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(PDF) In and Out of Consciousness: A method to study the temporal evolution of consciousness during binocular rivalry
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However, the study of dynamics in consciousness has been largely neglected. Aru and Bachmann have recently brought to the attention of scientists dealing with consciousness the relevance of making inquiries" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/98856557/In_and_Out_of_Consciousness_A_method_to_study_the_temporal_evolution_of_consciousness_during_binocular_rivalry" /> <meta property="og:title" content="In and Out of Consciousness: A method to study the temporal evolution of consciousness during binocular rivalry" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Contents of consciousness change over time. 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Aru and Bachmann have recently brought to the attention of scientists dealing with consciousness the relevance of making inquiries" /> <title>(PDF) In and Out of Consciousness: A method to study the temporal evolution of consciousness during binocular rivalry</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/98856557/In_and_Out_of_Consciousness_A_method_to_study_the_temporal_evolution_of_consciousness_during_binocular_rivalry" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - 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window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":100095156,"identifier":"Attachment_100095156","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":98856557,"created_at":"2023-03-20T10:28:48.538-07:00","from_world_paper_id":230020643,"updated_at":"2024-11-25T17:17:15.354-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Contents of consciousness change over time. However, the study of dynamics in consciousness has been largely neglected. Aru and Bachmann have recently brought to the attention of scientists dealing with consciousness the relevance of making inquiries about its temporal evolution. Importantly, they also pointed out several experimental questions as guidelines for researchers interested in studying the temporal evolution of consciousness, including the phases of formation and dissolution of content. They also suggested that these two phases could be characterized by asymmetric inertia. The main objective of the present investigation was to implement and validate a method to approximate the dynamics of these two phases. To this aim, we tested the time course of content transitions during a binocular rivalry task using face stimuli and asked participants to map their subjective experience of transitions from one content to the other through a joystick. We then computed metrics of joystick velocity linked to content transitions as proxies of the formation and dissolution phases. We found a general phase effect such that the formation phase was slower than the dissolution phase. Furthermore, we observed an effect specific to happy facial expressions, such that their contents were slower to form and dissolve than that of neutral expressions. We further propose to include a third phase of stabilization of conscious content between formation and dissolution. To conclude, the method and the metrics we propose seem to provide a good proxy to study the temporal evolution of consciousness.","publication_date":"2023,1,26","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"100095156"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"In and Out of Consciousness: A method to study the temporal evolution of consciousness during binocular rivalry","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [55390974]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":100095156,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “In and Out of Consciousness: A method to study the temporal evolution of consciousness during binocular rivalry”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/100095156/mini_magick20230320-1-xct66k.png?1679333372" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">In and Out of Consciousness: A method to study the temporal evolution of consciousness during binocular rivalry</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55390974" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasQuettier"><img alt="Profile image of Thomas Quettier" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Thomas Quettier</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">22 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 98856557; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=98856557"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Contents of consciousness change over time. However, the study of dynamics in consciousness has been largely neglected. Aru and Bachmann have recently brought to the attention of scientists dealing with consciousness the relevance of making inquiries about its temporal evolution. Importantly, they also pointed out several experimental questions as guidelines for researchers interested in studying the temporal evolution of consciousness, including the phases of formation and dissolution of content. They also suggested that these two phases could be characterized by asymmetric inertia. The main objective of the present investigation was to implement and validate a method to approximate the dynamics of these two phases. To this aim, we tested the time course of content transitions during a binocular rivalry task using face stimuli and asked participants to map their subjective experience of transitions from one content to the other through a joystick. We then computed metrics of joystick velocity linked to content transitions as proxies of the formation and dissolution phases. We found a general phase effect such that the formation phase was slower than the dissolution phase. Furthermore, we observed an effect specific to happy facial expressions, such that their contents were slower to form and dissolve than that of neutral expressions. We further propose to include a third phase of stabilization of conscious content between formation and dissolution. To conclude, the method and the metrics we propose seem to provide a good proxy to study the temporal evolution of consciousness.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":100095156,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/98856557/In_and_Out_of_Consciousness_A_method_to_study_the_temporal_evolution_of_consciousness_during_binocular_rivalry"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":100095156,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/98856557/In_and_Out_of_Consciousness_A_method_to_study_the_temporal_evolution_of_consciousness_during_binocular_rivalry"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="98856557" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Singer</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31697020" href="https://tuebingen-mpg-de.academia.edu/PascalFries">Pascal Fries</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Consciousness and Cognition, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cognitive functions like perception, memory, language, or consciousness are based on highly parallel and distributed information processing by the brain. One of the major unresolved questions is how information can be integrated and how coherent representational states can be established in the distributed neuronal systems subserving these functions. It has been suggested that this so-called ''binding problem'' may be solved in the temporal domain. The hypothesis is that synchronization of neuronal discharges can serve for the integration of distributed neurons into cell assemblies and that this process may underlie the selection of perceptually and behaviorally relevant information. As we intend to show here, this temporal binding hypothesis has implications for the search of the neural correlate of consciousness. We review experimental results, mainly obtained in the visual system, which support the notion of temporal binding. In particular, we discuss recent experiments on the neural mechanisms of binocular rivalry which suggest that appropriate synchronization among cortical neurons may be one of the necessary conditions for the buildup of perceptual states and awareness of sensory stimuli.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Temporal Binding, Binocular Rivalry, and Consciousness","attachmentId":48397428,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7615042/Temporal_Binding_Binocular_Rivalry_and_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7615042/Temporal_Binding_Binocular_Rivalry_and_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="56137668" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56137668/Can_binocular_rivalry_reveal_neural_correlates_of_consciousness">Can binocular rivalry reveal neural correlates of consciousness?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="99831724" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RandolphBlake4">Randolph Blake</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This essay critically examines the extent to which binocular rivalry can provide important clues about the neural correlates of conscious visual perception. Our ideas are presented within the framework of four questions about the use of rivalry for this purpose: (i) what constitutes an adequate comparison condition for gauging rivalry&#39;s impact on awareness, (ii) how can one distinguish abolished awareness from inattention, (iii) when one obtains unequivocal evidence for a causal link between a fluctuating measure of neural activity and fluctuating perceptual states during rivalry, will it generalize to other stimulus conditions and perceptual phenomena and (iv) does such evidence necessarily indicate that this neural activity constitutes a neural correlate of consciousness? While arriving at sceptical answers to these four questions, the essay nonetheless offers some ideas about how a more nuanced utilization of binocular rivalry may still provide fundamental insights about neur...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Can binocular rivalry reveal neural correlates of consciousness?","attachmentId":71671701,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56137668/Can_binocular_rivalry_reveal_neural_correlates_of_consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56137668/Can_binocular_rivalry_reveal_neural_correlates_of_consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="12916305" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12916305/Waves_of_consciousness_ongoing_cortical_patterns_during_binocular_rivalry">Waves of consciousness: ongoing cortical patterns during binocular rivalry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32086668" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OlivierDavid1">Olivier David</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neuroimage, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We present here ongoing patterns of distributed brain synchronous activity that correlate with the spontaneous flow of perceptual dominance during binocular rivalry. Specific modulation of the magnetoencephalographic (MEG) response evoked during conscious perception of a frequency-tagged stimulus was evidenced throughout rivalry. Estimation of the underlying cortical sources revealed, in addition to strong bilateral striate and extrastriate visual cortex activation, parietal,</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Waves of consciousness: ongoing cortical patterns during binocular rivalry","attachmentId":45848194,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12916305/Waves_of_consciousness_ongoing_cortical_patterns_during_binocular_rivalry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12916305/Waves_of_consciousness_ongoing_cortical_patterns_during_binocular_rivalry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="2655021" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2655021/Introduction_to_Research_Topic_Binocular_Rivalry_A_Gateway_to_Studying_Consciousness">Introduction to Research Topic–Binocular Rivalry: A Gateway to Studying Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="272708" href="https://antwerp.academia.edu/GeorgiosKeliris">Georgios A Keliris</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1091348" href="https://monash.academia.edu/NaotsuguTsuchiya">Naotsugu Tsuchiya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In 1593, Neapolitan polymath Giambattista della Porta publicly lamented that he was unable to improve his already impressive productivity (he had already published in areas as diverse as cryptography, hydraulics, pharmacology, optics and classic fiction). Della Porta was trying to read two books simultaneously by placing both volumes side-by-side, and using each eye independently. To his great surprise, his setup allowed him to only read one book at a time.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction to Research Topic–Binocular Rivalry: A Gateway to Studying Consciousness","attachmentId":30655585,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2655021/Introduction_to_Research_Topic_Binocular_Rivalry_A_Gateway_to_Studying_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2655021/Introduction_to_Research_Topic_Binocular_Rivalry_A_Gateway_to_Studying_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="9983818" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9983818/Effects_of_consciousness_on_human_brain_waves_following_binocular_rivalry">Effects of consciousness on human brain waves following binocular rivalry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24278786" href="https://artistic-research.academia.edu/ThomasJacobsen">Thomas Jacobsen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neuroreport, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">WHEN the two eyes of an observer are exposed to con¯icting stimuli, they enter into binocular rivalry and the two possible percepts will alternate in dominance. We investigated neural activity and its time course following binocular rivalry by measuring human event-related brain potentials to transitions from rivalrous to non-rivalrous stimulation. When these changes did not entail a change in conscious perception they elicited a markedly attenuated N1 component and a delayed and attenuated P3 peak as compared to perceptincompatible changes and non-rivalrous control conditions. These results suggest that in humans binocular rivalry is resolved at latest in extrastriate visual areas.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of consciousness on human brain waves following binocular rivalry","attachmentId":36126271,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9983818/Effects_of_consciousness_on_human_brain_waves_following_binocular_rivalry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9983818/Effects_of_consciousness_on_human_brain_waves_following_binocular_rivalry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="98711696" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98711696/Dynamics_of_Consciousness_Tributaries_of_the_Conscious_Mind">Dynamics of Consciousness: Tributaries of the Conscious Mind</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="262086970" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JosephinaOlagues">Josephina Olagues</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The question of the nature of consciousness is one that has been long pondered, and yet tends to leave those who ponder it with more questions than answers. To wonder, "where does consciousness come from?" is more than to search for a specific structure in the brain, or a certain pattern of activity. By the same token, asking, "how does consciousness work?" does not lead one down a simple path to the functionality of a specific region of the brain. Consciousness, as integral and necessary for our existence as it seems, is anything but simple, and every aspect of its existence divides philosophers, neuroscientists, psychologists, and many others. The search for a defining set of structures and level of complexity found in all organisms that are conscious becomes confounding when the realization is made that there isn't even really a solid definition for what consciousness is. This essay does not reveal the answer to the specifics of the nature of consciousness, and, to the scientific community's knowledge, neither does any other. However, this essay will put forth the theory that one's consciousness at any moment is an amalgamation of all of the sensory, social, and contextual influences that they experience in that moment. That it is a series of interactions between internal and external influences, between different brain structures, and between the body and the brain. In this essay, I will give evidence as to why I feel that consciousness can be most effectively understood by looking at it not as a singular state or stable set of properties, but as a constantly changing and dynamical system with many different interacting facets. To do this, I will address how consciousness has been studied philosophically, scientifically, and through disorders of consciousness.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dynamics of Consciousness: Tributaries of the Conscious Mind","attachmentId":99988919,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98711696/Dynamics_of_Consciousness_Tributaries_of_the_Conscious_Mind","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98711696/Dynamics_of_Consciousness_Tributaries_of_the_Conscious_Mind"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="104377946" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104377946/From_the_origins_to_the_stream_of_consciousness_and_its_neural_correlates">From the origins to the stream of consciousness and its neural correlates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="229451445" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergeyBYurchenko">Sergey B. Yurchenko</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">From the origins to the stream of consciousness and its neural correlates, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There are now dozens of very different theories of consciousness, each somehow contributing to our understanding of its nature. The science of consciousness needs therefore not new theories but a general framework integrating insights from those, yet not making it a still-born "Frankenstein” theory. First, the framework must operate explicitly on the stream of consciousness, not on its static description. Second, this dynamical account must also be put on the evolutionary timeline to explain the origins of consciousness. The Cognitive Evolution Theory (CET), outlined here, proposes such a framework. This starts with the assumption that brains have primarily evolved as volitional subsystems of organisms, inherited from primitive (fast and random) reflexes of simplest neural networks, only then resembling error-minimizing prediction machines. CET adopts the tools of critical dynamics to account for metastability, scale-free avalanches, and self-organization which are all intrinsic to brain dynamics. This formalizes the stream of consciousness as a discrete (transitive, irreflexive) chain of momentary states derived from critical brain dynamics at points of phase transitions and mapped then onto a state space as neural correlates of a particular conscious state. The continuous/discrete dichotomy appears naturally between the brain dynamics at the causal level and conscious states at the phenomenal level, each volitionally triggered from arousal centers of the brainstem and cognitively modulated by thalamocortical systems. Their objective observables can be entropy-based complexity measures, reflecting the transient level or quantity of consciousness at that moment.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From the origins to the stream of consciousness and its neural correlates","attachmentId":104124898,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104377946/From_the_origins_to_the_stream_of_consciousness_and_its_neural_correlates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104377946/From_the_origins_to_the_stream_of_consciousness_and_its_neural_correlates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="551245" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/551245/Correlating_consciousness_A_view_from_empirical_science">Correlating consciousness: A view from empirical science</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20640" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/AxelCleeremans">Axel Cleeremans</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revue internationale de philosophie, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="984761" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/984761/Is_Consciousness_a_Gradual_Phenomenon">Is Consciousness a Gradual Phenomenon?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20635" href="https://inserm.academia.edu/ClaireSergent">Claire Sergent</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Psychological Science, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is Consciousness a Gradual Phenomenon?","attachmentId":6027273,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/984761/Is_Consciousness_a_Gradual_Phenomenon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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