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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality_of_hostage-taking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality_of_hostage-taking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legality of hostage-taking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legality_of_hostage-taking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legality of hostage-taking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legality_of_hostage-taking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hostage_taking_within_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostage_taking_within_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hostage taking within diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostage_taking_within_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostage-taking_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostage-taking_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hostage-taking in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostage-taking_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hostage_Taking_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostage_Taking_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Hostage Taking Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostage_Taking_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18_USC_1203:_Hostage_Taking_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18_USC_1203:_Hostage_Taking_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18_USC_1203:_Hostage_Taking_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ransom_payment_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ransom_payment_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ransom payment strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ransom_payment_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_hostages_crises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_hostages_crises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable hostages crises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_hostages_crises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_hostages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_hostages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable hostages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_hostages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable hostages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_hostages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pre-1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900_-_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900_-_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1900 - present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900_-_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hostage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyselaar" title="Gyselaar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gyselaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="رهينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رهينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostache" title="Hostache – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hostache" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girov" title="Girov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Girov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Заложник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Заложник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouestlad" title="Gouestlad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouestlad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostatge" title="Ostatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ostatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukojm%C3%AD" title="Rukojmí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rukojmí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwystl_(person)" title="Gwystl (person) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwystl (person)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidsel" title="Gidsel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gidsel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisel" title="Geisel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geisel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantvang" title="Pantvang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pantvang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reh%C3%A9n" title="Rehén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rehén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osta%C4%9Do" title="Ostaĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ostaĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گروگان‌گیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروگان‌گیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otage" title="Otage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Otage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A0igh_(duine)" title="Bràigh (duine) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bràigh (duine)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%EB%AA%A8" title="볼모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Պատանդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատանդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95" title="बंधक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंधक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talac" title="Talac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajo-homo" title="Gajo-homo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gajo-homo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandera" title="Sandera – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sandera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostaggio" title="Ostaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ostaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="בן ערובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בן ערובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಒತ್ತೆಯಾಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒತ್ತೆಯಾಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Адамды кепілге алу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адамды кепілге алу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaj" title="Otaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Otaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AElgirtin" title="Dîlgirtin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîlgirtin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Барымта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Барымта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AEkait%C5%B3_grobimas" title="Įkaitų grobimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Įkaitų grobimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takalon%27_aina" title="Takalon' aina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Takalon' aina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebusan" title="Tebusan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tebusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gijzelaar" title="Gijzelaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gijzelaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%AA" title="人質 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gissel" title="Gissel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gissel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gissel" title="Gissel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gissel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak%C5%82adnik" title="Zakładnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakładnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ref%C3%A9m" title="Refém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostatic" title="Ostatic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ostatic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Заложник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заложник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hostage" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengu" title="Pengu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pengu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hostage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukojemn%C3%ADk" title="Rukojemník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rukojemník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talec" title="Talec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Talec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Талац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Талац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talac" title="Talac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Talac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panttivanki" title="Panttivanki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Panttivanki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisslan" title="Gisslan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gisslan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ตัวประกัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวประกัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гаравгон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гаравгон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehine" title="Rehine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rehine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Заручник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заручник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_tin" title="Con tin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Con tin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostaedje" title="Ostaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ostaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hostage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hostage (disambiguation)">Hostage (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hostages_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hostages (disambiguation)">Hostages (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hostage rescue" redirects here. For the TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Hostage_Rescue_(TV_series)" title="Hostage Rescue (TV series)"><i>Hostage Rescue</i> (TV series)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hostage situation" and "Hostage crisis" redirect here. For the TV series episodes, see <a href="/wiki/Hostage_Situation_(Brooklyn_Nine-Nine)" title="Hostage Situation (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)">Hostage Situation (<i>Brooklyn Nine-Nine</i>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hostage_Situation_(Girls)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostage Situation (Girls)">Hostage Situation (<i>Girls</i>)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hostage_Crisis_(Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostage Crisis (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)">Hostage Crisis (<i>Star Wars: The Clone Wars</i>)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hostage_exercise.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hostage_exercise.jpeg/250px-Hostage_exercise.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hostage_exercise.jpeg/330px-Hostage_exercise.jpeg 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> and political violence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing/Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcotics-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing/Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Wahhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh terrorism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Special-interest_terrorism" title="Special-interest terrorism">Special-interest / Single-issue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green/Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizational structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">online</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">Leaderless resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_terrorism" title="Lone wolf terrorism">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Methods</li><li>Tactics</li></ul></div></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_hijackings" title="List of aircraft hijackings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading in Islam">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">Bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks" title="Animal-borne bomb attacks">Animal-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_car_bombings" title="List of mass car bombings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_run_(terrorism)" title="Dry run (terrorism)">Dry run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_terror" title="Individual terror">Individual terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Suicide_bombings_by_country" title="Category:Suicide bombings by country">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism#Rocket_and_mortar_attacks" title="Tactics of terrorism"><span class="wrap">Rockets and mortars</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_terrorism" title="Urban terrorism">Urban terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Terrorist groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Relationship to states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_counter-terrorism_in_Kazakhstan#State_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#Soviet_Union" title="Terrorism in Russia">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan#State_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism#Saudi_Arabia" title="State-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria#Alleged_Syrian_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Response to terrorism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism" title="Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism" title="Template talk:Terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>hostage</b> is a person seized by an <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">abductor</a> in order to compel another party, one which places a high value on the liberty, well-being and safety of the person seized—such as a <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">relative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">employer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>—to act, or refrain from acting, in a certain way, often under threat of serious physical harm or death to the hostage(s) after expiration of an <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a></i> defines a hostage as "a person who is handed over by one of two <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerent</a> parties to the other or seized as security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as a preventive measure against certain acts of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A party who seizes one or more hostages is known as a <b>hostage-taker</b>; if the hostages are present voluntarily, then the receiver is known as a <b>host</b>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm/300px-seek%3D2-Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm/Police-terrorist-hostage-demonstration-shimbashi-japan-2016-2-10.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>(Video) Police demonstrate hostage response techniques in Japan</figcaption></figure><p> In civil society, along with <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a> for ransom and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> (often willing to ransom its captives when lucrative or to trade on influence), hostage taking is a <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminal</a> activity. In the military context, hostages are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>—despite prisoners being used as collateral in <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchange</a>—and hostage taking is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>. </p><p>Hostage taking and kidnapping are prone to blend together. When the goal is strictly financial, the primary lens is one of extortion, even in the face of a severe threat to the safety of the captive person if the financial negotiation fails; conversely, when the goal is <a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">political</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitical">geopolitical</a>, the primary lens is <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>. </p><p>When looking at hostage-taking from the primary lens of terrorism, there are reasons to believe that certain government types are more susceptible to hostage-taking terrorism than others. In democratic governments, for example, elements related to their democratic ideals such as freedom of the press, constraints on the executive, free elections, and higher levels of civil liberties create favorable outcomes that enable hostage-takers to target these countries specifically. Hostage-takers understand that by targeting democratic governments, they are more likely to seek concessions and/or negotiate with them based on the level of accountability they must face from their citizens who elect them into office, and the media within the country which reports on such events in a capacity independent from the state.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>hostage</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ostage</i></span>, modern <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">otage</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">obsidaticum</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ostaticum, ostagium</i></span>), the state of being an <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">obses</i></span> (plural <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">obsides</i></span>), <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hostage</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">obsideō</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">I haunt/frequent/blockade/besiege</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, but an <a href="/wiki/Etymological" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymological">etymological</a> connection was later supposed with <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">hostis</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stranger</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, later <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">enemy</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_practices">Historical practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The long history of political and military use indicates that political authorities or generals would legally agree to hand over one or usually several hostages in the custody of the other side, as guarantee of good faith in the observance of obligations. These obligations would be in the form of signing of a peace treaty, in the hands of the victor, or even exchange hostages as mutual assurance in cases such as an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a>. Major powers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and European <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial powers</a> would especially receive many such political hostages, often offspring of the elite, even princes or princesses who were generally treated according to their rank and put to a subtle long-term use where they would be given an <a href="/wiki/Academic_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic elitism">elitist education</a> or possibly even a <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a>. This would eventually influence them culturally and open the way for an amicable political line if they ascended to power after release. Sometimes when a man from one nation was hostage in another nation, his position as hostage was more or less voluntary: for example the position of Æscferð son of Ecglāf, who was a <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbrian</a> hostage in <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>; he fought under Byrhtnōð against Vikings in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a> on 10 August 991 AD (ref. lines 265 etseq), and probably died in battle there. In Greek, 'Ομηρος means "<a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>" and also "hostage", a coincidence which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">debate over Homer's identity</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_gislas_sealde_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI,_folio_19r).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_gislas_sealde_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_19r%29.jpg/220px-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_gislas_sealde_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_19r%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_gislas_sealde_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_19r%29.jpg/330px-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_gislas_sealde_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_19r%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_gislas_sealde_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_19r%29.jpg/440px-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_gislas_sealde_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A_VI%2C_folio_19r%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gislas" class="extiw" title="wikt:gislas">"Gislas"</a> was an Old English word for "hostages", demonstrating that the practice was commonplace in England long before the word "hostage" was coined.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Anglo-Saxon practice caused the element <i>gīsl</i> = "hostage" in many old <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal names</a>, such as <i>Ēadgils</i>, <i>Cynegils</i>, <i>Gīslheard</i>, and <i>Gīslbeorht</i>. This has been imported into placenames derived from personal names, for example <a href="/wiki/Isleworth" title="Isleworth">Isleworth</a> in west London (UK) from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon language">Old English</a> <i>Gīslheres wyrð</i> (= "enclosure belonging to [a man called] <b>Gīsl</b>here"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurens_-_Hostages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Laurens_-_Hostages.jpg/220px-Laurens_-_Hostages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Laurens_-_Hostages.jpg/330px-Laurens_-_Hostages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Laurens_-_Hostages.jpg/440px-Laurens_-_Hostages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>"Hostages", 1896 painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Laurens" title="Jean-Paul Laurens">Jean-Paul Laurens</a>, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon</figcaption></figure> <p>The practice of taking hostages is very ancient, and has been used constantly in negotiations with conquered nations, and in cases such as surrenders, armistices and the like, where the two belligerents depended for its proper carrying out on each other's good faith. The Romans were accustomed to take the sons of tributary princes and educate them at Rome, thus holding a security for the continued loyalty of the conquered nation and also instilling a possible future ruler with ideas of Roman civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice was also commonplace in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_tributary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Chinese tributary system">Imperial Chinese tributary system</a>, especially between the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasties. </p><p>The practice continued through the early Middle Ages. The Irish <a href="/wiki/High_King" class="mw-redirect" title="High King">High King</a> <a href="/wiki/Niall_of_the_Nine_Hostages#Origin_of_his_epithet" title="Niall of the Nine Hostages">Niall of the Nine Hostages</a> got his epithet <i>Noígiallach</i> because, by taking nine petty kings hostage, he had subjected nine other principalities to his power. </p><p>This practice was also adopted in the early period of <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">company rule in India</a>, and by France during the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. The position of a hostage was that of a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>, to be retained until the negotiations or treaty obligations were carried out, and liable to punishment (in ancient times), and even to death, in case of treachery or refusal to fulfil the promises made.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of taking hostages as security for the carrying out of a treaty between civilized states is now obsolete. The last occasion was at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, when two British peers, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bowes_Howard,_11th_Earl_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bowes Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk">Henry Bowes Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cathcart,_9th_Lord_Cathcart" title="Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart">Charles, 9th Baron Cathcart</a>, were sent to France as hostages for the restitution of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a> to France.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, after the revolution of Prairial (June 18, 1799), the so-called law of hostages was passed, to meet the royalist insurrection in <a href="/wiki/La_Vend%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vendée">La Vendée</a>. Relatives of émigrés were taken from disturbed districts and imprisoned, and were liable to execution at any attempt to escape. Sequestration of their property and deportation from France followed on the murder of a republican, four to every such murder, with heavy fines on the whole body of hostages. The law only resulted in an increase in the insurrection. In 1796 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> had used similar measures to deal with the insurrection in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later times the practice of official war hostages may be said to be confined to either securing the payment of enforced contributions or requisitions in an occupied territory and the obedience to regulations the occupying army may think fit to issue; or as a precautionary measure, to prevent illegitimate acts of war or violence by persons not members of the recognized military forces of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_(February_1944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg/220px-Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg/330px-Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg/440px-Announcement_of_death_of_100_of_Polish_hostages_executed_in_occupied_Warsaw_after_the_death_of_Franz_Kutschera_%28February_1944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>German announcement of the execution of 100 Polish hostages as revenge for death of 2 Germans in Warsaw, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–45)">occupied Poland</a>, February 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870, the Germans took as hostages the prominent people or officials from towns or districts when making requisitions and also when foraging, and it was a general practice for the mayor and adjoint of a town which failed to pay a fine imposed upon it to be seized as hostages and retained until the money was paid. Another case where hostages have been taken in modern warfare has been the subject of much discussion. In 1870 the Germans found it necessary to take special measures to put a stop to train-wrecking by "<a href="/wiki/Francs-tireurs" title="Francs-tireurs">Francs-tireurs</a>" - i.e. "parties in occupied territory not belonging to the recognized armed forces of the enemy", which was considered an illegitimate act of war. Prominent citizens were placed on the engine of the train so that it might be understood that in every accident caused by the hostility of the inhabitants their compatriots will be the first to suffer. The measure seems to have been effective. In 1900 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, by a proclamation issued at Pretoria (June 19), Lord Roberts adopted the plan for a similar reason, but shortly afterwards (July 29) it was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans also, between the surrender of a town and its final occupation, took hostages as security against outbreaks of violence by the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most writers on international law have regarded this method of preventing such acts of hostility as unjustifiable, on the ground that the persons taken as hostages are not the persons responsible for the act; that, as by the usage of war hostages are to be treated strictly as prisoners of war, such an exposure to danger is transgressing the rights of a belligerent; and as useless, for the mere temporary removal of important citizens until the end of a war cannot be a deterrent unless their mere removal deprives the combatants of persons necessary to the continuance of the acts aimed at.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, it has been urged<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the acts, the prevention of which is aimed at, are not legitimate acts on the part of the armed forces of the enemy, but illegitimate acts by private persons, who, if caught, could be quite lawfully punished, and that a precautionary and preventive measure is more reasonable than reprisals. It may be noticed, however, that the hostages would suffer should the acts aimed at be performed by the authorized belligerent forces of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_hostages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Train_hostages.jpg/220px-Train_hostages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Train_hostages.jpg/330px-Train_hostages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Train_hostages.jpg/440px-Train_hostages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>A British armoured railway wagon behind a railcar on which two Arab hostages are seated, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine Mandate</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congo_Crisis_dead_hostages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Congo_Crisis_dead_hostages.jpg/220px-Congo_Crisis_dead_hostages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Congo_Crisis_dead_hostages.jpg/330px-Congo_Crisis_dead_hostages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Congo_Crisis_dead_hostages.jpg/440px-Congo_Crisis_dead_hostages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>Belgian soldier in front of dead hostages, November 1964 in <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Stanleyville</a>, Congo. Belgian paratroopers freed over 1,800 European hostages held by Congolese rebels during the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Article 50 of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Convention of 1907">1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare</a> provides that: "No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be inflicted on the population on account of the acts of individuals for which it cannot be regarded as collectively responsible." The regulations, however do not allude to the practice of taking hostage.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1871, at the close of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, took place the massacre of the so-called hostages. Strictly they were not hostages, for they had not been handed over or seized as security for the performance of any undertaking or as a preventive measure, but merely in retaliation for the death of their leaders E. V. Duval and <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flourens" title="Gustave Flourens">Gustave Flourens</a>. The massacre occurred after the defeat at <a href="/wiki/Mont_Valerien" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Valerien">Mont Valrien</a> on the 4 April and the entry of the army into Paris on the 21 May. Among the 52 victims who were shot in batches the most noticeable were <a href="/wiki/Georges_Darboy" title="Georges Darboy">Georges Darboy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Paris">archbishop of Paris</a>, the Abbé Deguery, curé of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine" class="mw-redirect" title="Église de la Madeleine">Madeleine</a>, and the president of the Court of Cassation, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bernard_Bonjean" title="Louis Bernard Bonjean">Louis Bernard Bonjean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality_of_hostage-taking">Legality of hostage-taking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legality of hostage-taking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hostage#Globalize" title="Talk:Hostage">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Taking hostages in modern terms is considered a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> or an act of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>; the use of the word in this sense of <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">abductee</a> became current only in the 1970s. The criminal activity is known as <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>. An acute situation where hostages are kept in a building or a vehicle that has been taken over by armed terrorists or common criminals is often called a hostage crisis. </p><p>Common Article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">1949 Geneva Conventions</a> states that the taking of hostages during an <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">internal conflict</a> is a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a> and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever. In international conflicts, Articles 34 and 147 of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a> state that using <a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">protected</a> civilians as hostages is a grave breach of the convention. These conventions are supplemented by Article 75(2)(c) of <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol I">Additional Protocol I</a> in international conflicts and Article 4(2)(c) of <a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol II">Additional Protocol II</a> in internal conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_against_the_Taking_of_Hostages" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention against the Taking of Hostages">International Convention against the Taking of Hostages</a>—which prohibits hostage-taking and mandates the punishment of hostage-takers—was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 1979. The treaty came into force in 1983 and has been ratified by all but 24 of the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states of the United Nations</a>. </p><p>Hostage-taking is still often politically motivated or intended to raise a <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> or to enforce an exchange against other hostages or even condemned convicts. However, in some countries hostage-taking for profit has become an "industry", ransom often being the only demand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostage_taking_within_diplomacy">Hostage taking within diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hostage taking within diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">Hostage diplomacy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostage-taking_in_the_United_States">Hostage-taking in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hostage-taking in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hostage_Taking_Act">Hostage Taking Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hostage Taking Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States makes hostage-taking a federal criminal offense pursuant to <a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1203">§ 1203</a>. Generally, the Act applies to conduct occurring within the territory of the United States. However, under Subsection B, an offender may be indicted under the Act even if the hostage-taking occurred outside the territory of the United States if the "offender or the person seized or detained is a national of the United States; the offender is found in the United States; or the governmental organization sought to be compelled is the Government of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provisions are consistent with the fundamental principles of international criminal law, specifically active nationality principle, universal principle, and the effects principle, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18_USC_1203:_Hostage_Taking_Act">18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hostage_Rescue_Team_members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hostage_Rescue_Team_members.jpg/220px-Hostage_Rescue_Team_members.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hostage_Rescue_Team_members.jpg/330px-Hostage_Rescue_Team_members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hostage_Rescue_Team_members.jpg/440px-Hostage_Rescue_Team_members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hostage_Rescue_Team" title="Hostage Rescue Team">Hostage Rescue Team</a> agents</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">Title 18 of the United States Code</a> criminalizes hostage-taking under "18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act", which reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, whoever, whether inside or outside the United States, seizes or detains and threatens to kill, to injure, or to continue to detain another person in order to compel a third person or a governmental organization to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the person detained, or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life and, if the death of any person results, shall be punished by death or life imprisonment. </p><p>(b)(1) It is not an offense under this section if the conduct required for the offense occurred outside the United States unless— </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(A) the offender or the person seized or detained is a national of the United States;</dd> <dd>(B) the offender is found in the United States; or</dd> <dd>(C) the governmental organization sought to be compelled is the Government of the United States.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>(2) It is not an offense under this section if the conduct required for the offense occurred inside the United States, each alleged offender and each person seized or detained are nationals of the United States, and each alleged offender is found in the United States, unless the governmental organization sought to be compelled is the Government of the United States.</dd></dl><p> (c) As used in this section, the term "national of the United States" has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (<a href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">8 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101">§ 1101</a> (a)(22)).<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_University_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_University-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Hostage Taking Act is a subsection of the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_the_Taking_of_Hostages" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages">International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages</a>. It became enforceable in the United States January 6, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_University_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_University-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ransom_payment_strategies">Ransom payment strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ransom payment strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States has had an official policy of "we do not negotiate with terrorists" since the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon Administration">Nixon Administration</a>. This applies to designated international terrorist groups, but not domestic kidnappers, foreign governments, or international organized crime. The United Kingdom has a similar policy, but many continental European countries, including France and Spain, routinely pay ransom. </p><p>The former head of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>, Joel Simon, found that evidence suggests this policy has reduced the number of Americans who survive kidnapping but has not reduced the number who are kidnapped in the first place. Spain retrieves all of its hostages with a policy of paying ransoms, but in the United States only about one quarter survive. Simon says that terrorists exploit these policy differences by making money from countries who do pay ransom, and using those that do not pay ransom to demonstrate their willingness to kill hostages and thus raise ransom prices and public pressure to pay. In the absence of a universal refusal to pay, which would eliminate any incentive for kidnapping, Simon says the best way to reduce kidnappings and prevent the use of ransom funds to fund other harmful activities is to pay ransom, free the hostages and then use the information gleaned from the negotiation and handoff to destroy the group responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_hostages_crises">Notable hostages crises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable hostages crises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hostage_crises" title="List of hostage crises">List of hostage crises</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BringThemBackNow1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BringThemBackNow1.jpg/220px-BringThemBackNow1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BringThemBackNow1.jpg/330px-BringThemBackNow1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BringThemBackNow1.jpg/440px-BringThemBackNow1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Empty strollers symbolize the children abducted, displayed at a demonstration demanding the return of <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis">Israelis held by Hamas in Gaza</a>, 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>Several hostage crises have stood out in history due to their impact, duration, and the international attention they garnered. Some notable crises include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972) - During the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, a Palestinian terrorist group known as <a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a> took eleven Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Norrmalmstorg_robbery" title="Norrmalmstorg robbery">Norrmalmstorg robbery</a> (23-28 August 1973) - Four bank employees and civilians were taken hostages by <a href="/wiki/Jan-Erik_Olsson" title="Jan-Erik Olsson">Jan-Erik Olsson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kreditbanken" title="Kreditbanken">kreditbanken</a> while he was in <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a>, two police officers were injured while trying to communicate with the robber. It is best known as the origin of the term <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome" title="Stockholm syndrome">Stockholm syndrome</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Embassy Siege">Iranian Embassy Siege</a> (1981) - A group of six armed men stormed the Iranian Embassy on Prince's Gate in South Kensington, London. The gunmen, Iranian Arabs took 26 people hostage, including embassy staff, several visitors and a Metropolitan Police officer. The crisis ended with the SAS storming the building, killing 5 of the 6 gunmen.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> (1979-1981) - Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 American diplomats and citizens hostage for 444 days. The crisis ended with the hostages' release, minutes after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as the U.S. president.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_embassy_hostage_crisis" title="Japanese embassy hostage crisis">Japanese embassy hostage crisis</a> (1996-1997) - Members of a revolutionary movement in Peru took hundreds of hostages at the Japanese ambassador's residence in Lima. The siege lasted 126 days and ended with a government raid, which resulted in the deaths of all the insurgents and one hostage.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a> (2002) - Chechen terrorists took 850 hostages during a performance at the Dubrovka Theater. Russian forces pumped narcotic gas into the building before storming it, which led to the deaths of at least 170 people, including 130 hostages.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">Beslan school siege</a> (2004) - Over 1,100 people were taken hostage, including 777 children, after armed Chechen separatists seized a school in Beslan, North Ossetia, Russia. The crisis lasted three days and ended with over 330 deaths, including 186 children.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/In_Amenas_hostage_crisis" title="In Amenas hostage crisis">In Amenas hostage crisis</a> (2013) - An al-Qaeda affiliated group took over 800 people hostage at the Tigantourine gas facility in In Amenas, Algeria. The Algerian army's intervention resulted in at least 39 foreign hostages killed along with 29 militants.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war_hostage_crisis" title="Gaza war hostage crisis">Gaza war hostage crisis</a> (2023-) - 251 Israeli civilians and soldiers, dual citizens, and foreign nationals were taken as hostages by <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> to the Gaza Strip, of which the number of kidnapped children was about 30. As of February 23, 62 remain in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_hostages">Notable hostages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable hostages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1900">Pre-1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pre-1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> (382 BC – 336 BC), held as hostage by the <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (200 BC – 118 BC), Greek historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (100 BC – 44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> (454 – 526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a> (1157 – 1199), Richard the Lionheart, English king returning from the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1429</span> – 1477), and his brother Radu were held as hostages by the <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Ottoman Sultan</a> during their childhood to guarantee the co-operation of their father</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1502</span> – 1533)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> (1519 – 1559), and his brother <a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis</a> were hostages of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a> for three years during their childhood to ensure that their <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">father</a> abided by the Treaty of Madrid (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> (1543 – 1616), first Tokugawa shogun of Japan, spent his childhood as a hostage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1547</span> – 1616), author of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900_-_present">1900 - present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1900 - present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terry_A._Anderson" title="Terry A. Anderson">Terry A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Betancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrid Betancourt">Ingrid Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Hearst" title="Patty Hearst">Patty Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Waite" title="Terry Waite">Terry Waite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carjacking" title="Carjacking">Carjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countervalue" title="Countervalue">Countervalue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_hostages_in_Afghanistan" title="Foreign hostages in Afghanistan">Foreign hostages in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_hostages_in_Iraq" title="Foreign hostages in Iraq">Foreign hostages in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_hostages_in_Nigeria" title="Foreign hostages in Nigeria">Foreign hostages in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_hostages_in_Somalia" title="Foreign hostages in Somalia">Foreign hostages in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_MP" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostage MP">Hostage MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_Taking_Act" title="Hostage Taking Act">Hostage Taking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_shvuyim" title="Pidyon shvuyim">Pidyon shvuyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sklavenkasse" title="Sklavenkasse">Sklavenkasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_814" title="Indian Airlines Flight 814">Indian Airlines Flight 814</a></li> <li>Israel's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Entebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Entebbe">raid on Entebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">Laws of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Hostage_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon Hostage Crisis">Lebanon Hostage Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome#Lima_syndrome" title="Stockholm syndrome">Lima syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hostage_crises" title="List of hostage crises">List of hostage crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_Iranian_Diplomats" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing Iranian Diplomats">Missing Iranian Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprisal" title="Reprisal">Reprisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome" title="Stockholm syndrome">Stockholm syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hostage" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hostage">Hostage</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">801–</span>802.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hostage&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E801-%3C%2Fspan%3E802&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHostage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Chia-yi (March 2013). "Democracy, civil liberties, and hostage-taking terrorism". <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>50</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343312465424">10.1177/0022343312465424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Democracy%2C+civil+liberties%2C+and+hostage-taking+terrorism&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343312465424&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chia-yi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHostage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on Roman and Celtic practices of hostage-taking as a customary part of treaty-making, see discussion of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Licinius_Crassus_(son_of_triumvir)#Hostage_crisis" title="Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir)">Julius Caesar's hostage crisis in Armorica</a> in 56 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Correspondence de Napoléon I</i>. i. 323, 327, quoted in Hall, <i>International Law</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times History of the War in S. Africa, iv. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. E. Hall, International Law, 1904, pp. 418, 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Oppenheim, International Law, 1905, vol. ii., War and Neutrality, pp. 271–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histoires-de-paris.fr/massacre-rue-haxo/">"Le massacre de la rue Haxo"</a>. <i>Histoires de Paris</i> (in French). 2020-05-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603163801/https://www.histoires-de-paris.fr/massacre-rue-haxo/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Histoires+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Le+massacre+de+la+rue+Haxo&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.histoires-de-paris.fr%2Fmassacre-rue-haxo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHostage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/print/v2_rul_rule96">"Practice Relating to Rule 96. Hostage-Taking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Practice+Relating+to+Rule+96.+Hostage-Taking&rft.pub=International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fcustomary-ihl%2Feng%2Fprint%2Fv2_rul_rule96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHostage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1203">§ 1203</a> (b)(1)(A)-(C)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beth Van Schaack & Ronald C. Slye, International Criminal Law and Its Enforcement: Cases and Materials (2007);</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell_University-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_University_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_University_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1203-">Cornell University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoel_Simon2019" class="citation book cs1">Joel Simon (2019). <i>We Want to Negotiate: The Secret World of Kidnapping, Hostages and Ransom</i>. Columbia Global Reports. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0999745427" title="Special:BookSources/978-0999745427"><bdi>978-0999745427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Want+to+Negotiate%3A+The+Secret+World+of+Kidnapping%2C+Hostages+and+Ransom&rft.pub=Columbia+Global+Reports&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0999745427&rft.au=Joel+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHostage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjry4nqw4z0o">"Israel delays Palestinian prisoner release as hostages freed"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>. 2025-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Israel+delays+Palestinian+prisoner+release+as+hostages+freed&rft.date=2025-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcjry4nqw4z0o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHostage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoshe2024" class="citation web cs1">Moshe, Or (22 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://girliegirlarmy.com/exclusive/20241122/a-brothers-relentless-pursuit-moshe-ors-journey-to-find-avinatan-and-fight-for-justice/">"A Brother's Relentless Pursuit: Moshe Or's Journey to Find Avinatan and Fight for Justice"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brother%27s+Relentless+Pursuit%3A+Moshe+Or%27s+Journey+to+Find+Avinatan+and+Fight+for+Justice&rft.date=2024-11-22&rft.aulast=Moshe&rft.aufirst=Or&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgirliegirlarmy.com%2Fexclusive%2F20241122%2Fa-brothers-relentless-pursuit-moshe-ors-journey-to-find-avinatan-and-fight-for-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHostage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/hamas-hostages-israel-war-gaza/">"Monitoring the status of hostages still in Gaza after Hamas's attack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Monitoring+the+status+of+hostages+still+in+Gaza+after+Hamas%27s+attack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Finteractive%2Fhamas-hostages-israel-war-gaza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHostage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hostage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hostage" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hostage">hostage</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hostages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hostages">Hostages</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hostage&searchmode=none">Hostage</a> on the Etymology online dictionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Incarceration440" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Incarceration" title="Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Incarceration" title="Template talk:Incarceration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Incarceration440" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Incarceration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare_in_Australia" title="Prison healthcare in Australia">Australia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">Convict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Criminal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention (imprisonment)">Detainee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hostage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">Prisoner of conscience</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoner of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">Black site</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corrective_labor_colony" title="Corrective labor colony">Corrective labor colony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors'</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_farm" title="Prison farm">Farm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_island" title="Prison island">Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labor camp</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">Battalion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">Chain gang</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">Penal colony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">Prisoner-of-war camp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">Ship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">Youth detention center</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Security levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">House arrest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">Open</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison#Security_levels" title="Prison">Maximum security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">Supermax</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cell" title="Prison cell">Cell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cemetery" title="Prison cemetery">Cemetery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_commissary" title="Prison commissary">Commissary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_food" title="Prison food">Food</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_nursery" title="Prison nursery">Nursery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Officer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trusty_system_(prison)" title="Trusty system (prison)">Trusty system</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">Warden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">Escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes" title="List of prison escapes">Prison escapes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes" title="List of helicopter prison escapes">Helicopter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">Prisoner-of-war escapes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_art" title="Prison art">Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Gang</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Prison gangs in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">Literature</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_prison_literature" title="American prison literature">American</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ring" title="Prison ring">Ring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_slang" title="Prison slang">Slang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_tattooing" title="Prison tattooing">Tattooing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Abuse</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner abuse in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs" title="Prison contemplative programs">Contemplative programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Education</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_informants" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailhouse informants">Informants</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons" title="Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons">Mentally ill people in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-stay_(imprisonment)" title="Pay-to-stay (imprisonment)">Pay-to-stay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding" title="Prison overcrowding">Prison overcrowding</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding_in_the_United_States" title="Prison overcrowding in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private prisons</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States#Privatization" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">Protective custody</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Rape</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Prison rape in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_religion" title="Prison religion">Religion</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_United_States_prisons" title="Religion in United States prisons">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_sexuality" title="Prison sexuality">Sexuality</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Strikes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Suicide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">Violence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women" title="Incarceration of women">Women in prison</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration of women in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Assistance_of_the_Convicted" title="Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted">Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted</a> (Brazil)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Pink" title="Black and Pink">Black and Pink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Justice_Institute" title="Florida Justice Institute">Florida Justice Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Network_of_Prison_Ministries" title="International Network of Prison Ministries">International Network of Prison Ministries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Action" title="Justice Action">Justice Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Defenders" title="Justice Defenders">Justice Defenders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College" title="Mount Tamalpais College">Mount Tamalpais College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/POA_(trade_union)" title="POA (trade union)">POA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">Prison abolition movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Advice_and_Care_Trust" title="Prison Advice and Care Trust">Prison Advice and Care Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project" title="Prison-Ashram Project">Prison-Ashram Project</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship" title="Prison Fellowship">Prison Fellowship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship_International" title="Prison Fellowship International">Prison Fellowship International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Legal_News" title="Prison Legal News">Prison Legal News</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Officers%27_Association_(Ireland)" title="Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)">Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust" title="The Prison Phoenix Trust">The Prison Phoenix Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Radio" title="Prison Radio">Prison Radio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust" title="Prison Reform Trust">Prison Reform Trust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/WriteAPrisoner.com" title="WriteAPrisoner.com">WriteAPrisoner.com</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaving prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Work_release" title="Work release">Work release</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Countries by incarceration rate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons" title="List of prisons">Prisons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Films featuring prisons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Penal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Penal systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment_in_Australia" title="Punishment in Australia">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Chile" title="Prisons in Chile">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Estonia" title="Prisons in Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Germany" title="Prisons in Germany">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Iceland" title="List of prisons in Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prisons in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland, Republic of</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Jamaica" title="List of prisons in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Japan" title="Penal system of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_New_Zealand" title="List of prisons in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">North Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)" title="National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)">Peru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Prisons in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Turkey" title="Prisons in Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Ukraine" title="Prisons in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United Kingdom and British overseas territories </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Department_of_Corrections" title="Bermuda Department of Corrections">Bermuda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">England and Wales</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scotland</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" title="Category:Imprisonment and detention">Imprisonment and detention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imprisonment and detention">Commons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_crimes5980" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_crimes" title="Template:War crimes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_crimes" title="Template talk:War crimes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_crimes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War crimes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_crimes5980" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International<br />humanitarian law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" title="Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868">Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Geneva Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Convention" title="Second Geneva Convention">Second (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol I">Protocol I (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol II">Protocol II (1977)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">Responsibility to protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">Civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">Distinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">Hors de combat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_neutrality" title="Medical neutrality">Medical neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">Protected persons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">Safe conduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Attacks on <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">humanitarian workers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">parachutists</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_order_(international_law)" title="Criminal order (international law)">Criminal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_healthcare_system" title="Destruction of the healthcare system">Destruction of the healthcare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trophy_collecting" title="Human trophy collecting">Human trophy collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">Indiscriminate attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">No quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shield_(law)" title="Human shield (law)">Use of human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes<br />committed by...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_war_crimes" title="Croatian war crimes">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">Germany</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_war_crimes" title="Palestinian war crimes">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes" title="Serbian war crimes">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_war_crimes" title="United Arab Emirates war crimes">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">Afghanistan wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_2006_Lebanon_War" title="War crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_war" title="War crimes in the Gaza war">2023–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Gaza_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war">by Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">Tigray war‎</a></li> <li><a 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