CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Massacre - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b68db2ce-bd8a-4d1b-aa8c-9b2df8669495","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Massacre","wgTitle":"Massacre","wgCurRevisionId":1274199082,"wgRevisionId":1274199082,"wgArticleId":30923647,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from November 2017","Use American English from November 2017","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Massacres","Mass murder","Killings by type","Human rights abuses"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Massacre","wgRelevantArticleId":30923647,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3199915","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg/1200px-Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1542"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg/800px-Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1028"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg/640px-Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="822"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Massacre - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Massacre rootpage-Massacre skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Massacre" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Massacre" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Massacre" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Massacre" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Massacre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="مذبحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذبحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99tliam" title="Qətliam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qətliam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%BA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="قیرغین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیرغین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="হত্যাকাণ্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হত্যাকাণ্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4%CD%98-sat" title="Tô͘-sat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tô͘-sat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Разня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Разня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Клане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr" title="Masakr – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Masakr" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massacre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr" title="Masakr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masakr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakre" title="Massakre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Massakre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker" title="Massaker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massaker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Σφαγή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφαγή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre" title="Masacre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakro" title="Masakro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masakro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarraski" title="Sarraski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sarraski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کشتار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad" title="Bloedbad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bloedbad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembantaian" title="Pembantaian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembantaian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97" title="טבח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker" title="Massaker – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Massaker" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Масакр – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Масакр" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pambantaian" title="Pambantaian – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pambantaian" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad" title="Bloedbad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedbad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%90%E6%AE%BA" title="虐殺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="虐殺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakre" title="Massakre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Massakre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra" title="Masakra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masakra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Резня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Резня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra" title="Masakra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Masakra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9D%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1" title="සමූලඝාතන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමූලඝාතන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra" title="Masakra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Masakra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="کۆمەڵکوژی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵکوژی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%99" title="Покољ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Покољ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr" title="Masakr – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Masakr" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veril%C3%B6yly" title="Verilöyly – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verilöyly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker" title="Massaker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Massaker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaker" title="Masaker – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Masaker" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="படுகொலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படுகொலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="การสังหารหมู่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสังหารหมู่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katliam" title="Katliam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katliam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Бійня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бійня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t" title="Thảm sát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thảm sát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="屠杀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="屠杀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="屠杀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="屠杀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3199915#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Massacre" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Massacre"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Massacre"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Massacre" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Massacre" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&oldid=1274199082" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Massacre&id=1274199082&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMassacre"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMassacre"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Massacre&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Massacres" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Massacre" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3199915" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Incident of killing civilians</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Massacre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Massacre (disambiguation)">Massacre (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><i>Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">Attempted murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_murder" title="Child murder">Child murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">Contract killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">Crime of passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depraved-heart_murder" title="Depraved-heart murder">Depraved-heart murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">Felony murder rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_cannibalism" title="Child cannibalism">Child cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">Child sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_homicide" title="Internet homicide">Internet homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_hearts_killer" title="Lonely hearts killer">Lonely hearts killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">Mass murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Mass shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stabbing" title="Mass stabbing">Mass stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor_murder" title="Misdemeanor murder">Misdemeanor murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_for_body_parts" title="Murder for body parts">Murder for body parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_murder" title="Proxy murder">Proxy murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocommando" title="Pseudocommando">Pseudocommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">Serial killer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_mercy_(criminology)" title="Angel of mercy (criminology)">Angel of mercy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_killing" title="Thrill killing">Thrill killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_murder" title="Torture murder">Torture murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_murder" title="Judicial murder">Judicial murder</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">In English law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_(United_States_law)" title="Manslaughter (United States law)">In US law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">Voluntary manslaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">Reckless homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-criminal homicide</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><i>Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">Justifiable homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">"License to kill"</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculicide" title="Avunculicide">Avunculicide/Nepoticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariticide" title="Mariticide">Mariticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxoricide" title="Uxoricide">Uxoricide</a></li> <li>Prolicide <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filicide" title="Filicide">Filicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">Infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonaticide" title="Neonaticide">Neonaticide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblicide" title="Siblicide">Siblicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fratricide" title="Fratricide">Fratricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororicide" title="Sororicide">Sororicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parricide" title="Parricide">Parricide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matricide" title="Matricide">Matricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">Patricide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicide" title="Deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">Friendly fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Omnicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrannicide" title="Tyrannicide">Tyrannicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homicide" title="Template:Homicide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homicide" title="Template talk:Homicide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> and political violence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing/Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcotics-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing/Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Wahhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh terrorism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Special-interest_terrorism" title="Special-interest terrorism">Special-interest / Single-issue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green/Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizational structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">online</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">Leaderless resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_terrorism" title="Lone wolf terrorism">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Methods</li><li>Tactics</li></ul></div></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_hijackings" title="List of aircraft hijackings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading in Islam">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">Bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks" title="Animal-borne bomb attacks">Animal-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_car_bombings" title="List of mass car bombings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_run_(terrorism)" title="Dry run (terrorism)">Dry run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_terror" title="Individual terror">Individual terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Suicide_bombings_by_country" title="Category:Suicide bombings by country">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism#Rocket_and_mortar_attacks" title="Tactics of terrorism"><span class="wrap">Rockets and mortars</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_terrorism" title="Urban terrorism">Urban terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Terrorist groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Relationship to states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_counter-terrorism_in_Kazakhstan#State_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#Soviet_Union" title="Terrorism in Russia">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan#State_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism#Saudi_Arabia" title="State-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria#Alleged_Syrian_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Response to terrorism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism" title="Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism" title="Template talk:Terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg/300px-Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg/450px-Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg/600px-Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7022" data-file-height="9022" /></a><figcaption> <i>Le Massacre de Scio</i> ("The <a href="/wiki/Chios_massacre" title="Chios massacre">Chios massacre</a>"), a 1824 painting by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> depicting the massacre of Greeks on the island of Chios by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>massacre</b> is an event of killing people who are not engaged in hostilities or are defenseless.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally used to describe a targeted killing of <a href="/wiki/Civilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilians">civilians</a> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_French_words_and_expressions_in_English#En_masse" title="Glossary of French words and expressions in English">en masse</a> by an armed group or person. </p><p>The word is a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loan</a> of a French term for "butchery" or "carnage".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terms with overlapping scope include <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killing</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Massacre</i> derives from late 16th century Middle French word <i>macacre</i> meaning "slaughterhouse" or "butchery". Further origins are dubious, though the word may be related to Latin <i>macellum</i> "provisions store, butcher shop".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> word <i>macecr</i> "butchery, carnage" is first recorded in the late 11th century. Its primary use remained the context of animal slaughter (in hunting terminology referring to the head of a stag) well into the 18th century. The use of <i>macecre</i> "butchery" of the mass killing of people dates to the 12th century, implying people being "slaughtered like animals".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term did not necessarily imply a multitude of victims, e.g. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9nelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fénelon">Fénelon</a> in <i>Dialogue des Morts</i> (1712) uses <i>l'horride massacre de <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Blois" title="Château of Blois">Blois</a></i> ("the horrid <i>massacre</i> at [the chateau of] Blois") of the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a> (1588), while <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Boileau</a>, <i>Satires XI</i> (1698) has <i>L'Europe fut un champ de massacre et d'horreur</i> "Europe was a field of <i>massacre</i> and horror" of the <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a>. </p><p>The French word was loaned into English in the 1580s, specifically in the sense "indiscriminate slaughter of a large number of people". It is used in reference to the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Paris" title="The Massacre at Paris">The Massacre at Paris</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>. The term is again used in 1695 for the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> of 1281, called "that famous Massacre of the French in Sicily" in the English translation of <i>De quattuor monarchiis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Sleidanus" title="Johannes Sleidanus">Johannes Sleidanus</a> (1556),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translating <i>illa memorabilis Gallorum clades per Siciliam</i>, i.e. <i>massacre</i> is here used as the translation of Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clades#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:clades">clades</a></i> "hammering, breaking; destruction".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term's use in historiography was popularized by Gibbon's <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i> (1781–1789), which used e.g. "<a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">massacre of the Latins</a>" for the killing of Roman Catholics in Constantinople in 1182. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Bloodbath" title="Åbo Bloodbath">Åbo Bloodbath</a> has also been described as a kind of massacre; this was a mass punishment carried out on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Square_(Turku)" title="Old Great Square (Turku)">Old Great Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> on November 10, 1599, in which 14 opponents of the Duke Charles (later <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">King Charles IX</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> were <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitated</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">Battle between Duke Charles and Sigismund</a>, Duke Charles defeated <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">King Sigismund</a>'s troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Battle of Stångebro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1598 and then made an expedition to Finland, where he defeated the resistance during the <a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a> and executed the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates</a> in Turku without consulting Finland's leading <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early use in the propagandistic portrayal of current events was the "<a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>" of 1770, which was employed to build support for the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. A pamphlet with the title <i>A short narrative of the horrid massacre in Boston, perpetrated in the evening of the fifth day of March, 1770, by soldiers of the 29th regiment</i> was printed in Boston still in 1770.<sup id="cite_ref-BM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>massacre</i> began to see inflationary use in journalism in the first half of the 20th century. By the 1970s, it could also be used purely metaphorically, of events that do not involve deaths, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre" title="Saturday Night Massacre">Saturday Night Massacre</a>—the dismissals and resignations of political appointees during <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Melson_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Melson (political scientist)">Robert Melson</a> (1982) in the context of the "<a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>" used a "basic working definition" of "by massacre we shall mean the intentional killing by political actors of a significant number of relatively defenseless people... the motives for massacre need not be rational in order for the killings to be intentional... Mass killings can be carried out for various reasons, including a response to false rumors... political massacre... should be distinguished from criminal or pathological mass killings... as political bodies we of course include the state and its agencies, but also nonstate actors..."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, Levene (1999) attempts an objective classification of "massacres" throughout history, taking the term to refer to killings carried out by groups using overwhelming force against defenseless victims. He is excepting certain cases of <a href="/wiki/Mass_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass execution">mass executions</a>, requiring that massacres must have the quality of being <a href="/wiki/Moral_outrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral outrage">morally unacceptable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LR_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "fractal massacre" has been used to refer to two different types of event: </p> <ul><li>the fracturing of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> tribes by killing more than 30% of the tribe on one of their hunting missions,<sup id="cite_ref-newcastle_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newcastle-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>many small killings adding up to a larger <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192–193_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192–193-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/40px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/60px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/120px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/40px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/60px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/120px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/massacre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/massacre">massacre</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_spree" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing spree">Killing spree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">Mass murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_(event)" title="Tragedy (event)">Tragedy (event)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Massacre" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Massacre">Massacre</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BM-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BM_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The shortened name "Boston massacre" was in use by the early 1800s(<a href="#CITEREFAustin1803">Austin 1803</a>, p. 314) The term "<a href="/wiki/Massacre_Day" title="Massacre Day">Massacre Day</a>" for the annual remembrance held during 1771–1783 dates to the late 19th century.(<a href="#CITEREFDe_Grasse_Stevens1888">De Grasse Stevens 1888</a>, p. 126) The 1772 "Massacre Day of Oration" by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a> was originally titled <i>An Oration Delivered March 5th, 1772. At the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston; to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March, 1770</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LR-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LR_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Although it is not possible to set unalterable rules about when multiple murders become massacres. Equally important is the fact that massacres are not carried out by individuals, instead they are carried out by groups... the use of superior, even overwhelming force..." Levene excludes "legal, or even some quasi-legal, mass executions". He also points out that it is "...most often ... when the act is outside the normal moral bounds of the society witnessing it... In any war ... this killing is often acceptable."(<a href="#CITEREFLeveneRoberts1999">Levene & Roberts 1999</a>, p. 90) </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/massacre">"Definition of a Massacre"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+a+Massacre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmassacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/massacre">"the definition of massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+massacre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmassacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallant2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Gallant" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas W. Gallant">Gallant, Thomas W.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/chs/800">"Levene (Mark) and Roberts (Penny), (Eds.), The Massacre in History"</a>. <i>Crime, History & Societies</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">146–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchs.800">10.4000/chs.800</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181934-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181934-7"><bdi>1-57181934-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1422-0857">1422-0857</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+History+%26+Societies&rft.atitle=Levene+%28Mark%29+and+Roberts+%28Penny%29%2C+%28Eds.%29%2C+The+Massacre+in+History&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1422-0857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fchs.800&rft.isbn=1-57181934-7&rft.aulast=Gallant&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fchs%2F800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/massacre">"Massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster.com">Merriam-Webster.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Massacre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmassacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108081801/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=massacre&allowed_in_frame=0">"Massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Etymonline.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymonline.com">Etymonline.com</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=massacre&allowed_in_frame=0">the original</a> on January 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Massacre&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dmassacre%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108082349/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/massacre">"Massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/massacre">the original</a> on January 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Massacre&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmassacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/massacre">"Massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_Langue_Fran%C3%A7aise_informatis%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé">Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tr%C3%A9sor+de+la+Langue+Fran%C3%A7aise+informatis%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Massacre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fetymologie%2Fmassacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSleidanus1695" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Sleidanus" title="Johannes Sleidanus">Sleidanus, Johannes</a> (1695). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzBQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA186"><i>De Quatuor Summis Imperiis: An Historical Account of the Four Chief Monarchies Or Empires of the World</i></a>. Nathaniel Rolls. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11990422">11990422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Quatuor+Summis+Imperiis%3A+An+Historical+Account+of+the+Four+Chief+Monarchies+Or+Empires+of+the+World&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Nathaniel+Rolls&rft.date=1695&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11990422&rft.aulast=Sleidanus&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzBQAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSleidanus1669" class="citation book cs1">Sleidanus, I. (1669). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aF9iU6S6XpUC&pg=PA301"><i>Sleidani de quatuor monarchiis libri tres</i></a>. Apud Felicen Lopez de Haro. p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleidani+de+quatuor+monarchiis+libri+tres&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Apud+Felicen+Lopez+de+Haro&rft.date=1669&rft.aulast=Sleidanus&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaF9iU6S6XpUC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJutikkalaPirinen1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eino_Jutikkala" title="Eino Jutikkala">Jutikkala, Eino</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kauko_Pirinen" title="Kauko Pirinen">Pirinen, Kauko</a> (1988). <i>A history of Finland</i>. Dorset Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88029-260-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88029-260-1"><bdi>0-88029-260-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Finland&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-88029-260-1&rft.aulast=Jutikkala&rft.aufirst=Eino&rft.au=Pirinen%2C+Kauko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelson1982" class="citation journal cs1">Melson, Robert (July 1982). "Theoretical Inquiry into the Armenian Massacres of 1894–1896". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">482–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500010100">10.1017/s0010417500010100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144670829">144670829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Inquiry+into+the+Armenian+Massacres+of+1894%E2%80%931896&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E482-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1982-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500010100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144670829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Melson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newcastle-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newcastle_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/introduction.php">"Definition"</a>. <i>Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930</i>. Centre For 21st Century Humanities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colonial+Frontier+Massacres+in+Australia%2C+1788-1930&rft.atitle=Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fc21ch.newcastle.edu.au%2Fcolonialmassacres%2Fintroduction.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192–193-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyck2016192–193_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyck2016">Dyck 2016</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin1803" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Benjamin (1803). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvY-AAAAYAAJ"><i>Constitutional Republicanism, in Opposition to Fallacious Federalism: As Published Occasionally in the Independent Chronicle, Under the Signature of Old-South. To which is Prefixed, a Prefatory Address to the Citizens of the United States, Never Before Published</i></a>. Adams & Rhoades, editors of the Independent Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Republicanism%2C+in+Opposition+to+Fallacious+Federalism%3A+As+Published+Occasionally+in+the+Independent+Chronicle%2C+Under+the+Signature+of+Old-South.+To+which+is+Prefixed%2C+a+Prefatory+Address+to+the+Citizens+of+the+United+States%2C+Never+Before+Published&rft.pub=Adams+%26+Rhoades%2C+editors+of+the+Independent+Chronicle&rft.date=1803&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfvY-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Grasse_Stevens1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augusta_de_Grasse_Stevens" title="Augusta de Grasse Stevens">De Grasse Stevens, Augusta</a> (1888). <i>Old Boston: An American Historical Romance</i>. George Allen. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00087E73Q">B00087E73Q</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Boston%3A+An+American+Historical+Romance&rft.pub=George+Allen&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00087E73Q%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=De+Grasse+Stevens&rft.aufirst=Augusta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyck2016" class="citation book cs1">Dyck, Kirsten (2016). Bentrovato, Denise; Korostelina, K. V.; Schulze, Martina (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2gCkAEACAAJ"><i>History Can Bite: History Education in Divided and Postwar Societies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783847106081" title="Special:BookSources/9783847106081"><bdi>9783847106081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Can+Bite%3A+History+Education+in+Divided+and+Postwar+Societies&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783847106081&rft.aulast=Dyck&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2gCkAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeveneRoberts1999" class="citation book cs1">Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrOT0cczclkC"><i>The Massacre in History</i></a>. Berghahn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-934-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-934-5"><bdi>978-1-57181-934-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Massacre+in+History&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-934-5&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrOT0cczclkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kenz, David El. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/Massacre">"GLOSSARY TERM: Massacre"</a>. <i>Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GLOSSARY+TERM%3A+Massacre&rft.btitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.aulast=Kenz&rft.aufirst=David+El&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massviolence.org%2FMassacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny, eds. (1999). <i>The massacre in history</i> (1. publ. ed.). Providence: Berghahn Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-934-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-934-5"><bdi>978-1-57181-934-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+massacre+in+history&rft.place=Providence&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Berghahn+Book&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-934-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_crimes5980" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_crimes" title="Template:War crimes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_crimes" title="Template talk:War crimes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_crimes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War crimes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_crimes5980" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International<br />humanitarian law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" title="Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868">Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Geneva Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Convention" title="Second Geneva Convention">Second (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Protocol II (1977)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">Responsibility to protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">Civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">Distinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">Hors de combat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_neutrality" title="Medical neutrality">Medical neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">Protected persons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">Safe conduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Attacks on <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">humanitarian workers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">parachutists</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_order_(international_law)" title="Criminal order (international law)">Criminal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_healthcare_system" title="Destruction of the healthcare system">Destruction of the healthcare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trophy_collecting" title="Human trophy collecting">Human trophy collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">Indiscriminate attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">No quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shield_(law)" title="Human shield (law)">Use of human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes<br />committed by...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_war_crimes" title="Croatian war crimes">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">Germany</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_war_crimes" title="Palestinian war crimes">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes" title="Serbian war crimes">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_war_crimes" title="United Arab Emirates war crimes">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">Afghanistan wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_2006_Lebanon_War" title="War crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_war" title="War crimes in the Gaza war">2023–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Gaza_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war">by Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">Tigray war‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis war crimes">Axis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trial" title="War crimes trial">War crimes trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime_apologia" title="War crime apologia">War crime apologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-conflict_reception_of_war_criminals" title="Post-conflict reception of war criminals">Post-conflict reception of war criminals</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_international_crimes361" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>‡ Does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a>) <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_crimes" title="Category:War crimes">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_massacres677" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres" title="Template:Massacres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massacres" title="Template talk:Massacres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_massacres677" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">massacres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_at_sea" title="List of massacres at sea">List of massacres at sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By past country<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_killings_and_massacres_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="List of killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ottoman_Syria" title="List of massacres in Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="List of massacres in Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Roman_Judea" title="List of massacres in Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of massacres in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of massacres in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By country<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Afghanistan" title="List of massacres in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Albania" title="List of massacres in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Algeria" title="List of massacres in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Argentina" title="List of massacres in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Australia" title="List of massacres in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of massacres in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bangladesh" title="List of massacres in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Belarus" title="List of massacres in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Belgium" title="List of massacres in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bolivia" title="List of massacres in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="List of massacres in the Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Brazil" title="List of massacres in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Burkina_Faso" title="List of massacres in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Burundi" title="List of massacres in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Canada" title="List of massacres in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Chile" title="List of massacres in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Colombia" title="List of massacres in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="List of massacres in the Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Cyprus" title="List of massacres in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of massacres in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of massacres in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_El_Salvador" title="List of massacres in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ethiopia" title="List of massacres in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Finland" title="List of massacres in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_France" title="List of massacres in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Germany" title="List of massacres in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Greece" title="List of massacres in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Guatemala" title="List of massacres in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Guinean_protests" title="2009 Guinean protests">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Guyana" title="List of massacres in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti" title="List of massacres in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Hungary" title="List of massacres in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaying_of_the_Spaniards" title="Slaying of the Spaniards">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Indonesia" title="List of massacres in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iran" title="List of massacres in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iraq" title="List of massacres in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ireland" title="List of massacres in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Israel" title="List of massacres in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Jerusalem" title="List of massacres in Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Italy" title="List of massacres in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Jamaica" title="List of massacres in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Japan" title="List of massacres in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Kenya" title="List of massacres in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Latvia" title="List of massacres in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lebanon" title="List of massacres in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Libya" title="List of massacres in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lithuania" title="List of massacres in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Mali" title="List of massacres in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Malaysia" title="List of massacres in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Mexico" title="List of massacres in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Myanmar" title="List of massacres in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nepal" title="List of massacres in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_New_Zealand" title="List of massacres in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nigeria" title="List of massacres in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_North_Korea" title="List of massacres in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of massacres in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Pakistan" title="List of massacres in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="List of massacres in the Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_massacres_in_Palestine" title="Lists of massacres in Palestine">List of Palestine lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Peru" title="List of massacres in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Poland" title="List of massacres in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of massacres in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Romania" title="List of massacres in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Russia" title="List of massacres in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Rwanda" title="List of massacres in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="List of massacres in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Serbia" title="List of massacres in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Singapore" title="List of massacres in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Slovakia" title="List of massacres in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Slovenia" title="List of massacres in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="List of massacres in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Africa" title="List of massacres in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Korea" title="List of massacres in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Sudan" title="List of massacres in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Spain" title="List of massacres in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of massacres in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sudan" title="List of massacres in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Syria" title="List of massacres in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Taiwan" title="List of massacres in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Thailand" title="List of massacres in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Turkey" title="List of massacres in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Uganda" title="List of massacres in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ukraine" title="List of massacres in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_United_States" title="List of massacres in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Venezuela" title="List of massacres in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Vietnam" title="List of massacres in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Yemen" title="List of massacres in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By war</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killings_and_massacres_during_the_1948_Palestine_war" title="Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="List of massacres in the Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="List of massacres in the Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="List of massacres in the Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Finnish_Civil_War" title="List of massacres in the Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Kosovo_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_the_course_of_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres in the course of the Nagorno-Karabakh War">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engagements_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)#Massacres" title="List of engagements during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I_massacres" title="Category:World War I massacres">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_massacres" title="Category:World War II massacres">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_executions_and_massacres_in_Yugoslavia_during_World_War_II" title="List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II">WWII in Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By group</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Armenians" title="List of massacres of Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of massacres of Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_against_Hazaras" title="List of massacres against Hazaras">Hazara people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Nizari_Ismailis" title="List of massacres of Nizari Ismailis">Nizari Ismailis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_against_Palestinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres against Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Turkish_people" title="List of massacres of Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres" title="Category:Massacres">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_by_country" title="Category:Massacres by country">Massacres by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_by_year" title="Category:Massacres by year">Massacres by year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_massacres_in_modern_countries10911" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_massacres_in_modern_countries10911" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of massacres in modern countries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Afghanistan" title="List of massacres in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Albania" title="List of massacres in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Algeria" title="List of massacres in Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Argentina" title="List of massacres in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Australia" title="List of massacres in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of massacres in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bangladesh" title="List of massacres in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Belarus" title="List of massacres in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Belgium" title="List of massacres in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bolivia" title="List of massacres in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Brazil" title="List of massacres in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Burkina_Faso" title="List of massacres in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Burundi" title="List of massacres in Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Canada" title="List of massacres in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Chile" title="List of massacres in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Colombia" title="List of massacres in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Cyprus" title="List of massacres in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of massacres in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of massacres in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_El_Salvador" title="List of massacres in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ethiopia" title="List of massacres in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Fiji (page does not exist)">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Finland" title="List of massacres in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_France" title="List of massacres in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in the Gambia (page does not exist)">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Georgia (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Germany" title="List of massacres in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Greece" title="List of massacres in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Guatemala" title="List of massacres in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Guyana" title="List of massacres in Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti" title="List of massacres in Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Hungary" title="List of massacres in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Indonesia" title="List of massacres in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iran" title="List of massacres in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iraq" title="List of massacres in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Israel" title="List of massacres in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Italy" title="List of massacres in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Jamaica" title="List of massacres in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Japan" title="List of massacres in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of massacres in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Kenya" title="List of massacres in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Kosovo" title="List of massacres in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Latvia" title="List of massacres in Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lebanon" title="List of massacres in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Libya" title="List of massacres in Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lithuania" title="List of massacres in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Malaysia" title="List of massacres in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Mali" title="List of massacres in Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Mexico" title="List of massacres in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Myanmar" title="List of massacres in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nepal" title="List of massacres in Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_New_Zealand" title="List of massacres in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nigeria" title="List of massacres in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_North_Korea" title="List of massacres in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of massacres in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Pakistan" title="List of massacres in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Paraguay (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Peru" title="List of massacres in Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Poland" title="List of massacres in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Romania" title="List of massacres in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Russia" title="List of massacres in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Rwanda" title="List of massacres in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Serbia" title="List of massacres in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Singapore" title="List of massacres in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Slovakia" title="List of massacres in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Slovenia" title="List of massacres in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Africa" title="List of massacres in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Korea" title="List of massacres in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Sudan" title="List of massacres in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Spain" title="List of massacres in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of massacres in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sudan" title="List of massacres in Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Switzerland" title="List of massacres in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Syria" title="List of massacres in Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="List of massacres in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Taiwan" title="List of massacres in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Thailand" title="List of massacres in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Timor-Leste" title="List of massacres in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Tonga (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Turkey" title="List of massacres in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Uganda" title="List of massacres in Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ukraine" title="List of massacres in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_United_States" title="List of massacres in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Vatican_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Vatican City (page does not exist)">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Venezuela" title="List of massacres in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Vietnam" title="List of massacres in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Western_Sahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Western Sahara (page does not exist)">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Yemen" title="List of massacres in Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_massacres_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of massacres in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3199915#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4300999-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081954">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Massacres"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318917f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Massacres"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318917f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="masakry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph392784&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555771605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massacre&oldid=1274199082">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massacre&oldid=1274199082</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres" title="Category:Massacres">Massacres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_murder" title="Category:Mass murder">Mass murder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Killings_by_type" title="Category:Killings by type">Killings by type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Human rights abuses">Human rights abuses</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2017" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2017">Use mdy dates from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2017" title="Category:Use American English from November 2017">Use American English from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 February 2025, at 00:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massacre&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Massacre</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>47 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-q5n94","wgBackendResponseTime":262,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.608","walltime":"0.825","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2832,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":171774,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3660,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":173145,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 641.925 1 -total"," 22.52% 144.560 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.63% 87.501 3 Template:Sidebar"," 12.98% 83.307 6 Template:Cite_web"," 12.95% 83.118 1 Template:Homicide"," 11.68% 75.005 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.10% 58.388 1 Template:War_crimes"," 8.88% 57.030 3 Template:Military_navigation"," 7.14% 45.854 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.98% 38.388 1 Template:Other_uses"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.344","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8204679,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAustin1803\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Grasse_Stevens1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyck2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallant2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJutikkalaPirinen1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeveneRoberts1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelson1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSleidanus1669\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSleidanus1695\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Harv\"] = 3,\n [\"Homicide\"] = 1,\n [\"Massacres\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Terrorism\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"War crimes\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"World topic\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-clt9t","timestamp":"20250318161921","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Massacre","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Massacre","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3199915","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3199915","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-02-18T02:39:24Z","dateModified":"2025-02-06T00:08:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Sc%C3%A8ne_des_massacres_de_Scio.jpg","headline":"incident where some group is killed by another"}</script> </body> </html>