> after 1790. Gia Long said, "Hán di hữu hạn" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢">漢</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:夷">夷</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:有">有</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%99%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:限">限</a>, "The Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders"), distinguishing the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> from the Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-Wook2004_2-194">[193]</a> Minh Mang implemented an <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> policy for minority non-Vietnamese peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Wook2004_3-195">[194]</a> "Thanh nhân" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:清">清</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:人">人</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>) or "Đường nhân" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:唐人">唐人</a> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>) were used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">ethnic Chinese</a> by the Vietnamese, who called themselves "Hán dân" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢">漢</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:民">民</a>) and "Hán nhân" (漢人 referring to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>) during 19th-century Nguyễn rule.<a href="#cite_note-Wook2004_4-196">[195]</a> Since 1827, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> refugees were called Minh nhân (明人) or <a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:明">明</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%84%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:鄉">鄉</a>) by Nguyễn rulers, to distinguish with ethnic Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Minh nhân were treated as Vietnamese since 1829.<a href="#cite_note-chiung-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-leo-199">[198]</a>: 272  They were not allowed to go to China, and also not allowed to wear <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">the Manchu queue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ccu-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costume">Costume</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Costume">edit</a>]</div> The Nguyễn dynasty popularized <a href="/wiki/Chinese_clothing#Qing_Dynasty_(1644–1912)" title="Chinese clothing">Qing-influenced clothing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Woodside1971_3-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Trousers were adopted by female <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">White H'mong</a> speakers,<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> replacing their traditional skirts.<a href="#cite_note-LeeTapp2010-208">[207]</a> The Qing-influenced tunics and trousers were worn by the Vietnamese. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">áo dài</a> was developed in the 1920s, when compact, close-fitting <a href="/wiki/Tuck_(sewing)" title="Tuck (sewing)">tucks</a> were added to predecessor of the áo dài, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81o_ng%C5%A9_th%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Áo ngũ thân (page does not exist)">áo ngũ thân</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2015-209">[208]</a> Chinese-influenced trousers and tunics were ordered by lord <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Kho%C3%A1t" title="Nguyễn Phúc Khoát">Nguyễn Phúc Khoát</a> during the 18th century, replacing traditional Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh" title="Áo giao lĩnh">áo tràng vạt</a> derived from Chinese jiaoling youren (Chinese: 交領右衽).<a href="#cite_note-Reid1990-210">[209]</a> Although the Chinese-influenced trousers and tunic were mandated by the Nguyen government, skirts were worn in isolated north Vietnamese hamlets until the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Rambo2005-211">[210]</a> Chinese style clothing was ordered for the Vietnamese military and bureaucrats by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Kho%C3%A1t" title="Nguyễn Phúc Khoát">Nguyễn Phúc Khoát</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WernerWhitmore2012-212">[211]</a> An 1841 <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a>, "On Distinguishing Barbarians", was based on the Qing sign "Vietnamese Barbarians' Hostel" (越夷會館) on the <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> residence of Nguyen diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa Chinese</a> Lý Văn Phức.<a href="#cite_note-Woodside1971_4-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> It argued that the Qing did not subscribe to the neo-Confucianist texts from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and Ming dynasties which were learned by the Vietnamese,<a href="#cite_note-GillespieChen2010-217">[216]</a> who saw themselves as sharing a civilization with the Qing.<a href="#cite_note-Holcombe2001-218">[217]</a> This event triggered a diplomatic disaster. The consequence was that non-"Han Chinese highland tribes" and other non-Vietnamese peoples living near (or in) Vietnam were called "barbarian" by the Vietnamese imperial court.<a href="#cite_note-McElwee2003-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> The essay distinguishes the Yi and Hua, and mentions Zhao Tuo, Wen, Shun and Taibo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley2006325-221">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liam_Kelley_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liam Kelley (historian)">Kelley</a> and Woodside described Vietnam's Confucianism.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Emperors Minh Mạng, <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a>, were opposed to French involvement in Vietnam, and tried to reduce the country's growing <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> community. The imprisonment of missionaries who had illegally entered the country was the primary pretext for the French to invade (and occupy) <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>. Like Qing China, a number of incidents involved other European nations during the 19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochin_Chinese_Pirest_of_Fo_or_Buddhist_monks_by_John_Crawfurd_book_Published_by_H_Colburn_London_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cochin_Chinese_Pirest_of_Fo_or_Buddhist_monks_by_John_Crawfurd_book_Published_by_H_Colburn_London_1828.jpg/220px-Cochin_Chinese_Pirest_of_Fo_or_Buddhist_monks_by_John_Crawfurd_book_Published_by_H_Colburn_London_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cochin_Chinese_Pirest_of_Fo_or_Buddhist_monks_by_John_Crawfurd_book_Published_by_H_Colburn_London_1828.jpg/330px-Cochin_Chinese_Pirest_of_Fo_or_Buddhist_monks_by_John_Crawfurd_book_Published_by_H_Colburn_London_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cochin_Chinese_Pirest_of_Fo_or_Buddhist_monks_by_John_Crawfurd_book_Published_by_H_Colburn_London_1828.jpg/440px-Cochin_Chinese_Pirest_of_Fo_or_Buddhist_monks_by_John_Crawfurd_book_Published_by_H_Colburn_London_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4092" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist monks in South Vietnam, 1828</figcaption></figure>Although the previous <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> were faithful <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>, Gia Long was not a Buddhist. He adopted <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> and actively restricted Buddhism. Scholars, elites, and officials attacked Buddhist doctrines and criticized them as superstitious and useless. The third emperor, <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a>, elevated Confucianism as the true religion and while regarding Buddhism as superstition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyt201515-223">[222]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_de_Sontay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eglise_de_Sontay.JPG/220px-Eglise_de_Sontay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eglise_de_Sontay.JPG/330px-Eglise_de_Sontay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eglise_de_Sontay.JPG/440px-Eglise_de_Sontay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Church of Sơn Tây in 1884.</figcaption></figure> Building new Buddhist pagodas and temples were forbidden. <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist clergies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkuni">nuns</a> were forced to join public works in order to limit the influence of Buddhism and promote Confucianism as the sole dominant belief of the society. However, such embracing a Sinic Confucian culture among the Vietnamese populace whom lived amidst a Southeast Asian infrastructure, widening the distance between the population and the court far away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley2006349-224">[223]</a> Buddhism was still prevalent in mainstream society and had its presence within the imperial palace. Empress mothers, queens, princess, and concubines were devout Buddhists, despite the patriarchal prohibition. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Ng%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1_Nam_Giao_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91%E1%BB%93.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The panorama of Nam Giao procession"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ng%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1_Nam_Giao_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91%E1%BB%93.jpg/600px-Ng%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1_Nam_Giao_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91%E1%BB%93.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ng%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1_Nam_Giao_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91%E1%BB%93.jpg/900px-Ng%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1_Nam_Giao_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91%E1%BB%93.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ng%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1_Nam_Giao_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91%E1%BB%93.jpg/1200px-Ng%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1_Nam_Giao_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91%E1%BB%93.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1272" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ng%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1_Nam_Giao_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91%E1%BB%93.jpg" title="File:Ngự giá Nam Giao đại tự đồ.jpg"> </a></div>The panorama of <a href="/wiki/Esplanade_of_Sacrifice_to_the_Heaven_and_Earth" title="Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth">Nam Giao</a> procession</div></div></div> Confucianism itself was the ideology of the Nguyen court, also provided the basic core of classical education and civil examination every year. Gia Long pursued <a href="/wiki/Three_Fundamental_Bonds_and_Five_Constant_Virtues" title="Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues">Confucianism to create and maintain a conservative society and social structures</a>. Confucian rituals and ideas were circulations based within ancient Confucian teaching such as <a href="/wiki/The_Analects" class="mw-redirect" title="The Analects">The Analects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a> in Vietnamese-script collections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley2006343-225">[224]</a> The court rigidly imported these Chinese books from Chinese merchants. Confucian rituals such as cầu đảo (offering heaven for wind and rain during a drought) that the emperor and court officials perform for wishing heaven to rain down his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyt20154-226">[225]</a> If the offer went successful, they had to conduct lễ tạ (thanksgiving ritual) to heaven. In addition, the emperor believed that holy spirits and natural goddesses of his country can also make rain. In 1804, Gia Long built the Nam Hải Long Vương Temple (Temple of Southern Ocean Dragon King) in Thuận An, northeast of Hue in his faithfulness to the god of Thuận An (Thần Thuận An), the place where most of cầu đảo ritual was performed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyt201512–13-227">[226]</a> His successor, Minh Mạng, continued to build several temples dedicated to the Vũ Sư (Rainmaking god) and altars for Thần Mây (Cloud God) and Thần Sấm (Thunder God).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyt201514-228">[227]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_buddhist_monk1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vietnamese_buddhist_monk1.jpg/220px-Vietnamese_buddhist_monk1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vietnamese_buddhist_monk1.jpg/330px-Vietnamese_buddhist_monk1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vietnamese_buddhist_monk1.jpg/440px-Vietnamese_buddhist_monk1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese Buddhist monks in Hanoi</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Truong_To" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Truong To">Nguyễn Trường Tộ</a>, a prominent Catholic and reformist intellectual, launched an attack on Confucian structures in 1867 as decadent. He wrote to Tự Đức: "the evil that has been brought on China and on our country by the Confucian way of life." He criticized the court's Confucian education as dogmatic and unrealistic, promoted for his education reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019305–306-229">[228]</a> During Gia Long's years, Catholicism was peacefully worshipped without any restriction. Began with Minh Mạng, who considered Christianity as a heterodox religion for its rejection of ancestor worship, the important belief of the Vietnamese monarchy. After reading the Bible (Old and New Testament), he considered the Christianity religion irrational and ridiculous, and praised <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa era">Tokugawa</a> Japan for its notorious policies on Christians. Minh Mạng also was influenced by anti-Christian propaganda written by Vietnamese Confucian officials and literati, which described the mixing of men and women and liberal society among the Church. The most thing he worried about Christianity and Catholicism was writing texts that proved that Christianity was a means for Europeans to take over foreign countries. He also praised the anti-Christian policy in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013421–422-230">[229]</a> Churches were destroyed and many Christians were imprisoned. The persecution got intense during the reign of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Tu_Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Duc">Tự Đức</a>, when most of the state efforts were to annihilate Vietnamese Christianity. Unironically, even during the height of the anti-Catholic campaign, many Catholic scholars were still permitted to hold high positions in the imperial court. After an imperial edict in late 1862, Catholicism was officially recognized and worshipers of the faith obtained state protection. It is estimated that late-19th century Vietnam had about 600,000 to 700,000 Catholic Christians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Family%281%29.jpg/220px-Family%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Family%281%29.jpg/330px-Family%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Family%281%29.jpg/440px-Family%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Pharmacy in Tonkin, Vietnam</figcaption></figure>Before the French conquest, the Vietnamese population was very sparse due to the agricultural backbones economy of the country. The population in 1802 was 6.5 million people and had only grown to 8 million by 1840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin1979136-231">[230]</a> Rapid industrialization after the 1860s ushered in massive population growth and rapid urbanization in the late 19th century. Many peasants left tenant farms and poured into cities, they were hired by French-owned factories. By 1880 the Vietnamese were estimated back then as high as 18 million people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston1881322-232">[231]</a> while modern estimates by Angus Maddison have suggested a lower figure of 12.2 million people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvakov201528-233">[232]</a> Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty was always a multiethnic complex. Nearly 80% percent of the Empire's population were <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Vietnamese">ethnic Vietnamese</a> (called Annamites then),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003433-234">[233]</a> whom language belonged to the Mon-Khmer (Mon–Annamite then) family,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1880159-235">[234]</a> and the rest were <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muong_people" title="Muong people">Mường</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_people" title="Tày people">Tày</a> (called Thô then), and other 50 ethnic minorities such as the <a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mang</a>, Jarai, Yao.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeane1896272-236">[235]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Childrens_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Childrens_%281%29.jpg/220px-Childrens_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Childrens_%281%29.jpg/330px-Childrens_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Childrens_%281%29.jpg/440px-Childrens_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Children playing a traditional game in <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B3_Ch%C3%A2u_district" title="Quỳ Châu district">Quỳ Châu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_province" title="Nghệ An province">Nghệ An province</a>, 1920</figcaption></figure> The Annamites are distributed across the lowland of the country from Tonkin to Cochichina. The Chams live in central Vietnam and the Mekong Delta. The Chinese particularly concentrated in urbanised areas such as Saigon, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A3_L%E1%BB%9Bn" title="Chợ Lớn">Chợ Lớn</a>, and Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaunton188437-237">[236]</a> The Chinese tended to be divided into two groups called <a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a> (明鄉) and Thanh nhân (清人).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003430-238">[237]</a> The Minh Hương were Chinese refugees that had migrated and settled down in Vietnam earlier during the 17th century, who married with Vietnamese women, had been substantially assimilated to local Vietnamese and Khmer populaces, and loyal to the Nguyen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi2004b85-239">[238]</a> compared to the Thanh nhân that recently arrived in Southern Vietnam, dominated the rice trade. During the reign of Minh Mạng, a restriction against the Thanh nhân was issued in 1827, Thanh nhân could not access to the state bureaucracy and had to be integrated into Vietnamese population like the Minh Hương.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodside1988272-240">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muong_people" title="Muong people">Mường people</a> inhabited the hills west of the Red River Delta, and although subordinate to the central authority, they were permitted to bear arms, a privilege not accorded to any other subjects of the court of Huế. The Tày and the Mang live in the northern highlands of Tonkin, both submitted to Huế court along with taxes and tribute, but were allowed to have their hereditary chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaunton188438-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Photography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Photography in Vietnam</a></div> The first <a href="/wiki/Photographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographs">photographs</a> of Vietnam were taken by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Itier" title="Jules Itier">Jules Itier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Danang" class="mw-redirect" title="Danang">Danang</a>, in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett202015-242">[241]</a> The first photos of the Vietnamese were taken by Fedor Jagor in November 1857 in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett202018-243">[242]</a> Due to the forbidden contact to foreigners, photography returned to Vietnam again during the French conquest and had shots taken by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Berranger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Berranger (page does not exist)">Paul Berranger</a> during the French invasion of Da Nang (September 1858).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett202020-244">[243]</a> Since the French seizure of Saigon in 1859, the city and southern Vietnam had been opening to foreigners, and photography entered Vietnam exclusively from France and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett202024-245">[244]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortress_of_Danang,_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early photograph of Fortress of Danang in 1845"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fortress_of_Danang%2C_1845.jpg/120px-Fortress_of_Danang%2C_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fortress_of_Danang%2C_1845.jpg/180px-Fortress_of_Danang%2C_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fortress_of_Danang%2C_1845.jpg/240px-Fortress_of_Danang%2C_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="1363" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early photograph of Fortress of Danang in 1845</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Nobility leaving the Imperial Citiadel."><img alt="The Nobility leaving the Imperial Citiadel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Imperial_parade.jpg/120px-Imperial_parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Imperial_parade.jpg/180px-Imperial_parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Imperial_parade.jpg/240px-Imperial_parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="408" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Nobility leaving the Imperial Citiadel.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Noble.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Vietnamese noble posed for the photograph."><img alt="A Vietnamese noble posed for the photograph." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Noble.jpg/69px-Noble.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Noble.jpg/103px-Noble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Noble.jpg/138px-Noble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="980" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Vietnamese noble posed for the photograph.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Group of musicians in Huế, 1919. They are sitting on a sập."><img alt="Group of musicians in Huế, 1919. They are sitting on a sập." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Group_of_musicians.jpg/120px-Group_of_musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Group_of_musicians.jpg/180px-Group_of_musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Group_of_musicians.jpg/240px-Group_of_musicians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="431" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Group of musicians in Huế, 1919. They are sitting on a <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%ADp" title="Sập">sập</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Group of female musicians from Cochinchina to perform in the colonial exposition in Marseille, 1922"><img alt="Group of female musicians from Cochinchina to perform in the colonial exposition in Marseille, 1922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Female_musicians.jpg/120px-Female_musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Female_musicians.jpg/180px-Female_musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Female_musicians.jpg/240px-Female_musicians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="531" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Group of female musicians from Cochinchina to perform in the colonial exposition in Marseille, 1922</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Judge_and_criminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Judge and offender in the local trial."><img alt="Judge and offender in the local trial." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Judge_and_criminal.jpg/120px-Judge_and_criminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Judge_and_criminal.jpg/180px-Judge_and_criminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Judge_and_criminal.jpg/240px-Judge_and_criminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="370" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Judge and offender in the local trial.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Military of the Nguyễn dynasty">Military of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:770RueHue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huế city drawing in 1875"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/770RueHue.jpg/120px-770RueHue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/770RueHue.jpg/180px-770RueHue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/770RueHue.jpg/240px-770RueHue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> city drawing in 1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1884 drawing of a marriage ceremony in Tonkin"><img alt="1884 drawing of a marriage ceremony in Tonkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg/120px-Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg/180px-Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg/240px-Une_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_mariage_au_Tonkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="471" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1884 drawing of a marriage ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ElephantParadeHue.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Elephant parade in Huế"><img alt="Elephant parade in Huế" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ElephantParadeHue.png/116px-ElephantParadeHue.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ElephantParadeHue.png/175px-ElephantParadeHue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ElephantParadeHue.png/233px-ElephantParadeHue.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="992" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elephant parade in Huế</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DrawingVN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tết new year holiday in temple Vietnam"><img alt="Tết new year holiday in temple Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/DrawingVN.jpg/120px-DrawingVN.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/DrawingVN.jpg/180px-DrawingVN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/DrawingVN.jpg/240px-DrawingVN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="423" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tết new year holiday in temple Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquette_de_bateau_de_l%27Annam_(Indochine,_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam)_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of a traditional ship in central Vietnam"><img alt="Model of a traditional ship in central Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Maquette_de_bateau_de_l%27Annam_%28Indochine%2C_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam%29_%281%29.jpg/120px-Maquette_de_bateau_de_l%27Annam_%28Indochine%2C_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam%29_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Maquette_de_bateau_de_l%27Annam_%28Indochine%2C_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam%29_%281%29.jpg/180px-Maquette_de_bateau_de_l%27Annam_%28Indochine%2C_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam%29_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Maquette_de_bateau_de_l%27Annam_%28Indochine%2C_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam%29_%281%29.jpg/240px-Maquette_de_bateau_de_l%27Annam_%28Indochine%2C_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam%29_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="1311" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of a traditional ship in central Vietnam</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_family">Imperial family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Imperial family">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="House of Nguyễn Phúc">House of Nguyễn Phúc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Imperial family of the Nguyễn dynasty</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_chi_t%E1%BB%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_chi_t%E1%BB%B7_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD%29.svg/110px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_chi_t%E1%BB%B7_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_chi_t%E1%BB%B7_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD%29.svg/165px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_chi_t%E1%BB%B7_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_chi_t%E1%BB%B7_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD%29.svg/220px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_chi_t%E1%BB%B7_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="295" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/25px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/38px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg/50px-Seal_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Lords.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="239" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Nam Hà / Đàng Trong</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Long_tinh_flag_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg/25px-Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg/38px-Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg/50px-Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> Nguyễn dynasty <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg/25px-Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg/38px-Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg/50px-Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorates of Annam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1558</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Lord of <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Nam Province">Quảng Nam</a></li> <li>Emperor of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a></li> <li>Emperor of Vietnam</li> <li>Emperor of Đại Nam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Chief of State</a> of Vietnam</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Traditions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deposition</th><td class="infobox-data">1945 (<a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">Abdication of Bảo Đại</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cadet branches</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t" title="Tôn Thất">Tôn Thất</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The House of Nguyễn Phúc (Nguyen Gia Mieu) had historically been founded in the 14th century in Gia Miêu village, <a href="/wiki/Thanh_Hoa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoa Province">Thanh Hóa Province</a>, before they came to rule southern Vietnam from 1558 to 1777, then became the ruling dynasty of the entire Vietnam. Traditionally, the family traces themselves to <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%E1%BA%B7c" title="Nguyễn Bặc">Nguyễn Bặc</a> (?–979), the first duke of Đại Việt. Princes and male descendants of Gia Long are called Hoàng Thân, while male <a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">lineal descendants</a> of previous Nguyen lords are named <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t" title="Tôn Thất">Tôn Thất</a>. Grandsons of the emperor were Hoàng tôn. Daughters of the emperor were called Hoàng nữ, and always earned the title công chúa (princess). Their succession practically is according to the law of primogeniture, but sometimes conflicted. The first succession conflict arose in 1816 when Gia Long was designing for an heir. His first prince <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_C%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh">Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh</a> died in 1802. As a result, two rival factions emerged, one support <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường">Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường</a>, the eldest son of Prince Cảnh, as the crown prince, while other support Prince Đảm (later Minh Mang).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1974154-246">[245]</a> The second conflict was the 1847 succession when two young princes <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_H%E1%BB%93ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo">Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tu_Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu Duc">Hồng Nhậm</a> were dragged by the ill-failing Emperor Thiệu Trị as a potential heir. At first, Thiệu Trị apparently chose Prince Hồng Bảo because he was older, but after hearing advice from two regents <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%C4%83ng_Qu%E1%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trương Đăng Quế (page does not exist)">Trương Đăng Quế</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tri Phương">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a>, he revised the heir at last minute and choose Hồng Nhậm as the crown prince.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1974155-247">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emperors">Emperors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Emperors">edit</a>]</div> The following list is the emperors' <a href="/wiki/Era_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Era name">era names</a>, which have meaning in Chinese and Vietnamese. For example, the first ruler's era name, Gia Long, is the combination of the old names for <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> (Gia Định) and <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> (Thăng Long) to show the new unity of the country; the fourth, Tự Đức, means "Inheritance of Virtues"; the ninth, Đồng Khánh, means "Collective Celebration". <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait/Photo </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a> </th> <th>Personal name </th> <th>Lineage </th> <th>Reign </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a> </th> <th>Tomb </th> <th>Events </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Gia_Long.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Gia Long" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emperor_Gia_Long.jpg/100px-Emperor_Gia_Long.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emperor_Gia_Long.jpg/150px-Emperor_Gia_Long.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emperor_Gia_Long.jpg/200px-Emperor_Gia_Long.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="461" /></a> </td> <td>Thế Tổ</td> <td>Khai Thiên Hoằng Đạo Lập Kỷ Thùy Thống Thần Văn Thánh Vũ Tuấn Đức Long Công Chí Nhân Đại Hiếu Cao Hoàng Đế </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Ánh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> </td> <td>1802–20 (1)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thien_Tho_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Thien Tho Tomb">Thiên Thọ lăng</a></td> <td>Defeated the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Sơn">Tây Sơn</a> and unified Vietnam. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Minh_Mang.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Minh Mang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Minh_Mang.gif/100px-Minh_Mang.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Minh_Mang.gif/150px-Minh_Mang.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Minh_Mang.gif/200px-Minh_Mang.gif 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1434" /></a> </td> <td>Thánh Tổ</td> <td>Thể Thiên Xương Vận Chí Hiếu Thuần Đức Văn Vũ Minh Đoán Sáng Thuật Đại Thành Hậu Trạch Phong Công Nhân Hoàng Đế </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Đảm </td> <td>Son </td> <td>1820–41 (2)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mệnh</a> (Minh Mạng) </td> <td>Hiếu Lăng</td> <td>Annexed Cambodia after the <a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1831%E2%80%931834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)</a>. Annexed <a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Muang Phuan</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Lao rebellion (1826–1828)">Lao rebellion</a>. Suppressed the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt" title="Lê Văn Khôi revolt">Lê Văn Khôi revolt</a>. Annexed the remaining <a href="/wiki/Panduranga" class="mw-redirect" title="Panduranga">Panduranga</a> kingdom after the <a href="/wiki/Ja_Thak_Wa_uprising" title="Ja Thak Wa uprising">Ja Thak Wa uprising</a>, renamed the country Đại Nam (Great South), suppressed Christianity. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Hiến Tổ</td> <td>Thiệu Thiên Long Vận Chí Thiện Thuần Hiếu Khoan Minh Duệ Đoán Văn Trị Vũ Công Thánh Triết Chượng Chương Hoàng Đế </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông </td> <td>Son </td> <td>1841–47 (3)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> </td> <td>Xương Lăng</td> <td>Carried out policies of isolationism. Pulling troops from Cambodia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vua_Tu_Duc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Tự Đức" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vua_Tu_Duc.jpg/100px-Vua_Tu_Duc.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vua_Tu_Duc.jpg/150px-Vua_Tu_Duc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vua_Tu_Duc.jpg/200px-Vua_Tu_Duc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1312" /></a> </td> <td>Dực Tông</td> <td>Thể Thiên Hanh Vận Chí Thành Đạt Hiếu Thể Kiện Đôn Nhân Khiêm Cung Minh Lược Duệ Văn Anh Hoàng Đế </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm </td> <td>Son </td> <td>1847–83 (4)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khi%C3%AAm_L%C4%83ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiêm Lăng">Khiêm Lăng</a></td> <td>Suppressed Đoàn Hữu Trưng's rebellion. Facing French invasions. Ceded Cochinchina to France after the <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a>. Fought against French invasions of 1873 and 1882–1883. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:An_lang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dục Đức's tomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/An_lang.jpg/100px-An_lang.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/An_lang.jpg/150px-An_lang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/An_lang.jpg/200px-An_lang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <td>Cung Tông</td> <td>Huệ Hoàng Đế </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Chân </td> <td>Nephew (adopted son of Tự Đức) </td> <td>1883 (5)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dục Đức">Dục Đức</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tomb of Dục Đức">An Lăng</a></td> <td>Three-day emperor (20–23 July 1883), deposed and poisoned by <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hiep_Hoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Hiệp Hòa"><img alt="Portrait of Hiệp Hòa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hiep_Hoa.jpg/100px-Hiep_Hoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hiep_Hoa.jpg/150px-Hiep_Hoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hiep_Hoa.jpg/200px-Hiep_Hoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="599" /></a> </td> <td>–</td> <td>Văn Lãng Quận Vương </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật </td> <td>Uncle (son of Thiệu Trị) </td> <td>1883 (6)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiep_Hoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiep Hoa">Hiệp Hòa</a></td> <td> </td> <td>Four-month emperor (30 July – 29 November 1883), poisoned by the order of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kien_Phuc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Kiến Phúc"><img alt="Portrait of Kiến Phúc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kien_Phuc.jpg/100px-Kien_Phuc.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kien_Phuc.jpg/150px-Kien_Phuc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kien_Phuc.jpg/200px-Kien_Phuc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1024" /></a> </td> <td>Giản Tông</td> <td>Thiệu Đức Chí Hiếu Uyên Duệ Nghị Hoàng Đế </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng </td> <td>Nephew (son of Hiệp Hòa's brother) </td> <td>1883–84 (7)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a> </td> <td>Bồi Lăng (within <a href="/wiki/Khi%C3%AAm_L%C4%83ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiêm Lăng">Khiêm Lăng</a>)</td> <td>Eight-month emperor (2 December 1883 – 31 July 1884). Signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Treaty of Huế (1884)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Ham_Nghi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Hàm Nghi"><img alt="Portrait of Hàm Nghi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emperor_Ham_Nghi.jpg/100px-Emperor_Ham_Nghi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emperor_Ham_Nghi.jpg/150px-Emperor_Ham_Nghi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Emperor_Ham_Nghi.jpg/200px-Emperor_Ham_Nghi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="2688" /></a> </td> <td>–</td> <td>— </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch </td> <td>Younger brother </td> <td>1884–85 (8)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> </td> <td>Thonac Cemetery, France</td> <td>Resisting against French rule under the <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương movement</a>. Dethroned after one year, continuing his rebellion until captured in 1888 and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> until his death in 1943. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DongKhanh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Đồng Khánh"><img alt="Portrait of Đồng Khánh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/DongKhanh.jpg/100px-DongKhanh.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/DongKhanh.jpg/150px-DongKhanh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/DongKhanh.jpg/200px-DongKhanh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="700" /></a> </td> <td>Cảnh Tông</td> <td>Hoằng Liệt Thống Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ </td> <td>Older brother </td> <td>1885–89 (9)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> </td> <td>Tư Lăng</td> <td>Suppress Hàm Nghi's <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương movement</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Annam_-_Hu%C3%A9_-_Empereur_d%27Annam_en_Costume_de_Ville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Thành Thái" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Annam_-_Hu%C3%A9_-_Empereur_d%27Annam_en_Costume_de_Ville.jpg/100px-Annam_-_Hu%C3%A9_-_Empereur_d%27Annam_en_Costume_de_Ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Annam_-_Hu%C3%A9_-_Empereur_d%27Annam_en_Costume_de_Ville.jpg/150px-Annam_-_Hu%C3%A9_-_Empereur_d%27Annam_en_Costume_de_Ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Annam_-_Hu%C3%A9_-_Empereur_d%27Annam_en_Costume_de_Ville.jpg/200px-Annam_-_Hu%C3%A9_-_Empereur_d%27Annam_en_Costume_de_Ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1407" /></a> </td> <td>–</td> <td>Hoài Trạch Công </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân </td> <td>Cousin (son of Dục Đức) </td> <td>1889–1907 (10)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a> </td> <td>An Lăng</td> <td>Exiled to Réunion Island due to anti-French activities </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vua_Duy_Tan_nho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Duy Tân" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vua_Duy_Tan_nho.jpg/100px-Vua_Duy_Tan_nho.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vua_Duy_Tan_nho.jpg/150px-Vua_Duy_Tan_nho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vua_Duy_Tan_nho.jpg/200px-Vua_Duy_Tan_nho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="4866" /></a> </td> <td>–</td> <td>— </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San </td> <td>son </td> <td>1907–16 (11)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a> </td> <td>An Lăng</td> <td>Rebelled against the French and exiled to Réunion Island in 1916. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Khai_Dinh_throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Khải Định" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Khai_Dinh_throne.jpg/100px-Khai_Dinh_throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Khai_Dinh_throne.jpg/150px-Khai_Dinh_throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Khai_Dinh_throne.jpg/200px-Khai_Dinh_throne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="737" /></a> </td> <td>Hoằng Tông</td> <td>Tự Đại Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo </td> <td>Cousin (son of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a>) </td> <td>1916–25 (12)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Tomb of Khải Định">Ứng Lăng</a></td> <td>Collaborated with the French, and was a political figurehead for French colonial rulers. Unpopular to the Vietnamese people. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Bảo Đại" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne.jpg/100px-Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne.jpg/150px-Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne.jpg/200px-Emperor_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_on_his_throne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="784" /></a> </td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td>Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy </td> <td>Son </td> <td>1926–45 (13)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> </td> <td>Cimetière de Passy, France</td> <td>Head of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> under Japanese occupation during World War II; <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">abdicated</a> and transferred power to the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> in 1945, ending the Vietnamese monarchy. Installed as head of state of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a>, ousted by <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 referendum</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> After the death of Emperor Tự Đức (and according to his will), Dục Đức ascended to the throne on 19 July 1883. He was dethroned and imprisoned three days later, after being accused of deleting a paragraph from Tự Đức's will. With no time to announce his dynastic title, his era name was named for his residential palace. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage">Lineage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Lineage">edit</a>]</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 2em 1em 1em; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">1 <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> 1802–1819</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">2 <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mệnh</a> 1820–1840</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">3 <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> 1841–1847</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"></td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"></td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"></td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">4 <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> 1847–1883</td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_H%E1%BB%93ng_Y" title="Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Y">Thoại Thái Vương</a></td> <td>  </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_H%E1%BB%93ng_Cai" title="Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai">Kiên Thái Vương</a></td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">6 <a href="/wiki/Hiep_Hoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiep Hoa">Hiệp Hoà</a> 1883 </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 2px; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;">  </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="20" style="border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;">  </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 2px 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">5 <a href="/wiki/D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dục Đức">Dục Đức</a> 1883</td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">9 <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> 1885–1889</td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">8 <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> 1884–1885</td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">7 <a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a> 1883–1884 </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">10 <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a> 1889–1907</td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">12 <a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> 1916–1925</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75" style="border-width: 0 2px 0 0; border-style:solid; border-color:black;"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">11 <a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a> 1907–1916</td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #8F8F8F;">13 <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> 1926–1945</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="20"> </td> <td width="75"></td> <td width="75"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Note: <ul><li>Years are reigning years.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Family tree">edit</a>]</div> Simplified family tree of the Nguyen Phuc dynasty: <ul><li>  – Lords of Cochinchina (1550s–1777)</li> <li>  – Emperors of the independent Vietnamese monarchy (1802–1883)</li> <li>  – Emperors of <a href="/wiki/French_Annam" class="mw-redirect" title="French Annam">French Annam</a> and Tonkin/Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1885–1945)</li></ul> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Nguyễn Phúc family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_C%C3%B4ng_Du%E1%BA%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Công Duẩn (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Công Duẩn</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_C%C3%B4ng_Du%E1%BA%A9n" class="extiw" title="vi:Nguyễn Công Duẩn">vi</a>] </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%E1%BB%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Văn Lỗ (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Văn Lỗ</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%E1%BB%97" class="extiw" title="vi:Nguyễn Văn Lỗ">vi</a>] </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; 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border:1.5px solid"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ho%E1%BA%B1ng_D%E1%BB%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ho%E1%BA%B1ng_D%E1%BB%A5" class="extiw" title="vi:Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ">vi</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019214-248">[247]</a> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; 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border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Nguyễn Hoàng">Nguyễn Hoàng</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid">Nguyễn Uông</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid">Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #7FFFD4; 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border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_C%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh">Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #DA70D6; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> (2) r. 1820–41</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường">Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Mi%C3%AAn_Th%E1%BA%A9m" title="Nguyễn Phúc Miên Thẩm">Nguyễn Phúc Miên Thẩm</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Mi%C3%AAn_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Nguyễn Phúc Miên Định">Nguyễn Phúc Miên Định</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #DA70D6; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> (3) r. 1841–47</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Mi%C3%AAn_B%E1%BB%ADu" title="Nguyễn Phúc Miên Bửu">Nguyễn Phúc Miên Bửu</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid">Nguyễn Phúc Tăng Du</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_H%E1%BB%93ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo">Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_H%E1%BB%93ng_Y" title="Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Y">Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Y</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #DA70D6; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> (4) r. 1848–83</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #DA70D6; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Hiep_Hoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiep Hoa">Hiệp Hòa</a> (6) r. August–December 1883</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: ; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_H%E1%BB%93ng_Cai" title="Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai">Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_%C4%90%E1%BB%83" title="Cường Để">Cường Để</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #DA70D6; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dục Đức">Dục Đức</a> (5) r. 20–23 July 1883</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#E0FFD1; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> (9) r. 1885–89</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #DA70D6; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a> (7) r. December 1883–July 1884</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #DA70D6; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> (8) r. July 1884–85</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E0FFD1; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a>(10) r. 1889–1907</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E0FFD1; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> (12) r. 1916–25</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E0FFD1; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a> (11) r. 1907–16</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #E0FFD1; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (13) r. 1925–45</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid">Bảo Ngọc (<a href="/wiki/Georges_V%C4%A9nh_San" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Vĩnh San">Georges Vĩnh San</a>) (b. 1933)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:; border:1.5px solid"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_Long" title="Bảo Long">Bảo Long</a> (1934–2007)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:1; border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_Th%C4%83ng" title="Bảo Thăng">Bảo Thăng</a> (1944–2017)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_line">Succession line</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Succession line">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_silver_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/15px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/23px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/30px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> (1801–1847)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_silver_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/15px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/23px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/30px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> (1829–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_H%E1%BB%93ng_Cai" title="Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai">Kiên Thái Vương</a> (1845–1876) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_silver_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/15px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/23px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/30px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> (1864–1889) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_silver_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/15px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/23px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/30px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> (1885–1925) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_silver_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/15px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/23px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/30px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (1913–1997) <ul><li>Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_Long" title="Bảo Long">Bảo Long</a> (1936–2007)</li> <li>Prince <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_Th%C4%83ng" title="Bảo Thăng">Bảo Thăng</a> (1943–2017)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_silver_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/15px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/23px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/30px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a> (1869–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_silver_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/15px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/23px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/30px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> (1871–1944) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Minh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Minh Đức (page does not exist)">Prince Minh Đức</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_Minh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" class="extiw" title="vi:Nguyễn Phúc Minh Đức">vi</a>] (1910–1990)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags">Flags</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Flags">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Vietnam" title="List of flags of Vietnam">List of flags of Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_French_Indochina" title="List of flags of French Indochina">List of flags of French Indochina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%27s_administrative_units" title="Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units">Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units</a></div> The Nguyễn dynasty's national flag or the Imperial flag first appeared during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a>. It was a yellow flag with a single or three horizontal red stripes, sometimes in 1822, it was entirely blank yellow or white.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2003197-249">[248]</a> The emperor's personal flag was a golden dragon spitting fire, surrounded by clouds, a silver moon, and a black crescent on a yellow background.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2003197-249">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seals">Seals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Seals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></div> The Nguyễn dynasty's seal are rich and diverse in types and had strict rules and laws that regulated their manipulation, management, and use.<a href="#cite_note-Cục-Văn-thư-và-Lưu-trữ-nhà-nước-ấn-chương-Triều-Nguyễn-250">[249]</a> The common practice of using seals was clearly recorded in the book "Khâm định Đại Nam hội điển sự lệ" on how to use seals, how to place them, and on what kinds of documents, which was compiled by the Cabinet of the Nguyễn dynasty in the year Minh Mạng 3 (1822).<a href="#cite_note-Cục-Văn-thư-và-Lưu-trữ-nhà-nước-ấn-chương-Triều-Nguyễn-250">[249]</a> The various types of seals of the Nguyễn dynasty had different names based on their function, namely Bảo (寶), Tỷ (璽), Ấn (印), Chương (章), Ấn chương (印章), Kim bảo tỷ (金寶璽), Quan phòng (關防), Đồ ký (圖記), Kiềm ký (鈐記), Tín ký (信記), Ấn Ký (印記), Trưởng ký (長記), and Ký (記).<a href="#cite_note-Vietnam-Breaking-News-2011-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cục-Văn-thư-và-Lưu-trữ-nhà-nước-ấn-chương-Triều-Nguyễn-250">[249]</a> Seals in the Nguyễn dynasty were overseen by a pair of agencies referred to as the Office of Ministry Seals Management – Officers on Duty (印司 – 直處, Ấn ty – Trực xứ), this is a term that refers to two agencies which were established within each of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a>, these agencies were tasked with keeping track of the seals, files, and chapters of their ministry.<a href="#cite_note-Đỗ-Văn-Ninh-2002-252">[251]</a> On duty of the Office of Ministry Seals Management were the correspondents of each individual ministry that received and distributed documents and records of a government agency.<a href="#cite_note-Đỗ-Văn-Ninh-2002-252">[251]</a> These two agencies usually had a few dozen officers who would import documents from their ministry.<a href="#cite_note-Đỗ-Văn-Ninh-2002-252">[251]</a> Usually the name of the ministry is directly attached to the seal agency's name, for example "Office of Civil Affairs Ministry Seals Management – Civil Affairs Ministry Officers on Duty" (吏印司吏直處, Lại Ấn ty Lại Trực xứ).<a href="#cite_note-Đỗ-Văn-Ninh-2002-252">[251]</a> Since the Nguyễn dynasty period seals have a fairly uniform shape (with or without a handle), the uniform description of these seals in Vietnamese are:<a href="#cite_note-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty-253">[252]</a> <ul><li>Thân ấn – The geometric block, or body, of the seal.<a href="#cite_note-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty-253">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_knob" title="Seal knob">Núm ấn</a> – The handle for pressing the seal down on texts. In case the seal is shaped like a pyramid, there is no knob.<a href="#cite_note-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty-253">[252]</a></li> <li>Mặt ấn – Where the main content of the seal (symbol or word) is engraved, this area is usually in the face down position. The stamp surface is often used up to engrave letters or drawings.<a href="#cite_note-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty-253">[252]</a></li> <li>Lưng ấn – The face of the seal, where other information about the seal is engraved, usually in the supine position. In the case of the flat-head pyramid seal (ấn triện hình tháp đầu bằng), the flat head is the back.<a href="#cite_note-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty-253">[252]</a></li> <li>Hình ấn – A word used to indicate the impression of the seal on a text.<a href="#cite_note-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty-253">[252]</a></li></ul> Seals were also given to people after they received a <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nobility" title="Vietnamese nobility">noble title</a>.<a href="#cite_note-L'Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Baron-de-An-Bình-1-254">[253]</a> For example, after Léon Louis Sogny received the title of "<a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> of An Bình" (安平男) in the year Bảo Đại 14 (保大拾肆年, 1939) he was also given a golden seal and a <a href="/wiki/Bai_(decoration)" title="Bai (decoration)">Kim Bài</a> (金牌) with his noble title on it. The seal had the seal script inscription An Bình Nam chi ấn (安平男之印).<a href="#cite_note-L'Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Baron-de-An-Bình-2-255">[254]</a> In its 143 years of existence, the government of the Nguyễn dynasty had created more than 100 imperial seals.<a href="#cite_note-VNBN-Seals-256">[255]</a> These imperial seals were made of <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sun,_moon,_auspicious_clouds,_and_the_Yin-Yang_symbol">Sun, moon, auspicious clouds, and the Yin-Yang symbol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Sun, moon, auspicious clouds, and the Yin-Yang symbol">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Ti%E1%BB%81n_(%E9%8C%A2)_-_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/3_Ti%E1%BB%81n_%28%E9%8C%A2%29_-_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_01.jpg/220px-3_Ti%E1%BB%81n_%28%E9%8C%A2%29_-_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/3_Ti%E1%BB%81n_%28%E9%8C%A2%29_-_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_01.jpg/330px-3_Ti%E1%BB%81n_%28%E9%8C%A2%29_-_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/3_Ti%E1%BB%81n_%28%E9%8C%A2%29_-_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A silver <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Tự Đức Thông Bảo">Tự Đức Thông Bảo</a> (嗣德通寶) coin depicting an imperial sun symbol.</figcaption></figure> Like <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">Royal Korea</a>, the Vietnamese used the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> as the "Symbol of the Empire" and auspicious clouds and the <a href="/wiki/Taijitu" title="Taijitu">Taijitu</a> as "Symbols of the State".<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldic</a> systems of both the Later Lê and Nguyễn dynasties were similar to those found in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> The sun symbol as a flaming disc in Vietnam dates back to the 11th century and during the Nguyễn dynasty period this symbol was often depicted with pointed rays.<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> The moon symbolised the state, the sun the empire, stars the sovereigns, and clouds the heaven.<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a> of the Empire" and the "Achievement of the State" were identical to their Imperial Chinese counterparts, the "Achievement of the Empire" first appeared in Vietnam during the 11th century and were identical during the Later Lê and Nguyễn periods consisting of two Dragons surrounding a flaming sun, while the "Achievement of the State" is known to have been used as early as the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> period and this early Trần version consists of two Dragons surrounding a <a href="/wiki/Lotus_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus flower">lotus flower</a> (a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> During the Nguyễn dynasty period the "Achievement of the State" typically consisted of two dragons surrounding a moon or two dragons surrounding a Taijitu, this symbol was commonly found on the caps of high-ranking mandarins.<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> The two dragons surrounding the moon implies that the emperor, or "sovereign", (represented by the dragons) was also the head of state (represented by either the moon or a Yin-Yang symbol).<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> During the period of French domination (法屬, Pháp thuộc) these symbols could be interpreted as the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a> (that is: the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a>) was the sovereign over the Empire (the dragons), the Nguyễn Emperor now merely being the head of state (moon or Yin-Yang symbol).<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> Moons also appeared on the shields of common Nguyễn dynasty soldiers representing the state, while soldiers of the imperial guards sometimes had shields depicting a red sun showcasing that they were a function of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dragons">Dragons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Dragons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Dragon motifs</a> appeared on many state symbols during the Nguyễn dynasty period including on imperial edicts, coins, buildings, and the badges of the Imperial Guard.<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> During the Minh Mạng period (1820–1841) dragons on silver <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n" title="Tiền">Tiền</a> coins were often depicted facing dexter (to the right), while during the Thiệu Trị period (1841–1847) and later these coins depicted dragons guardant (facing forwards).<a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> Dragons were considered to be one of the four sacred animals together with the <a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">Phượng hoàng</a> (Phoenix), <a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">Kỳ lân</a> (Unicorn), and the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_turtle" title="Spirit turtle">Linh quy</a> (Sacred turtle).<a href="#cite_note-Thua-Thien-Hue-Online-Newspaper-Dragons-2018-258">[257]</a> During the Nguyễn dynasty period the depiction of dragons in Vietnamese art reached their zenith and the quality and variety of Nguyễn dynasty dragons was much higher than those of earlier dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-Thua-Thien-Hue-Online-Newspaper-Dragons-2018-258">[257]</a> In the third month of the year Bính Tý, or Gia Long 15 (1816), Emperor Gia Long instructed the court to create special clothes, hats, and seals for himself and the crown prince to denote independence from China.<a href="#cite_note-Baotanglichsu-Rồng-5-móng-259">[258]</a> These regalia all depicted <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon#Dragon_claws" title="Chinese dragon">five-clawed dragons</a> (蠪𠄼𤔻, rồng 5 móng), in Chinese symbolism (including Vietnamese symbolism) five-clawed dragons are symbols of an Emperor, while four-clawed dragons are seen as symbols or kings.<a href="#cite_note-Baotanglichsu-Rồng-5-móng-259">[258]</a> To denote the high status of Emperor all monarchial robes, hats, and seals were adorned with five-clawed dragons and ordered the creation of new seals with five-clawed dragons as their seal knobs to showcase imperial legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-Baotanglichsu-Rồng-5-móng-259">[258]</a> Meanwhile, the wardrobes and other symbols of vassals and princes were adorned with four-clawed dragons symbolising their status as "kings".<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baotanglichsu-Rồng-5-móng-259">[258]</a> The two <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Vietnam#List" title="Emblem of Vietnam">national coats of arms</a> of the French protectorate of Annam would also consist of golden dragons with one being a sword per fess charged with a scroll inscribed with two Traditional Chinese characters Đại Nam (大南) and supported by a single Vietnamese dragon and the other being a golden <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon#Dragon_claws" title="Chinese dragon">five-clawed dragon</a> positioned <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)#Positions_indicating_direction" title="Attitude (heraldry)">affronté</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hymnes-et-pavillons-d'Indochine-1941-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_of_symbols">Gallery of symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Gallery of symbols">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_tinh_flag_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nguyễn period Vietnam.[248]"><img alt="Flag of Nguyễn period Vietnam.[248]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg/120px-Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg/180px-Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg/240px-Long_tinh_flag_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Nguyễn period Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2003197-249">[248]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_seal_S%E1%BA%AFc_m%E1%BB%87nh_chi_b%E1%BA%A3o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Imperial seal made during the Minh Mạng period."><img alt="An Imperial seal made during the Minh Mạng period." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Golden_seal_S%E1%BA%AFc_m%E1%BB%87nh_chi_b%E1%BA%A3o.jpg/120px-Golden_seal_S%E1%BA%AFc_m%E1%BB%87nh_chi_b%E1%BA%A3o.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Golden_seal_S%E1%BA%AFc_m%E1%BB%87nh_chi_b%E1%BA%A3o.jpg/180px-Golden_seal_S%E1%BA%AFc_m%E1%BB%87nh_chi_b%E1%BA%A3o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Golden_seal_S%E1%BA%AFc_m%E1%BB%87nh_chi_b%E1%BA%A3o.jpg/240px-Golden_seal_S%E1%BA%AFc_m%E1%BB%87nh_chi_b%E1%BA%A3o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Imperial seal made during the <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> period.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roof_detail,_dragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dragon motifs are found everywhere in imperial buildings."><img alt="Dragon motifs are found everywhere in imperial buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Roof_detail%2C_dragon.jpg/120px-Roof_detail%2C_dragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Roof_detail%2C_dragon.jpg/180px-Roof_detail%2C_dragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Roof_detail%2C_dragon.jpg/240px-Roof_detail%2C_dragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Dragon motifs</a> are found everywhere in imperial buildings.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">List of monarchs of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_T%E1%BB%99" title="Nguyễn Trường Tộ">Nguyễn Trường Tộ</a> – served Emperor Tự Đức</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Ng%E1%BA%A1i" title="Hà Ngại">Hà Ngại</a>, official of the dynasty</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> At first, <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> requested the name "Nam Việt", but the <a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing Emperor</a> refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200238-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaofeiGuoqing2016-16">[16]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kang-tributary-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kang-tributary_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kang-tributary_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKang2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Kang" title="David C. Kang">Kang, David C.</a> (2012). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 101–102. <q>In 1802 the Nguyen dynasty was recognized with an imperial pardon and tributary status. [...] there was no doubt in anyone's mind that China was the superior and the tributary state the inferior. The Vietnamese kings clearly realized that they had to acknowledge China's suzerainty and become tributaries [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+Before+the+West%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Trade+and+Tribute&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastman1967" class="citation book cs1">Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 34–40, 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Throne+and+Mandarins%3A+China%27s+Search+for+a+Policy+during+the+Sino-French+Controversy&rft.pages=34-40%2C+201&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastman1967" class="citation book cs1">Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 123–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Throne+and+Mandarins%3A+China%27s+Search+for+a+Policy+during+the+Sino-French+Controversy&rft.pages=123-124&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrocheuxHémery2011" class="citation book cs1">Brocheux, Pierre; Hémery, Daniel (2011). Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858–1954. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 78–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indochina%3A+An+Ambiguous+Colonization%2C+1858%E2%80%931954&rft.pages=78-81&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brocheux&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=H%C3%A9mery%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebra-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lebra_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebra_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebra_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebra1975" class="citation book cs1">Lebra, Joyce C. (1975). Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 157–158, 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Greater+East+Asia+Co-Prosperity+Sphere+in+World+War+II%3A+Selected+Readings+and+Documents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=157-158%2C+160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Lebra&rft.aufirst=Joyce+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-Reid-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li-Reid_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-Reid_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiReid1993" class="citation book cs1">Li, Tana; Reid, Anthony (1993). Southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn. Economic History of Southeast Asia Project. Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-3016-69-8" title="Special:BookSources/981-3016-69-8"><bdi>981-3016-69-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+under+the+Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.series=Economic+History+of+Southeast+Asia+Project&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=981-3016-69-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Tana&rft.au=Reid%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lockhart, Bruce (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261910969">"Re-assessing the Nguyễn Dynasty"</a>. Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 15 (1): 9–53. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40860771">40860771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crossroads%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Re-assessing+the+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Dynasty&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-53&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40860771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261910969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods200238-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods200238_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods200238_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoods2002">Woods 2002</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENormanMei1976_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNormanMei1976">Norman & Mei 1976</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeacham1996_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeacham1996">Meacham 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYue_Hashimoto19721-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYue_Hashimoto19721_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYue_Hashimoto1972">Yue Hashimoto 1972</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnoblockRiegel2001510-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnoblockRiegel2001510_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnoblockRiegel2001">Knoblock & Riegel 2001</a>, p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003405-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003405_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieberman2003">Lieberman (2003)</a>, p. 405. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhan1985510-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhan1985510_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhan1985">Phan 1985</a>, p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004932-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004932_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 932. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaofeiGuoqing2016-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaofeiGuoqing2016_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaofeiGuoqing2016">Shaofei & Guoqing 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wemedia.ifeng.com/39151869/wemedia.shtml">"韩周敬: 越南阮朝嘉、明时期国号问题析论"</a>. 越南历史研究. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831174708/https://wemedia.ifeng.com/39151869/wemedia.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=%E9%9F%A9%E5%91%A8%E6%95%AC%3A+%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D%E5%98%89%E3%80%81%E6%98%8E%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%9E%90%E8%AE%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwemedia.ifeng.com%2F39151869%2Fwemedia.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToda188246-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToda188246_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToda1882">Toda (1882)</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chánh-phủ-Nam-Triều-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Chánh-phủ-Nam-Triều_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn_Thu_Hoài2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nguyễn Thu Hoài (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.org.vn/gioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu/nguoi-lao-dong-viet-nam-duoc-nghi-ngay-1-5-tu-bao-gio.htm">"Người lao động Việt Nam được nghỉ ngày 1.5 từ bao giờ?"</a> (in Vietnamese). Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) – Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716202717/https://www.archives.org.vn/gioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu/nguoi-lao-dong-viet-nam-duoc-nghi-ngay-1-5-tu-bao-gio.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+lao+%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c+ngh%E1%BB%89+ng%C3%A0y+1.5+t%E1%BB%AB+bao+gi%E1%BB%9D%3F&rft.pub=Trung+t%C3%A2m+L%C6%B0u+tr%E1%BB%AF+qu%E1%BB%91c+gia+I+%28National+Archives+Nr.+1%2C+Hanoi%29+%E2%80%93+C%E1%BB%A5c+V%C4%83n+th%C6%B0+v%C3%A0+L%C6%B0u+tr%E1%BB%AF+nh%C3%A0+n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc+%28State+Records+And+Archives+Management+Department+Of+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%29&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.au=Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Thu+Ho%C3%A0i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.org.vn%2Fgioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu%2Fnguoi-lao-dong-viet-nam-duoc-nghi-ngay-1-5-tu-bao-gio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerlag1827298-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerlag1827298_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerlag1827">Verlag (1827)</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToda188241-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToda188241_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToda1882">Toda (1882)</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiley1848350-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiley1848350_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiley1848">Hiley (1848)</a>, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003187-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003187_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieberman2003">Lieberman (2003)</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcombe201710–11-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolcombe201710–11_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolcombe2017">Holcombe (2017)</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kienthuc.net.vn/tham-cung/ai-la-te-tuong-dau-tien-trong-lich-su-viet-nam-306023.html">"Ai là tể tướng đầu tiên trong lịch sử Việt Nam? (Who is the first prime minister in Vietnamese history?)"</a>. Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations. 5 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205346/http://kienthuc.net.vn/tham-cung/ai-la-te-tuong-dau-tien-trong-lich-su-viet-nam-306023.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ai+l%C3%A0+t%E1%BB%83+t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng+%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u+ti%C3%AAn+trong+l%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3F+%28Who+is+the+first+prime+minister+in+Vietnamese+history%3F%29&rft.pub=Vietnam+Union+of+Science+and+Technology+Associations&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkienthuc.net.vn%2Ftham-cung%2Fai-la-te-tuong-dau-tien-trong-lich-su-viet-nam-306023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34720196">"The development of Le government in fifteenth century Vietnam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002182038/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34720196">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+development+of+Le+government+in+fifteenth+century+Vietnam.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F34720196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tai-28"><a href="#cite_ref-tai_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBui_Ngoc_Son" class="citation web cs1">Bui Ngoc Son. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.ntu.edu.tw/ntulawreview/articles/82/4-Article-Bui%20Ngoc%20Son373-435vol.8.pdf">"Confucian Constitutionalism in Imperial Vietnam"</a> (PDF). National Taiwan University. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confucian+Constitutionalism+in+Imperial+Vietnam&rft.pub=National+Taiwan+University&rft.au=Bui+Ngoc+Son&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ntu.edu.tw%2Fntulawreview%2Farticles%2F82%2F4-Article-Bui%2520Ngoc%2520Son373-435vol.8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2013-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2013_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._W._Taylor2013" class="citation book cs1">K. W. Taylor (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HP31kOSA4C&pg=PA232">A History of the Vietnamese</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87586-8"><bdi>978-0-521-87586-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pages=232-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87586-8&rft.au=K.+W.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2HP31kOSA4C%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021044906/http://geocities.com/SoHo/Den/5908/history/glimpse.html">"A Glimpse of Vietnam's History"</a>. geocities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Den/5908/history/glimpse.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geocities&rft.atitle=A+Glimpse+of+Vietnam%27s+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2FSoHo%2FDen%2F5908%2Fhistory%2Fglimpse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanny_Wong_Tze_Ken" class="citation web cs1">Danny Wong Tze Ken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue4/article353.html">"Vietnam–Champa Relations and the Malay–Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries – The Vietnamese Victory over Champa in 1693"</a>. web archive. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam%E2%80%93Champa+Relations+and+the+Malay%E2%80%93Islam+Regional+Network+in+the+17th%E2%80%9319th+Centuries+%E2%80%93+The+Vietnamese+Victory+over+Champa+in+1693&rft.pub=web+archive&rft.au=Danny+Wong+Tze+Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fissue%2Fissue4%2Farticle353.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes2015-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Coedes2015_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Coedes2015" class="citation book cs1">George Coedes (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JphCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT175">The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45094-8"><bdi>978-1-317-45094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+South+East+Asia+%28RLE+Modern+East+and+South+East+Asia%29&rft.pages=175-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45094-8&rft.au=George+Coedes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JphCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aung-ThwinHall2011-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Aung-ThwinHall2011_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Arthur_Aung-ThwinKenneth_R._Hall2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael Arthur Aung-Thwin; Kenneth R. Hall (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvWrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia: Continuing Explorations</a>. Routledge. pp. 158–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81964-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81964-3"><bdi>978-1-136-81964-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+History+and+Historiography+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Continuing+Explorations&rft.pages=158-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81964-3&rft.au=Michael+Arthur+Aung-Thwin&rft.au=Kenneth+R.+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvWrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishrainbow.com/collection.asp?category=100054">"A Brief History of the Tay Son Movement (1771–1802)"</a>. EnglishRainbow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002195926/http://www.englishrainbow.com/collection.asp?category=100054">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Tay+Son+Movement+%281771%E2%80%931802%29&rft.pub=EnglishRainbow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishrainbow.com%2Fcollection.asp%3Fcategory%3D100054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTạ_Chí_Đại_Trường1973">Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-tk140142-36"><a href="#cite_ref-tk140142_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThụy_Khuê2017">Thụy Khuê 2017</a>, pp. 140–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-harvnb7-37"><a href="#cite_ref-harvnb7_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTạ_Chí_Đại_Trường1973">Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-Naval,2013-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Naval,2013_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaval_Intelligence_Division_(Anh_Quốc)2013" class="citation book cs1">Naval Intelligence Division (Anh Quốc) (2013). Indo-China. Routledge. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-20911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-20911-6"><bdi>978-1-136-20911-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-China&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-20911-6&rft.au=Naval+Intelligence+Division+%28Anh+Qu%E1%BB%91c%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated10-39"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated10_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhan_Khoang2001">Phan Khoang 2001</a>, p. 508 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuốc_sử_quán_triều_Nguyễn2007">Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007</a>, p. 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-havrv-41"><a href="#cite_ref-havrv_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTạ_Chí_Đại_Trường1973">Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973</a>, pp. 110–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-ttkks3sdsds-42"><a href="#cite_ref-ttkks3sdsds_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhan_Khoang2001">Phan Khoang 2001</a>, pp. 522–523 </li> <li id="cite_note-PK517-43"><a href="#cite_ref-PK517_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhan_Khoang2001">Phan Khoang 2001</a>, p. 517 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuỳnh_Minh2006">Huỳnh Minh 2006</a>, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-tt195-45"><a href="#cite_ref-tt195_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuốc_sử_quán_triều_Nguyễn2007">Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007</a>, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-TCDT124-46"><a href="#cite_ref-TCDT124_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTạ_Chí_Đại_Trường1973">Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973</a>, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Nguyễn Khắc Thuần (2005), Danh tướng Việt Nam, tập 3, Việt Nam: Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục, tr. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTạ_Chí_Đại_Trường1973">Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973</a>, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrần_Trọng_Kim1971">Trần Trọng Kim 1971</a>, p. 111 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrần_Trọng_Kim1971 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-harvnb17-50"><a href="#cite_ref-harvnb17_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTạ_Chí_Đại_Trường1973">Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973</a>, pp. 182–183 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTạ_Chí_Đại_Trường1973">Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973</a>, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nguyễn_Quang_Trung_Tiến-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Nguyễn_Quang_Trung_Tiến_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNguyễn_Quang_Trung_Tiến1999">Nguyễn Quang Trung Tiến 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvnb35-53"><a href="#cite_ref-harvnb35_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFĐặng_Việt_ThủyĐặng_Thành_Trung2008">Đặng Việt Thủy & Đặng Thành Trung 2008</a>, p. 279 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-54"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhan_Khoang2001">Phan Khoang 2001</a>, p. 519 </li> <li id="cite_note-harvnb999-55"><a href="#cite_ref-harvnb999_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSơn_Nam2009">Sơn Nam 2009</a>, pp. 54–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuốc_sử_quán_triều_Nguyễn2007">Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007</a>, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-harvnb24-57"><a href="#cite_ref-harvnb24_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrần_Trọng_Kim1971">Trần Trọng Kim 1971</a>, p. 155 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTrần_Trọng_Kim1971 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuốc_sử_quán_triều_Nguyễn2007">Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007</a>, pp. 207–211 </li> <li 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Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=115-&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2890-5&rft.au=Norman+G.+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpy5Xh0-pw18C%26q%3Dminh%2Bmang%2Bhan%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZottoli2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Zottoli, Brian A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307082004/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/89821/bria?sequence=1">Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese Hi story from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambod</a> (A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan). p. 14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/89821/bria?sequence=1">the original</a> on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Reconceptualizing+Southern+Vietnamese+Hi+story+from+the+15th+to+18th+Centuries%3A+Competition+along+the+Coasts+from+Guangdong+to+Cambod&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Zottoli&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F89821%2Fbria%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moses2008-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Moses2008_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Dirk_Moses2008" class="citation book cs1">A. Dirk Moses (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC&q=minh+mang+han&pg=PA209">Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History</a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 209–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-452-4"><bdi>978-1-84545-452-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927041144/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC&q=minh+mang+han&pg=PA209#v=snippet&q=minh%20mang%20han&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Colony%2C+Genocide%3A+Conquest%2C+Occupation%2C+and+Subaltern+Resistance+in+World+History&rft.pages=209-&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-452-4&rft.au=A.+Dirk+Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBgoNN4MG-YC%26q%3Dminh%2Bmang%2Bhan%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeerenboomPetersen2006-192"><a href="#cite_ref-PeerenboomPetersen2006_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall_PeerenboomCarole_J._PetersenAlbert_H.Y._Chen2006" class="citation book cs1">Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2j6GNiMMc1oC&pg=PA474">Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA</a>. Routledge. pp. 474–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23881-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23881-1"><bdi>978-1-134-23881-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Asia%3A+A+Comparative+Legal+Study+of+Twelve+Asian+Jurisdictions%2C+France+and+the+USA&rft.pages=474-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-23881-1&rft.au=Randall+Peerenboom&rft.au=Carole+J.+Petersen&rft.au=Albert+H.Y.+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2j6GNiMMc1oC%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/issue4/article353.html">"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries"</a>. 17 June 2004. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam-Champa+Relations+and+the+Malay-Islam+Regional+Network+in+the+17th%E2%80%9319th+Centuries&rft.date=2004-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fissue%2Fissue4%2Farticle353.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004_2-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_2_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Byung_Wook2004" class="citation book cs1">Choi Byung Wook (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA34">Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response</a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-138-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120172636/https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+Under+the+Reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820%E2%80%931841%29%3A+Central+Policies+and+Local+Response&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-138-3&rft.au=Choi+Byung+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoZAdRgB-nwC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004_3-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_3_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Byung_Wook2004" class="citation book cs1">Choi Byung Wook (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA136">Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response</a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 136–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+Under+the+Reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820%E2%80%931841%29%3A+Central+Policies+and+Local+Response&rft.pages=136-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-138-3&rft.au=Choi+Byung+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoZAdRgB-nwC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wook2004_4-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Wook2004_4_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Byung_Wook2004" class="citation book cs1">Choi Byung Wook (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foZAdRgB-nwC&pg=PA137">Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response</a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 137–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-138-3"><bdi>978-0-87727-138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+Under+the+Reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820%E2%80%931841%29%3A+Central+Policies+and+Local+Response&rft.pages=137-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-138-3&rft.au=Choi+Byung+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoZAdRgB-nwC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Nguyễn Đức Hiệp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanhoahoc.edu.vn/nghien-cuu/van-hoa-viet-nam/van-hoa-nam-bo/344-nguyen-duc-hiep-ve-lich-su-nguoi-minh-huong-va-nguoi-hoa-o-nam-bo.html">Về lịch sử người Minh Hương và người Hoa ở Nam bộ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120647/http://www.vanhoahoc.edu.vn/nghien-cuu/van-hoa-viet-nam/van-hoa-nam-bo/344-nguyen-duc-hiep-ve-lich-su-nguoi-minh-huong-va-nguoi-hoa-o-nam-bo.html">Archived</a> 8 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Văn hóa học, 21 February 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-chiung-198"><a href="#cite_ref-chiung_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF蔣為文2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">蔣為文 (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uibun.twl.ncku.edu.tw/chuliau/lunsoat/taibun/2013/MinhHuong2013CC.pdf">"越南的明鄉人與華人移民的族群認同與本土化差異"</a> (PDF). 台灣國際研究季刊 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 9 (4). 國立成功大學越南研究中心: 8. Retrieved 23 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AD%A3%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E9%84%89%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%87%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C%E8%88%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2013&rft.au=%E8%94%A3%E7%82%BA%E6%96%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuibun.twl.ncku.edu.tw%2Fchuliau%2Flunsoat%2Ftaibun%2F2013%2FMinhHuong2013CC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-leo-199"><a href="#cite_ref-leo_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Suryadinata1997" class="citation book cs1">Leo Suryadinata (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qv-4ScjTO-AC">Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9813055502" title="Special:BookSources/9813055502"><bdi>9813055502</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Chinese+as+Southeast+Asians&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9813055502&rft.au=Leo+Suryadinata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqv-4ScjTO-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccu-200"><a href="#cite_ref-ccu_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309061456/http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=700">"明鄉人"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Encyclopedia" title="Chinese Encyclopedia">Chinese Encyclopedia</a> (in Chinese (Taiwan)). <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Culture_University" title="Chinese Culture University">Chinese Culture University</a>. 1983. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=700">the original</a> on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%98%8E%E9%84%89%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=Chinese+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Chinese+Culture+University&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fap6.pccu.edu.tw%2FEncyclopedia%2Fdata.asp%3Fid%3D700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodside1971_3-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodside1971_3_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Woodside1971" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Woodside (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&pg=PA134">Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century</a>. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 134–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93721-5"><bdi>978-0-674-93721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+the+Chinese+Model%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Vietnamese+and+Chinese+Government+in+the+First+Half+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=134-&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-674-93721-5&rft.au=Alexander+Woodside&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LgSI9UQNpwC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2008" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Thuc-Doan T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4bmbP5Pg5jAC&pg=PA34">Globalization: A View by Vietnamese Consumers Through Wedding Windows</a>. University of Utah. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-68091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-68091-8"><bdi>978-0-549-68091-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization%3A+A+View+by+Vietnamese+Consumers+Through+Wedding+Windows&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=University+of+Utah&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-68091-8&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Thuc-Doan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4bmbP5Pg5jAC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://angelasancartier.net/ao-dai-vietnams-national-dress">"Angelasancartier.net"</a>. angelasancartier.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121182241/http://angelasancartier.net/ao-dai-vietnams-national-dress">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=angelasancartier.net&rft.atitle=Angelasancartier.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fangelasancartier.net%2Fao-dai-vietnams-national-dress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beyondvictoriana.com/2010/03/14/beyond-victoriana-18-transcultural-tradition-of-the-vietnamese-ao-dai/">"#18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai"</a>. Beyondvictoriana.com. 14 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323122205/http://beyondvictoriana.com/2010/03/14/beyond-victoriana-18-transcultural-tradition-of-the-vietnamese-ao-dai/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beyondvictoriana.com&rft.atitle=%2318+Transcultural+Tradition+of+the+Vietnamese+Ao+Dai&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeyondvictoriana.com%2F2010%2F03%2F14%2Fbeyond-victoriana-18-transcultural-tradition-of-the-vietnamese-ao-dai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-types-styles/ao-dai">"Ao Dai – LoveToKnow"</a>. Fashion-hjistory.lovetoknow.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204032753/http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-types-styles/ao-dai">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fashion-hjistory.lovetoknow.com&rft.atitle=Ao+Dai+%E2%80%93+LoveToKnow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffashion-history.lovetoknow.com%2Fclothing-types-styles%2Fao-dai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tor.com/2010/10/20/ao-dai-and-i-steampunk-essay/">"The Ao Dai and I: A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk"</a>. Tor.com. 20 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307004314/http://www.tor.com/2010/10/20/ao-dai-and-i-steampunk-essay/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor.com&rft.atitle=The+Ao+Dai+and+I%3A+A+Personal+Essay+on+Cultural+Identity+and+Steampunk&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2F2010%2F10%2F20%2Fao-dai-and-i-steampunk-essay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AIAQAAIAAJ&q=vietnamese+skirt+trousers+tunics">Vietnam</a>. Michelin Travel Publications. 2002. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Michelin+Travel+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dvietnamese%2Bskirt%2Btrousers%2Btunics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-LeeTapp2010-208"><a href="#cite_ref-LeeTapp2010_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Yia_LeeNicholas_Tapp2010" class="citation book cs1">Gary Yia Lee; Nicholas Tapp (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZEFgIhfdJEC&pg=PA138">Culture and Customs of the Hmong</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 138–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34527-2"><bdi>978-0-313-34527-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104060906/https://books.google.com/books?id=RZEFgIhfdJEC&pg=PA138">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+the+Hmong&rft.pages=138-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34527-2&rft.au=Gary+Yia+Lee&rft.au=Nicholas+Tapp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZEFgIhfdJEC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid2015-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid2015_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Reid2015" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Reid (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cETJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA285">A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 285–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17961-0"><bdi>978-0-631-17961-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104060753/https://books.google.com/books?id=cETJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA285#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Critical+Crossroads&rft.pages=285-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17961-0&rft.au=Anthony+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcETJBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid1990-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid1990_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Reid1990" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Reid (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lqyJViWXkVsC&pg=PA90">Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The Lands Below the Winds</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04750-9"><bdi>978-0-300-04750-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104060821/https://books.google.com/books?id=lqyJViWXkVsC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+Age+of+Commerce%2C+1450%E2%80%931680%3A+The+Lands+Below+the+Winds&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04750-9&rft.au=Anthony+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlqyJViWXkVsC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rambo2005-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Rambo2005_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Terry_Rambo2005" class="citation book cs1">A. Terry Rambo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ippuAAAAMAAJ">Searching for Vietnam: Selected Writings on Vietnamese Culture and Society</a>. Kyoto University Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920901-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920901-05-9"><bdi>978-1-920901-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Vietnam%3A+Selected+Writings+on+Vietnamese+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Kyoto+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-920901-05-9&rft.au=A.+Terry+Rambo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DippuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WernerWhitmore2012-212"><a href="#cite_ref-WernerWhitmore2012_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayne_WernerJohn_K._WhitmoreGeorge_Dutton2012" class="citation book cs1">Jayne Werner; John K. Whitmore; George Dutton (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHD4Asj0FagC&pg=PA295">Sources of Vietnamese Tradition</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 295–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51110-0"><bdi>978-0-231-51110-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104060907/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHD4Asj0FagC&pg=PA295#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Vietnamese+Tradition&rft.pages=295-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51110-0&rft.au=Jayne+Werner&rft.au=John+K.+Whitmore&rft.au=George+Dutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHD4Asj0FagC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodside1971_4-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodside1971_4_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Woodside1971" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Woodside (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&pg=PA117">Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century</a>. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 117–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93721-5"><bdi>978-0-674-93721-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104060850/https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+the+Chinese+Model%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Vietnamese+and+Chinese+Government+in+the+First+Half+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=117-&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-674-93721-5&rft.au=Alexander+Woodside&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LgSI9UQNpwC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829031036/http://www.wanhuajing.com/d540264">"有个国家居然视自己是中国, 清政府做了一件事, 刺激到崩溃_历史_万花镜"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wanhuajing.com/d540264">the original</a> on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%AA%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%B1%85%E7%84%B6%E8%A7%86%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%2C+%E6%B8%85%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%81%9A%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%B6%E4%BA%8B%2C+%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E5%88%B0%E5%B4%A9%E6%BA%83_%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2_%E4%B8%87%E8%8A%B1%E9%95%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wanhuajing.com%2Fd540264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916053023/http://dajia.qq.com/blog/264933028072213.html">"张明扬 : 历史上异域的中国梦 _ 腾讯 · 大家"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dajia.qq.com/blog/264933028072213.html">the original</a> on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BC%A0%E6%98%8E%E6%89%AC+%3A+%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E5%BC%82%E5%9F%9F%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%A2%A6+_+%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF+%C2%B7+%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdajia.qq.com%2Fblog%2F264933028072213.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008215605/http://www.lwxww.cn/system/2014/10/29/010483307.shtml">"越南名儒李文馥-龙文,乡贤,名儒-龙文新闻网"</a>. Lwxww.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwxww.cn/system/2014/10/29/010483307.shtml">the original</a> on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lwxww.cn&rft.atitle=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%90%8D%E5%84%92%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%87%E9%A6%A5-%E9%BE%99%E6%96%87%2C%E4%B9%A1%E8%B4%A4%2C%E5%90%8D%E5%84%92-%E9%BE%99%E6%96%87%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwxww.cn%2Fsystem%2F2014%2F10%2F29%2F010483307.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GillespieChen2010-217"><a href="#cite_ref-GillespieChen2010_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_GillespieAlbert_H.Y._Chen2010" class="citation book cs1">John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdqQMn8sbLoC&pg=PA6">Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-85269-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-85269-9"><bdi>978-0-203-85269-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104060754/https://books.google.com/books?id=gdqQMn8sbLoC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Reforms+in+China+and+Vietnam%3A+A+Comparison+of+Asian+Communist+Regimes&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-203-85269-9&rft.au=John+Gillespie&rft.au=Albert+H.Y.+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdqQMn8sbLoC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_GillespieAlbert_H.Y._Chen2010" class="citation book cs1">John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pkpZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes</a>. Routledge. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-97843-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-97843-2"><bdi>978-1-136-97843-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104060754/https://books.google.com/books?id=pkpZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Reforms+in+China+and+Vietnam%3A+A+Comparison+of+Asian+Communist+Regimes&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-97843-2&rft.au=John+Gillespie&rft.au=Albert+H.Y.+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpkpZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_GillespieAlbert_H.Y._Chen2010" class="citation book cs1">John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7XHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes</a>. Routledge. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-97842-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-97842-5"><bdi>978-1-136-97842-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104060754/https://books.google.com/books?id=I7XHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Reforms+in+China+and+Vietnam%3A+A+Comparison+of+Asian+Communist+Regimes&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-97842-5&rft.au=John+Gillespie&rft.au=Albert+H.Y.+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7XHBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holcombe2001-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Holcombe2001_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Holcombe2001" class="citation book cs1">Charles Holcombe (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&pg=PA41">The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. – A.D. 907</a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 41–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2465-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2465-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104061400/https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+East+Asia%3A+221+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+907&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2465-5&rft.au=Charles+Holcombe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXT5pvPZ4vroC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McElwee2003-219"><a href="#cite_ref-McElwee2003_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_D._McElwee2003" class="citation book cs1">Pamela D. McElwee (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6YKAQAAMAAJ&q=Vietnamese+barbarian+hostel">'Lost worlds' or 'lost causes'?: biodiversity conservation, forest management, and rural life in Vietnam</a>. Yale University. p. 67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104061256/https://books.google.com/books?id=u6YKAQAAMAAJ&q=Vietnamese+barbarian+hostel">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Lost+worlds%27+or+%27lost+causes%27%3F%3A+biodiversity+conservation%2C+forest+management%2C+and+rural+life+in+Vietnam&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Pamela+D.+McElwee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6YKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DVietnamese%2Bbarbarian%2Bhostel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_D._McElwee2003" class="citation book cs1">Pamela D. McElwee (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6YKAQAAMAAJ">'Lost worlds' or 'lost causes'?: biodiversity conservation, forest management, and rural life in Vietnam</a>. Yale University. p. 67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104061256/https://books.google.com/books?id=u6YKAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Lost+worlds%27+or+%27lost+causes%27%3F%3A+biodiversity+conservation%2C+forest+management%2C+and+rural+life+in+Vietnam&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Pamela+D.+McElwee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6YKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-g-AQAAIAAJ&q=Vietnamese+barbarian+hostel">Journal of Vietnamese Studies</a>. University of California Press. 2006. p. 317. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104061400/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-g-AQAAIAAJ&q=Vietnamese+barbarian+hostel">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Vietnamese+Studies&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-g-AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DVietnamese%2Bbarbarian%2Bhostel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley2006325-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley2006325_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelley2006">Kelley 2006</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsideKelleyCooke2016" class="citation web cs1">Woodside; Kelley; Cooke (9 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cindyanguyen.wordpress.com/2016/03/09/confucianismvietnam/">"Q. How Confucian is/was Vietnam?"</a>. Cindyanguyen.wordpress.com. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cindyanguyen.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=Q.+How+Confucian+is%2Fwas+Vietnam%3F&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft.au=Woodside&rft.au=Kelley&rft.au=Cooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcindyanguyen.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F03%2F09%2Fconfucianismvietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyt201515-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyt201515_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyt2015">Dyt (2015)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley2006349-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley2006349_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelley2006">Kelley (2006)</a>, p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley2006343-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley2006343_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelley2006">Kelley (2006)</a>, 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Đoàn Thu Thủy – Nguyễn Thu Hường (10 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luutru.gov.vn/vai-tro-va-vi-tri-dong-dau-cua-cac-loai-an-tren-tai-lieu-chau-ban-trieu-nguyen-213-vtlt.htm">"Vai trò và vị trí đóng dấu của các loại ấn trên tài liệu Châu bản triều Nguyễn. 10/01/2012 – Lượt xem: 931 – Trải qua các triều đại, ấn chương Việt Nam ngày càng phong phú về loại hình và hình thể"</a> (in Vietnamese). Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of VietNam). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716195556/https://luutru.gov.vn/vai-tro-va-vi-tri-dong-dau-cua-cac-loai-an-tren-tai-lieu-chau-ban-trieu-nguyen-213-vtlt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. 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Around 140 seals of the Nguyen Dynasty are displayed at an exhibition which opened in Hanoi on October 12"</a>. VietNam Breaking News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716204911/https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2011/10/seals-of-nguyen-dynasty-showcased/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seals+of+Nguyen+Dynasty+showcased.+Around+140+seals+of+the+Nguyen+Dynasty+are+displayed+at+an+exhibition+which+opened+in+Hanoi+on+October+12.&rft.pub=VietNam+Breaking+News&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.au=english.cinet.vn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnambreakingnews.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fseals-of-nguyen-dynasty-showcased%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Đỗ-Văn-Ninh-2002-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Đỗ-Văn-Ninh-2002_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Đỗ-Văn-Ninh-2002_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Đỗ-Văn-Ninh-2002_252-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Đỗ-Văn-Ninh-2002_252-3">d</a> Từ điển chức quan Việt Nam, Đỗ Văn Ninh, 2002, trang 327 mục 571. Hộ ấn ty, hộ trực xứ (in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty_253-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty_253-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty_253-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTLSQGVN-Bronze-seals-of-the-Nguyễn-Dynasty_253-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLan_Phương_(Tổng_hợp)2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lan Phương (Tổng hợp) (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/3101/18676/an-trien-djong-trieu-nguyen.html">"Ấn triện đồng triều Nguyễn. – Ấn triện bằng đồng là loại liên quan đến uy quyền. Vua Nguyễn cấp ấn triện cho những bề tôi là để ban ủy quyền cho các bề tôi thay mặt vua cai trị dân. Nghiên cứu về ấn triện bằng đồng thời Nguyễn sẽ hiểu thêm về hệ thống quan chức triều Nguyễn cũng như nhiều vấn đề khác liên quan"</a> (in Vietnamese). <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">Bào Tàng Lich Sù Quóc Gia (Vietnam National Museum of History)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717173134/http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/3101/18676/an-trien-djong-trieu-nguyen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%BA%A4n+tri%E1%BB%87n+%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng+tri%E1%BB%81u+Nguy%E1%BB%85n.+%E2%80%93+%E1%BA%A4n+tri%E1%BB%87n+b%E1%BA%B1ng+%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng+l%C3%A0+lo%E1%BA%A1i+li%C3%AAn+quan+%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn+uy+quy%E1%BB%81n.+Vua+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+c%E1%BA%A5p+%E1%BA%A5n+tri%E1%BB%87n+cho+nh%E1%BB%AFng+b%E1%BB%81+t%C3%B4i+l%C3%A0+%C4%91%E1%BB%83+ban+%E1%BB%A7y+quy%E1%BB%81n+cho+c%C3%A1c+b%E1%BB%81+t%C3%B4i+thay+m%E1%BA%B7t+vua+cai+tr%E1%BB%8B+d%C3%A2n.+Nghi%C3%AAn+c%E1%BB%A9u+v%E1%BB%81+%E1%BA%A5n+tri%E1%BB%87n+b%E1%BA%B1ng+%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng+th%E1%BB%9Di+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+s%E1%BA%BD+hi%E1%BB%83u+th%C3%AAm+v%E1%BB%81+h%E1%BB%87+th%E1%BB%91ng+quan+ch%E1%BB%A9c+tri%E1%BB%81u+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+c%C5%A9ng+nh%C6%B0+nhi%E1%BB%81u+v%E1%BA%A5n+%C4%91%E1%BB%81+kh%C3%A1c+li%C3%AAn+quan.&rft.pub=B%C3%A0o+T%C3%A0ng+Lich+S%C3%B9+Qu%C3%B3c+Gia+%28Vietnam+National+Museum+of+History%29&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.au=Lan+Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+%28T%E1%BB%95ng+h%E1%BB%A3p%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaotanglichsu.vn%2Fvi%2FArticles%2F3101%2F18676%2Fan-trien-djong-trieu-nguyen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-L'Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Baron-de-An-Bình-1-254"><a href="#cite_ref-L'Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Baron-de-An-Bình-1_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christophe (17 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405000116/https://www.aavh.org/?p=681">"AP0670-Sogny-Marien. Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d'An Binh (13)"</a> (in French). L'Association des Amis du Vieux Huế. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aavh.org/?p=681">the original</a> on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AP0670-Sogny-Marien.+Titre+%3A+Hu%C3%A9%2C+1939+%E2%80%93+L%C3%A9on+Sogny+est+%C3%A9lev%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+dignit%C3%A9+nobiliaire+de+baron+d%27An+Binh+%2813%29.&rft.pub=L%27Association+des+Amis+du+Vieux+Hu%E1%BA%BF&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft.au=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aavh.org%2F%3Fp%3D681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-L'Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Baron-de-An-Bình-2-255"><a href="#cite_ref-L'Association-des-Amis-du-Vieux-Huế-Baron-de-An-Bình-2_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christophe (17 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326100337/https://www.aavh.org/?p=689">"AP0678-Sogny-Marien. Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d'An Binh (12)"</a> (in French). L'Association des Amis du Vieux Huế. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aavh.org/?p=689">the original</a> on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AP0678-Sogny-Marien.+Titre+%3A+Hu%C3%A9%2C+1939+%E2%80%93+L%C3%A9on+Sogny+est+%C3%A9lev%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+dignit%C3%A9+nobiliaire+de+baron+d%27An+Binh+%2812%29.&rft.pub=L%27Association+des+Amis+du+Vieux+Hu%E1%BA%BF&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft.au=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aavh.org%2F%3Fp%3D689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VNBN-Seals-256"><a href="#cite_ref-VNBN-Seals_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVietNamNet_Bridge2016" class="citation web cs1">VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2016/02/no-royal-seal-left-in-hue-today/">"No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today"</a>. VietNam Breaking News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716131720/https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2016/02/no-royal-seal-left-in-hue-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+royal+seal+left+in+Hue+today.+VietNamNet+Bridge+%E2%80%93+It+is+a+great+regret+that+none+of+more+than+100+seals+of+the+Nguyen+emperors+are+in+Hue+City+today.&rft.pub=VietNam+Breaking+News&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft.au=VietNamNet+Bridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnambreakingnews.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fno-royal-seal-left-in-hue-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam_257-11">l</a> De Rode Leeuw – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hubert-herald.nl/Vietnam.htm">Armorial of Vietnam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816164911/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/Vietnam.htm">Archived</a> 16 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Hubert de Vries. Retrieved: 19 August 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thua-Thien-Hue-Online-Newspaper-Dragons-2018-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thua-Thien-Hue-Online-Newspaper-Dragons-2018_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thua-Thien-Hue-Online-Newspaper-Dragons-2018_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory_and_photos:_Dong_Van2018" class="citation web cs1">Story and photos: Dong Van (8 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.baothuathienhue.vn/admiring-dragons-and-phoenixes-on-the-treasures-of-the-nguyen-dynasty-a61477.html">"Admiring Dragons and Phoenixes on the Treasures of the Nguyen Dynasty. – This is also the name of the exhibition which is co-organized by the National Museum of History and Hue Monuments Conservation Center. The exhibition opening ceremony was on the morning of September 7 (7/9), at Hue Museum of Royal Antiquities"</a>. Thua Thien Hue Online Newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819172536/http://news.baothuathienhue.vn/admiring-dragons-and-phoenixes-on-the-treasures-of-the-nguyen-dynasty-a61477.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admiring+Dragons+and+Phoenixes+on+the+Treasures+of+the+Nguyen+Dynasty.+%E2%80%93+This+is+also+the+name+of+the+exhibition+which+is+co-organized+by+the+National+Museum+of+History+and+Hue+Monuments+Conservation+Center.+The+exhibition+opening+ceremony+was+on+the+morning+of+September+7+%287%2F9%29%2C+at+Hue+Museum+of+Royal+Antiquities.&rft.pub=Thua+Thien+Hue+Online+Newspaper&rft.date=2018-09-08&rft.au=Story+and+photos%3A+Dong+Van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.baothuathienhue.vn%2Fadmiring-dragons-and-phoenixes-on-the-treasures-of-the-nguyen-dynasty-a61477.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baotanglichsu-Rồng-5-móng-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baotanglichsu-Rồng-5-móng_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baotanglichsu-Rồng-5-móng_259-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baotanglichsu-Rồng-5-móng_259-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baotanglichsu-Rồng-5-móng_259-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBee_(baodatviet.vn)2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bee (baodatviet.vn) (3 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/2001/66160/giai-ma-rong-5-mong-cua-nha-nguyen.html">"Giải mã 'rồng 5 móng' của nhà Nguyễn. Để thể hiện tính độc lập giữa Hoàng đế Việt Nam và các nước láng giềng, Vua Gia Long đã có chỉ dụ về quy định các hình thêu, đúc rồng trên trang phục, đồ dùng của vua và hoàng thái tử chỉ được thêu rồng 5 móng, khác với rồng 4 móng của Trung Hoa"</a> (in Vietnamese). <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716131721/http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/2001/66160/giai-ma-rong-5-mong-cua-nha-nguyen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gi%E1%BA%A3i+m%C3%A3+%27r%E1%BB%93ng+5+m%C3%B3ng%27+c%E1%BB%A7a+nh%C3%A0+Nguy%E1%BB%85n.+%C4%90%E1%BB%83+th%E1%BB%83+hi%E1%BB%87n+t%C3%ADnh+%C4%91%E1%BB%99c+l%E1%BA%ADp+gi%E1%BB%AFa+Ho%C3%A0ng+%C4%91%E1%BA%BF+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+v%C3%A0+c%C3%A1c+n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc+l%C3%A1ng+gi%E1%BB%81ng%2C+Vua+Gia+Long+%C4%91%C3%A3+c%C3%B3+ch%E1%BB%89+d%E1%BB%A5+v%E1%BB%81+quy+%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh+c%C3%A1c+h%C3%ACnh+th%C3%AAu%2C+%C4%91%C3%BAc+r%E1%BB%93ng+tr%C3%AAn+trang+ph%E1%BB%A5c%2C+%C4%91%E1%BB%93+d%C3%B9ng+c%E1%BB%A7a+vua+v%C3%A0+ho%C3%A0ng+th%C3%A1i+t%E1%BB%AD+ch%E1%BB%89+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c+th%C3%AAu+r%E1%BB%93ng+5+m%C3%B3ng%2C+kh%C3%A1c+v%E1%BB%9Bi+r%E1%BB%93ng+4+m%C3%B3ng+c%E1%BB%A7a+Trung+Hoa.&rft.pub=B%E1%BA%A2O+T%C3%80NG+L%E1%BB%8ACH+S%E1%BB%AC+QU%E1%BB%90C+GIA+%28VIETNAM+NATIONAL+MUSEUM+OF+HISTORY%29&rft.date=2012-06-03&rft.au=Bee+%28baodatviet.vn%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaotanglichsu.vn%2Fvi%2FArticles%2F2001%2F66160%2Fgiai-ma-rong-5-mong-cua-nha-nguyen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_th%E1%BB%B1c_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đại Nam thực lục">Đại Nam thực lục</a> chính biên, trang 921 tập 1 NXB Giáo dục 2002. (in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Hymnes-et-pavillons-d'Indochine-1941-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Hymnes-et-pavillons-d'Indochine-1941_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5848625d/f4.item">Hymnes et pavillons d'Indochine</a> (in French). 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416030129/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5848625d/f4.item">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hymnes+et+pavillons+d%27Indochine.&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5848625d%2Ff4.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmirell2019" class="citation cs2">Amirell, Stefan E. (2019), Pirates of Empire Colonisation and Maritime Violence in Southeast Asia, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63682-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63682-7"><bdi>978-1-108-63682-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirates+of+Empire+Colonisation+and+Maritime+Violence+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-108-63682-7&rft.aulast=Amirell&rft.aufirst=Stefan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvakov2015" class="citation cs2">Avakov, Alexander V. (2015), Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Years 1–2012 Population, GDP at PPP, and GDP Per Capita. Volume 1, By Rank, Algora Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-101-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-101-2"><bdi>978-1-62894-101-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Thousand+Years+of+Economic+Statistics%2C+Years+1%E2%80%932012+Population%2C+GDP+at+PPP%2C+and+GDP+Per+Capita.+Volume+1%2C+By+Rank&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62894-101-2&rft.aulast=Avakov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour1884" class="citation book cs1">Balfour, Francis (1884). The Works of Francis Maitland Balfour: Volume 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Francis+Maitland+Balfour%3A+Volume+3&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2020" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Terry (2020). Early Photography in Vietnam. Renaissance Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-19129-6-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-19129-6-104-7"><bdi>978-19129-6-104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Photography+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Renaissance+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-19129-6-104-7&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2016" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Camp Davis (2016). Imperial Bandits: Outlaws and Rebels in the China-Vietnam Borderlands. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-74205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-74205-2"><bdi>978-0-295-74205-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Bandits%3A+Outlaws+and+Rebels+in+the+China-Vietnam+Borderlands&rft.place=Seattle+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-295-74205-2&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Camp+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐặng_Việt_ThủyĐặng_Thành_Trung2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Đặng Việt Thủy; Đặng Thành Trung (2008). 54 vị Hoàng đế Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Nội">Hà Nội</a>: Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=54+v%E1%BB%8B+Ho%C3%A0ng+%C4%91%E1%BA%BF+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.place=H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+Qu%C3%A2n+%C4%91%E1%BB%99i+Nh%C3%A2n+d%C3%A2n&rft.date=2008&rft.au=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Th%E1%BB%A7y&rft.au=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng+Th%C3%A0nh+Trung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2018" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZSpDwAAQBAJ">A History of Cambodia</a> (4 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429964060" title="Special:BookSources/978-0429964060"><bdi>978-0429964060</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104061358/https://books.google.com/books?id=xZSpDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cambodia&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0429964060&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZSpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapuis2000" class="citation book cs1">Chapuis, Oscar (2000). The Last Emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31170-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31170-6"><bdi>0-313-31170-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Emperors+of+Vietnam%3A+from+Tu+Duc+to+Bao+Dai&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-31170-6&rft.aulast=Chapuis&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2004a" class="citation cs2">Choi, Byung Wook (2004a), Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response, SEAP Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-501-71952-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-501-71952-3"><bdi>978-1-501-71952-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+Under+the+Reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820%E2%80%931841%29%3A+Central+Policies+and+Local+Response&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-501-71952-3&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Byung+Wook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2004b" class="citation cs2">——— (2004b), "The Nguyen dynasty's policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the first half of the Nineteenth Century", in Nola, Cooke (ed.), The Water Frontier, Singapore University Press, pp. 85–99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nguyen+dynasty%27s+policy+toward+Chinese+on+the+Water+Frontier+in+the+first+half+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Water+Frontier&rft.pages=85-99&rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Byung+Wook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDror2007" class="citation cs2">Dror, Olga (2007), Cult, Culture, and Authority : Princess Lieu Hanh in Vietnamese History, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2972-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2972-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-2972-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cult%2C+Culture%2C+and+Authority+%3A+Princess+Lieu+Hanh+in+Vietnamese+History&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2972-8&rft.aulast=Dror&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2006" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, George Edson (2006). The Tây Sơn uprising: society and rebellion in eighteenth-century Vietnam. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2984-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2984-0"><bdi>0-8248-2984-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+T%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+uprising%3A+society+and+rebellion+in+eighteenth-century+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8248-2984-0&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=George+Edson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett1841" class="citation book cs1">Everett, Edward (1841). The North American Review:Volume 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+American+Review%3AVolume+52&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoscha2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Goscha" title="Christopher Goscha">Goscha, Christopher</a> (2016). Vietnam: A New History. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-46509-436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-46509-436-3"><bdi>978-0-46509-436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-46509-436-3&rft.aulast=Goscha&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Heath (page does not exist)">Heath, Ian</a> (2003) [1998]. Armies of the Nineteenth Century: Burma and Indo-China. Foundry Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90154-306-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90154-306-3"><bdi>978-1-90154-306-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Burma+and+Indo-China&rft.pub=Foundry+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-90154-306-3&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiley1848" class="citation book cs1">Hiley, Richard (1848) [1843]. Progressive geography, adapted to junior classes. Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progressive+geography%2C+adapted+to+junior+classes&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Hiley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe2017" class="citation book cs1">Holcombe, Charles (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYKlDQAAQBAJ">A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-11071-1-873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-11071-1-873-7"><bdi>978-11071-1-873-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104061401/https://books.google.com/books?id=kYKlDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+East+Asia%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-11071-1-873-7&rft.aulast=Holcombe&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYKlDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuỳnh_Minh2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Minh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huỳnh Minh (page does not exist)">Huỳnh Minh</a> (2006). Gia Định xưa. Nhà Xuất bản Văn hóa-Thông tin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gia+%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh+x%C6%B0a&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+Xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+V%C4%83n+h%C3%B3a-Th%C3%B4ng+tin&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Hu%E1%BB%B3nh+Minh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamm1996" class="citation book cs1">Kamm, Henry (1996). Dragon Ascending: Vietnam and the Vietnamese. Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1559703067" title="Special:BookSources/1559703067"><bdi>1559703067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragon+Ascending%3A+Vietnam+and+the+Vietnamese&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1559703067&rft.aulast=Kamm&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Keane" title="Augustus Henry Keane">Keane, A. H.</a> (1896). Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel: Asia – Vol II: Southern and Western Asia. E. 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Cuộc nam-tié̂n của dân-tộc Việt-Nam</a> (in Vietnamese). Xuân thu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104061400/https://books.google.com/books?id=5BsaAAAAMAAJ&q=vietnam+1558+bao+lam">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+s%E1%BB%AD%3A+x%E1%BB%A9+%C4%91%C3%A0ng+trong%2C+1558%E2%80%931777.+Cu%E1%BB%99c+nam-ti%C3%A9%CC%82n+c%E1%BB%A7a+d%C3%A2n-t%E1%BB%99c+Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam&rft.pub=Xu%C3%A2n+thu&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=Khoang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5BsaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvietnam%2B1558%2Bbao%2Blam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoblockRiegel2001" class="citation book cs1">Knoblock, John; Riegel, Jeffrey (2001). The Annals of Lü Buwei. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804733540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804733540"><bdi>978-0804733540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+L%C3%BC+Buwei&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0804733540&rft.aulast=Knoblock&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Riegel%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYue_Hashimoto1972" class="citation book cs1">Yue Hashimoto, Oi-kan (1972). Phonology of Cantonese. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08442-0"><bdi>978-0-521-08442-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+of+Cantonese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08442-0&rft.aulast=Yue+Hashimoto&rft.aufirst=Oi-kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Nola (2004). "Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Catholics and Others in the Pages of the Annales de la Propagation de la Foi". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 35 (2): 261–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463404000141">10.1017/S0022463404000141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153524504">153524504</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Early+Nineteenth-Century+Vietnamese+Catholics+and+Others+in+the+Pages+of+the+Annales+de+la+Propagation+de+la+Foi&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-285&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463404000141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153524504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Nola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dyt, Karynth (2015). "Calling for Wind and Rain" Rituals: Environment, Emotion, and Governance in Nguyễn Vietnam, 1802–1883". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 10 (2): 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fvs.2015.10.2.1">10.1525/vs.2015.10.2.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vietnamese+Studies&rft.atitle=Calling+for+Wind+and+Rain%22+Rituals%3A+Environment%2C+Emotion%2C+and+Governance+in+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Vietnam%2C+1802%E2%80%931883&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fvs.2015.10.2.1&rft.aulast=Dyt&rft.aufirst=Karynth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedland1977" class="citation journal cs1">Friedland, William H. (1977). "Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam. Alexander B. Woodside". American Journal of Sociology. 83 (2). Chicago: University of Chicago: 520–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F226584">10.1086/226584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Community+and+Revolution+in+Modern+Vietnam.+Alexander+B.+Woodside&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=520-521&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F226584&rft.aulast=Friedland&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoizomi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Koizomi, Junko (2015). "The 'Last' Friendship Exchanges between Siam and Vietnam, 1879–1882: Siam between Vietnam and France – and Beyond". TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 4 (1): 131–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Ftrn.2015.18">10.1017/trn.2015.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163196181">163196181</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TRaNS%3A+Trans-Regional+and+-National+Studies+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=The+%27Last%27+Friendship+Exchanges+between+Siam+and+Vietnam%2C+1879%E2%80%931882%3A+Siam+between+Vietnam+and+France+%E2%80%93+and+Beyond&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131-164&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Ftrn.2015.18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163196181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Koizomi&rft.aufirst=Junko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kelley, Liam C. 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University of Wollongong Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120232323/https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1446/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=War+and+trade%3A+Siamese+interventions+in+Cambodia%2C+1767%E2%80%931851&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Wollongong+Australia&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Rungswasdisab&rft.aufirst=Puangthong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Ftheses%2F1446%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1974" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, R. B. (1974). "Politics and Society in Viet-Nam during the Early Nguyen Period (1802–62)". 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Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 15: 93–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fbippa.v15i0.11537">10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=Defining+the+Hundred+Yue&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=93-100&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fbippa.v15i0.11537&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormanMei1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei, Tsu-lin</a> (1976). "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence". Monumenta Serica. 32: 274–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1976.11731121">10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=The+Austroasiatics+in+Ancient+South+China%3A+Some+Lexical+Evidence&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=274-301&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1976.11731121&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Mei%2C+Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nguyenphuoctoc.net/">homepage of The Nguyễn Dynasty</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFC332; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:90%">— <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal house</a> —</div><div></div><div>Nguyễn dynasty</div><div style="font-size:90%">Founding year: <a href="/wiki/1802" title="1802">1802</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Deposition: <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> 1 June 1802 – 30 August 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Monarchy abolished</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">declared</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nguyễn_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nguyễn_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nguyễn dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Imperial_rule_(1802–1883)">Sovereign state</a> (1802–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorates of Annam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> (1883–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Long_tinh_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/75px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/113px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/150px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/75px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/113px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/150px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="677" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF,_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_(1980)_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="823" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Sovereign Việt Nam / Đại Nam (Nhà Nguyễn thời độc lập, 茹阮𥱯獨立)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Provinces_of_Southern_Vietnam" title="Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam">Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Saigon" title="Citadel of Saigon">Citadel of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs#The_Nguyen_Campaign_against_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_Catholic_persecution" title="Tự Đức's Catholic persecution">Tự Đức's Catholic persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A2n_movement" title="Văn Thân movement">Văn Thân movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French protectorate(s)</a> (Pháp thuộc, 法屬)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanoi_Rat_Massacre" title="Great Hanoi Rat Massacre">Great Hanoi Rat Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Exhibition" title="Hanoi Exhibition">Hanoi Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Du" title="Đông Du">Đông Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Duy Tân Hội">Duy Tân Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Poison_Plot" title="Hanoi Poison Plot">Hanoi Poison Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="History of Vietnam during World War I">History of Vietnam during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Revolutionary_Youth_League" title="Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League">Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Travail_movement" title="Le Travail movement">Le Travail movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Ri%E1%BB%81ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8F" title="Phú Riềng Đỏ">Phú Riềng Đỏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Japanese period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese famine of 1945">Vietnamese famine of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">Abdication of Bảo Đại</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Government of the Nguyễn dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam#Kingdom_of_Vietnam_(1802–1883),_Annam_Protectorate_(1883–1945)_and_Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945)" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> (1802–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> (1820–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> (1841–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> (1847–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dục Đức">Dục Đức</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_H%C3%B2a" title="Hiệp Hòa">Hiệp Hòa</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a> (1883–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> (1885–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a> (1889–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a> (1907–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> (1916–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (1925–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ministries & agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Judicature_and_Revision" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Judicature and Revision">Court of Judicial Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Entertainments" title="Court of Imperial Entertainments">Court of Imperial Entertainments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Imperial_Stud" title="Court of the Imperial Stud">Court of the Imperial Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Sacrifices" title="Court of Imperial Sacrifices">Court of Imperial Sacrifices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Altars" title="Office of the National Altars">Office of the National Altars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hàn lâm viện</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Annam)" title="House of Representatives (Annam)">House of People's Representatives of Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Quốc Tử Giám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Lục bộ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)" title="Ministry of Education (Nguyễn dynasty)">Ministry of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_c%C3%A1c_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)" title="Nội các (Nguyễn dynasty)">Nội các</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_c%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Viện cơ mật">Viện cơ mật</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%91%C3%A0n_cung" title="Đăng đàn cung">Đăng đàn cung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Vietnam" title="List of flags of Vietnam">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%27s_administrative_units" title="Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units">Provincial flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Provincial administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Đề Đốc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Tuần phủ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_of_Vietnam" title="Viceroys of Vietnam">Tổng Trấn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">French administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Annam" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Annam">Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Prominent <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_Xu%C3%A2n_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Bạch Xuân Nguyên">Bạch Xuân Nguyên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Xu%C3%A2n_D%E1%BB%A5c" title="Cao Xuân Dục">Cao Xuân Dục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chaigneau" title="Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau">Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marie_Despiau" title="Jean Marie Despiau">Jean Marie Despiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Cao_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Hoàng Cao Khải">Hoàng Cao Khải</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Di%E1%BB%87u" title="Hoàng Diệu">Hoàng Diệu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_K%E1%BA%BF_Vi%C3%AAm" title="Hoàng Kế Viêm">Hoàng Kế Viêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_H%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Hy" title="Michael Hồ Đình Hy">Michael Hồ Đình Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Lê Chất">Lê Chất</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Kh%E1%BA%A3" title="Ngô Đình Khả">Ngô Đình Khả</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Ngô Đình Khôi">Ngô Đình Khôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_T%E1%BB%99" title="Nguyễn Trường Tộ">Nguyễn Trường Tộ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức">Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m" title="Nguyễn Văn Tâm">Nguyễn Văn Tâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%93n" title="Nguyễn Văn Tồn">Nguyễn Văn Tồn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nguyễn Văn Nhơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%BAy" title="Phan Văn Thúy">Phan Văn Thúy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Qu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Phạm Quỳnh">Phạm Quỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BA%ADn_Du%E1%BA%ADt" title="Phạm Thận Duật">Phạm Thận Duật</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n" title="Phan Thanh Giản">Phan Thanh Giản</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Li%C3%AAm" title="Phan Thanh Liêm">Phan Thanh Liêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tri Phương">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A2n_V%C4%83n_Nhi%E1%BA%BFp" title="Thân Văn Nhiếp">Thân Văn Nhiếp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tho%E1%BA%A1i_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BA%A7u" title="Thoại Ngọc Hầu">Thoại Ngọc Hầu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh_(mandarin)" title="Tôn Thất Đính (mandarin)">Tôn Thất Đính</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Cao_V%C3%A2n" title="Trần Cao Vân">Trần Cao Vân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Huy_Tr%E1%BB%A9" title="Đặng Huy Trứ">Đặng Huy Trứ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Trương Định">Trương Định</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Minh_Gi%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Minh Giảng">Trương Minh Giảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%E1%BA%A5n_B%E1%BB%ADu" title="Trương Tấn Bửu">Trương Tấn Bửu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nguyễn Văn Tường">Nguyễn Văn Tường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Vannier" title="Philippe Vannier">Philippe Vannier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Military of the Nguyễn dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Battles and wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)">Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1820)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1820)">Cambodian rebellion (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_Lidong_rebellion" title="Ja Lidong rebellion">Ja Lidong rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_B%C3%A1_V%C3%A0nh%27s_Rebellion" title="Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion">Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Lao rebellion (1826–1828)">Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1831%E2%80%931834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduai_Kabait_rebellion" title="Nduai Kabait rebellion">Nduai Kabait rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_V%C4%83n_V%C3%A2n%27s_Rebellion" title="Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion">Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katip_Sumat_uprising" title="Katip Sumat uprising">Katip Sumat's Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_Thak_Wa_uprising" title="Ja Thak Wa uprising">Ja Thak Wa uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt" title="Lê Văn Khôi revolt">Lê Văn Khôi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1840)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1840)">Cambodian rebellion (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Bombardment of Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garnier_Expedition" title="Garnier Expedition">Garnier Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_Th%E1%BA%BF_Insurrection" title="Yên Thế Insurrection">Yên Thế Insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">Pacification of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vue Pa Chay's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Prominent military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_K%E1%BA%BF_Vi%C3%AAm" title="Hoàng Kế Viêm">Hoàng Kế Viêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Lê Văn Khôi">Lê Văn Khôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_C%C6%B0_Trinh" title="Nguyễn Cư Trinh">Nguyễn Cư Trinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức">Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Nguyễn Văn Thành">Nguyễn Văn Thành</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%93n" title="Nguyễn Văn Tồn">Nguyễn Văn Tồn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nguyễn Văn Nhơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tri Phương">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%BAy" title="Phan Văn Thúy">Phan Văn Thúy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Minh_Gi%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Minh Giảng">Trương Minh Giảng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special administrative regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Principality of Thuận Thành">Principality of Thuận Thành</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Principality of Hà Tiên">Principality of Hà Tiên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_X%C3%A1_and_H%E1%BB%8Fa_X%C3%A1" title="Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá">Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Trấn Ninh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Th%C3%A0nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Thành Province">Trấn Tây Thành</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces & mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Imperial City of Huế</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Gate_(Hu%E1%BA%BF)" title="Meridian Gate (Huế)">Meridian Gate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Gia_Long" title="Tomb of Gia Long">Thien Tho Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tomb of Tự Đức">Khiêm Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tomb of Dục Đức">An Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Tomb of Khải Định">Ứng Mausoleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society & culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">Áo dài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_nh%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%C3%AD" title="Đại Nam nhất thống chí">Đại Nam nhất thống chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_th%E1%BB%B1c_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đại Nam thực lục">Đại Nam thực lục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_L%C3%AA_nh%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%C3%AD" title="Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí">Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục">Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n" title="Khăn vấn">Khăn vấn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblocks_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty" title="Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty">Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy,_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial Academy, Huế">Imperial Academy, Huế</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_court_examination_system_in_Vietnam" title="Confucian court examination system in Vietnam">Confucian court examination system in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_H%E1%BB%8Dc_%E2%80%93_Hu%E1%BA%BF_High_School_for_the_Gifted" title="Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted">Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Tr%C3%AD_Tri" title="Hội Trí Tri">Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Free_School" title="Tonkin Free School">Tonkin Free School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cash" title="Vietnamese cash">Cash coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Tự Đức Thông Bảo">Tự Đức Thông Bảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_B%E1%BA%A3o_Sao" title="Tự Đức Bảo Sao">Tự Đức Bảo Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Khải Định Thông Bảo">Khải Định Thông Bảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Bảo Đại Thông Bảo">Bảo Đại Thông Bảo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_v%C4%83n_(currency_unit)" title="Vietnamese văn (currency unit)">Văn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_m%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Vietnamese mạch">Mạch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">Quán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n" title="Tiền">Tiền</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Colonial currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">French Indochinese piastre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyangyak#In_Vietnam" title="Hyangyak">Hương ước</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Saigon</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1863)" title="Treaty of Huế (1863)">Huế</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1874)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1874)">Saigon</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Huế</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Huế</a> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Orders, decorations, and medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_(decoration)" title="Bai (decoration)">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Order_of_the_Dragon_of_Annam" title="Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam">Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Kim Khánh">Kim Khánh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_until_1884" title="Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884">Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_of_Sacrifice_to_the_Heaven_and_Earth" title="Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth">Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="House of Nguyễn Phúc">House of Nguyễn Phúc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Wall_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i" title="Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi">Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Annam_and_Tongking" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking">Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tho%E1%BA%A1i_H%C3%A0_Canal" title="Thoại Hà Canal">Thoại Hà Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_T%E1%BA%BF_Canal" title="Vĩnh Tế Canal">Vĩnh Tế Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t" title="Tôn Thất">Tôn Thất</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_gian" title="Việt gian">Việt gian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_H%C3%B2a" title="Hiệp Hòa">Hiệp Hòa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500483#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4549160728528910380000">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123421071">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96003168">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2020140151">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546989205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500373119">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nguyễn_dynasty&oldid=1259088856">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nguyễn_dynasty&oldid=1259088856</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1802" title="Category:States and territories established in 1802">States and territories established in 1802</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nguyen_dynasty" title="Category:Nguyen dynasty">Nguyen dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1945_disestablishments_in_Vietnam" title="Category:1945 disestablishments in Vietnam">1945 disestablishments in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nguyen_dynasty_emperors" title="Category:Nguyen dynasty emperors">Nguyen dynasty emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Asia" title="Category:Former monarchies of Asia">Former monarchies of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_independence_movement" title="Category:Vietnamese independence movement">Vietnamese independence movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_dynasties" title="Category:Vietnamese dynasties">Vietnamese dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Vietnamese_history" title="Category:Former countries in Vietnamese history">Former countries in Vietnamese history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Chinese_history" title="Category:Former 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