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</li> <li id="toc-Routing_different_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routing_different_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Routing different networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routing_different_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_connectivity_and_internal_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_connectivity_and_internal_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Internet connectivity and internal use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_connectivity_and_internal_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wi-Fi_routers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wi-Fi_routers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Wi-Fi routers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wi-Fi_routers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forwarding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forwarding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Forwarding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forwarding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Router (computing)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="موجه (شبكات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موجه (شبكات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC)" title="ৰাউটাৰ (কম্পিউটাৰ সম্বন্ধীয়) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাউটাৰ (কম্পিউটাৰ সম্বন্ধীয়)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruter" title="Ruter – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruter" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রাউটার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাউটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Маршрутызатар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маршрутызатар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Маршрутизатор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маршрутизатор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མདོ་འགྱེད་འཕྲུལ་ཆས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མདོ་འགྱེད་འཕྲུལ་ཆས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruter" title="Ruter – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ruter" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routaer" title="Routaer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Routaer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encaminador" title="Encaminador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encaminador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruuter" title="Ruuter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruuter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Δρομολογητής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δρομολογητής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAter" title="Rúter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rúter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkursigilo" title="Enkursigilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enkursigilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideratzaile" title="Bideratzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bideratzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="روتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routeur" title="Routeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Routeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3daire" title="Ródaire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ródaire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%ED%84%B0" title="라우터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라우터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="राउटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राउटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmjeriva%C4%8D" title="Usmjerivač – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Usmjerivač" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perute" title="Perute – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perute" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinir_(t%C3%B6lvufr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Beinir (tölvufræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beinir (tölvufræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%91" title="נתב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נתב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perut%C3%A9" title="Peruté – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Peruté" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೂಟರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೂಟರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="როუტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როუტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Маршруттауыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маршруттауыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioneshatariki" title="Kioneshatariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kioneshatariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%8C" title="ເຣົາເຕີຣ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຣົາເຕີຣ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collineatorium" title="Collineatorium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Collineatorium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1rut%C4%93t%C4%81js" title="Maršrutētājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maršrutētājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1ruto_parinktuvas" title="Maršruto parinktuvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maršruto parinktuvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atv%C3%A1laszt%C3%B3" title="Útválasztó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Útválasztó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Насочувач – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Насочувач" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC" title="റൗട്ടർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൗട്ടർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghala" title="Penghala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penghala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Рүүтэр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рүүтэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="ရောက်တာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောက်တာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ルーター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruter_(IT)" title="Ruter (IT) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ruter (IT)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruter" title="Ruter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ruter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adralhador" title="Adralhador – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Adralhador" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="روټر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roteador" title="Roteador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roteador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruter" title="Ruter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ruter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Маршрутизатор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маршрутизатор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incaminadori_de_arretza" title="Incaminadori de arretza – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Incaminadori de arretza" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routeri" title="Routeri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Routeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A)" title="රවුටරය (පරිගණක) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රවුටරය (පරිගණක)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smerova%C4%8D" title="Smerovač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Smerovač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmerjevalnik" title="Usmerjevalnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Usmerjevalnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ڕاوتەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاوتەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рутер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рутер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruter" title="Ruter – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruter" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reititin" title="Reititin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reititin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="திசைவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திசைவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="రౌటర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రౌటర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เราเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เราเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6nlendirici" title="Yönlendirici – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yönlendirici" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Маршрутизатор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маршрутизатор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="راؤٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راؤٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" title="Router – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Router" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Bộ định tuyến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ định tuyến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awopuj%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Awopujülü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Awopujülü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8" title="路由器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路由器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="רוטירער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוטירער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8" title="路由器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路由器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8" title="路由器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路由器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5318#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Router_(computing)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device that forwards data packets between computer networks</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the network device. For the woodworking tool, see <a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router (woodworking)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASR9006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ASR9006.jpg/220px-ASR9006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ASR9006.jpg/330px-ASR9006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ASR9006.jpg/440px-ASR9006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Rack containing a service-provider–class router connected to multiple networks</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>router</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Networking_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Networking device">networking device</a> that <a href="/wiki/Packet_forwarding" title="Packet forwarding">forwards</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Data packet">data packets</a> between <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Internetworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Internetworks">internetworks</a> such as the global <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Medhi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kundu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kundu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A router is connected to two or more data lines from different <a href="/wiki/IP_network" class="mw-redirect" title="IP network">IP networks</a>. When a data packet comes in on a line, the router reads the <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network address</a> information in the packet header to determine the ultimate destination. Then, using information in its <a href="/wiki/Routing_table" title="Routing table">routing table</a> or <a href="/wiki/Routing_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Routing policy">routing policy</a>, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Data packets are forwarded from one router to another through an <a href="/wiki/Internetwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Internetwork">internetwork</a> until it reaches its destination <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The most familiar type of IP routers are <a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">home and small office routers</a> that forward <a href="/wiki/IP_packet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="IP packet (disambiguation)">IP packets</a> between the home computers and the Internet. More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or ISP networks to powerful <a href="/wiki/Core_router" title="Core router">core routers</a> that forward data at high speed along the <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> lines of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">Internet backbone</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprouter100g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sprouter100g.jpg/220px-Sprouter100g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sprouter100g.jpg/330px-Sprouter100g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sprouter100g.jpg/440px-Sprouter100g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="3103" /></a><figcaption>A carrier class router with <a href="/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10G</a>/<a href="/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="100 Gigabit Ethernet">40G</a>/<a href="/wiki/100G" class="mw-redirect" title="100G">100G</a> interfaces and redundant processor/power/fan modules</figcaption></figure> <p>Routers can be built from standard computer parts but are mostly <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">specialized purpose-built computers</a>. Early routers used <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>-based forwarding, running on a <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>. More sophisticated devices use <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuits</a> (ASICs) to increase performance or add advanced filtering and <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a> functionality. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When multiple routers are used in interconnected networks, the routers can exchange information about destination addresses using a <a href="/wiki/Routing_protocol" title="Routing protocol">routing protocol</a>. Each router builds up a <a href="/wiki/Routing_table" title="Routing table">routing table</a>, a list of routes, between two computer systems on the interconnected networks.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cisco_2022_u602_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco_2022_u602-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The software that runs the router is composed of two functional processing units that operate simultaneously, called <i>planes</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_plane" title="Control plane">Control plane</a>: A router maintains a routing table that lists which route should be used to forward a data packet, and through which physical interface connection. It does this using internal pre-configured directives, called <a href="/wiki/Static_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Static route">static routes</a>, or by learning routes <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_routing" title="Dynamic routing">dynamically</a> using a routing protocol. Static and dynamic routes are stored in the routing table. The control-plane logic then strips non-essential directives from the table and builds a <a href="/wiki/Forwarding_information_base" title="Forwarding information base">forwarding information base</a> (FIB) to be used by the forwarding plane.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forwarding_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Forwarding plane">Forwarding plane</a>: This unit forwards the data packets between incoming and outgoing interface connections. It reads the <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> of each packet as it comes in, matches the destination to entries in the FIB supplied by the control plane, and directs the packet to the outgoing network specified in the FIB.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adsl_connections.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adsl_connections.jpg/220px-Adsl_connections.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adsl_connections.jpg/330px-Adsl_connections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adsl_connections.jpg/440px-Adsl_connections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A home or small office <a href="/wiki/DSL_router" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL router">DSL router</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_socket" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone socket">telephone socket</a> <i>(left, white)</i> to connect it to the internet using <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> jacks <i>(right, yellow)</i> to connect it to home computers and printers.</figcaption></figure> <p>A router may have interfaces for multiple types of <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> connections, such as copper cables, <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> transmission. It can also support multiple <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">network layer</a> transmission standards. Each network interface is used to enable data packets to be forwarded from one transmission system to another. Routers may also be used to connect two or more logical groups of computer devices known as <a href="/wiki/Subnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Subnets">subnets</a>, each with a unique <a href="/wiki/Network_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="Network prefix">network prefix</a>. </p><p>Routers may provide connectivity within enterprises, between enterprises and the Internet, or between <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a>' (ISPs') networks, they are also responsible for directing data between different networks.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest routers (such as the <a href="/wiki/Cisco_CRS-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco CRS-1">Cisco CRS-1</a> or <a href="/wiki/Juniper_Networks" title="Juniper Networks">Juniper</a> PTX) interconnect the various ISPs, or may be used in large enterprise networks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller routers usually provide connectivity for typical home and office networks. </p><p>All sizes of routers may be found inside enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-port_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most powerful routers are usually found in ISPs, academic and research facilities. Large businesses may also need more powerful routers to cope with ever-increasing demands of <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a> data traffic. A <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_internetworking_model" title="Hierarchical internetworking model">hierarchical internetworking model</a> for interconnecting routers in large networks is in common use.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some routers can connect to <a href="/wiki/Data_service_unit" title="Data service unit">Data service units</a> for <a href="/wiki/Digital_Signal_1" title="Digital Signal 1">T1 connections</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via serial ports.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access,_core_and_distribution"><span id="Access.2C_core_and_distribution"></span>Access, core and distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Access, core and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenWRT_8.09.1_LuCI_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/OpenWRT_8.09.1_LuCI_screenshot.png/220px-OpenWRT_8.09.1_LuCI_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/OpenWRT_8.09.1_LuCI_screenshot.png/330px-OpenWRT_8.09.1_LuCI_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/OpenWRT_8.09.1_LuCI_screenshot.png/440px-OpenWRT_8.09.1_LuCI_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>A screenshot of the LuCI web interface used by <a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a>. This page configures <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_DNS" title="Dynamic DNS">Dynamic DNS</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_internetworking_model" title="Hierarchical internetworking model">hierarchical internetworking model</a> divides <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise network">enterprise networks</a> into three layers: core, distribution, and access. </p><p>Access routers, including <a href="/wiki/Small_office/home_office" title="Small office/home office">small office/home office</a> (SOHO) models, are located at home and customer sites such as branch offices that do not need <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_routing" title="Hierarchical routing">hierarchical routing</a> of their own. Typically, they are optimized for low cost. Some SOHO routers are capable of running alternative free Linux-based firmware like <a href="/wiki/Tomato_(firmware)" title="Tomato (firmware)">Tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a>, or <a href="/wiki/DD-WRT" title="DD-WRT">DD-WRT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distribution routers aggregate traffic from multiple access routers. Distribution routers are often responsible for enforcing quality of service across a <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide area network</a> (WAN), so they may have considerable memory installed, multiple WAN interface connections, and substantial onboard data processing routines. They may also provide connectivity to groups of file servers or other external networks.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In enterprises, a <a href="/wiki/Core_router" title="Core router">core router</a> may provide a <a href="/wiki/Collapsed_backbone" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapsed backbone">collapsed backbone</a> interconnecting the distribution tier routers from multiple buildings of a campus, or large enterprise locations. They tend to be optimized for high bandwidth but lack some of the features of edge routers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>External networks must be carefully considered as part of the overall security strategy of the local network. A router may include a <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a>, <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a> handling, and other security functions, or they may be handled by separate devices. Routers also commonly perform <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">network address translation</a> which restricts connections initiated from external connections but is not recognized as a security feature by all experts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experts argue that <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> routers are more secure and reliable than <a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">closed source</a> routers because errors and potentially exploitable <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a> are more likely to be discovered and addressed in an open-source environment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routing_different_networks">Routing different networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Routing different networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Routers are also often distinguished on the basis of the network in which they operate. A router in a <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> (LAN) of a single organization is called an <i>interior router</i>. A router that is operated in the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> backbone is described as <i>exterior router</i>. While a router that connects a LAN with the Internet or a <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide area network</a> (WAN) is called a <i>border router</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Gateway_router" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway router">gateway router</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_connectivity_and_internal_use">Internet connectivity and internal use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internet connectivity and internal use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Routers intended for ISP and major enterprise connectivity usually exchange routing information using the <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4098">4098</a> defines the types of BGP routers according to their functions:<sup id="cite_ref-RFC_4098_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC_4098-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Edge router or inter-AS border router:</i> Placed at the edge of an ISP network, where the router is used to peer with the upstream IP transit providers, bilateral peers through <a href="/wiki/IXP" class="mw-redirect" title="IXP">IXP</a>, private peering (or even settlement-free peering) through <a href="/wiki/Private_Network_Interconnect" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Network Interconnect">Private Network Interconnect</a> (PNI) via the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Exterior_Border_Gateway_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Exterior Border Gateway Protocol">Exterior Border Gateway Protocol</a> (eBGP).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Provider Router (P): A Provider router is also called a <i>transit-router</i>, it sits in an MPLS network and is responsible for establishing label-switched paths between the PE routers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Provider edge router (PE):</i> An MPLS-specific router in the network's access layer that interconnects with customer edge routers to provide layer 2 or layer 3 VPN services.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Customer edge router</i> (CE): Located at the edge of the subscriber's network, it interconnects with the PE router for L2VPN services, or direct layer 3 IP hand-off in the case of <a href="/wiki/Dedicated_line" title="Dedicated line">Dedicated Internet Access</a>, if IP Transit services are provided through an MPLS core, the CE peers with the PE using eBGP with the public ASNs of each respective network. In the case of L3VPN services the CE can exchange routes with the PE using eBGP. It is commonly used in both service provider and enterprise or <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data center</a> organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_router" title="Core router">Core router</a>: Resides within an Autonomous System as a backbone to carry traffic between edge routers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Within an ISP: In the ISP's autonomous system, a router uses internal BGP to communicate with other ISP edge routers, other <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a> core routers, or the ISP's intranet provider border routers.</li> <li>Internet backbone: The Internet no longer has a clearly identifiable backbone, unlike its predecessor networks. See <a href="/wiki/Default-free_zone" title="Default-free zone">default-free zone</a> (DFZ). The major ISPs' system routers make up what could be considered to be the current Internet backbone core.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISPs operate all four types of the BGP routers described here. An ISP core router is used to interconnect its edge and border routers. Core routers may also have specialized functions in <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">virtual private networks</a> based on a combination of BGP and <a href="/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switching" title="Multiprotocol Label Switching">Multiprotocol Label Switching</a> protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Port forwarding: In some networks, that rely on legacy IPv4 and NAT, routers (often labeled as NAT boxes) are also used for <a href="/wiki/Port_forwarding" title="Port forwarding">port forwarding</a> configuration between RFC1918 address space and their publicly assigned IPv4 address.<sup id="cite_ref-port_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-port-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Voice, data, fax, and video processing routers: Commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Access_servers" class="mw-redirect" title="Access servers">access servers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateways</a>, these devices are used to route and process voice, data, video and fax traffic on the Internet. Since 2005, most long-distance phone calls have been processed as <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> traffic (<a href="/wiki/VOIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VOIP">VOIP</a>) through a voice gateway. Use of access server-type routers expanded with the advent of the Internet, first with dial-up access and another resurgence with voice phone service.</li> <li>Larger networks commonly use <a href="/wiki/Multilayer_switch" title="Multilayer switch">multilayer switches</a>, with layer-3 devices being used to simply interconnect multiple subnets within the same security zone, and higher-layer switches when <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">filtering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a>, or other higher-level functions are required, especially between zones.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wi-Fi_routers">Wi-Fi routers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wi-Fi routers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">Wireless router</a></div> <p>Wi-Fi routers combine the functions of a router with those of a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access point</a>. They are typically devices with a small form factor, operating on the standard electric power supply for residential use. Connected to the Internet as offered by an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a>, they provide Internet access through a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless network</a> for home or office use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARPANET_first_router_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ARPANET_first_router_2.jpg/180px-ARPANET_first_router_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ARPANET_first_router_2.jpg/270px-ARPANET_first_router_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ARPANET_first_router_2.jpg/360px-ARPANET_first_router_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="4510" /></a><figcaption>The first ARPANET router, the <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processor</a>, was delivered to UCLA August 30, 1969, and went online October 29, 1969.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concepts of a <i>switching node</i> using software and an <i>interface computer</i> were first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a> for the <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same idea was conceived by <a href="/wiki/Wesley_A._Clark" title="Wesley A. Clark">Wesley Clark</a> the following year for use in the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, which were named <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor"><i>Interface Message Processors</i></a> (IMPs).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first interface computer was implemented at the <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> in the United Kingdom in early 1969, followed later that year by the IMPs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_School_of_Computing" title="University of Utah School of Computing">University of Utah School of Computing</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All were built with the <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_316" title="Honeywell 316">Honeywell 516</a>. These computers had fundamentally the same functionality as a router does today. </p><p>The idea for a router (called a <i><a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateway</a></i> at the time) initially came about through an international group of computer networking researchers called the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> (INWG).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These gateway devices were different from most previous <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> schemes in two ways. First, they connected dissimilar kinds of networks, such as <a href="/wiki/Serial_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial line">serial lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a>. Second, they were <a href="/wiki/Connectionless" class="mw-redirect" title="Connectionless">connectionless</a> devices, which had no role in assuring that traffic was delivered reliably, leaving that function entirely to the <a href="/wiki/Host_(network)" title="Host (network)">hosts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular idea, the <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">end-to-end principle</a>, was pioneered in the <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett2009_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea was explored in more detail, with the intention to produce a prototype system as part of two contemporaneous programs. One was a program at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> to explore new networking technologies, which produced the <a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> system. Some time after early 1974, the first Xerox routers became operational. Due to corporate intellectual property concerns, it received little attention outside Xerox for years.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other was the <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>-initiated program, which created the <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> architecture in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first true IP router was developed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginny_Travers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginny Travers (page does not exist)">Ginny Travers</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">BBN</a>, as part of that DARPA-initiated effort, during 1975–1976.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1976, three <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>-based routers were in service in the experimental prototype Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mike Brecia, Ginny Travers, and Bob Hinden received the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">IEEE Internet Award</a> for early IP routers in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first multiprotocol routers were independently created by staff researchers at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a> in 1981 and both were also based on PDP-11s. Stanford's router program was led by <a href="/wiki/William_Yeager" title="William Yeager">William Yeager</a> and MIT's by <a href="/wiki/Noel_Chiappa" title="Noel Chiappa">Noel Chiappa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtually all networking now uses TCP/IP, but multiprotocol routers are still manufactured. They were important in the early stages of the growth of computer networking when protocols other than TCP/IP were in use. Modern routers that handle both IPv4 and IPv6 are multiprotocol but are simpler devices than ones processing AppleTalk, DECnet, IPX, and Xerox protocols. </p><p>From the mid-1970s and in the 1980s, general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> served as routers. Modern high-speed routers are <a href="/wiki/Network_processor" title="Network processor">network processors</a> or highly specialized computers with extra <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">hardware acceleration</a> added to speed both common routing functions, such as packet forwarding, and specialized functions such as <a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a> encryption. There is substantial use of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> software-based machines, running <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> routing code, for research and other applications. The <a href="/wiki/Cisco_IOS" title="Cisco IOS">Cisco IOS</a> operating system was independently designed. Major router operating systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Junos" class="mw-redirect" title="Junos">Junos</a> and <a href="/wiki/NX-OS" class="mw-redirect" title="NX-OS">NX-OS</a>, are extensively modified versions of Unix software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forwarding">Forwarding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Forwarding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">Routing</a> and <a href="/wiki/IP_routing" title="IP routing">IP routing</a></div> <p>The main purpose of a router is to connect multiple networks and forward packets destined either for directly attached networks or more remote networks. A router is considered a <a href="/wiki/Layer-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer-3">layer-3</a> device because its primary forwarding decision is based on the information in the layer-3 IP packet, specifically the destination IP address. When a router receives a packet, it searches its routing table to find the best match between the destination IP address of the packet and one of the addresses in the routing table. Once a match is found, the packet is encapsulated in the <a href="/wiki/Layer-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer-2">layer-2</a> data link frame for the outgoing interface indicated in the table entry. A router typically does not look into the packet payload,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only at the layer-3 addresses to make a forwarding decision, plus optionally other information in the header for hints on, for example, <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> (QoS). For pure IP forwarding, a router is designed to minimize the <a href="/wiki/State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">state</a> information associated with individual packets.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a packet is forwarded, the router does not retain any historical information about the packet.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The routing table itself can contain information derived from a variety of sources, such as a <a href="/wiki/Default_route" title="Default route">default</a> or <a href="/wiki/Static_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Static route">static routes</a> that are configured manually, or dynamic entries from <a href="/wiki/Routing_protocol" title="Routing protocol">routing protocols</a> where the router learns routes from other routers. A default route is one that is used to route all traffic whose destination does not otherwise appear in the routing table; it is common – even necessary – in small networks, such as a home or small business where the default route simply sends all non-local traffic to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a>. The default route can be manually configured (as a static route); learned by dynamic routing protocols; or be obtained by <a href="/wiki/DHCP" class="mw-redirect" title="DHCP">DHCP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A router can run more than one routing protocol at a time, particularly if it serves as an autonomous system border router between parts of a network that run different routing protocols; if it does so, then redistribution may be used (usually selectively) to share information between the different protocols running on the same router.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides deciding to which interface a packet is forwarded, which is handled primarily via the routing table, a router also has to manage congestion when packets arrive at a rate higher than the router can process. Three policies commonly used are <a href="/wiki/Tail_drop" title="Tail drop">tail drop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random_early_detection" title="Random early detection">random early detection</a> (RED), and <a href="/wiki/Weighted_random_early_detection" title="Weighted random early detection">weighted random early detection</a> (WRED). Tail drop is the simplest and most easily implemented: the router simply drops new incoming packets once buffer space in the router is exhausted. RED probabilistically drops datagrams early when the queue exceeds a pre-configured portion of the buffer, until reaching a pre-determined maximum, when it drops all incoming packets, thus reverting to tail drop. WRED can be configured to drop packets more readily dependent on the type of traffic. </p><p>Another function a router performs is <a href="/wiki/Traffic_classification" title="Traffic classification">traffic classification</a> and deciding which packet should be processed first. This is managed through <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">QoS</a>, which is critical when <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> is deployed, so as not to introduce excessive <a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">latency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another function a router performs is called <a href="/wiki/Policy-based_routing" title="Policy-based routing">policy-based routing</a> where special rules are constructed to override the rules derived from the routing table when a packet forwarding decision is made.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the functions may be performed through an <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC) to avoid the overhead of scheduling CPU time to process the packets. Others may have to be performed through the CPU as these packets need special attention that cannot be handled by an ASIC.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband_modem" title="Mobile broadband modem">Mobile broadband modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">Modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">Residential gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch_virtual_interface" title="Switch virtual interface">Switch virtual interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">Wireless router</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some router implementations, the forwarding action can increment a counter associated with the routing table entry for the collection of statistical data.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A router can serve as a DHCP client or as a DHCP server.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-router" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=router">"router"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=router&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Drouter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705091357/http://cisco.num.edu.mn/CCNA_R&S1/course/module6/6.3.1.1/6.3.1.1.html">"A Router is a Computer"</a>. <i>Cisco Network Academy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cisco.num.edu.mn/CCNA_R&S1/course/module6/6.3.1.1/6.3.1.1.html">the original</a> on 2022-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco+Network+Academy&rft.atitle=A+Router+is+a+Computer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcisco.num.edu.mn%2FCCNA_R%26S1%2Fcourse%2Fmodule6%2F6.3.1.1%2F6.3.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medhi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Medhi_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedhiRamasamy2007" class="citation book cs1">Medhi, Deepankar; Ramasamy, Karthik (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IM-Y2W0RIF0C&dq=%22router+is+a+specialized+computer%22&pg=PA19"><i>Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120885886" title="Special:BookSources/9780120885886"><bdi>9780120885886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Routing%3A+Algorithms%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Architectures&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780120885886&rft.aulast=Medhi&rft.aufirst=Deepankar&rft.au=Ramasamy%2C+Karthik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIM-Y2W0RIF0C%26dq%3D%2522router%2Bis%2Ba%2Bspecialized%2Bcomputer%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kundu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kundu_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKundu2009" class="citation book cs1">Kundu, Sudakshina (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMoHmEQHosAC&q=router%20is%20a"><i>Fundamentals of Computer Networks, 2nd Ed</i></a>. New Delhi: PHI Learning. pp. 85–86, 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120334526" title="Special:BookSources/9788120334526"><bdi>9788120334526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Computer+Networks%2C+2nd+Ed.&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=85-86%2C+124&rft.pub=PHI+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788120334526&rft.aulast=Kundu&rft.aufirst=Sudakshina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMoHmEQHosAC%26q%3Drouter%2520is%2520a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_OverviewOfKeyRoutingProtocolConceptsArchitecturesP.htm">"Overview Of Key Routing Protocol Concepts: Architectures, Protocol Types, Algorithms and Metrics"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+Of+Key+Routing+Protocol+Concepts%3A+Architectures%2C+Protocol+Types%2C+Algorithms+and+Metrics&rft.pub=Tcpipguide.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcpipguide.com%2Ffree%2Ft_OverviewOfKeyRoutingProtocolConceptsArchitecturesP.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210&seqNum=4">"Cisco Networking Academy's Introduction to Routing Dynamically"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cisco+Networking+Academy%27s+Introduction+to+Routing+Dynamically&rft.pub=Cisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciscopress.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.asp%3Fp%3D2180210%26seqNum%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cisco_2022_u602-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cisco_2022_u602_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/routers/what-is-routing.html">"What Is Routing?"</a>. <i>Cisco</i>. 2022-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-25</span></span>. <q>Routing tables can be created manually and "learned" by software as it observes network traffic, or they can be built according to <a href="/wiki/Routing_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Routing protocols">routing protocols</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco&rft.atitle=What+Is+Routing%3F&rft.date=2022-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fc%2Fen%2Fus%2Fproducts%2Frouters%2Fwhat-is-routing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Khosravi_&_T._Anderson2003" class="citation cs1">H. Khosravi & T. Anderson (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3654"><i>Requirements for Separation of IP Control and Forwarding</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3654">10.17487/RFC3654</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3654">3654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Requirements+for+Separation+of+IP+Control+and+Forwarding&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3654&rft.au=H.+Khosravi+%26+T.+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iteagers.com/Computer%20Science/Computer%20Networking/446_Which-networking-component-is-responsible-for-directing-data-between-different-networks">"Which networking component is responsible for directing data between different networks - ITEagers"</a>. <i>ITEagers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Indianapolis: Cisco Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58705-152-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58705-152-4"><bdi>978-1-58705-152-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top-Down+Network+Design&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Cisco+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58705-152-4&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Pr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeasleyNilkaew2012" class="citation book cs1">Beasley, Jeffrey S.; Nilkaew, Piyasat (5 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ2WAAAAQBAJ&dq=data+service+unit+t1&pg=PT89"><i>A Practical Guide to Advanced Networking</i></a>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-335400-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-335400-3"><bdi>978-0-13-335400-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Guide+to+Advanced+Networking&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft.isbn=978-0-13-335400-3&rft.aulast=Beasley&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Nilkaew%2C+Piyasat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ2WAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddata%2Bservice%2Bunit%2Bt1%26pg%3DPT89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2001" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Wayne (8 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGi5xrjPsKoC&dq=data+service+unit+t1&pg=PA43"><i>Configuring Cisco AVVID</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047673-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047673-5"><bdi>978-0-08-047673-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Configuring+Cisco+AVVID&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2001-02-08&rft.isbn=978-0-08-047673-5&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGi5xrjPsKoC%26dq%3Ddata%2Bservice%2Bunit%2Bt1%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDzmTlX49OQC&dq=data+service+unit+t1&pg=PA63">"Computerworld"</a>. 23 January 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computerworld&rft.date=1995-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDzmTlX49OQC%26dq%3Ddata%2Bservice%2Bunit%2Bt1%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/access/interfaces/ic/hardware/installation/guide/ser_hwic.html">"Serial Interface Cards"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serial+Interface+Cards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fc%2Fen%2Fus%2Ftd%2Fdocs%2Frouters%2Faccess%2Finterfaces%2Fic%2Fhardware%2Finstallation%2Fguide%2Fser_hwic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/access/interfaces/nm/hardware/installation/guide/ConntSer.html">"Serial Network Modules"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serial+Network+Modules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fc%2Fen%2Fus%2Ftd%2Fdocs%2Frouters%2Faccess%2Finterfaces%2Fnm%2Fhardware%2Finstallation%2Fguide%2FConntSer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.examcollection.com/certification-training/network-plus-soho-network-requirements-planning-and-implementation.html">"SOHO Network Requirements Planning and Implementation"</a>. <i>ExamCollection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ExamCollection&rft.atitle=SOHO+Network+Requirements+Planning+and+Implementation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.examcollection.com%2Fcertification-training%2Fnetwork-plus-soho-network-requirements-planning-and-implementation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ispfamily.com/how-do-wifi-extenders-work/">"How Do WiFi Extenders Work? Repeater, Booster, Extender?"</a>. <i>ISP Family</i>. 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISP+Family&rft.atitle=How+Do+WiFi+Extenders+Work%3F+Repeater%2C+Booster%2C+Extender%3F&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fispfamily.com%2Fhow-do-wifi-extenders-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2202410&seqNum=4">"Hierarchical Network Design Overview (1.1) > Cisco Networking Academy Connecting Networks Companion Guide: Hierarchical Network Design | Cisco Press"</a>. <i>www.ciscopress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safecomputing.umich.edu/protect-personal/download/nat_security.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Considerations+Of+NAT&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safecomputing.umich.edu%2Fprotect-personal%2Fdownload%2Fnat_security.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151014005564/en">"Global Internet Experts Reveal Plan for More Secure, Reliable Wi-Fi Routers - and Internet"</a> (Press release). 14 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020003515/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151014005564/en">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Internet+Experts+Reveal+Plan+for+More+Secure%2C+Reliable+Wi-Fi+Routers+-+and+Internet&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20151014005564%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtech.com/security/Is-Open-Source-Software-More-Secure.html">"Is Open Source Software More Secure than Proprietary Products?"</a>. <i>GovTech</i>. 2010-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-13</span></span>. <q>The system first went 'live' early in 1969</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+NPL+Network&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Scantlebury&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topquark.co.uk%2Fconf%2FIAP2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaughney_Dare-Bryan2023" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (June 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/computerfreaks"><i>Computer Freaks</i></a> (Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine. 35:55 minutes in. <q>Leonard Kleinrock: Donald Davies ... did make a single node packet switch before ARPA did</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Freaks&rft.series=Chapter+Two%3A+In+the+Air&rft.pub=Inc.+Magazine&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.aulast=Haughney+Dare-Bryan&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fcomputerfreaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempsteadWorthington2005" class="citation book cs1">Hempstead, C.; Worthington, W., eds. 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Clark, "M.I.T. Campus Network Implementation", CCNG-2, Campus Computer Network Group, M.I.T., Cambridge, 1982; pp. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pete Carey, "A Start-Up's True Tale: Often-told story of Cisco's launch leaves out the drama, intrigue", San Jose Mercury News, December 1, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23823_01/html/816-4554/gcvjj.html">"Packet Forwarding and Routing on IPv4 Networks - System Administration Guide: IP Services"</a>. <i>docs.oracle.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.oracle.com&rft.atitle=Packet+Forwarding+and+Routing+on+IPv4+Networks+-+System+Administration+Guide%3A+IP+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.oracle.com%2Fcd%2FE23823_01%2Fhtml%2F816-4554%2Fgcvjj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2003" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Lawrence (22 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/FlowPaper/NextGenerationofIP-FlowRouting.htm">"The Next Generation of IP - Flow Routing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404030549/http://www.packet.cc/files/FlowPaper/NextGenerationofIP-FlowRouting.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Next+Generation+of+IP+-+Flow+Routing&rft.date=2003-07-22&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2FFlowPaper%2FNextGenerationofIP-FlowRouting.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Davis2007" class="citation web cs1">David Davis (April 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625042508/http://www.techrepublic.com/article/cisco-administration-101-what-you-need-to-know-about-default-routes/">"Cisco administration 101: What you need to know about default routes"</a>. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cisco+administration+101%3A+What+you+need+to+know+about+default+routes&rft.date=2007-04-19&rft.au=David+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fcisco-administration-101-what-you-need-to-know-about-default-routes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiane_Teare2013" class="citation book cs1">Diane Teare (March 2013). <i>Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE): Foundation Learning Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Press" title="Cisco Press">Cisco Press</a>. pp. 330–334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Implementing+Cisco+IP+Routing+%28ROUTE%29%3A+Foundation+Learning+Guide&rft.pages=330-334&rft.pub=Cisco+Press&rft.date=2013-03&rft.au=Diane+Teare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahue2007" class="citation book cs1">Donahue, Gary A. (2007-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqebAgAAQBAJ&dq=Network+Warrior+Voice+over+IP+is+a+udp&pg=PA419"><i>Network Warrior</i></a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-10151-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-10151-0"><bdi>978-0-596-10151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Warrior&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft.isbn=978-0-596-10151-0&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqebAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DNetwork%2BWarrior%2BVoice%2Bover%2BIP%2Bis%2Ba%2Budp%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiane_Teare2013" class="citation book cs1">Diane Teare (March 2013). "Chapter 5: Implementing Path Control". <i>Implementing Cisco IP-Routing (ROUTE): Foundation Learning Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Press" title="Cisco Press">Cisco Press</a>. pp. 330–334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Implementing+Path+Control&rft.btitle=Implementing+Cisco+IP-Routing+%28ROUTE%29%3A+Foundation+Learning+Guide&rft.pages=330-334&rft.pub=Cisco+Press&rft.date=2013-03&rft.au=Diane+Teare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudelSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Schudel, Gregg; Smith, David (2007-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZT7I2U58UoC&dq=that+cannot+be+handled+by+an+ASIC&pg=PT93"><i>Router Security Strategies: Securing IP Network Traffic Planes</i></a>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-279673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-279673-6"><bdi>978-0-13-279673-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Router+Security+Strategies%3A+Securing+IP+Network+Traffic+Planes&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007-12-29&rft.isbn=978-0-13-279673-6&rft.aulast=Schudel&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft.au=Smith%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZT7I2U58UoC%26dq%3Dthat%2Bcannot%2Bbe%2Bhandled%2Bby%2Ban%2BASIC%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARouter+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Router_(computing)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Network_routers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Network routers">Network routers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Networks/Routing" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Communication Networks/Routing">Communication Networks/Routing</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/router" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:router">router</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Routing_software" title="Template:Routing software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Routing_software" title="Template talk:Routing software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Routing_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Routing software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Routing_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_router_firmware_projects" title="List of router firmware projects">Routing software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a><br />&<br /><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">network<br />operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux</a>-<br />based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Entirely free</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endian_Firewall" title="Endian Firewall">Endian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppyfw" title="Floppyfw">Floppyfw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPFire" title="IPFire">IPFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEDE" class="mw-redirect" title="LEDE">LEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreCMC" title="LibreCMC">libreCMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VyOS" title="VyOS">VyOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeroshell" title="Zeroshell">Zeroshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Partly proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquiti_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquiti Networks">AirOS & EdgeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlliedWare_Plus" title="AlliedWare Plus">Alliedware Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DD-WRT" title="DD-WRT">DD-WRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExtremeXOS" title="ExtremeXOS">ExtremeXOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz!Box" title="Fritz!Box">FRITZ!Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MikroTik#RouterOS" title="MikroTik">RouterOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmoothWall" class="mw-redirect" title="SmoothWall">SmoothWall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_(firmware)" title="Tomato (firmware)">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyatta" title="Vyatta">Vyatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>-<br />based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Entirely free</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M0n0wall" title="M0n0wall">m0n0wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPNsense" title="OPNsense">OPNsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PfSense" title="PfSense">pfSense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Partly proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junos_OS" title="Junos OS">Junos OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_IOS" title="Cisco IOS">Cisco IOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Networks" title="Extreme Networks">ExtremeWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_NX-OS" title="Cisco NX-OS">NX-OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">TiMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">VRP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing daemons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babel_(protocol)" title="Babel (protocol)">Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.A.T.M.A.N." title="B.A.T.M.A.N.">B.A.T.M.A.N.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Internet_routing_daemon" title="Bird Internet routing daemon">BIRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FRRouting" title="FRRouting">FRRouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Zebra" title="GNU Zebra">GNU Zebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBGPD" title="OpenBGPD">OpenBGPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOSPFD" title="OpenOSPFD">OpenOSPFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quagga_(software)" title="Quagga (software)">Quagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XORP" title="XORP">XORP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captive_portal" title="Captive portal">Captive portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbornode" title="Neighbornode">Neighbornode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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