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id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Service_tiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_tiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Service tiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_tiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobile_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Mobile communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_Protocol_Suite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_Protocol_Suite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Internet Protocol Suite </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internet_Protocol_Suite-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Internet Protocol Suite subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Internet_Protocol_Suite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Internet protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IP_Addresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP_Addresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 IP Addresses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IP_Addresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPv4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPv4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 IPv4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPv4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPv6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPv6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 IPv6 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPv6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subnetwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subnetwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Subnetwork </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subnetwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Routing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IETF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IETF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 IETF </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IETF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications and services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications_and_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications and services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Wide_Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wide_Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 World Wide Web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wide_Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Data transfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Social impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Users </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_networking_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_networking_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Social networking and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_networking_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Electronic business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Remote work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborative_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborative_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Collaborative publishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborative_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_political_revolutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_political_revolutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Politics and political revolutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_political_revolutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Philanthropy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Malware </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Surveillance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Performance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traffic_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Traffic volume </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Outages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Energy use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Internet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 219 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-219" aria-hidden="true" > 219 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern%C3%A8t" title="Internèt – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Internèt" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%A8_%E1%8C%88%E1%8C%BD_%E1%88%98%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5" title="ድረ ገጽ መረብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድረ ገጽ መረብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="इंटरनेट – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इंटरनेट" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genett" title="Genett – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Genett" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="إنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%9B" title="ܐܢܛܪܢܛ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܢܛܪܢܛ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ইণ্টাৰনেট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইণ্টাৰনেট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="इंटरनेट – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इंटरनेट" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet" title="İnternet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnternet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="اينترنت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اينترنت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90nt%C9%9Brin%C9%9Bti" title="Ɛntɛrinɛti – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ɛntɛrinɛti" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ইন্টারনেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Інтэрнэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інтэрнэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Інтэрнэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інтэрнэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="इंटरनेट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंटरनेट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetz" title="Internetz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Internetz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenrouedad" title="Kenrouedad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenrouedad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danhautande" title="Danhautande – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Danhautande" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaneti" title="Intaneti – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Intaneti" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_rhyngrwyd" title="Y rhyngrwyd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y rhyngrwyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="أنترنيت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أنترنيت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BF" title="Διαδίκτυο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαδίκτυο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Raid_d%C3%A4l_Raid" title="La Raid däl Raid – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="La Raid däl Raid" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreto" title="Interreto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interreto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="اینترنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اینترنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynternet" title="Ynternet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynternet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tIdirl%C3%ADon" title="An tIdirlíon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tIdirlíon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddyr-voggyl" title="Eddyr-voggyl – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eddyr-voggyl" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadar-l%C3%ACon" title="Eadar-lìon – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eadar-lìon" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" title="互聯網 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="互聯網" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F" title="ઇન્ટરનેટ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇન્ટરનેટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B3ng-chi-mi%C3%B3ng-lu" title="Mióng-chi-mióng-lu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mióng-chi-mióng-lu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7" title="인터넷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터넷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanar_gizo" title="Yanar gizo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yanar gizo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81" title="Համացանց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համացանց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="अंतरजाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरजाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interreto" title="Interreto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Interreto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intanet" title="Intanet – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Intanet" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%96%83%E1%95%86%E1%93%B4%E1%90%85%E1%94%AD%E1%92%83%E1%91%AF%E1%91%A6_%E1%91%8E%E1%91%8E%E1%95%8B%E1%96%85%E1%93%AF%E1%92%AA%E1%94%AA%E1%91%A6" title="ᖃᕆᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᖃᕆᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxhakaxholo" title="Uxhakaxholo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uxhakaxholo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneti%C3%B0" title="Internetið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Internetið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98" title="אינטרנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינטרנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern%C3%A8t" title="Internèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Internèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಅಂತರಜಾಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರಜಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptas" title="Aptas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aptas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ინტერნეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტერნეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A0%D9%B9" title="اِنٹَرنؠٹ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنٹَرنؠٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesrosweyth" title="Kesrosweyth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kesrosweyth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaneti" title="Intaneti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Intaneti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A8net" title="Entènet – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Entènet" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent%C3%A8rn%C3%A8t" title="Entèrnèt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Entèrnèt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enternet" title="Înternet – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Înternet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ອິນເຕີເນັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອິນເຕີເນັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0k%C4%81rsteiklys" title="Škārsteiklys – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Škārsteiklys" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrete" title="Interrete – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Interrete" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internets" title="Internets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Internets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetas" title="Internetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Internetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90nt%C9%9Brn%C9%9B%CC%81t%C9%9B" title="Ɛntɛrnɛ́tɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ɛntɛrnɛ́tɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interede" title="Interede – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Interede" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterineto" title="Aterineto – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aterineto" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="महाजाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="महाजाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ინტერნეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინტერნეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="انترنت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انترنت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="اینترنت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اینترنت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯂꯥꯡꯁꯦꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯡꯁꯦꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4-li%C3%A8ng-u%C5%8Dng" title="Hô-lièng-uōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hô-lièng-uōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anternete" title="Anternete – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anternete" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Интернетсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Интернетсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Интернэт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Интернэт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အင်တာနက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်တာနက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="इन्टरनेट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्टरनेट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="इन्तरनेत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इन्तरनेत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="インターネット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターネット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Интермаша – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Интермаша" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internett" title="Internett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internett" title="Internett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Internett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enternette" title="Enternette – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Enternette" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F" title="ଇଣ୍ଟରନେଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଣ୍ଟରନେଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantagoo" title="Mantagoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mantagoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F" title="ਇੰਟਰਨੈੱਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਟਰਨੈੱਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="انٹرنیٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انٹرنیٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%90%D9%BC" title="انټرنېټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انټرنېټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intanet" title="Intanet – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Intanet" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F" title="អ៊ីនធើណេត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីនធើណេត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragn%C3%A0" title="Ragnà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ragnà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intanet" title="Intanet – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Intanet" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet" title="İnternet – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İnternet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engorn%C3%A4t" title="Engornät – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Engornät" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Інтернет – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Інтернет" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Интэриниэт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Интэриниэт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="अन्तर्जालम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अन्तर्जालम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C3%A2ndasango" title="Gbândasango – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Gbândasango" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱱᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cnternet" title="Ìnternet – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ìnternet" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneti" title="Interneti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Interneti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="අන්තර්ජාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අන්තර්ජාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="انٽرنيٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انٽرنيٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%A7_%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%94%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Всєлєнскаѧ мрєжа – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Всєлєнскаѧ мрєжа" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internec" title="Internec – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Internec" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="ئینتەرنێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینتەرنێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern%C3%A9t" title="Internét – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Internét" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இணையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="అంతర్జాలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంతర్జాలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="อินเทอร์เน็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินเทอร์เน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arekw%C3%ABl" title="Arekwël – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Arekwël" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Интернет – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Интернет" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%8F%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%92%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎠᏏᎳᏕᏫᏒᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏏᎳᏕᏫᏒᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A" title="ಅಂತರ್ಜಾಲೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಂತರ್ಜಾಲೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet" title="İnternet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnternet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Інтернет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтернет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="انٹرنیٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انٹرنیٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%90%D8%AA)" title="تور (ئىنتېرنېت) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تور (ئىنتېرنېت)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulenzvangj" title="Hulenzvangj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hulenzvangj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev%C3%BCresod" title="Bevüresod – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bevüresod" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrernete" title="Etrernete – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Etrernete" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" title="互聯網 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="互聯網" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" title="互聯網 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="互聯網" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inthaneti" title="Inthaneti – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Inthaneti" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98" title="אינטערנעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינטערנעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" title="互聯網 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="互聯網" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet" title="İnternet – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İnternet" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internets" title="Internets – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Internets" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="互联网" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern%C3%A8t" title="Internèt – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Internèt" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Internet" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Global system of connected computer networks</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the worldwide computer network. For the global system of pages accessed through URLs via the Internet, see <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Internet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Internet (disambiguation)">Internet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Internet" redirects here. For the American music group, see <a href="/wiki/The_Internet_(band)" title="The Internet (band)">The Internet (band)</a>. For the song Welcome To The Internet, see <a href="/wiki/Bo_Burnham:_Inside" title="Bo Burnham: Inside">Bo Burnham: Inside</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Interweb" redirects here. For the song by Poppy, see <a href="/wiki/Interweb_(song)" title="Interweb (song)">Interweb (song)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">An <a href="/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_activism" title="Data activism">Data activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry#Number_Resource_Organization" title="Regional Internet registry">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">ISOC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Services</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">Oldest domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Guides</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/16px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/24px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/32px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" title="Template talk:Internet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size: 120%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a> types by scale</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_Networks_classification_by_spatial_scope.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Data_Networks_classification_by_spatial_scope.svg/150px-Data_Networks_classification_by_spatial_scope.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Data_Networks_classification_by_spatial_scope.svg/225px-Data_Networks_classification_by_spatial_scope.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Data_Networks_classification_by_spatial_scope.svg/300px-Data_Networks_classification_by_spatial_scope.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanonetwork" title="Nanonetwork">Nanoscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">Near-field (NFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_area_network" title="Body area network">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">Personal (PAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-me_area_network" title="Near-me area network">Near-me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">Local (LAN)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">Storage (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">Wireless (WLAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLAN" title="VLAN">Virtual (VLAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">Home (HAN)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_area_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Building area network">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_network" title="Campus network">Campus (CAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backbone_network" title="Backbone network">Backbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network" title="Metropolitan area network">Metropolitan (MAN)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Municipal wireless (MWN)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">Wide (WAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_area_network" title="Internet area network">Cloud</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Internet" title="Interplanetary Internet">Interplanetary Internet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Area_networks" title="Template:Area networks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Area_networks" title="Template talk:Area networks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Area_networks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Area networks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Internet (or internet)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Global_network" title="Global network">global system</a> of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> that uses the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> (TCP/IP)<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> to communicate between <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networks</a> and devices. It is a <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">network of networks</a> that consists of <a href="/wiki/Private_network" title="Private network">private</a>, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Optical_networking" title="Optical networking">optical networking</a> technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the interlinked <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> documents and <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">applications</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW), <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">electronic mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet telephony">telephony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>. The origins of the Internet date back to research that enabled the <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> of computer resources, the development of <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> in the 1960s and the design of <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> for <a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">data communication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-5">[3]</a> The set of rules (<a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a>) to enable <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a> on the Internet arose from research and development commissioned in the 1970s by the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> in collaboration with universities and researchers across the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abbatep3-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> initially served as a backbone for the interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the United States to enable <a href="/wiki/Resource_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource sharing">resource sharing</a>. The funding of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">National Science Foundation Network</a> as a new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial extensions, encouraged worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and the merger of many networks using DARPA's <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s, as well as the advent of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> marked the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet,<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> and generated sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> were connected to the network. Although the Internet was widely used by <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a> in the 1980s, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Commercialization_of_the_Internet" title="Commercialization of the Internet">commercialization</a> in the 1990s and beyond incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life. Most traditional communication media, including <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, paper mail, and newspapers, are reshaped, redefined, or even bypassed by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet telephone">Internet telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Online music">online music</a>, digital newspapers, and <a href="/wiki/Video_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Video streaming">video streaming</a> websites. Newspapers, books, and other print publishing have adapted to <a href="/wiki/Web_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Web site">website</a> technology or have been reshaped into <a href="/wiki/Blogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogging">blogging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_feed" title="Web feed">web feeds</a>, and online <a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">news aggregators</a>. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interaction through <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a> has grown exponentially for major retailers, <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small businesses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurs</a>, as it enables firms to extend their "<a href="/wiki/Brick_and_mortar" title="Brick and mortar">brick and mortar</a>" presence to serve a larger market or even <a href="/wiki/Online_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Online store">sell goods and services entirely online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">Business-to-business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a> on the Internet affect <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a> across entire industries. The Internet has no single centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> The overarching definitions of the two principal <a href="/wiki/Name_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Name space">name spaces</a> on the Internet, the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">Internet Protocol address</a> (IP address) space and the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS), are directed by a maintainer organization, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> In November 2006, the Internet was included on <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>'s list of the <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World#USA_Today's_New_Seven_Wonders" title="Wonders of the World">New Seven Wonders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Capitalization_of_Internet" title="Capitalization of Internet">Capitalization of Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a></div> The word internetted was used as early as 1849, meaning interconnected or interwoven.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> The word Internet was used in 1945 by the United States War Department in a radio operator's manual,<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> and in 1974 as the shorthand form of Internetwork.<a href="#cite_note-RFC675-17">[15]</a> Today, the term Internet most commonly refers to the global system of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>, though it may also refer to any group of smaller networks.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-18">[16]</a> When it came into common use, most publications treated the word Internet as a capitalized <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun_and_common_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper noun and common noun">proper noun</a>; this has become less common.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-18">[16]</a> This reflects the tendency in English to capitalize new terms and move them to lowercase as they become familiar.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wired-19">[17]</a> The word is sometimes still capitalized to distinguish the global internet from smaller networks, though many publications, including the <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a> since 2016, recommend the lowercase form in every case.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wired-19">[17]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> found that, based on a study of around 2.5 billion printed and online sources, "Internet" was capitalized in 54% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> The terms Internet and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> are often used interchangeably; it is common to speak of "going on the Internet" when using a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> to view <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, or the Web, is only one of a large number of Internet services,<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> a collection of documents (web pages) and other <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">web resources</a> linked by <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource locator">URLs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History of the World Wide Web</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png/220px-A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png/330px-A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png/440px-A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>A sketch of the ARPANET in December 1969. The nodes at UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) are among those depicted.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer scientists">computer scientists</a> began developing systems for <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> of computer resources.<a href="#cite_note-Lee1992-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-ctsspg-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a> proposed the idea of a universal network while working at <a href="/wiki/Bolt_Beranek_%26_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt Beranek & Newman">Bolt Beranek & Newman</a> and, later, leading the <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Techniques_Office" title="Information Processing Techniques Office">Information Processing Techniques Office</a> (IPTO) at the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA) of the United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> (DoD). Research into <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a>, one of the fundamental Internet technologies, started in the work of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> in the early 1960s and, independently, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a> at the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> (NPL) in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIHF2007-26">[24]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a> in 1967, packet switching from the proposed <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> and routing concepts proposed by Baran were incorporated into the design of the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, an experimental <a href="/wiki/Resource_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource sharing">resource sharing</a> network proposed by ARPA.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> ARPANET development began with two network nodes which were interconnected between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA) and the <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">Stanford Research Institute</a> (now SRI International) on 29 October 1969.<a href="#cite_note-NetValley-30">[28]</a> The third site was at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>. In a sign of future growth, 15 sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> These early years were documented in the 1972 film <a href="/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharing" title="Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing">Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Thereafter, the ARPANET gradually developed into a decentralized communications network, connecting remote centers and military bases in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Other user networks and research networks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a>, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Early international collaborations for the ARPANET were rare. Connections were made in 1973 to Norway (<a href="/wiki/NORSAR" title="NORSAR">NORSAR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Defence_Research_Establishment" title="Norwegian Defence Research Establishment">NDRE</a>),<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter Kirstein's</a> research group at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL), which provided a gateway to <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">British academic networks</a>, forming the first <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetwork</a> for <a href="/wiki/Resource_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource sharing">resource sharing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> ARPA projects, the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> and commercial initiatives led to the development of various <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocols</a> and standards by which multiple separate networks could become a single network or "a network of networks".<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> at DARPA published a proposal for "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication".<a href="#cite_note-IEEE_Transactions_on_Communications-39">[37]</a> They used the term internet as a shorthand for internetwork in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc675">675</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RFC675-17">[15]</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFCs</a> repeated this use. Cerf and Kahn credit <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a> and others with important influences on the resulting <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> design.<a href="#cite_note-IEEE_Transactions_on_Communications-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> National <a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">PTTs</a> and commercial providers developed the <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> standard and deployed it on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF) funded the <a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET). In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Suite">Internet Protocol Suite</a> (TCP/IP) was standardized, which facilitated worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks. TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">National Science Foundation Network</a> (NSFNet) provided access to <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> sites in the United States for researchers, first at speeds of 56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The NSFNet expanded into academic and research organizations in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan in 1988–89.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Although other network protocols such as <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a> and PTT public data networks had global reach well before this time, this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network. Commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service providers">Internet service providers</a> (ISPs) emerged in 1989 in the United States and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSFNET-backbone-T3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NSFNET-backbone-T3.png/220px-NSFNET-backbone-T3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NSFNET-backbone-T3.png/330px-NSFNET-backbone-T3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NSFNET-backbone-T3.png/440px-NSFNET-backbone-T3.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>T3 <a href="/wiki/NSFNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a> Backbone, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1992</figcaption></figure> Steady advances in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> technology and <a href="/wiki/Optical_networking" title="Optical networking">optical networking</a> created new economic opportunities for commercial involvement in the expansion of the network in its core and for delivering services to the public. In mid-1989, <a href="/wiki/MCI_Mail" title="MCI Mail">MCI Mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compuserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Compuserve">Compuserve</a> established connections to the Internet, delivering email and public access products to the half million users of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Just months later, on 1 January 1990, PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use; one of the networks that added to the core of the commercial Internet of later years. In March 1990, the first high-speed T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) link between the NSFNET and Europe was installed between <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> and <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, allowing much more robust communications than were capable with satellites.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Later in 1990, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> began writing <a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, after two years of lobbying CERN management. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the <a href="/wiki/HyperText_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperText Transfer Protocol">HyperText Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP) 0.9,<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> the <a href="/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperText Markup Language">HyperText Markup Language</a> (HTML), the first Web browser (which was also an <a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a> and could access <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> newsgroups and <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a> files), the first HTTP <a href="/wiki/Server_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Server application">server software</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a>), the first <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> and the first Web pages that described the project itself. In 1991 the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> was founded, allowing PSInet to communicate with the other commercial networks <a href="/wiki/CERFnet" title="CERFnet">CERFnet</a> and Alternet. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Federal_Credit_Union" title="Stanford Federal Credit Union">Stanford Federal Credit Union</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institution</a> to offer online Internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/OP_Financial_Group" title="OP Financial Group">OP Financial Group</a>, also a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative bank">cooperative bank</a>, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> By 1995, the Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S. when the NSFNet was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.<a href="#cite_note-ConneXions-April1996-55">[53]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float right; clear: right;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Worldwide Internet users</a><a href="#cite_note-ITCFactsAndFigures-2023-56">[54]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th scope="col">2005</th> <th scope="col">2010</th> <th scope="col">2017</th> <th scope="col">2023 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">World population (billions)<a href="#cite_note-WWIU_USCensus-WorldPop1950to2050-2014-57">[55]</a> </th> <td>6.5 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Worldwide </th> <td>16% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>48% </td> <td>67% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">In developing world </th> <td>8% </td> <td>21% </td> <td>41.3% </td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">In developed world </th> <td>51% </td> <td>67% </td> <td>81% </td> <td>93% </td></tr></tbody></table> As technology advanced and commercial opportunities fueled reciprocal growth, the volume of <a href="/wiki/Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">Internet traffic</a> started experiencing similar characteristics as that of the scaling of <a href="/wiki/MOS_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS transistor">MOS transistors</a>, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>, doubling every 18 months. This growth, formalized as <a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a>, was catalyzed by advances in <a href="/wiki/MOS_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS technology">MOS technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> light wave systems, and <a href="/wiki/Noise_(signal_processing)" title="Noise (signal processing)">noise</a> performance.<a href="#cite_note-Jindal-58">[56]</a> Since 1995, the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by email, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, telephony (<a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">Voice over Internet Protocol</a> or VoIP), <a href="/wiki/Video_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Video chat">two-way interactive video calls</a>, and the World Wide Web<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Discussion_forums" class="mw-redirect" title="Discussion forums">discussion forums</a>, blogs, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online shopping</a> sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever-greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking services.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> As of 31 March 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet&action=edit">[update]</a>, the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion (30% of <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>).<a href="#cite_note-stats1-63">[61]</a> It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a>. By 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Internet governance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg/220px-Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg/330px-Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg/440px-Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>ICANN headquarters in the <a href="/wiki/Playa_Vista,_Los_Angeles" title="Playa Vista, Los Angeles">Playa Vista</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, United States</figcaption></figure> The Internet is a <a href="/wiki/Global_network" title="Global network">global network</a> that comprises many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (<a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>) is an activity of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise. To maintain interoperability, the principal <a href="/wiki/Name_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Name space">name spaces</a> of the Internet are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN). ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. ICANN coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain names</a>, IP addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces are essential for maintaining the global reach of the Internet. This role of ICANN distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body for the global Internet.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">Regional Internet registries</a> (RIRs) were established for five regions of the world. The <a href="/wiki/AfriNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="AfriNIC">African Network Information Center</a> (AfriNIC) for <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a> (ARIN) for <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/APNIC" title="APNIC">Asia–Pacific Network Information Centre</a> (APNIC) for <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific region">Pacific region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Internet_Addresses_Registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry">Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry</a> (LACNIC) for <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> region, and the <a href="/wiki/RIPE_NCC" title="RIPE NCC">Réseaux IP Européens – Network Coordination Centre</a> (RIPE NCC) for <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> were delegated to assign IP address blocks and other Internet parameters to local registries, such as <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a>, from a designated pool of addresses set aside for each region. The <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a>, an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>, had final approval over changes to the <a href="/wiki/DNS_root_zone" title="DNS root zone">DNS root zone</a> until the IANA stewardship transition on 1 October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) was founded in 1992 with a mission to "assure the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world".<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Its members include individuals (anyone may join) as well as corporations, <a href="/wiki/Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizations">organizations</a>, governments, and universities. Among other activities ISOC provides an administrative home for a number of less formally organized groups that are involved in developing and managing the Internet, including: the IETF, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a> (IAB), <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Steering_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Engineering Steering Group">Internet Engineering Steering Group</a> (IESG), <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Task_Force" title="Internet Research Task Force">Internet Research Task Force</a> (IRTF), and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Steering_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Research Steering Group">Internet Research Steering Group</a> (IRSG). On 16 November 2005, the United Nations-sponsored <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">Internet Governance Forum</a> (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">List of countries by number of Internet users</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Internet_connection_speeds" title="List of countries by Internet connection speeds">List of countries by Internet connection speeds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_of_submarine_cables.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/World_map_of_submarine_cables.png/220px-World_map_of_submarine_cables.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/World_map_of_submarine_cables.png/330px-World_map_of_submarine_cables.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/World_map_of_submarine_cables.png/440px-World_map_of_submarine_cables.png 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>2007 map showing submarine fiberoptic telecommunication cables around the world</figcaption></figure> The communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. As with any computer network, the Internet physically consists of <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, media (such as cabling and radio links), repeaters, modems etc. However, as an example of <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>, many of the network nodes are not necessarily Internet equipment per se. The internet packets are carried by other full-fledged networking protocols with the Internet acting as a homogeneous networking standard, running across <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> hardware, with the packets guided to their destinations by IP routers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_tiers">Service tiers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg/220px-Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg/330px-Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg/440px-Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Packet routing across the Internet involves several tiers of Internet service providers.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> (ISPs) establish the worldwide connectivity between individual networks at various levels of scope. End-users who only access the Internet when needed to perform a function or obtain information, represent the bottom of the routing hierarchy. At the top of the routing hierarchy are the <a href="/wiki/Tier_1_network" title="Tier 1 network">tier 1 networks</a>, large telecommunication companies that exchange traffic directly with each other via very high speed <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_cable" title="Fiber-optic cable">fiber-optic cables</a> and governed by <a href="/wiki/Peering" title="Peering">peering</a> agreements. <a href="/wiki/Tier_2_network" title="Tier 2 network">Tier 2</a> and lower-level networks buy <a href="/wiki/Internet_transit" title="Internet transit">Internet transit</a> from other providers to reach at least some parties on the global Internet, though they may also engage in peering. An ISP may use a single upstream provider for connectivity, or implement <a href="/wiki/Multihoming" title="Multihoming">multihoming</a> to achieve redundancy and load balancing. <a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange points</a> are major traffic exchanges with physical connections to multiple ISPs. Large organizations, such as academic institutions, large enterprises, and governments, may perform the same function as ISPs, engaging in peering and purchasing transit on behalf of their internal networks. Research networks tend to interconnect with large subnetworks such as <a href="/wiki/GEANT" class="mw-redirect" title="GEANT">GEANT</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLORIAD" title="GLORIAD">GLORIAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>, and the UK's <a href="/wiki/National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">national research and education network</a>, <a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access">Access</h3></div> Common methods of <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> by users include dial-up with a computer <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> via telephone circuits, <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> over <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optics</a> or copper wires, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite Internet">satellite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">cellular telephone</a> technology (e.g. <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>, <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>). The Internet may often be accessed from computers in libraries and <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet cafés</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_kiosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet kiosk">Internet access points</a> exist in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops. Various terms are used, such as public Internet kiosk, public access terminal, and Web <a href="/wiki/Payphone" title="Payphone">payphone</a>. Many hotels also have public terminals that are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely accessed for various usages, such as ticket booking, bank deposit, or <a href="/wiki/Online_payment" class="mw-redirect" title="Online payment">online payment</a>. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to the Internet via local computer networks. <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">Hotspots</a> providing such access include Wi-Fi cafés, where users need to bring their own wireless devices, such as a laptop or <a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDA</a>. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a> efforts have led to <a href="/wiki/Wireless_community_network" title="Wireless community network">wireless community networks</a>. Commercial <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> services that cover large areas are available in many cities, such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, where the Internet can then be accessed from places such as a park bench.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Experiments have also been conducted with proprietary mobile wireless networks like <a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(Internet_service)" title="Ricochet (Internet service)">Ricochet</a>, various high-speed data services over cellular networks, and fixed wireless services. Modern <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> can also access the Internet through the cellular carrier network. For Web browsing, these devices provide applications such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> and a wide variety of other Internet software may be installed from <a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">app stores</a>. Internet usage by mobile and tablet devices exceeded desktop worldwide for the first time in October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_communication">Mobile communication</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_mobile_cellular_subscriptions_2012-2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Number_of_mobile_cellular_subscriptions_2012-2016.svg/220px-Number_of_mobile_cellular_subscriptions_2012-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Number_of_mobile_cellular_subscriptions_2012-2016.svg/330px-Number_of_mobile_cellular_subscriptions_2012-2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Number_of_mobile_cellular_subscriptions_2012-2016.svg/440px-Number_of_mobile_cellular_subscriptions_2012-2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Number of mobile cellular subscriptions 2012–2016</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) estimated that, by the end of 2017, 48% of individual users regularly connect to the Internet, up from 34% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Web">Mobile Internet</a> connectivity has played an important role in expanding access in recent years, especially in <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia and the Pacific</a> and in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-74">[72]</a> The number of unique mobile cellular subscriptions increased from 3.9 billion in 2012 to 4.8 billion in 2016, two-thirds of the world's population, with more than half of subscriptions located in Asia and the Pacific. The number of subscriptions was predicted to rise to 5.7 billion users in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-GSMA_The_Mobile_Economy_2019-75">[73]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet&action=edit">[update]</a>, 80% of the world's population were covered by a <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> network.<a href="#cite_note-GSMA_The_Mobile_Economy_2019-75">[73]</a> The limits that users face on accessing information via mobile applications coincide with a broader process of <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(computing)" title="Fragmentation (computing)">fragmentation of the Internet</a>. Fragmentation restricts access to media content and tends to affect the poorest users the most.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-74">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zero-rating" title="Zero-rating">Zero-rating</a>, the practice of Internet service providers allowing users free connectivity to access specific content or applications without cost, has offered opportunities to surmount economic hurdles but has also been accused by its critics as creating a two-tiered Internet. To address the issues with zero-rating, an alternative model has emerged in the concept of 'equal rating' and is being tested in experiments by <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." title="Orange S.A.">Orange</a> in Africa. Equal rating prevents prioritization of one type of content and zero-rates all content up to a specified data cap. In a study published by <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a>, 15 out of 19 countries researched in Latin America had some kind of hybrid or zero-rated product offered. Some countries in the region had a handful of plans to choose from (across all mobile network operators) while others, such as <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, offered as many as 30 pre-paid and 34 post-paid plans.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> A study of eight countries in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> found that zero-rated data plans exist in every country, although there is a great range in the frequency with which they are offered and actually used in each.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The study looked at the top three to five carriers by market share in Bangladesh, Colombia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Peru and Philippines. Across the 181 plans examined, 13 percent were offering zero-rated services. Another study, covering <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, found <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>'s Free Basics and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a> to be the most commonly zero-rated content.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet_Protocol_Suite">Internet Protocol Suite</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> (<a href="/wiki/DHCPv6" title="DHCPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" title="Media Gateway Control Protocol">MGCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">PTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols">more...</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_layer_protocols" title="Category:Transport layer protocols">more...</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">v4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">v6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_layer_protocols" title="Category:Internet layer protocols">more...</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">Link layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Link_protocols" title="Category:Link protocols">more...</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template talk:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Internet standards describe a framework known as the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, based on the first two components.) This is a suite of protocols that are ordered into a set of four conceptional <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol#Layering" title="Communication protocol">layers</a> by the scope of their operation, originally documented in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122">1122</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1123">1123</a>. At the top is the <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a>, where communication is described in terms of the objects or data structures most appropriate for each application. For example, a web browser operates in a <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server</a> application model and exchanges information with the <a href="/wiki/HyperText_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperText Transfer Protocol">HyperText Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP) and an application-germane data structure, such as the <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HyperText Markup Language</a> (HTML). Below this top layer, the <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport layer</a> connects applications on different hosts with a logical channel through the network. It provides this service with a variety of possible characteristics, such as ordered, reliable delivery (TCP), and an unreliable datagram service (UDP). Underlying these layers are the networking technologies that interconnect networks at their borders and exchange traffic across them. The <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a> implements the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) which enables computers to identify and locate each other by <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> and route their traffic via intermediate (transit) networks.<a href="#cite_note-rfc791-79">[77]</a> The Internet Protocol layer code is independent of the type of network that it is physically running over. At the bottom of the architecture is the <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">link layer</a>, which connects nodes on the same physical link, and contains protocols that do not require routers for traversal to other links. The protocol suite does not explicitly specify hardware methods to transfer bits, or protocols to manage such hardware, but assumes that appropriate technology is available. Examples of that technology include <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UDP_encapsulation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UDP_encapsulation.svg/220px-UDP_encapsulation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UDP_encapsulation.svg/330px-UDP_encapsulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UDP_encapsulation.svg/440px-UDP_encapsulation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>As user data is processed through the protocol stack, each abstraction layer adds encapsulation information at the sending host. Data is transmitted over the wire at the link level between hosts and routers. Encapsulation is removed by the receiving host. Intermediate relays update link encapsulation at each hop, and inspect the IP layer for routing purposes.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_protocol">Internet protocol</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IP_stack_connections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/IP_stack_connections.svg/220px-IP_stack_connections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/IP_stack_connections.svg/330px-IP_stack_connections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/IP_stack_connections.svg/440px-IP_stack_connections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Conceptual data flow in a simple network topology of two hosts (A and B) connected by a link between their respective routers. The application on each host executes read and write operations as if the processes were directly connected to each other by some kind of data pipe. After the establishment of this pipe, most details of the communication are hidden from each process, as the underlying principles of communication are implemented in the lower protocol layers. In analogy, at the transport layer the communication appears as host-to-host, without knowledge of the application data structures and the connecting routers, while at the internetworking layer, individual network boundaries are traversed at each router.</figcaption></figure> The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP). IP enables internetworking and, in essence, establishes the Internet itself. Two versions of the Internet Protocol exist, <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IP_Addresses">IP Addresses</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_an_iterative_DNS_resolver.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Example_of_an_iterative_DNS_resolver.svg/220px-Example_of_an_iterative_DNS_resolver.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Example_of_an_iterative_DNS_resolver.svg/330px-Example_of_an_iterative_DNS_resolver.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Example_of_an_iterative_DNS_resolver.svg/440px-Example_of_an_iterative_DNS_resolver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A DNS resolver consults three name servers to resolve the domain name user-visible "www.wikipedia.org" to determine the IPv4 Address 207.142.131.234.</figcaption></figure> For locating individual computers on the network, the Internet provides <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a>. IP addresses are used by the Internet infrastructure to direct internet packets to their destinations. They consist of fixed-length numbers, which are found within the packet. IP addresses are generally assigned to equipment either automatically via <a href="/wiki/DHCP" class="mw-redirect" title="DHCP">DHCP</a>, or are configured. However, the network also supports other addressing systems. Users generally enter <a href="/wiki/Fully_qualified_domain_name" title="Fully qualified domain name">domain names</a> (e.g. "en.wikipedia.org") instead of IP addresses because they are easier to remember; they are converted by the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) into IP addresses which are more efficient for routing purposes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IPv4">IPv4</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">Internet Protocol version 4</a> (IPv4) defines an IP address as a <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> number.<a href="#cite_note-rfc791-79">[77]</a> IPv4 is the initial version used on the first generation of the Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed in 1981 to address up to ≈4.3 billion (109) hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to <a href="/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustion" title="IPv4 address exhaustion">IPv4 address exhaustion</a>, which entered its final stage in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> when the global IPv4 address allocation pool was exhausted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IPv6">IPv6</h4></div> Because of the growth of the Internet and the <a href="/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustion" title="IPv4 address exhaustion">depletion of available IPv4 addresses</a>, a new version of IP <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, was developed in the mid-1990s, which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 uses 128 bits for the IP address and was standardized in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-rfc1883-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc2460-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-rfc8200-83">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/IPv6_deployment" title="IPv6 deployment">IPv6 deployment</a> has been ongoing since the mid-2000s and is currently in growing deployment around the world, since Internet address registries (<a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">RIRs</a>) began to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> IPv6 is not directly interoperable by design with IPv4. In essence, it establishes a parallel version of the Internet not directly accessible with IPv4 software. Thus, translation facilities must exist for internetworking or nodes must have duplicate networking software for both networks. Essentially all modern computer operating systems support both versions of the Internet Protocol. Network infrastructure, however, has been lagging in this development. Aside from the complex array of physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Peering_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Peering agreement">peering agreements</a>, and by technical specifications or protocols that describe the exchange of data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subnetwork">Subnetwork</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subnetting_Concept-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Subnetting_Concept-en.svg/300px-Subnetting_Concept-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Subnetting_Concept-en.svg/450px-Subnetting_Concept-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Subnetting_Concept-en.svg/600px-Subnetting_Concept-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Creating a subnet by dividing the host identifier</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Subnetwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Subnetwork">subnetwork</a> or subnet is a logical subdivision of an <a href="/wiki/IP_network" class="mw-redirect" title="IP network">IP network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rfc950-85">[83]</a>: 1, 16  The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting. Computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with an identical <a href="/wiki/Most-significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Most-significant bit">most-significant bit</a>-group in their IP addresses. This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields, the network number or routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. The rest field is an identifier for a specific <a href="/wiki/Host_(network)" title="Host (network)">host</a> or network interface. The routing prefix may be expressed in <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR) notation written as the first address of a network, followed by a slash character (/), and ending with the bit-length of the prefix. For example, 198.51.100.0/24 is the prefix of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_version_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol version 4">Internet Protocol version 4</a> network starting at the given address, having 24 bits allocated for the network prefix, and the remaining 8 bits reserved for host addressing. Addresses in the range 198.51.100.0 to 198.51.100.255 belong to this network. The IPv6 address specification 2001:db8::/32 is a large address block with 296 addresses, having a 32-bit routing prefix. For IPv4, a network may also be characterized by its subnet mask or netmask, which is the <a href="/wiki/Bitmask" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitmask">bitmask</a> that when applied by a <a href="/wiki/Bitwise_AND" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitwise AND">bitwise AND</a> operation to any IP address in the network, yields the routing prefix. Subnet masks are also expressed in <a href="/wiki/Dot-decimal_notation" title="Dot-decimal notation">dot-decimal notation</a> like an address. For example, 255.255.255.0 is the subnet mask for the prefix 198.51.100.0/24. Traffic is exchanged between subnetworks through routers when the routing prefixes of the source address and the destination address differ. A router serves as a logical or physical boundary between the subnets. The benefits of subnetting an existing network vary with each deployment scenario. In the address allocation architecture of the Internet using CIDR and in large organizations, it is necessary to allocate address space efficiently. Subnetting may also enhance routing efficiency or have advantages in network management when subnetworks are administratively controlled by different entities in a larger organization. Subnets may be arranged logically in a hierarchical architecture, partitioning an organization's network address space into a tree-like routing structure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Routing">Routing</h4></div> Computers and routers use <a href="/wiki/Routing_table" title="Routing table">routing tables</a> in their operating system to <a href="/wiki/IP_forwarding" class="mw-redirect" title="IP forwarding">direct IP packets</a> to reach a node on a different subnetwork. Routing tables are maintained by manual configuration or automatically by <a href="/wiki/Routing_protocol" title="Routing protocol">routing protocols</a>. End-nodes typically use a <a href="/wiki/Default_route" title="Default route">default route</a> that points toward an ISP providing transit, while ISP routers use the <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> to establish the most efficient routing across the complex connections of the global Internet. The <a href="/wiki/Default_gateway" title="Default gateway">default gateway</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> that serves as the forwarding host (router) to other networks when no other route specification matches the destination <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> of a packet.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IETF">IETF</h3></div> While the hardware components in the Internet infrastructure can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the standardization process of the software that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been assumed by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF).<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. The resulting contributions and standards are published as <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> (RFC) documents on the IETF web site. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Standard" title="Internet Standard">Internet Standards</a>. Other less rigorous documents are simply informative, experimental, or historical, or document the best current practices (BCP) when implementing Internet technologies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_services">Applications and services</h2></div> The Internet carries many <a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">applications and services</a>, most prominently the World Wide Web, including <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mail">electronic mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile applications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplayer online game">multiplayer online games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet telephony">Internet telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> services. Most <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> that provide these services are today hosted in <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>, and content is often accessed through high-performance <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery networks</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wide_Web">World Wide Web</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/220px-First_Web_Server.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/330px-First_Web_Server.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/440px-First_Web_Server.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a> was used by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> and became the world's first <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a>.</figcaption></figure> The World Wide Web is a global collection of <a href="/wiki/Documents" class="mw-redirect" title="Documents">documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>, applications, and other resources, logically interrelated by <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> and referenced with <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifiers</a> (URIs), which provide a global system of named references. URIs symbolically identify services, <a href="/wiki/Web_servers" class="mw-redirect" title="Web servers">web servers</a>, databases, and the documents and resources that they can provide. <a href="/wiki/HyperText_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperText Transfer Protocol">HyperText Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP) is the main access protocol of the World Wide Web. <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web services</a> also use HTTP for communication between software systems for information transfer, sharing and exchanging business data and logistics and is one of many languages or protocols that can be used for communication on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> World Wide Web browser software, such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, enable users to navigate from one web page to another via the hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These documents may also contain any combination of <a href="/wiki/Computer_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer data">computer data</a>, including graphics, sounds, <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">text</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Web video">video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> and interactive content that runs while the user is interacting with the page. <a href="/wiki/Client-side_scripting" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side scripting">Client-side software</a> can include animations, <a href="/wiki/Web_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Web game">games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Office applications">office applications</a> and scientific demonstrations. Through <a href="/wiki/Keyword_(Internet_search)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword (Internet search)">keyword</a>-driven <a href="/wiki/Internet_research" title="Internet research">Internet research</a> using <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search engines</a> like <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Search">Yahoo!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google</a>, users worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to printed media, books, encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information on a large scale. The Web has enabled individuals and organizations to <a href="/wiki/Publish" class="mw-redirect" title="Publish">publish</a> ideas and information to a potentially large <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> online at greatly reduced expense and time delay. Publishing a web page, a blog, or building a website involves little initial <a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">cost</a> and many cost-free services are available. However, publishing and maintaining large, professional web sites with attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition. Many individuals and some companies and groups use web logs or blogs, which are largely used as easily being able to update online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage <a href="/wiki/Employees" class="mw-redirect" title="Employees">staff</a> to communicate advice in their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information and be attracted to the corporation as a result. <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a> on popular web pages can be lucrative, and <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>, which is the sale of products and services directly via the Web, continues to grow. Online advertising is a form of <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)" title="Promotion (marketing)">promotional</a> marketing messages to consumers. It includes email marketing, <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_marketing" title="Search engine marketing">search engine marketing</a> (SEM), social media marketing, many types of <a href="/wiki/Display_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Display advertising">display advertising</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">web banner</a> advertising), and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">mobile advertising</a>. In 2011, Internet advertising revenues in the United States surpassed those of <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> and nearly exceeded those of <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAB2012-90">[88]</a>: 19  Many common online advertising practices are controversial and increasingly subject to regulation. When the Web developed in the 1990s, a typical web page was stored in completed form on a web server, formatted in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, ready for transmission to a web browser in response to a request. Over time, the process of creating and serving web pages has become dynamic, creating a flexible design, layout, and content. Websites are often created using <a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">content management</a> software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of an organization or the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose while casual visitors view and read this content in HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a> is an important communications service available via the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties, analogous to mailing letters or memos, predates the creation of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Pictures, documents, and other files are sent as <a href="/wiki/Email_attachment" title="Email attachment">email attachments</a>. Email messages can be <a href="/wiki/Carbon_copy" title="Carbon copy">cc-ed</a> to multiple <a href="/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email addresses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet telephony">Internet telephony</a> is a common communications service realized with the Internet. The name of the principal internetworking protocol, the Internet Protocol, lends its name to <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">voice over Internet Protocol</a> (VoIP). The idea began in the early 1990s with <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkie</a>-like voice applications for personal computers. VoIP systems now dominate many markets and are as easy to use and as convenient as a traditional telephone. The benefit has been substantial cost savings over traditional telephone calls, especially over long distances. <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">Cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile data">mobile data</a> networks provide <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> in customer premises<a href="#cite_note-EBSCOhost-93">[91]</a> and inexpensive VoIP network adapters provide the connection for traditional analog telephone sets. The voice quality of VoIP often exceeds that of traditional calls. Remaining problems for VoIP include the situation that emergency services may not be universally available and that devices rely on a local power supply, while older traditional phones are powered from the local loop, and typically operate during a power failure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_transfer">Data transfer</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a> is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer file</a> can be emailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a website or <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> (FTP) server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a <a href="/wiki/File_server" title="File server">file server</a> for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "<a href="/wiki/Web_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mirror">mirror</a>" servers or <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> networks. In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a>, the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>, and money may change hands for access to the file. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also passed—usually fully encrypted—across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signatures</a> or by <a href="/wiki/MD5" title="MD5">MD5</a> or other message digests. These simple features of the Internet, over a worldwide basis, are changing the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products. <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a> is the real-time delivery of digital media for immediate consumption or enjoyment by end users. Many radio and television broadcasters provide Internet feeds of their live audio and video productions. They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features. These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet "broadcasters" who never had on-air licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access online media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver. The range of available types of content is much wider, from specialized technical <a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">webcasts</a> to on-demand popular multimedia services. <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasting</a> is a variation on this theme, where—usually audio—material is downloaded and played back on a computer or shifted to a <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media player</a> to be listened to on the move. These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material worldwide. Digital media streaming increases the demand for network bandwidth. For example, standard image quality needs 1 Mbit/s link speed for SD 480p, HD 720p quality requires 2.5 Mbit/s, and the top-of-the-line HDX quality needs 4.5 Mbit/s for 1080p.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcams</a> are a low-cost extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full-frame-rate video, the picture either is usually small or updates slowly. Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, traffic at a local roundabout or monitor their own premises, live and in real time. Video <a href="/wiki/Chat_rooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chat rooms">chat rooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">video conferencing</a> are also popular with many uses being found for personal webcams, with and without two-way sound. YouTube was founded on 15 February 2005 and is now the leading website for free streaming video with more than two billion users.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> It uses an HTML5 based web player by default to stream and show video files.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Registered users may upload an unlimited amount of video and build their own personal profile. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> claims that its users watch hundreds of millions, and upload hundreds of thousands of videos daily. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h2></div> The Internet has enabled new forms of social interaction, activities, and social associations. This phenomenon has given rise to the scholarly study of the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">sociology of the Internet</a>. The early Internet left an impact on some <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writers</a> who used <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a> to write about it, such as describing the Internet as a "means to connect individuals in a vast invisible net over all the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>."<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Users">Users</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Global Internet usage</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_in_computing" title="English in computing">English in computing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_used_on_the_Internet" title="Languages used on the Internet">Languages used on the Internet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graph_depicting_share_of_the_population_using_the_Internet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Graph_depicting_share_of_the_population_using_the_Internet.png/220px-Graph_depicting_share_of_the_population_using_the_Internet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Graph_depicting_share_of_the_population_using_the_Internet.png/330px-Graph_depicting_share_of_the_population_using_the_Internet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Graph_depicting_share_of_the_population_using_the_Internet.png/440px-Graph_depicting_share_of_the_population_using_the_Internet.png 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Share of population using the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:Share_of_population_using_the_Internet.tab" class="extiw" title="c:Data:Share of population using the Internet.tab">Source data</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_users_for_100_people_by_GDP_per_capita.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A scatter plot showing Internet usage per capita versus GDP per capita. It shows Internet usage increasing with GDP." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Internet_users_for_100_people_by_GDP_per_capita.svg/220px-Internet_users_for_100_people_by_GDP_per_capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Internet_users_for_100_people_by_GDP_per_capita.svg/330px-Internet_users_for_100_people_by_GDP_per_capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Internet_users_for_100_people_by_GDP_per_capita.svg/440px-Internet_users_for_100_people_by_GDP_per_capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Internet users per 100 population members and <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> per capita for selected countries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg/290px-Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg/435px-Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg/580px-Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center">Internet users per 100 inhabitants</div>Source: <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> Between 2000 and 2009, the number of Internet users globally rose from 390 million to 1.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> By 2010, 22% of the world's population had access to computers with 1 billion <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> searches every day, 300 million Internet users reading blogs, and 2 billion videos viewed daily on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In 2014 the world's Internet users surpassed 3 billion or 44 percent of world population, but two-thirds came from the richest countries, with 78 percent of Europeans using the Internet, followed by 57 percent of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> However, by 2018, Asia alone accounted for 51% of all Internet users, with 2.2 billion out of the 4.3 billion Internet users in the world. China's Internet users surpassed a major milestone in 2018, when the country's Internet regulatory authority, China Internet Network Information Centre, announced that China had 802 million users.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> China was followed by India, with some 700 million users, with the United States third with 275 million users. However, in terms of penetration, in 2022 China had a 70% penetration rate compared to India's 60% and the United States's 90%.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In 2022, 54% of the world's Internet users were based in Asia, 14% in Europe, 7% in North America, 10% in Latin America and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, 11% in Africa, 4% in the Middle East and 1% in Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-inetstats-106">[104]</a> In 2019, Kuwait, Qatar, the Falkland Islands, Bermuda and Iceland had the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Internet penetration by the number of users</a>, with 93% or more of the population with access.<a href="#cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-107">[105]</a> As of 2022, it was estimated that 5.4 billion people use the Internet, more than two-thirds of the world's population.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> The prevalent language for communication via the Internet has always been English. This may be a result of the origin of the Internet, as well as the language's role as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/World_language" title="World language">world language</a>. Early computer systems were limited to the characters in the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</a> (ASCII), a subset of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. After English (27%), the most requested languages on the World Wide Web are Chinese (25%), Spanish (8%), Japanese (5%), Portuguese and German (4% each), Arabic, French and Russian (3% each), and Korean (2%).<a href="#cite_note-NIUBL-IWS-109">[107]</a> The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the use of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, that good facilities are available for development and communication in the world's widely used languages. However, some glitches such as <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">mojibake</a> (incorrect display of some languages' characters) still remain. In a US study in 2005, the percentage of men using the Internet was very slightly ahead of the percentage of women, although this difference reversed in those under 30. Men logged on more often, spent more time online, and were more likely to be broadband users, whereas women tended to make more use of opportunities to communicate (such as email). Men were more likely to use the Internet to pay bills, participate in auctions, and for recreation such as downloading music and videos. Men and women were equally likely to use the Internet for shopping and banking.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> In 2008, women significantly outnumbered men on most social networking services, such as Facebook and Myspace, although the ratios varied with age.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Women watched more streaming content, whereas men downloaded more.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Men were more likely to blog. Among those who blog, men were more likely to have a professional blog, whereas women were more likely to have a personal blog.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Several neologisms exist that refer to Internet users: <a href="/wiki/Netizen" title="Netizen">Netizen</a> (as in "citizen of the net")<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> refers to those <a href="/wiki/Online_participation" title="Online participation">actively involved</a> in improving <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">online communities</a>, the Internet in general or surrounding political affairs and rights such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech#The_Internet_and_information_society" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hauben-116">[114]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internaut (page does not exist)">Internaut</a> refers to operators or technically highly capable users of the Internet,<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_citizen" title="Digital citizen">digital citizen</a> refers to a person using the Internet in order to engage in society, politics, and government participation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 376.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 374.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:InternetUsersByLanguagePieChart.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Internet users by language[107]"><img alt="Internet users by language[107]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/InternetUsersByLanguagePieChart.svg/562px-InternetUsersByLanguagePieChart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/InternetUsersByLanguagePieChart.svg/843px-InternetUsersByLanguagePieChart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/InternetUsersByLanguagePieChart.svg/1124px-InternetUsersByLanguagePieChart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Languages_used_on_the_Internet" title="Languages used on the Internet">Internet users by language</a><a href="#cite_note-NIUBL-IWS-109">[107]</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 376.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 374.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WebsitesByLanguagePieChart.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Website content languages[118]"><img alt="Website content languages[118]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WebsitesByLanguagePieChart.svg/562px-WebsitesByLanguagePieChart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WebsitesByLanguagePieChart.svg/843px-WebsitesByLanguagePieChart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WebsitesByLanguagePieChart.svg/1124px-WebsitesByLanguagePieChart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Languages_used_on_the_Internet" title="Languages used on the Internet">Website content languages</a><a href="#cite_note-UofCLBWApril2013-120">[118]</a></div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_individuals_using_the_internet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Share_of_individuals_using_the_internet.png/360px-Share_of_individuals_using_the_internet.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Share_of_individuals_using_the_internet.png/540px-Share_of_individuals_using_the_internet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Share_of_individuals_using_the_internet.png/720px-Share_of_individuals_using_the_internet.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Internet users in 2021 as a percentage of a country's population</a></div>Source: <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Global digital divide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FixedBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/FixedBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg/360px-FixedBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/FixedBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg/540px-FixedBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/FixedBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg/720px-FixedBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012</a> as a percentage of a country's population</div>Source: <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FixedBroadbandITUDynamic2012-121">[119]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg/360px-MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg/540px-MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg/720px-MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012</a> as a percentage of a country's population</div>Source: <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012-122">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The Internet allows greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections. The Internet can be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, including through <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Internet_device" title="Mobile Internet device">mobile Internet devices</a>. Mobile phones, <a href="/wiki/Datacard" class="mw-redirect" title="Datacard">datacards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game consoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_router" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular router">cellular routers</a> allow users to connect to the Internet <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wirelessly</a>. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-sized devices, the services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and mobile data charges may be significantly higher than other access methods. Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites. Examples range from <a href="/wiki/CBeebies" title="CBeebies">CBeebies</a>, through school and high-school revision guides and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual university">virtual universities</a>, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>, help with <a href="/wiki/Homework" title="Homework">homework</a> and other assignments, self-guided learning, whiling away spare time or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular are important enablers of both <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">formal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Informal_education" title="Informal education">informal education</a>. Further, the Internet allows researchers (especially those from the social and behavioral sciences) to conduct research remotely via virtual laboratories, with profound changes in reach and generalizability of findings as well as in communication between scientists and in the publication of results.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills have made <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaborative</a> work dramatically easier, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">collaborative software</a>. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups more easily to form. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a>, which has produced, among other things, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a> (later forked into <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>). Internet chat, whether using an <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a> chat room, an <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> system, or a social networking service, allows colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way while working at their computers during the day. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via email. These systems may allow files to be exchanged, drawings and images to be shared, or voice and video contact between team members. <a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content management</a> systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents simultaneously without accidentally destroying each other's work. Business and project teams can share calendars as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both Internet access and <a href="/wiki/Computer_literacy" title="Computer literacy">computer literacy</a> spread. The Internet allows computer users to remotely access other computers and information stores easily from any access point. Access may be with <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a>; i.e., authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements. This is encouraging new ways of <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a>, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can <a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">audit</a> the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote locations, based on information emailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private <a href="/wiki/Leased_line" title="Leased line">leased lines</a> would have made many of them infeasible in practice. An office worker away from their desk, perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can access their emails, access their data using <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, or open a <a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol" title="Remote Desktop Protocol">remote desktop</a> session into their office PC using a secure <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">virtual private network</a> (VPN) connection on the Internet. This can give the worker complete access to all of their normal files and data, including email and other applications, while away from the office. It has been referred to among <a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">system administrators</a> as the Virtual Private Nightmare,<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into remote locations and its employees' homes. By the late 2010s the Internet had been described as "the main source of scientific information "for the majority of the global North population".<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a>: 111  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_networking_and_entertainment">Social networking and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service#Social_impact" title="Social networking service">Social networking service § Social impact</a></div> Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book vacations and to pursue their personal interests. People use <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">chat</a>, messaging and email to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had <a href="/wiki/Pen_pal" title="Pen pal">pen pals</a>. Social networking services such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> have created new ways to socialize and interact. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of information to pages, pursue common interests, and connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow communication among existing groups of people. Sites like <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> foster commercial and business connections. YouTube and <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> specialize in users' videos and photographs. Social networking services are also widely used by businesses and other organizations to promote their brands, to market to their customers and to encourage posts to "<a href="/wiki/Viral_marketing" title="Viral marketing">go viral</a>". "Black hat" social media techniques are also employed by some organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spam</a> accounts and <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">astroturfing</a>. A risk for both individuals' and organizations' writing posts (especially public posts) on social networking services is that especially foolish or controversial posts occasionally lead to an unexpected and possibly large-scale backlash on social media from other Internet users. This is also a risk in relation to controversial offline behavior, if it is widely made known. The nature of this backlash can range widely from counter-arguments and public mockery, through insults and <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>, to, in extreme cases, rape and death <a href="/wiki/Computer_crime#Online_harassment" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime">threats</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Online_disinhibition_effect" title="Online disinhibition effect">online disinhibition effect</a> describes the tendency of many individuals to behave more stridently or offensively online than they would in person. A significant number of <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> women have been the target of various forms of <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> in response to posts they have made on social media, and Twitter in particular has been criticized in the past for not doing enough to aid victims of online abuse.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> For organizations, such a backlash can cause overall <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">brand damage</a>, especially if reported by the media. However, this is not always the case, as any brand damage in the eyes of people with an opposing opinion to that presented by the organization could sometimes be outweighed by strengthening the brand in the eyes of others. Furthermore, if an organization or individual gives in to demands that others perceive as wrong-headed, that can then provoke a counter-backlash. Some websites, such as <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, have rules forbidding the posting of <a href="/wiki/Personal_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal information">personal information</a> of individuals (also known as <a href="/wiki/Doxxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxing">doxxing</a>), due to concerns about such postings leading to mobs of large numbers of Internet users directing harassment at the specific individuals thereby identified. In particular, the Reddit rule forbidding the posting of personal information is widely understood to imply that all identifying photos and names must be <a href="/wiki/Censored" class="mw-redirect" title="Censored">censored</a> in Facebook <a href="/wiki/Screenshots" class="mw-redirect" title="Screenshots">screenshots</a> posted to Reddit. However, the interpretation of this rule in relation to public Twitter posts is less clear, and in any case, like-minded people online have many other ways they can use to direct each other's attention to public social media posts they disagree with. Children also face dangers online such as <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">approaches by sexual predators</a>, who sometimes pose as children themselves. Children may also encounter material that they may find upsetting, or material that their parents consider to be not age-appropriate. Due to naivety, they may also post personal information about themselves online, which could put them or their families at risk unless warned not to do so. Many parents choose to enable <a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Internet filtering</a> or supervise their children's online activities in an attempt to protect their children from inappropriate material on the Internet. The most popular social networking services, such as Facebook and Twitter, commonly forbid users under the age of 13. However, these policies are typically trivial to circumvent by registering an account with a false birth date, and a significant number of children aged under 13 join such sites anyway. Social networking services for younger children, which claim to provide better levels of protection for children, also exist.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The Internet has been a major outlet for leisure activity since its inception, with entertaining <a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">social experiments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOO" title="MOO">MOOs</a> being conducted on university servers, and humor-related <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> groups receiving much traffic.<a href="#cite_note-StudFiles-128">[126]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Internet_forums" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet forums">Internet forums</a> have sections devoted to games and funny videos.<a href="#cite_note-StudFiles-128">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Internet_pornography" title="Internet pornography">Internet pornography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">online gambling</a> industries have taken advantage of the World Wide Web. Although many governments have attempted to restrict both industries' use of the Internet, in general, this has failed to stop their widespread popularity.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Another area of leisure activity on the Internet is <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplayer gaming">multiplayer gaming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> This form of recreation creates communities, where people of all ages and origins enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from <a href="/wiki/MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">MMORPG</a> to <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooters</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video games</a> to <a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">online gambling</a>. While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as <a href="/wiki/GameSpy_Arcade" title="GameSpy Arcade">GameSpy</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPlayer.com" title="MPlayer.com">MPlayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games. Many people use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise more care with respect to the original artists' copyrights than others. Internet usage has been correlated to users' loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Lonely people tend to use the Internet as an outlet for their feelings and to share their stories with others, such as in the "<a href="/wiki/I_am_lonely_will_anyone_speak_to_me" title="I am lonely will anyone speak to me">I am lonely will anyone speak to me</a>" thread. A 2017 book claimed that the Internet consolidates most aspects of human endeavor into singular arenas of which all of humanity are potential members and competitors, with fundamentally negative <a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">impacts on mental health</a> as a result. While successes in each field of activity are pervasively visible and trumpeted, they are reserved for an extremely thin sliver of the world's most exceptional, leaving everyone else behind. Whereas, before the Internet, expectations of success in any field were supported by reasonable probabilities of achievement at the village, suburb, city or even state level, the same expectations in the Internet world are virtually certain to bring disappointment today: there is always someone else, somewhere on the planet, who can do better and take the now one-and-only top spot.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a> is a new organizational form that involves, "highly dispersed small groups of practitioners that may remain largely anonymous within the larger social context and operate in relative secrecy, while still linked remotely to a larger network of believers who share a set of practices and texts, and often a common devotion to a particular leader. Overseas supporters provide funding and support; domestic practitioners distribute tracts, participate in acts of resistance, and share information on the internal situation with outsiders. Collectively, members and practitioners of such sects construct viable virtual communities of faith, exchanging personal testimonies and engaging in the collective study via email, online chat rooms, and web-based message boards."<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> In particular, the British government has raised concerns about the prospect of young British Muslims being indoctrinated into Islamic extremism by material on the Internet, being persuaded to join <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> groups such as the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a>", and then potentially committing acts of terrorism on returning to Britain after fighting in Syria or Iraq. <a href="/wiki/Cyberslacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberslacking">Cyberslacking</a> can become a drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spent 57 minutes a day surfing the Web while at work, according to a 2003 study by Peninsula Business Services.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a> is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas G. Carr</a> believes that Internet use has other <a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">effects on individuals</a>, for instance improving skills of scan-reading and <a href="/wiki/Interference_theory" title="Interference theory">interfering</a> with the deep thinking that leads to true creativity.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_business">Electronic business</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">Electronic business</a> (e-business) encompasses business processes spanning the entire <a href="/wiki/Value_chain" title="Value chain">value chain</a>: purchasing, <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">supply chain management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customer" title="Customer">customer</a> service, and business relationship. <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a> seeks to add revenue streams using the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners. According to <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">International Data Corporation</a>, the size of worldwide e-commerce, when global business-to-business and -consumer transactions are combined, equate to $16 trillion for 2013. A report by Oxford Economics added those two together to estimate the total size of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">digital economy</a> at $20.4 trillion, equivalent to roughly 13.8% of global sales.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> While much has been written of the economic advantages of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic commerce">Internet-enabled commerce</a>, there is also evidence that some aspects of the Internet such as maps and location-aware services may serve to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Electronic commerce may be responsible for <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(business)" title="Consolidation (business)">consolidation</a> and the decline of <a href="/wiki/Mom-and-pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mom-and-pop">mom-and-pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brick_and_mortar" title="Brick and mortar">brick and mortar</a> businesses resulting in increases in <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Andrew Keen</a>, a long-time critic of the social transformations caused by the Internet, has focused on the economic effects of consolidation from Internet businesses. Keen cites a 2013 <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Local_Self-Reliance" title="Institute for Local Self-Reliance">Institute for Local Self-Reliance</a> report saying brick-and-mortar retailers employ 47 people for every $10 million in sales while Amazon employs only 14. Similarly, the 700-employee room rental start-up <a href="/wiki/Airbnb" title="Airbnb">Airbnb</a> was valued at $10 billion in 2014, about half as much as <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide" title="Hilton Worldwide">Hilton Worldwide</a>, which employs 152,000 people. At that time, <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> employed 1,000 full-time employees and was valued at $18.2 billion, about the same valuation as <a href="/wiki/Avis_Rent_a_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Avis Rent a Car">Avis Rent a Car</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hertz_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hertz Corporation">The Hertz Corporation</a> combined, which together employed almost 60,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_work">Remote work</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a> is facilitated by tools such as <a href="/wiki/Groupware" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupware">groupware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual private networks">virtual private networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conference_calling" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference calling">conference calling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a>, and VoIP so that work may be performed from any location, most conveniently the worker's home. It can be efficient and useful for companies as it allows workers to communicate over long distances, saving significant amounts of travel time and cost. More workers have adequate bandwidth at home to use these tools to link their home to their corporate <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a> and internal communication networks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborative_publishing">Collaborative publishing</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wikis</a> have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on <a href="/wiki/Grant_writing" title="Grant writing">grant writing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">strategic planning</a>, departmental documentation, and committee work.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> uses a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a> relevant to examination of pending patent applications. <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local park.<a href="#cite_note-Noveck-145">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> and ranks in the top 10 among all sites in terms of traffic.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_political_revolutions">Politics and political revolutions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/220px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/330px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/440px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Banner in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 Thai coup d'état</a>, informing the <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thai</a> public that 'like' or 'share' activities on social media could result in imprisonment (observed 30 June 2014)</figcaption></figure> The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool. The presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> in 2004 in the United States was notable for its success in soliciting donation via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a new method of organizing for carrying out their mission, having given rise to <a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet activism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cascading-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> suggested that <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> websites, such as Facebook and Twitter, helped people organize the political revolutions in Egypt, by helping activists organize protests, communicate grievances, and disseminate information.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Many have understood the Internet as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermasian</a> notion of the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>, observing how network communication technologies provide something like a global civic forum. However, incidents of politically motivated <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> have now been recorded in many countries, including western democracies.<a href="#cite_note-DeibertPalfreyRohozinski2008-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiamondPlattner2012-152">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">E-government</a> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">technological communications</a> devices, such as the Internet, to provide <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a> to citizens and other persons in a country or region. E-government offers opportunities for more direct and convenient citizen access to government<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> and for government provision of services directly to citizens.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</h3></div> The spread of low-cost Internet access in developing countries has opened up new possibilities for <a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">peer-to-peer</a> charities, which allow individuals to contribute small amounts to charitable projects for other individuals. Websites, such as <a href="/wiki/DonorsChoose" title="DonorsChoose">DonorsChoose</a> and <a href="/wiki/GlobalGiving" title="GlobalGiving">GlobalGiving</a>, allow small-scale donors to direct funds to individual projects of their choice. A popular twist on Internet-based philanthropy is the use of <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_lending" title="Peer-to-peer lending">peer-to-peer lending</a> for charitable purposes. <a href="/wiki/Kiva_(organization)" title="Kiva (organization)">Kiva</a> pioneered this concept in 2005, offering the first web-based service to publish individual loan profiles for funding. Kiva raises funds for local intermediary <a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">microfinance</a> organizations that post stories and updates on behalf of the borrowers. Lenders can contribute as little as $25 to loans of their choice and receive their money back as borrowers repay. Kiva falls short of being a pure peer-to-peer charity, in that loans are disbursed before being funded by lenders and borrowers do not communicate with lenders themselves.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></div> Internet resources, hardware, and software components are the target of criminal or malicious attempts to gain unauthorized control to cause interruptions, commit fraud, engage in blackmail or access private information.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malware">Malware</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> is malicious software used and distributed via the Internet. It includes <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a> which are copied with the help of humans, <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">computer worms</a> which copy themselves automatically, software for <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_service_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of service attack">denial of service attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">ransomware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">botnets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> that reports on the activity and typing of users. Usually, these activities constitute <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a>. Defense theorists have also speculated about the possibilities of <a href="/wiki/Hackers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackers">hackers</a> using <a href="/wiki/Cyber_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber warfare">cyber warfare</a> using similar methods on a large scale.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Malware poses serious problems to individuals and businesses on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a>'s 2018 Internet Security Threat Report (ISTR), malware variants number has increased to 669,947,865 in 2017, which is twice as many malware variants as in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a>, which includes malware attacks as well as other crimes committed by computer, was predicted to cost the world economy US$6 trillion in 2021, and is increasing at a rate of 15% per year.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-162">[160]</a> Since 2021, malware has been designed to target computer systems that run critical infrastructure such as the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity infrastructure">electricity distribution network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Malware can be designed to evade antivirus software detection algorithms.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance">Surveillance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></div> The vast majority of computer surveillance involves the monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic</a> on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-sciam-internet-168">[166]</a> In the United States for example, under the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_For_Law_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act</a>, all phone calls and broadband Internet traffic (emails, web traffic, instant messaging, etc.) are required to be available for unimpeded real-time monitoring by Federal law enforcement agencies.<a href="#cite_note-eff-calea-archive-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-eff-calea-summary-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-eff-calea-faq-171">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Packet_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet capture">Packet capture</a> is the monitoring of data traffic on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a>. Computers communicate over the Internet by breaking up messages (emails, images, videos, web pages, files, etc.) into small chunks called "packets", which are routed through a network of computers, until they reach their destination, where they are assembled back into a complete "message" again. <a href="/wiki/Packet_Capture_Appliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet Capture Appliance">Packet Capture Appliance</a> intercepts these packets as they are traveling through the network, in order to examine their contents using other programs. A packet capture is an information gathering tool, but not an analysis tool. That is it gathers "messages" but it does not analyze them and figure out what they mean. Other programs are needed to perform <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a> and sift through intercepted data looking for important/useful information. Under the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_For_Law_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act</a> all U.S. telecommunications providers are required to install packet sniffing technology to allow Federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies to intercept all of their customers' <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet">broadband Internet</a> and VoIP traffic.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> The large amount of data gathered from packet capture requires surveillance software that filters and reports relevant information, such as the use of certain words or phrases, the access to certain types of web sites, or communicating via email or chat with certain parties.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-chatroom-173">[171]</a> Agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Information_Awareness_Office" title="Information Awareness Office">Information Awareness Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>, spend billions of dollars per year to develop, purchase, implement, and operate systems for interception and analysis of data.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-fbi-174">[172]</a> Similar systems are operated by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_and_National_Security_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Intelligence and National Security of Iran">Iranian secret police</a> to identify and suppress dissidents. The required hardware and software were allegedly installed by German <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens AG</a> and Finnish <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Internet freedom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Censorship_and_Surveillance_World_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Internet_Censorship_and_Surveillance_World_Map.svg/400px-Internet_Censorship_and_Surveillance_World_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Internet_Censorship_and_Surveillance_World_Map.svg/600px-Internet_Censorship_and_Surveillance_World_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Internet_Censorship_and_Surveillance_World_Map.svg/800px-Internet_Censorship_and_Surveillance_World_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship by country">Internet censorship and surveillance by country</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-FOTN-2018-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONISS-Nov2011-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONIChildPornLegal-178">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-RWBEnemies2014-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-RWBEnemies-180">[177]</a></div> <blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Pervasive</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Substantial</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Selective</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Little or none</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="text-align: center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Unclassified / No data</div></div> </blockquote> </figcaption></figure> Some governments, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_North_Korea" title="Censorship in North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Mainland China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, restrict access to content on the Internet within their territories, especially to political and religious content, with domain name and keyword filters.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> In Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily agreed to restrict access to sites listed by authorities. While this list of forbidden resources is supposed to contain only known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.<a href="#cite_note-The_Register-182">[179]</a> Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws against the possession or distribution of certain material, such as <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, via the Internet but do not mandate filter software. Many free or commercially available software programs, called <a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">content-control software</a> are available to users to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks in order to limit access by children to pornographic material or depiction of violence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2></div> As the Internet is a heterogeneous network, its physical characteristics, including, for example the <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">data transfer rates</a> of connections, vary widely. It exhibits <a href="/wiki/Emergence#World_Wide_Web_and_the_Internet" title="Emergence">emergent phenomena</a> that depend on its large-scale organization.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_volume">Traffic volume</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Global Internet Traffic as of 2018</div></div></div> The volume of <a href="/wiki/Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">Internet traffic</a> is difficult to measure because no single point of measurement exists in the multi-tiered, non-hierarchical topology. Traffic data may be estimated from the aggregate volume through the peering points of the <a href="/wiki/Tier_1_network" title="Tier 1 network">Tier 1 network</a> providers, but traffic that stays local in large provider networks may not be accounted for. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outages">Outages</h3></div> An <a href="/wiki/Internet_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet blackout">Internet blackout</a> or outage can be caused by local signaling interruptions. Disruptions of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cables</a> may cause blackouts or slowdowns to large areas, such as in the <a href="/wiki/2008_submarine_cable_disruption" title="2008 submarine cable disruption">2008 submarine cable disruption</a>. Less-developed countries are more vulnerable due to the small number of high-capacity links. Land cables are also vulnerable, as in 2011 when a woman digging for scrap metal severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Internet blackouts affecting almost entire countries can be achieved by governments as a form of <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a>, as in the blockage of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet in Egypt</a>, whereby approximately 93%<a href="#cite_note-renesys1-185">[182]</a> of networks were without access in 2011 in an attempt to stop mobilization for <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">anti-government protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_use">Energy use</h3></div> Estimates of the Internet's <a href="/wiki/Electricity_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity usage">electricity usage</a> have been the subject of controversy, according to a 2014 peer-reviewed research paper that found claims differing by a factor of 20,000 published in the literature during the preceding decade, ranging from 0.0064 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hours</a> per gigabyte transferred (kWh/GB) to 136 kWh/GB.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Review-187">[184]</a> The researchers attributed these discrepancies mainly to the year of reference (i.e. whether efficiency gains over time had been taken into account) and to whether "end devices such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> and servers are included" in the analysis.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Review-187">[184]</a> In 2011, academic researchers estimated the overall <a href="/wiki/Energy_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy use">energy used</a> by the Internet to be between 170 and 307 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a>, less than two percent of the energy used by humanity. This estimate included the energy needed to build, operate, and periodically replace the estimated 750 million <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>, a billion <a href="/wiki/Smart_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart phone">smart phones</a> and 100 million servers worldwide as well as the energy that routers, <a href="/wiki/Cell_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell tower">cell towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical switch">optical switches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> transmitters and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a> devices use when transmitting <a href="/wiki/Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">Internet traffic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> According to a non-peer-reviewed study published in 2018 by <a href="/wiki/The_Shift_Project" title="The Shift Project">The Shift Project</a> (a French think tank funded by corporate sponsors), nearly 4% of global <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">CO2 emissions</a> could be attributed to global <a href="/wiki/Data_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transfer">data transfer</a> and the necessary infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> The study also said that <a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">online video streaming</a> alone accounted for 60% of this data transfer and therefore contributed to over 300 million tons of CO2 emission per year, and argued for new "digital sobriety" regulations restricting the use and size of video files.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet" title="Darknet">Darknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_web" title="Deep web">Deep web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_industry_jargon" title="Internet industry jargon">Internet industry jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index of Internet-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_metaphors" title="Internet metaphors">Internet metaphors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Internets" title="Internets">Internets</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline of the Internet</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Capitalization_of_Internet" title="Capitalization of Internet">Capitalization of Internet</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Despite the name, TCP/IP also includes UDP traffic, which is significant.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONIChildPornLegal-178"><a href="#cite_ref-ONIChildPornLegal_178-0">^</a> Due to legal concerns the <a href="/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative" title="OpenNet Initiative">OpenNet Initiative</a> does not check for filtering of <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a> and because their classifications focus on technical filtering, they do not include other types of censorship. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmogh_Dhamdhere" class="citation web cs1">Amogh Dhamdhere. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cc.gatech.edu/~dovrolis/Courses/8803_F03/amogh.ppt">"Internet Traffic Characterization"</a>. Retrieved 6 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+Traffic+Characterization&rft.au=Amogh+Dhamdhere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cc.gatech.edu%2F~dovrolis%2FCourses%2F8803_F03%2Famogh.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Washington_Post-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">"A Flaw in the Design"</a>. The Washington Post. 30 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020. <q>The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Flaw+in+the+Design&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fnet-of-insecurity-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-5"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1997" class="citation book cs1">Yates, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToMfAQAAIAAJ&q=packet+switch">Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995</a>. National Museum of Science and Industry. pp. 132–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2"><bdi>978-0-901805-94-2</bdi></a>. <q>Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Legacy%3A+A+History+of+Computing+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+1945-1995&rft.pages=132-4&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Science+and+Industry&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-901805-94-2&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToMfAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpacket%2Bswitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbatep3-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbatep3_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbate1999">Abbate 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA3">3</a> "The manager of the ARPANET project, Lawrence Roberts, assembled a large team of computer scientists ... and he drew on the ideas of network experimenters in the United States and the United Kingdom. Cerf and Kahn also enlisted the help of computer scientists from England, France and the United States" </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329134941/https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/computer-history-museum-sri-international-and-bbn-celebrate-40th-anniversary">"The Computer History Museum, SRI International, and BBN Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of First ARPANET Transmission, Precursor to Today's Internet"</a>. SRI International. 27 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/computer-history-museum-sri-international-and-bbn-celebrate-40th-anniversary">the original</a> on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2017. <q>But the ARPANET itself had now become an island, with no links to the other networks that had sprung up. By the early 1970s, researchers in France, the UK, and the U.S. began developing ways of connecting networks to each other, a process known as internetworking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Computer+History+Museum%2C+SRI+International%2C+and+BBN+Celebrate+the+40th+Anniversary+of+First+ARPANET+Transmission%2C+Precursor+to+Today%27s+Internet&rft.pub=SRI+International&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sri.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Fcomputer-history-museum-sri-international-and-bbn-celebrate-40th-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFby_Vinton_Cerf,_as_told_to_Bernard_Aboba1993" class="citation web cs1">by Vinton Cerf, as told to Bernard Aboba (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042220/http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/CerfHowInternetCame2B.html">"How the Internet Came to Be"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/CerfHowInternetCame2B.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017. <q>We began doing concurrent implementations at Stanford, BBN, and University College London. So effort at developing the Internet protocols was international from the beginning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Internet+Came+to+Be&rft.date=1993&rft.au=by+Vinton+Cerf%2C+as+told+to+Bernard+Aboba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de%2Ftmp%2Fcdrom-oss%2FCerfHowInternetCame2B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2000" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Bill (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210150/http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_summary.htm">"Internet History – One Page Summary"</a>. The Living Internet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_summary.htm">the original</a> on 2 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Living+Internet&rft.atitle=Internet+History+%E2%80%93+One+Page+Summary&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fi%2Fii_summary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). The Desk Encyclopedia of World History. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7"><bdi>978-0-7394-7809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> "#3 1982: the ARPANET community grows" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps">40 maps that explain the internet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306161657/http://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps">Archived</a> 6 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Timothy B. Lee, Vox Conversations, 2 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2008" class="citation web cs1">Strickland, Jonathan (3 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140619070159/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/who-owns-internet.htm">"How Stuff Works: Who owns the Internet?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/who-owns-internet.htm">the original</a> on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Stuff+Works%3A+Who+owns+the+Internet%3F&rft.date=2008-03-03&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomputer.howstuffworks.com%2Finternet%2Fbasics%2Fwho-owns-internet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanHarris2006" class="citation cs1">Hoffman, P.; Harris, S. 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Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 28 (1): 39–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001EnPlB..28...39T">2001EnPlB..28...39T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fb2688">10.1068/b2688</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-8135">0265-8135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11574572">11574572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+B%3A+Planning+and+Design&rft.atitle=The+Internet+and+the+Rise+of+the+New+Network+Cities%2C+1969%E2%80%931999&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-58&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fb2688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11574572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0265-8135&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001EnPlB..28...39T&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1068%2Fb2688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Byung-Keun (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lESrw3neDokC">Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology</a>. 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Zero Rating in the African Context"</a> (PDF). Researchictafrica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216150858/https://researchictafrica.net/publications/Other_publications/2016_RIA_Zero-Rating_Policy_Paper_-_Much_ado_about_nothing.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Researchictafrica&rft.atitle=Much+Ado+About+Nothing%3F+Zero+Rating+in+the+African+Context&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Gillwald&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Chair%2C+Chenai&rft.au=Futter%2C+Ariel&rft.au=Koranteng%2C+Kweku&rft.au=Odufuwa%2C+Fola&rft.au=Walubengo%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchictafrica.net%2Fpublications%2FOther_publications%2F2016_RIA_Zero-Rating_Policy_Paper_-_Much_ado_about_nothing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc791-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc791_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc791_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Postel1981" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">J. Postel</a>, ed. (September 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791">Internet Protocol, DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification</a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0791">10.17487/RFC0791</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791">791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Protocol%2C+DARPA+Internet+Program+Protocol+Specification&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1981-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1349">1349</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2474">2474</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6864">6864</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuston" class="citation web cs1">Huston, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html">"IPv4 Address Report, daily generated"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401001902/http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPv4+Address+Report%2C+daily+generated&rft.aulast=Huston&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.potaroo.net%2Ftools%2Fipv4%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1883-81"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1883_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._DeeringR._Hinden1995" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a>; R. Hinden (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1883">Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1883">10.17487/RFC1883</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1883">1883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Protocol%2C+Version+6+%28IPv6%29+Specification&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1883&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2460-82"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2460_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._DeeringR._Hinden1998" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a>; R. Hinden (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2460">Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2460">10.17487/RFC2460</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2460">2460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Protocol%2C+Version+6+%28IPv6%29+Specification&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2460&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc8200-83"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc8200_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._DeeringR._Hinden2017" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a>; R. Hinden (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8200">Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification</a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC8200">10.17487/RFC8200</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8200">8200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Protocol%2C+Version+6+%28IPv6%29+Specification&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC8200&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc8200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107095025/https://www.arin.net/knowledge/about_resources/ceo_letter.pdf">"Notice of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Address Depletion"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arin.net/knowledge/about_resources/ceo_letter.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notice+of+Internet+Protocol+version+4+%28IPv4%29+Address+Depletion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arin.net%2Fknowledge%2Fabout_resources%2Fceo_letter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc950-85"><a href="#cite_ref-rfc950_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_MogulJon_Postel1985" class="citation cs1">Jeffrey Mogul; <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> (August 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc950">Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure</a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0950">10.17487/RFC0950</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc950">950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Standard+Subnetting+Procedure&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1985-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0950&rft.au=Jeffrey+Mogul&rft.au=Jon+Postel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> Updated by RFC 6918. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/how-to-find-your-default-gateway-ip-address-2626072">"How to Find Your Default Gateway IP Address"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lifewire" title="Lifewire">Lifewire</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225162425/https://www.lifewire.com/how-to-find-your-default-gateway-ip-address-2626072">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=How+to+Find+Your+Default+Gateway+IP+Address&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Fhow-to-find-your-default-gateway-ip-address-2626072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026160616/https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2184/default-gateway">"Default Gateway"</a>. techopedia.com. 30 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2184/default-gateway">the original</a> on 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techopedia.com&rft.atitle=Default+Gateway&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techopedia.com%2Fdefinition%2F2184%2Fdefault-gateway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ietf.org/">"IETF Home Page"</a>. Ietf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618032558/http://www.ietf.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IETF+Home+Page&rft.pub=Ietf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Internet/Web_vs_Internet.asp">"The Difference Between the Internet and the World Wide Web"</a>. Webopedia. QuinStreet Inc. 24 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001005/http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Internet/Web_vs_Internet.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webopedia&rft.atitle=The+Difference+Between+the+Internet+and+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webopedia.com%2FDidYouKnow%2FInternet%2FWeb_vs_Internet.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAB2012-90"><a href="#cite_ref-IAB2012_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141004001439/http://www.iab.net/media/file/IAB_Internet_Advertising_Revenue_Report_FY_2012_rev.pdf">"IAB Internet advertising revenue report: 2012 full year results"</a> (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers, Internet Advertising Bureau. April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iab.net/media/file/IAB_Internet_Advertising_Revenue_Report_FY_2012_rev.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAB+Internet+advertising+revenue+report%3A+2012+full+year+results&rft.pub=PricewaterhouseCoopers%2C+Internet+Advertising+Bureau&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iab.net%2Fmedia%2Ffile%2FIAB_Internet_Advertising_Revenue_Report_FY_2012_rev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1972" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Ron (26 October 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ry64sjvOmLkC&pg=PA218">"Fax invades the mail market"</a>. New Scientist. 56 (817): 218–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Fax+invades+the+mail+market&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=817&rft.pages=218-221&rft.date=1972-10-26&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRy64sjvOmLkC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuckett1973" class="citation journal cs1">Luckett, Herbert P. (March 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKSqa8u3EIoC&pg=PA85">"What's News: Electronic-mail delivery gets started"</a>. Popular Science. 202 (3): 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=What%27s+News%3A+Electronic-mail+delivery+gets+started&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1973-03&rft.aulast=Luckett&rft.aufirst=Herbert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcKSqa8u3EIoC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBSCOhost-93"><a href="#cite_ref-EBSCOhost_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2010" class="citation journal cs1">Booth, C (2010). "Chapter 2: IP Phones, Software VoIP, and Integrated and Mobile VoIP". Library Technology Reports. 46 (5): 11–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+Technology+Reports&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+IP+Phones%2C+Software+VoIP%2C+and+Integrated+and+Mobile+VoIP&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=11-19&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2010" class="citation web cs1">Morrison, Geoff (18 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212091603/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/40241749">"What to know before buying a 'connected' TV – Technology & science – Tech and gadgets – Tech Holiday Guide"</a>. NBC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/40241749">the original</a> on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+know+before+buying+a+%27connected%27+TV+%E2%80%93+Technology+%26+science+%E2%80%93+Tech+and+gadgets+%E2%80%93+Tech+Holiday+Guide&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F40241749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/about/press/">"Press"</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094352/https://www.youtube.com/yt/about/press/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fabout%2Fpress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube-eng.googleblog.com/2015/01/youtube-now-defaults-to-html5_27.html">"YouTube now defaults to HTML5"</a>. YouTube Engineering and Developers Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204225/https://youtube-eng.googleblog.com/2015/01/youtube-now-defaults-to-html5_27.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouTube+Engineering+and+Developers+Blog&rft.atitle=YouTube+now+defaults+to+HTML5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutube-eng.googleblog.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fyoutube-now-defaults-to-html5_27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsonFlanaginMartinMartin2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.). The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images. Köln: <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-1448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-1448-4"><bdi>978-3-8365-1448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Symbols%3A+Reflections+on+Archetypal+Images&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-1448-4&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Kathie&rft.au=Flanagin%2C+Michael+N.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Martin%2C+Mary+E.&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+John&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Priscilla+Young&rft.au=Ronnberg%2C+Ami&rft.au=Salman%2C+Sherry&rft.au=Wesley%2C+Deborah+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieRoser2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie" title="Hannah Ritchie">Ritchie, Hannah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Roser" title="Max Roser">Roser, Max</a> (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/technology-adoption">"Technology Adoption"</a>. Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012121855/https://ourworldindata.org/technology-adoption">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Technology+Adoption&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Ftechnology-adoption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2014/ITU_Key_2005-2014_ICT_data.xls">"Individuals using the Internet 2005 to 2014"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528031339/http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2014/ITU_Key_2005-2014_ICT_data.xls">Archived</a> 28 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Key ICT indicators for developed and developing countries and the world (totals and penetration rates), International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Retrieved 25 May 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/ict/">"Internet users per 100 inhabitants 1997 to 2007"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517033104/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/ict/">Archived</a> 17 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ICT Data and Statistics (IDS), International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 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Antara News. 26 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029074528/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/71940/google-earth-demonstrates-how-technology-benefits-ris-civil-society-govt">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Earth+demonstrates+how+technology+benefits+RI%27s+civil+society%2C+govt&rft.pub=Antara+News&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antaranews.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F71940%2Fgoogle-earth-demonstrates-how-technology-benefits-ris-civil-society-govt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Dent2014" class="citation web cs1">Steve Dent (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2014/11/25/3-billion-internet-users/">"There are now 3 billion Internet users, mostly in rich countries"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141128020032/http://www.engadget.com/2014/11/25/3-billion-internet-users/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There+are+now+3+billion+Internet+users%2C+mostly+in+rich+countries&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.au=Steve+Dent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2014%2F11%2F25%2F3-billion-internet-users%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/201807/P020180711391069195909.pdf">"Statistical Report on Internet Development in China"</a> (PDF). Cnnic.com. January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412062935/https://cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/201807/P020180711391069195909.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cnnic.com&rft.atitle=Statistical+Report+on+Internet+Development+in+China&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnnic.com.cn%2FIDR%2FReportDownloads%2F201807%2FP020180711391069195909.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm">"World Internet Users Statistics and 2019 World Population Stats"</a>. internetworldstats.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124192836/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2017. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120000258/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/book-review-the-internet-is-not-the-answer-by-andrew-keen/2015/01/02/8627999a-7973-11e4-9a27-6fdbc612bff8_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2015. 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Retrieved 28 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Leaves+the+Internet&rft.pub=Renesys&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renesys.com%2Fblog%2F2011%2F01%2Fegypt-leaves-the-internet.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12306041">"Egypt severs internet connection amid growing unrest"</a>. BBC News. 28 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123164134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12306041">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+severs+internet+connection+amid+growing+unrest&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-12306041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Review-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Review_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Review_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoroamaHilty2014" class="citation journal cs1">Coroama, Vlad C.; Hilty, Lorenz M. (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicationslist.org/data/lorenz.hilty/ref-218/2014_Coroama_Hilty_Assessing_Internet_Energy_Intensity_AAM.pdf">"Assessing Internet energy intensity: A review of methods and results"</a> (PDF). Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 45: 63–68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EIARv..45...63C">2014EIARv..45...63C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2013.12.004">10.1016/j.eiar.2013.12.004</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923042203/http://publicationslist.org/data/lorenz.hilty/ref-218/2014_Coroama_Hilty_Assessing_Internet_Energy_Intensity_AAM.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Impact+Assessment+Review&rft.atitle=Assessing+Internet+energy+intensity%3A+A+review+of+methods+and+results&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=63-68&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eiar.2013.12.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EIARv..45...63C&rft.aulast=Coroama&rft.aufirst=Vlad+C.&rft.au=Hilty%2C+Lorenz+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicationslist.org%2Fdata%2Florenz.hilty%2Fref-218%2F2014_Coroama_Hilty_Assessing_Internet_Energy_Intensity_AAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2011" class="citation web cs1">Giles, Jim (26 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001113334/http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/onepercent/2011/10/307-gw-the-maximum-energy-the.html">"Internet responsible for 2 per cent of global energy usage"</a>. New Scientist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/onepercent/2011/10/307-gw-the-maximum-energy-the.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Internet+responsible+for+2+per+cent+of+global+energy+usage&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fblogs%2Fonepercent%2F2011%2F10%2F307-gw-the-maximum-energy-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988">, </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavanMa2011" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Barath; Ma, Justin (14 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810075940/http://conferences.sigcomm.org/hotnets/2011/papers/hotnetsX-final56.pdf">"The energy and emergy of the internet"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 10th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks. Cambridge, MA.: ACM SIGCOMM. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2070562.2070571">10.1145/2070562.2070571</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-1059-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-1059-8"><bdi>978-1-4503-1059-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6125953">6125953</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conferences.sigcomm.org/hotnets/2011/papers/hotnetsX-final56.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+energy+and+emergy+of+the+internet&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+10th+ACM+Workshop+on+Hot+Topics+in+Networks&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA.&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=ACM+SIGCOMM&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6125953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2070562.2070571&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-1059-8&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Barath&rft.au=Ma%2C+Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconferences.sigcomm.org%2Fhotnets%2F2011%2Fpapers%2FhotnetsX-final56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCwienk2019" class="citation web cs1">Cwienk, Jeannette (11 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/is-netflix-bad-for-the-environment-how-streaming-video-contributes-to-climate-change/a-49556716">"Is Netflix bad for the environment? How streaming video contributes to climate change | DW | 11.07.2019"</a>. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712203905/https://www.dw.com/en/is-netflix-bad-for-the-environment-how-streaming-video-contributes-to-climate-change/a-49556716">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Netflix+bad+for+the+environment%3F+How+streaming+video+contributes+to+climate+change+%7C+DW+%7C+11.07.2019&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Cwienk&rft.aufirst=Jeannette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fis-netflix-bad-for-the-environment-how-streaming-video-contributes-to-climate-change%2Fa-49556716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theshiftproject.org/en/article/unsustainable-use-online-video/">""Climate crisis: The Unsustainable Use of Online Video": Our new report"</a>. The Shift Project. 10 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721144259/https://theshiftproject.org/en/article/unsustainable-use-online-video/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Shift+Project&rft.atitle=%22Climate+crisis%3A+The+Unsustainable+Use+of+Online+Video%22%3A+Our+new+report&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheshiftproject.org%2Fen%2Farticle%2Funsustainable-use-online-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002610/261065e.pdf">World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018</a>, 202, UNESCO.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abbate" title="Janet Abbate">Abbate, Janet</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventinginterne00abba">Inventing the Internet</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01172-3"><bdi>978-0-262-01172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01172-3&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventinginterne00abba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstmonday.org/">First Monday</a>, a peer-reviewed journal on the Internet by the University Library of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1396-0466">1396-0466</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sonet.digital/articles/internet-explained/">The Internet Explained</a>, Vincent Zegna & Mike Pepper, Sonet Digital, November 2005, pp. 1–7.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells2010" class="citation book cs1">Castells, Manuel (2010). The Rise of the Network Society. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9686-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9686-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-9686-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Network+Society&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9686-4&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeo2023" class="citation cs2">Yeo, ShinJoung (2023), Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry, U of Illinois Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-04499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-04499-1"><bdi>978-0-252-04499-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jj.4116455">10.5406/jj.4116455</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Search+Box%3A+Google+and+the+Global+Internet+Industry&rft.pub=U+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjj.4116455%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-252-04499-1&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=ShinJoung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Internet at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Internet">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Internet">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Internet" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Internet">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Internet" class="extiw" title="q:Internet">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Internet">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Internet" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Internet">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Internet" class="extiw" title="v:Internet">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org/">The Internet Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livinginternet.com/">Living Internet</a>, Internet history and related information, including information from many creators of the Internet</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semantic_Web" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semantic_Web" title="Template talk:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semantic_Web" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Resource_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Resource Identifier">RRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Application-Level_Profile_Semantics_(ALPS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) (page does not exist)">ALPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_RDF" title="Embedded RDF">eRDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOAP" title="DOAP">DOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">FOAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically_Interlinked_Online_Communities" title="Semantically Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cloud_computing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cloud_computing" title="Template:Cloud computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cloud_computing" title="Template talk:Cloud computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cloud_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cloud computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cloud_computing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_as_a_service" title="Content as a service">Content as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_as_a_service" title="Data as a service">Data as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_as_a_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop as a service">Desktop as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_as_a_service" title="Function as a service">Function as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-based_integration" title="Cloud-based integration">Integration platform as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backend_as_a_service" title="Backend as a service">Backend as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_as_a_service" title="Network as a service">Network as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platform as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_as_a_service" title="Security as a service">Security as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-native_computing" title="Cloud-native computing">Cloud-native computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage_gateway" title="Cloud storage gateway">Cloud storage gateways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">Data centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">Hardware virtualization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Mobile cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cloud_application" title="Native cloud application">Native cloud application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_cloud" title="Personal cloud">Personal cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_security" title="Cloud computing security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing">Serverless computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_structured_storage_software" title="Comparison of structured storage software">Structured storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_appliance" title="Virtual appliance">Virtual appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_cloud" title="Virtual private cloud">Virtual private cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Workspace" title="Google Workspace">Workspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Cloud" title="HP Cloud">HP Cloud</a> (closed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Office 365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nextcloud" title="Nextcloud">Nextcloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owncloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Owncloud">Owncloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Drive" title="Proton Drive">Proton Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackspace_Technology" title="Rackspace Technology">Rackspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafile" title="Seafile">Seafile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlateSpin" class="mw-redirect" title="PlateSpin">PlateSpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workday,_Inc." title="Workday, Inc.">Workday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoho_Corporation" title="Zoho Corporation">Zoho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppScale" title="AppScale">AppScale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudBolt" title="CloudBolt">CloudBolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Foundry" title="Cloud Foundry">Cloud Foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_(PaaS)" title="Cocaine (PaaS)">Cocaine (PaaS)</a></li> <li>Creatio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_Yard" title="Engine Yard">Engine Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPE_Helion" title="HPE Helion">Helion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predix_(software)" title="Predix (software)">GE Predix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroku" title="Heroku">Heroku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inktank_Storage" title="Inktank Storage">Inktank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelastic" title="Jelastic">Jelastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MindSphere" title="MindSphere">MindSphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OutSystems" title="OutSystems">OutSystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenQRM" title="OpenQRM">openQRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RightScale" title="RightScale">RightScale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalr" title="Scalr">Scalr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce#Force.com" title="Salesforce">Force.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP_Cloud_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Cloud Platform">SAP Cloud Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splunk" title="Splunk">Splunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercel" title="Vercel">Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCloud_Air" title="VCloud Air">vCloud Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveMaker" title="WaveMaker">WaveMaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiquo_Enterprise_Edition" title="Abiquo Enterprise Edition">Abiquo Enterprise Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_CloudStack" title="Apache CloudStack">CloudStack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Cloud" title="Citrix Cloud">Citrix Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deft_(company)" title="Deft (company)">Deft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitalOcean" title="DigitalOcean">DigitalOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMC_Atmos" title="EMC Atmos">EMC Atmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_(software)" title="Eucalyptus (software)">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUJITSU_Cloud_IaaS_Trusted_Public_S5" title="FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iland" title="Iland">iland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linode" title="Linode">Linode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunacloud" title="Lunacloud">Lunacloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirantis" title="Mirantis">Mirantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbula" title="Nimbula">Nimbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_(cloud_computing)" title="Nimbus (cloud computing)">Nimbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenIO" title="OpenIO">OpenIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenNebula" title="OpenNebula">OpenNebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStack" title="OpenStack">OpenStack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrionVM" title="OrionVM">OrionVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackspace_Cloud" title="Rackspace Cloud">Rackspace Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Swiss_Cloud" title="Safe Swiss Cloud">Safe Swiss Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadara" title="Zadara">Zadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libvirt" title="Libvirt">libvirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libguestfs" title="Libguestfs">libguestfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVirt" title="OVirt">OVirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virt-manager" title="Virt-manager">Virtual Machine Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakame-vdc" title="Wakame-vdc">Wakame-vdc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercel" title="Vercel">Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Private_Cloud_OnDemand" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand">Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cloud_computing" title="Category:Cloud computing">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cloud_computing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cloud computing">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/977184/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4308416-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh92002816">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12337059x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12337059x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00841024">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117022&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX535672">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558630405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/048816">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637028">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12416">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet&oldid=1259004970">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet&oldid=1259004970</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFMueller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNam2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNancy_T._Lombardo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoveck,_Beth_Simone2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPackard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasternak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavanMa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRazakAnuarSallehFirdaus2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFReips2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchieRoser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_DeibertJohn_PalfreyRafal_RohozinskiJonathan_Zittrain2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoodman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._DeeringR._Hinden1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._DeeringR._Hinden1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._DeeringR._Hinden2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchatt1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeese2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpohn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpohn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpring2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteve_Dent2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrom2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownsend2001\"] = 1,\n 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