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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>English independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Hitchens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B2" title="بيتر هيتشنز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر هيتشنز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%86%D8%B2" title="پیتر هیتچنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر هیتچنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0_%ED%9E%88%EC%B9%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="피터 히친스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피터 히친스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B2" title="بيتر هيتشنز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر هيتشنز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="ピーター・ヒッチェンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーター・ヒッチェンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хитченс, Питер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хитченс, Питер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peter Hitchens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1850512#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Peter Hitchens</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Hitchens_at_SidneySussex_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Peter_Hitchens_at_SidneySussex_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Peter_Hitchens_at_SidneySussex_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Peter_Hitchens_at_SidneySussex_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Peter_Hitchens_at_SidneySussex_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Peter_Hitchens_at_SidneySussex_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Peter_Hitchens_at_SidneySussex_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="608" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hitchens in 2015</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Peter Jonathan Hitchens</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1951-10-28</span>) </span>28 October 1951<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 73)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sliema" title="Sliema">Sliema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Journalist</li><li>author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">International Socialists</a> (1969–1975)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> (1977–1983)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> (1997–2003)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Eve Ross</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1983)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Dan_Hitchens" title="Dan Hitchens">Dan Hitchens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Prize" title="Orwell Prize">Orwell Prize</a> (2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/">hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Peter Jonathan Hitchens</b> (born 28 October 1951) is a British <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">conservative</a> author, broadcaster, journalist, and commentator. He writes for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></i> and was a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_correspondent_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign correspondent (journalism)">foreign correspondent</a> reporting from both <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> Peter Hitchens has contributed to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>.</i> His books include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Britain" title="The Abolition of Britain">The Abolition of Britain</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_We_Never_Fought" title="The War We Never Fought">The War We Never Fought</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoney_Victory" title="The Phoney Victory">The Phoney Victory</a></i>. </p><p>Previously a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, Hitchens became more conservative during the 1990s. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in 1997 and left in 2003, and has since been deeply critical of the party, which he views as the biggest obstacle to true conservatism in the UK. Hitchens describes himself as a <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burkean</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democrat</a>, and Anglo <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spectre-online.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectre-online.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Hitchens:_One-way_tweets_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Hitchens:_One-way_tweets-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocates <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">conservative Christian</a> political views, such as opposition to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom">same-sex marriage</a> and support of stricter <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">recreational drug policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens criticised the <a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">UK's response</a> to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">lockdowns</a> and mandates that the public wear <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">face masks</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h3></div> <p>Peter Hitchens was born in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, where his father, Eric Ernest Hitchens (1909–1987), a naval officer,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was stationed as part of the then <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. His mother, Yvonne Jean Hitchens (née Hickman; 1921–1973), had met Eric while serving in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Naval Service">Women's Royal Naval Service</a> (Wrens) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens has Jewish descent via his maternal grandmother, a daughter of Polish Jewish migrants. His grandmother revealed this fact upon meeting his wife Eve Ross. Though his brother <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher</a> was quick to embrace his Jewish identity following the principle of matrilineal descent, Peter noted that they were only one-32nd Jewish by descent and has not identified as Jewish himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber-2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber-2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a youth, Hitchens wanted to be an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, following his father. However, when he was 10, he learned he had a <a href="/wiki/Amblyopia" title="Amblyopia">lazy eye</a> that could not be corrected, thereby barring him from serving in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens attended <a href="/wiki/Mount_House_School,_Tavistock" title="Mount House School, Tavistock">Mount House School, Tavistock</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Prebendal_School" title="The Prebendal School">The Prebendal School, Chichester</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Leys_School" title="The Leys School">The Leys School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Oxford_College" title="City of Oxford College">Oxford College of Further Education</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being accepted at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a>, where he studied Philosophy and Politics and was a member of <a href="/wiki/Alcuin_College,_York" title="Alcuin College, York">Alcuin College</a>, graduating in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-farndale_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farndale-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens married Eve Ross<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1983. They have a daughter and two sons.<sup id="cite_ref-farndale_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farndale-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their elder son, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Hitchens" title="Dan Hitchens">Dan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></i>, a London-based <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens lives in Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <p>Hitchens was brought up in the Christian faith and attended Christian boarding schools but became an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, beginning to leave his faith at 15. He returned to church later in life, and is now an <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_his_brother">Relationship with his brother</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?153240-1/the-abolition-britain">Debate with Christopher and Peter Hitchens on <i>The Abolition of Britain</i>, 14 October 1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hitchens' only sibling was the journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, who was two years older. Christopher said in 2005 that the main difference between the two was belief in the existence of God.<sup id="cite_ref-meet_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meet-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter was a member of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Socialist_Workers_Party_(Britain)#International_Socialists_(1962–1977)" title="History of the Socialist Workers Party (Britain)">International Socialists</a> (forerunners of the modern <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers' Party</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-OwenJones_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OwenJones-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1968 to 1975 (beginning at age 17) after Christopher introduced him to them. The brothers fell out after Peter wrote a 2001 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> which allegedly characterised Christopher as a <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meet_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meet-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the birth of Peter's third child, the two brothers reconciled.<sup id="cite_ref-warofwords_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warofwords-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter's review of his brother's book <i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i> led to a public argument between the brothers but no renewed estrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the brothers appeared as panellists on <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> TV's <i><a href="/wiki/Question_Time_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Question Time (TV series)">Question Time</a></i>, where they clashed on a number of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, in the US, they debated the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, the pair debated the nature of God in civilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchens_brothers_debate_if_civilization_can_survive_without_God_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchens_brothers_debate_if_civilization_can_survive_without_God-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a memorial service for Christopher after his death in 2011, Peter read St Paul's <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a> 4:8<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Christopher had read at their father's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalism">Journalism</h2></div> <p>Christopher Hitchens helped his brother began his career in journalism at the <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Worker" title="Socialist Worker">Socialist Worker</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-indy1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its editor, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Protz" title="Roger Protz">Roger Protz</a>, recalled that Hitchens "was as dry as a stick, and had no personality of any sort".<sup id="cite_ref-indy1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens joined the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> in 1977 but left shortly after campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a> in 1979, thinking it was wrong to carry a party card when directly reporting politics,<sup id="cite_ref-anger_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anger-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and coinciding with a culmination of growing personal disillusionment with the Labour movement.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens worked for the local press in <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> and then at the <i><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Evening_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Coventry Evening Telegraph">Coventry Evening Telegraph</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then worked for the <i>Daily Express</i> between 1977 and 2000, initially as a reporter specialising in education and industrial and labour affairs, then as a political reporter, and subsequently as deputy <a href="/wiki/Political_editor" title="Political editor">political editor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anger_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anger-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving parliamentary journalism to cover defence and diplomatic affairs, he reported on the decline and collapse of communist regimes in several <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries, which culminated in a stint as Moscow correspondent and reporting on life there<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the final months of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> in 1990–92. He took part in reporting the <a href="/wiki/UK_1992_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="UK 1992 general election">UK 1992 general election</a>, closely following <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then became the <i>Daily Express</i> Washington correspondent.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Britain in 1995, he became a commentator and columnist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hitchens reported from Somalia at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War#United_Nations_intervention_(1992–1995)" title="Somali Civil War">United Nations intervention in the Somali Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Somalia_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somalia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Hitchens left the <i>Daily Express</i> after its acquisition by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Desmond" title="Richard Desmond">Richard Desmond</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that working for him would have represented a moral conflict of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Express_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Express-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens joined <i>The Mail on Sunday</i>, where he has a weekly column and weblog in which he debates directly with readers. Hitchens has also written for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i> magazines, and occasionally for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>. </p><p>After being shortlisted in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens won the <a href="/wiki/Orwell_Prize" title="Orwell Prize">Orwell Prize</a> in political journalism in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-NS_Orwell_prize_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS_Orwell_prize-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kellner" title="Peter Kellner">Peter Kellner</a>, one of the Orwell Prize judges, described Hitchens's writing as being "as firm, polished and potentially lethal as a Guardsman's boot."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A regular on British radio and television, Hitchens has been on <i><a href="/wiki/Question_Time_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Question Time (TV series)">Question Time</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Any_Questions%3F" title="Any Questions?">Any Questions?</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/This_Week_(BBC_One_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="This Week (BBC One TV series)">This Week</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Politics">The Daily Politics</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Questions" title="The Big Questions">The Big Questions</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has authored and presented four documentaries;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> one on the BBC about Euroscepticism, and three on <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, including one on the surveillance state, and critical examinations of <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1990s, Hitchens co-presented a programme on <a href="/wiki/Talk_Radio_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Talk Radio UK">Talk Radio UK</a> with <a href="/wiki/Derek_Draper" title="Derek Draper">Derek Draper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austin_Mitchell" title="Austin Mitchell">Austin Mitchell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Hitchens was described by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lucas_(journalist)" title="Edward Lucas (journalist)">Edward Lucas</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> as "a forceful, tenacious, eloquent and brave journalist. He lambasts woolly thinking and crooked behaviour at home and abroad."<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas_Economist_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas_Economist-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Howard_(journalist)" title="Anthony Howard (journalist)">Anthony Howard</a> wrote of Hitchens, "the old revolutionary socialist has lost nothing of his passion and indignation as the years have passed us all by. It is merely the convictions that have changed, not the fervour and fanaticism with which they continue to be held."<sup id="cite_ref-Broken_Compass_Howard_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broken_Compass_Howard-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_Kingdom" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy#United_Kingdom" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_Treason_Trials" title="1794 Treason Trials">1794 Treason Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wets_and_dries" title="Wets and dries">Wets and dries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Anderson_(British_politician)" title="Lee Anderson (British politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cazalet#Advocating_Jewish_homeland" title="Victor Cazalet">Cazalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenrick" title="Robert Jenrick">Jenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson#Politics" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gale_(journalist)" title="George Gale (journalist)">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Smith" title="Vaughan Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Staines" title="Paul Staines">Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Welch" title="Colin Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1844)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1845)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1867–68)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Men" title="The Children of Men">The Children of Men</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1990%E2%80%93present)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)">Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Britain" title="Workers Party of Britain">Workers Party of Britain</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">Forsyth (James)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Littlewood" title="Mark Littlewood">Littlewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Payne" title="Sebastian Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit" title="Social Affairs Unit">Social Affairs Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jacobin_Review" title="Anti-Jacobin Review">Anti-Jacobin Review</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fawkes" title="Guido Fawkes">Guido Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_(streaming_service)" title="Talk (streaming service)">Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">Public schools in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hitchens describes himself as a <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burkean</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-spectre-online.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectre-online.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democrat</a><sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Hitchens:_One-way_tweets_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Hitchens:_One-way_tweets-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently, a British <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, asserted that, for Hitchens, what is more important than the split between the Left and the Right is "the deeper gulf between the restless progressive and the Christian pessimist."<sup id="cite_ref-Gove_The_Times_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gove_The_Times-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens joined the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in 1997 and left in 2003. This was when he challenged <a href="/wiki/Michael_Portillo" title="Michael Portillo">Michael Portillo</a> for the Conservative nomination in the <a href="/wiki/Kensington_and_Chelsea_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Kensington and Chelsea (UK Parliament constituency)">Kensington and Chelsea</a> seat in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been consistently dismissive of the modern <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">UK Conservative Party</a> since the 1990s. This is because he believes that the party has since then abandoned true <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His view is that conservatism should embody a Burkean sense of public duty, conscience and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, which he sees as the best guarantee of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>. Furthermore, this view holds a general hostility to hasty reforms and adventurism. This was central to his criticism of many policy proposals by the <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> government, which he viewed as attacks on liberty and facets of a constitutional revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland2000_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland2000-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believes the Conservative Party should be a defender of establishment institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a>, but has shifted to <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a> instead. He believes that atheism, along with <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">cultural liberalism</a>, are the causes of the systematic undermining of Christianity. Hitchens has written "The left's real interests are moral, cultural, sexual and social. They lead to a powerful state. This is not because they actively set out to achieve one."<sup id="cite_ref-Why_I_respect_Peter_Hitchens_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_I_respect_Peter_Hitchens-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believes that the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and the devolution of <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> are the causes of the demise of Christianity in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Compass" title="The Broken Compass">The Cameron Delusion</a></i>, Hitchens argues that in the last few decades, the party has become virtually "indistinguishable from <a href="/wiki/Blairism" title="Blairism">Blairite</a> New Labour".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thinks the Conservative Party is now just a vehicle for "obtaining office for the sons of gentlemen" and he loathes the party.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens's claim that the "Conservatives are now the main Left-wing party in the country" in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">Mail on Sunday</a></i> column has been met with criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is in favour of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">capital punishment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the only British journalist to attend and write about the execution of British-born <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ingram" title="Nicholas Ingram">Nicholas Ingram</a> in America in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supports <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">privatisation of railways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spectre-online.org_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectre-online.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens has been a member of the campaign to clear the name of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester" title="Bishop of Chichester">Bishop of Chichester</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bell_(bishop)" title="George Bell (bishop)">George Bell</a>, from allegations of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has argued that the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> convicted him in what he described as a <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo court</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stated his wish that allegations are not treated as proven facts.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens "completely" opposes the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Buy" title="Right to Buy">Right to Buy</a> scheme introduced by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, describing it as a "grave mistake" and advocates for replacing the UK's system of <a href="/wiki/Housing_Benefit" title="Housing Benefit">Housing Benefit</a>, which he describes as an "absolute scandal", with a substantial increase in <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public housing in the United Kingdom">public housing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens describes himself as a "lifelong <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_and_thought">Writings and thought</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_terrorism">War and terrorism</h3></div> <p>He was opposed to the <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO intervention in Kosovo</a> and 2003 <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">US-led invasion of Iraq</a>, arguing that neither was in the interests of either Britain or the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposed the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">war in Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He believes that the UK should never have participated in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and is very critical of the view that <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was "The Good War". His view on World War II is laid out in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoney_Victory" title="The Phoney Victory">The Phoney Victory</a></i>, in which he argues that the UK entered World War II too early, and that the UK overly glorifies World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that while the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allies</a> were fighting a radical evil, they sometimes used immoral methods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombing</a> of German civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believes that Britain's entry into World War II led to its rapid decline after the war. This was because, among other things, it could not finance the war and was not prepared for it. As a result, it had to surrender much of its wealth and power to avoid bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens' views on the <a href="/wiki/UK_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="UK in World War II">UK in World War II</a> have been met with criticism by historians, with <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> describing his book <i>The Phoney Victory</i> as 'riddled with errors'.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens responded to Evans' review on his online web-blog.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens is not <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a>, since he believes that this position often leaves countries defenceless in times of war. Instead, he argues that military power and the threat of war can be deterrents against war.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens wrote about his concern of the use of <a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism,_Crime_and_Security_Act_2001" title="Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001">security (anti-terrorism) legislation</a> and increased police powers under <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a>, and how it has been used to suppress <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dispatches_(TV_programme)" title="Dispatches (TV programme)"><i>Dispatches</i></a>, Hitchens said the result of this legislation was that Britain ended up "sleepwalking into a Big Brother state".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Hitchens is critical of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and argued for many years, before <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, that Britain would be better off outside it.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 he endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Flexcit" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexcit">Flexcit</a> model proposed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._E._North" title="Richard A. E. North">Richard North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Booker" title="Christopher Booker">Christopher Booker</a> as the most sensible and moderate way to leave the EU while remaining in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> to preserve the economic benefits of EU membership.<sup id="cite_ref-corbyn_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbyn-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he did not vote in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 UK EU referendum</a> because he is critical of referendums.<sup id="cite_ref-corbyn_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbyn-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of a referendum, he argued that a leave decision would be best done by voting into power a political party whose manifesto committed the country to withdrawal by an act of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccination">Vaccination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">Vaccine hesitancy</a></div> <p>Hitchens was against the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asked in a 2001 article: "Is it really our duty to risk our children's lives with this jab?"<sup id="cite_ref-BMJLetter_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJLetter-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, he defended this earlier article, saying he was criticising "State bossiness in an age that has seen a catalogue of mistakes, panics and mysteries in the world of disease and medicine" and referred to the <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide_scandal" title="Thalidomide scandal">thalidomide scandal</a>. He has defended discredited former doctor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BMJLetter_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJLetter-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">vaccinated</a> against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19</a> in 2021, Hitchens rejected accusations he is an anti-vaxxer, but said that he was "more or less forced to have an immunisation I would not normally have bothered with".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_drugs">War on drugs</h3></div> <p>Hitchens has written about the enforcement of drug laws, most notably in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_We_Never_Fought" title="The War We Never Fought">The War We Never Fought</a></i> (2012). He advocates harsher penalties properly enforced for possession and illegal use of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-york_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-york-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming that "cannabis has been mis-sold as a soft and harmless substance when in fact it's potentially extremely dangerous."<sup id="cite_ref-york_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-york-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Decriminalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalisation">decriminalisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drugs</a> in general. In 2012, Hitchens gave evidence to the Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Home_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Home Affairs Select Committee">Home Affairs Select Committee</a> as part of its inquiry into drugs policy, and called for the British government to introduce a more hard-line policy on drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens disagrees with the notion of <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug addiction</a>, arguing that it goes against the notion of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. He says: "People take drugs because they enjoy it."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2023, Hitchens was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a> and podcast host <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex O'Connor (page does not exist)">Alex O'Connor</a> for the latter's <i>Cosmic Skeptic Philosophy Podcast;</i> in the midst of recording, Hitchens abruptly stood up and declared to O'Connor "I really have decided in the past hour I really do not like you at all [...] I had no opinions of you before, and now I actively dislike you," after which he reportedly lingered by the door while expressing his contempt for O'Connor for about 15 minutes prior to "storming" out of the recording studio.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to O'Connor, the subject of the podcast was "...issues pertaining to drug decriminalisation, whether we are experiencing a moral decline in society and the influence of secularism on this question, and the state of monarchy in the UK."<i><sup id="cite_ref-:14_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_rights_and_marriage">LGBT rights and marriage</h3></div> <p>Hitchens has criticised the <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">transgender rights movement</a>, claiming that it promotes <a href="/wiki/Zealotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealotry">zealotry</a> and that changes in traditional <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">gender roles</a> in society are "destroying truth itself".<sup id="cite_ref-McCormick_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCormick-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens was one of the most outspoken opponents of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> in 2013, the year before <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom">same-sex marriage was legal in Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCormick_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCormick-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In speaking to <i>Guardian</i> journalist <a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Jones (writer)">Owen Jones</a> in 2015, he said his real issue was with the decline of heterosexual <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> in society and the legalisation "of what was in effect <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no-fault divorce</a>", and that same-sex marriage is "a side-effect ... It's a consequence of the collapse of heterosexual marriage, and I regret now getting involved in the argument about same-sex marriage, because it was a Stalingrad, a diversion. Why is one worrying about a few thousand people who want to have same-sex marriages, without being at all concerned about the collapse of heterosexual marriage, which involves millions of people, and millions of children?"<sup id="cite_ref-:4_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buckingham" title="University of Buckingham">University of Buckingham</a> organised a "free-speech society" after Hitchens' "<a href="/wiki/No_Platform" title="No Platform">no-platforming</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth" title="University of Portsmouth">University of Portsmouth</a> over his views on gay rights, which they believed would cause conflict with <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> events on campus.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Sullivan_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens was the first guest invited by the society to address students.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to his being no-platformed by the University of Portsmouth, Hitchens was invited by the Archivist and the Head of History and Politics at The Portsmouth Grammar School to give a short talk on "The myth of Russian aggression" to Sixth Form pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <p>Hitchens has claimed that "<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">the greenhouse effect probably doesn't exist</a>" and that the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus linking global warming to human activity</a> has not been proven, describing it as "modish dogma".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has criticised <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind power in the United Kingdom</a> and argued in 2015 that its expansion put the UK at risk of blackouts.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3></div> <p>Hitchens has repeatedly criticised the <a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">British government's response</a> to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has particularly criticised <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a> in the UK, suggesting they would have negative consequences and questioning their epidemiological efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have described him as a "lockdown sceptic".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a> evaluated his statement, where he said it was "not possible" for the first lockdown in March to cause the peak in daily infections and deaths to decline, in a <a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">fact-checking</a> article, and concluded that this was "wrong" based on available evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens' view was also disputed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mason_(journalist)" title="Paul Mason (journalist)">Paul Mason</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:7_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> also critiqued Hitchens' views.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Daniel Hannan</a> meanwhile expressed agreement with Hitchens in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tweet by Hitchens stating four fifths of cases were asymptomatic was also described as "misleading" by <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens criticised <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team">Imperial College London modelling</a>, which suggested that there could be up to 500,000 COVID-19 deaths if the government did not impose a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">lockdown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has supported <a href="/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Sweden's response to the pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has opposed the mandatory wearing of <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">face masks during the pandemic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to them as "muzzles".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believes that government mandates to wear face coverings are oppressive.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been accused of promoting <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">misinformation about the pandemic</a> and public health restrictions by several sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_independence">English independence</h3></div> <p>Hitchens has spoken in favour of <a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English nationalism</a>, arguing that the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> should be dissolved and <a href="/wiki/English_independence" title="English independence">England</a> should become an independent country once again.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_Ukraine">Russia and Ukraine</h3></div> <p>In 2010, Hitchens argued that <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> should be part of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, stating that the peninsula is historically Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas_Economist_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas_Economist-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, 2022, he said that there exists a "virulent" nationalism in Ukraine, and that it is easier "to be a non-Scot in Scotland" than "an ethnic Russian in Ukraine" due to the "ugly strain of Ukrainian nationalism that made life difficult for ethnic Russians in Ukraine."<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens has stated that Ukraine should not join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also against providing military aid to Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having stated: "The conflict in Ukraine was always unnecessary. It has done nothing but harm to Ukraine and Ukrainians. Ukraine has been used as a battering ram in someone else's quarrel."<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchens called for peace negotiations between Ukraine and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitchens has been a vocal supporter of pro-Russian British journalist <a href="/wiki/Graham_Phillips_(journalist)" title="Graham Phillips (journalist)">Graham Phillips</a> in his fight against being <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_sanctions" title="United Kingdom sanctions">sanctioned by the government of the United Kingdom</a>. Although expressing criticism of Phillips and his work, Hitchens has been strongly critical of the British government, describing Phillips's fight against sanctions as "liberty fighting tyranny" and "one of the most important court cases of our time".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in support of Phillips, and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a>, in March 2024, Hitchens described Phillips as a "prisoner of the (UK) state".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> <p>Hitchens is the author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Britain" title="The Abolition of Britain">The Abolition of Britain</a></i> (1999) and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Crime" title="A Brief History of Crime">A Brief History of Crime</a></i> (2003), both critical of changes in British society since the 1960s. A compendium of his <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i> columns was published as <i>Monday Morning Blues</i> in 2000. <i>A Brief History of Crime</i> was reissued as <i>The Abolition of Liberty</i> in April 2004, with an additional chapter on <a href="/wiki/British_national_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="British national identity card">identity cards</a> ("Your papers, please"), and with two chapters – on gun control ("Out of the barrel of a gun") and capital punishment ("Cruel and unusual") – removed. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Compass" title="The Broken Compass">The Broken Compass: How British Politics Lost its Way</a></i> was published in May 2009, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> was published in Britain in March 2010, and in the US in May. Hitchens's book <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_We_Never_Fought" title="The War We Never Fought">The War We Never Fought: The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs</a></i>, about what he sees as the non-existence of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>, was published by Bloomsbury in the autumn of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-war_on_drugs_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-war_on_drugs-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014, Hitchens published his first e-book, <i>Short Breaks in Mordor</i>, a compendium of foreign reports.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoney_Victory" title="The Phoney Victory">The Phoney Victory: The World War II Illusion</a></i> was published in August 2018 by I.B. Tauris.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It addresses what Hitchens views as the national myth of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, which he believes did long-term damage to Britain and its position in the world. It was negatively reviewed by the historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard Evans</a> in the <i>New Statesman</i>, who described the book as "riddled with errors".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?159943-1/the-abolition-britain"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Hitchens on <i>The Abolition of Britain</i>, 31 December 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Britain" title="The Abolition of Britain">The Abolition of Britain</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i>Monday Morning Blues</i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Crime" title="A Brief History of Crime">A Brief History of Crime</a></i> (2003), updated in paperback as <i>The Abolition of Liberty: The Decline of Order and Justice in England</i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Compass" title="The Broken Compass">The Broken Compass</a></i> (2009), updated in paperback as <i>The Cameron Delusion</i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_We_Never_Fought" title="The War We Never Fought">The War We Never Fought</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i>Short Breaks in Mordor</i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoney_Victory" title="The Phoney Victory">The Phoney Victory</a></i> (2018) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788313292" title="Special:BookSources/9781788313292">9781788313292</a></li> <li><i>Unconventional Wisdom</i> (2020)</li> <li><i>A Revolution Betrayed: How Egalitarians Wrecked the British Education System</i> (2022)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spectre-online.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spectre-online.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectre-online.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectre-online.org_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">White, JT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectre-online.org/why-i-respect-peter-hitchens/">"Why I respect Peter Hitchens"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923111613/http://spectre-online.org/why-i-respect-peter-hitchens/">Archived</a> 23 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Spectre</i> 27 December 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_Hitchens:_One-way_tweets-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Hitchens:_One-way_tweets_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Hitchens:_One-way_tweets_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentoul2013" class="citation news cs1">Rentoul, John (20 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/peter-hitchens-one-way-tweets-8950285.html">"Peter Hitchens: One-way tweets"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens%3A+One-way+tweets&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft.aulast=Rentoul&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Ffeatures%2Fpeter-hitchens-one-way-tweets-8950285.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2021" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Julian T. (14 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-problem-with-anglo-gaullism-">"The problem with Anglo-Gaullism | The Spectator"</a>. <i>www.spectator.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spectator.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+problem+with+Anglo-Gaullism+%7C+The+Spectator&rft.date=2021-08-14&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Julian+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-problem-with-anglo-gaullism-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitkenhead2012" class="citation news cs1">Aitkenhead, Decca (21 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/oct/21/peter-hitchens-addiction-drugs-war">"Peter Hitchens: 'I don't believe in addiction. People take drugs because they enjoy it'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens%3A+%27I+don%27t+believe+in+addiction.+People+take+drugs+because+they+enjoy+it%27&rft.date=2012-10-21&rft.aulast=Aitkenhead&rft.aufirst=Decca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Foct%2F21%2Fpeter-hitchens-addiction-drugs-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17829394">"Hitchens urges tough drugs policy"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hitchens+urges+tough+drugs+policy&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-17829394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/oct/26/war-never-fought-peter-hitchens-review">"The War We Never Fought by Peter Hitchens – review"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+War+We+Never+Fought+by+Peter+Hitchens+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Foct%2F26%2Fwar-never-fought-peter-hitchens-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2012" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Tom (23 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2012/10/other-hitchens-boy">"The other Hitchens boy"</a>. New Statesman<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+other+Hitchens+boy&rft.pub=New+Statesman&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Flifestyle%2F2012%2F10%2Fother-hitchens-boy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2010" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, John (27 May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/hitch22-a-memoir-by-christopher-hitchens-1984845.html">"Hitch-22: a memoir by Christopher Hitchens"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/hitch22-a-memoir-by-christopher-hitchens-1984845.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Hitch-22%3A+a+memoir+by+Christopher+Hitchens&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Fhitch22-a-memoir-by-christopher-hitchens-1984845.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber-2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barber-2002_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Barber" title="Lynn Barber">Barber, Lynn</a> (14 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/14/politics">"Look who's talking"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410124847/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/14/politics">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Look+who%27s+talking&rft.date=2002-04-14&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2002%2Fapr%2F14%2Fpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gt5NF9bKtoo">"Peter Hitchens on his life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens+on+his+life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dgt5NF9bKtoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelampmagazine.com/blog/the-river-of-god">"The River of God"</a>. <i>The Lamp Magazine</i>. 17 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lamp+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+River+of+God&rft.date=2024-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelampmagazine.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-river-of-god&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616101832/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=34562">"Toffs at the top"</a>. <i>Press Gazette</i>. 16 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=34562">the original</a> on 16 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Gazette&rft.atitle=Toffs+at+the+top&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressgazette.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3Fstorycode%3D34562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farndale-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farndale_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farndale_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215230620/https://www.nigelfarndale.com/2013/06/peter-hitchens/">"Peter Hitchens | Nigel Farndale"</a>. <i>www.nigelfarndale.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigelfarndale.com/2013/06/peter-hitchens/">the original</a> on 15 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nigelfarndale.com&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens+%7C+Nigel+Farndale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigelfarndale.com%2F2013%2F06%2Fpeter-hitchens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esajaelina.com/inside-the-married-life-of-peter-hitchens-and-wife-eve-ross-everything-to-learn-about-them/">Inside The Married Life Of Peter Hitchens And Wife Eve Ross: Everything To Learn About Them</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825172405/https://esajaelina.com/inside-the-married-life-of-peter-hitchens-and-wife-eve-ross-everything-to-learn-about-them/">Archived</a> 25 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Published on 6 March 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinson2019" class="citation news cs1">Martinson, Jane (21 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/commentisfree/2019/apr/21/wanted-a-media-that-truly-reflects-modern-britain">"Wanted: newsrooms that truly reflect modern Britain"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>The awarding of an internship to the son of the well-known journalist, Peter Hitchens...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wanted%3A+newsrooms+that+truly+reflect+modern+Britain&rft.date=2019-04-21&rft.aulast=Martinson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Fcommentisfree%2F2019%2Fapr%2F21%2Fwanted-a-media-that-truly-reflects-modern-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/issues/july-13th-2018/the-trouble-with-catholic-politicians/">"The trouble with Catholic politicians"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214458/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/issues/july-13th-2018/the-trouble-with-catholic-politicians/">Archived</a> 18 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Published by <i>Catholic Herald</i>, 12 July 2018, retrieved 18 August 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/peter-hitchens-on-living-in-hampstead-and-having-his-bike-3539894">Peter Hitchens on living in Hampstead and having his bike stolen by a ‘geezer in a tweed jacket’</a> Published by Hampstead Highgate Express on 22 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/only-a-benevolent-dictator-can-save-oxford">Only a benevolent dictator can save Oxford</a> Published by The Spectator on 11 December 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premierchristianity.com/Blog/How-an-atheist-journalist-became-a-Christian-believer">"How an atheist journalist became a Christian believer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Premier_Christianity" title="Premier Christianity">Premier Christianity</a></i>. 30 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premier+Christianity&rft.atitle=How+an+atheist+journalist+became+a+Christian+believer&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premierchristianity.com%2FBlog%2FHow-an-atheist-journalist-became-a-Christian-believer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens,_Peter2010" class="citation book cs1">Hitchens, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/727649562"><i>The Rage Against God</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6285-4"><bdi>978-1-4411-6285-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/727649562">727649562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rage+Against+God&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F727649562&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6285-4&rft.au=Hitchens%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F727649562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetters2018" class="citation web cs1">Letters (8 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/mar/08/peter-hitchens-im-no-zealot">"Peter Hitchens: I'm no zealot | Letters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <q>As it happens, I am a soppy, broad-church Anglican who dislikes any sort of religious enthusiasm or sectarianism, given to hiding behind a pillar during Evensong.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens%3A+I%27m+no+zealot+%7C+Letters&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.au=Letters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Fmar%2F08%2Fpeter-hitchens-im-no-zealot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meet-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meet_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meet_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2005" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Ian (31 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2005/story/0,15880,1495897,00.html">"When Christopher met Peter"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=When+Christopher+met+Peter&rft.date=2005-05-31&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.guardian.co.uk%2Fhay2005%2Fstory%2F0%2C15880%2C1495897%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OwenJones-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OwenJones_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Owen (9 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/09/peter-hitchens-tory-trotskyite-left-right">"Peter Hitchens got me thinking: do lefties always have to turn right in old age?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens+got+me+thinking%3A+do+lefties+always+have+to+turn+right+in+old+age%3F&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Fsep%2F09%2Fpeter-hitchens-tory-trotskyite-left-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/13th-october-2001/18/o-brother-where-art-thou">"O Brother, Where Art Thou?"</a>. <i>The Spectator Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+Archive&rft.atitle=O+Brother%2C+Where+Art+Thou%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F13th-october-2001%2F18%2Fo-brother-where-art-thou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warofwords-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warofwords_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2006" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Ian (28 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1933179,00.html">"War of Words"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=War+of+Words&rft.date=2006-10-28&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.guardian.co.uk%2Freview%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1933179%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Macintyre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2640860.ece">The Hitchens brothers: Anatomy of a row</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829204608/http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2640860.ece">Archived</a> 29 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Independent</i>, 11 June 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTryhorn,_Chris2007" class="citation news cs1">Tryhorn, Chris (22 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2007/jun/22/borisstealsquestiontimeshi">"Boris steals Question Time's Hitchens show"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+steals+Question+Time%27s+Hitchens+show&rft.date=2007-06-22&rft.au=Tryhorn%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Forgangrinder%2F2007%2Fjun%2F22%2Fborisstealsquestiontimeshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfimichigan.org/hitchens">"Hitchens vs Hitchens Debate – On God, War, Politics, and Culture"</a>. cfimichigan.org. 7 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/13/hitchens-brothers-square-off-in-debate-over-god-in-civilization/">the original</a> on 15 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hitchens+brothers+debate+if+civilization+can+survive+without+God&rft.date=2010-10-13&rft.au=Eric+Marrapodi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2010%2F10%2F13%2Fhitchens-brothers-square-off-in-debate-over-god-in-civilization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/hitch-quotes-st-paul">"Hitch Quotes St. Paul"</a>. <i>Tablet Magazine</i>. 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Christopher+Hitchens+remembered+at+memorial+service+in+NYC&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Freliable-source%2Fpost%2Fchristopher-hitchens-remembered-at-memorial-service-in-nyc%2F2012%2F04%2F20%2FgIQA1usIWT_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indy1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indy1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indy1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/media-families-3-the-hitchens-1270834.html">"Media families; 3. The Hitchens"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 3 March 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Media+families%3B+3.+The+Hitchens&rft.date=1997-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Fmedia-families-3-the-hitchens-1270834.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anger-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anger_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anger_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2005" class="citation news cs1">Silver, James (14 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/14/mailonsunday.mondaymediasection">"Look forward in anger"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Look+forward+in+anger&rft.date=2005-11-14&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2005%2Fnov%2F14%2Fmailonsunday.mondaymediasection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2000" class="citation web cs1">Maguire, Kevin (7 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/jun/07/uk.oxbridgeandelitism">"How 'Bonkers' launched the battle for Britain"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+%27Bonkers%27+launched+the+battle+for+Britain&rft.date=2000-06-07&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2000%2Fjun%2F07%2Fuk.oxbridgeandelitism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His first cited article from the latter paper on the <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a> is "Stoke to Build Alpine Engine", 28 June 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinslee2018" class="citation web cs1">Ainslee, Jonny (20 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalistsontruth.com/a-z-of-interviews/peter-hitchens">"Peter Hitchens - News is what somebody, somewhere, wants suppressed"</a>. <i>journalistsontruth.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=journalistsontruth.com&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens+-+News+is+what+somebody%2C+somewhere%2C+wants+suppressed.&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft.aulast=Ainslee&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalistsontruth.com%2Fa-z-of-interviews%2Fpeter-hitchens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattenstone1999" class="citation news cs1">Hattenstone, Simon (20 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/sep/20/features11.g23">"Raging bulldog: Peter Hitchens"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Raging+bulldog%3A+Peter+Hitchens&rft.date=1999-09-20&rft.aulast=Hattenstone&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F1999%2Fsep%2F20%2Ffeatures11.g23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2005" class="citation news cs1">Silver, James (14 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/14/mailonsunday.mondaymediasection">"Look forward in anger"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Look+forward+in+anger&rft.date=2005-11-14&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2005%2Fnov%2F14%2Fmailonsunday.mondaymediasection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Somalia-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Somalia_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/saturday/audio/2018632507/peter-hitchens-the-uk-is-an-atrophied-nation">"Peter Hitchens: The UK is an 'atrophied' nation"</a>. <i>radionz.co.nz</i>. 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=radionz.co.nz&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens%3A+The+UK+is+an+%27atrophied%27+nation&rft.date=2018-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fprogrammes%2Fsaturday%2Faudio%2F2018632507%2Fpeter-hitchens-the-uk-is-an-atrophied-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2000" class="citation web cs1">Hodgson, Jessica (7 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2000/dec/07/pressandpublishing.dailyexpress1?INTCMP=SRCH">"Hitchens quits Express"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hitchens+quits+Express&rft.date=2000-12-07&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2000%2Fdec%2F07%2Fpressandpublishing.dailyexpress1%3FINTCMP%3DSRCH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Express-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Express_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1061015.stm">"Veteran columnist quits Express"</a> (report). BBC News. 9 December 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Veteran+columnist+quits+Express&rft.date=2000-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F1061015.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Moore for the Frontline Club. 1 May 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontlineclub.com/the_orwell_prize_2007/">The Orwell Prize 2007</a>. Quote: "...judge Francis Wheen congratulated a strong field that included ...Peter Hitchens – more for his delightfully frank foreign dispatches than his 'fire and brimstone' Mail columns (read, for example, his article on 'Iran – a nation of nose jobs, not nuclear war')."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2009" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Owen (26 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428005352/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=43424&c=1">"Shortlists announced for Orwell Prize for political writing"</a>. <i>Press Gazette</i>. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=43424&c=1">the original</a> on 28 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press+Gazette&rft.atitle=Shortlists+announced+for+Orwell+Prize+for+political+writing&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressgazette.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3Fsectioncode%3D1%26storycode%3D43424%26c%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS_Orwell_prize-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NS_Orwell_prize_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrilling2010" class="citation news cs1">Trilling, Daniel (20 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/cultural-capital/2010/05/orwell-prize-hitchens">"Peter Hitchens wins the Orwell Prize"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens+wins+the+Orwell+Prize&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft.aulast=Trilling&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fblogs%2Fcultural-capital%2F2010%2F05%2Forwell-prize-hitchens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoligher2010" class="citation web cs1">Goligher, Kate (25 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nouse.co.uk/2010/05/25/university-of-york-graduate-peter-hitchens-wins-orwell-prize-for-foreign-correspondence/">"University of York graduate Peter Hitchens wins Orwell prize for foreign correspondence"</a>. Nouse<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+York+graduate+Peter+Hitchens+wins+Orwell+prize+for+foreign+correspondence&rft.pub=Nouse&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft.aulast=Goligher&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nouse.co.uk%2F2010%2F05%2F25%2Funiversity-of-york-graduate-peter-hitchens-wins-orwell-prize-for-foreign-correspondence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/arts/2018/03/08/news/peter-hitchens-on-why-we-should-trust-russia-and-how-the-second-world-war-was-phoney--1270433/">"Peter Hitchens on why we should leave Russia be and how the Second World War was 'phoney'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. Dublin. 8 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens+on+why+we+should+leave+Russia+be+and+how+the+Second+World+War+was+%27phoney%27&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Farts%2F2018%2F03%2F08%2Fnews%2Fpeter-hitchens-on-why-we-should-trust-russia-and-how-the-second-world-war-was-phoney--1270433%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_week/5412812.stm">"Peter Hitchens"</a>. <i>This Week</i>. News. The BBC. 6 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=This+Week&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fthis_week%2F5412812.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvguide.co.uk/The_Big_Questions">"The Big Questions Comments"</a>. tvguide.co.uk. 8 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Big+Questions+Comments&rft.date=2018-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvguide.co.uk%2FThe_Big_Questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2015" class="citation web cs1">Hitchens, Peter [@ClarkeMicah] (8 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/ClarkeMicah/status/630111143399452673">"@cynicalyoubet Much appreciated. No, I have made four full-length documentaries, otherwise there are various clips that others put up"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%40cynicalyoubet+Much+appreciated.+No%2C+I+have+made+four+full-length+documentaries%2C+otherwise+there+are+various+clips+that+others+put+up.&rft.date=2015-08-08&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FClarkeMicah%2Fstatus%2F630111143399452673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2004" class="citation news cs1">Sampson, Anthony (15 May 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/anthony-sampson-mandela-is-not-a-saint-but-he-could-teach-blair-and-bush-about-peace-making-563444.html">"Mandela is not a saint, but he could teach Blair and Bush about peace-making"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/anthony-sampson-mandela-is-not-a-saint-but-he-could-teach-blair-and-bush-about-peace-making-563444.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(14 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-problem-with-anglo-gaullism-">"The problem with Anglo-Gaullism | The Spectator"</a>. <i>www.spectator.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spectator.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+problem+with+Anglo-Gaullism+%7C+The+Spectator&rft.date=2021-08-14&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Julian+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-problem-with-anglo-gaullism-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gove_The_Times-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gove_The_Times_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGove2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove, Michael</a> (5 May 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dazzling-divisions-of-the-hitchens-brothers-69wv0qf6qpz">"Dazzling divisions of the Hitchens brothers"</a></span>. <i>The Times</i>. 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UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Byelection+contender+denounces+%27liberal%27+Portillo&rft.date=1999-09-17&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F1999%2Fsep%2F17%2Fuk.politicalnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2017" class="citation web cs1">Payne, Adam (31 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/peter-hitchens-interview-jeremy-corbyn-theresa-may-brexit-2017-7?r=US&IR=T">"Peter Hitchens: I have got 'a lot of pleasure' out of Corbyn's success"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens%3A+I+have+got+%27a+lot+of+pleasure%27+out+of+Corbyn%27s+success&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fpeter-hitchens-interview-jeremy-corbyn-theresa-may-brexit-2017-7%3Fr%3DUS%26IR%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland2000-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland2000_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Sutherland2000" class="citation book cs1">Keith Sutherland (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LwTMA57TXEC&pg=PA93"><i>The Rape of the Constitution?</i></a>. Imprint Academic. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-70-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-70-6"><bdi>978-0-907845-70-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+the+Constitution%3F&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-907845-70-6&rft.au=Keith+Sutherland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LwTMA57TXEC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why_I_respect_Peter_Hitchens-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Why_I_respect_Peter_Hitchens_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, JT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectre-online.org/why-i-respect-peter-hitchens/">"Why I respect Peter Hitchens"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923111613/http://spectre-online.org/why-i-respect-peter-hitchens/">Archived</a> 23 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spectre|27 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701122518/http://spectator.org/59563_foul-tornado/">"The Foul Tornado"</a>. <i>The American Spectator</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+martial+nation+needs+Churchill+to+inspire+us&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandpointmag.co.uk%2Fissues%2Foctober-2018%2Ffeatures-november-2018-daniel-johnson-winston-churchill-peter-hitchens-andrew-roberts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2019" class="citation web cs1">West, Andrew (5 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/religionandethicsreport/the-phoney-victory/11180854">"The Religion and Ethics Report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=The+Religion+and+Ethics+Report&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Freligionandethicsreport%2Fthe-phoney-victory%2F11180854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni2019" class="citation web cs1">Giovanni, Charles (14 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cercles.com/review/r84/Hitchens.html">"The Phoney Victory - Reviewed by Charles Giovanni, Vanzan Coutinho, New York"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Phoney+Victory+-+Reviewed+by+Charles+Giovanni%2C+Vanzan+Coutinho%2C+New+York&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft.aulast=Giovanni&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cercles.com%2Freview%2Fr84%2FHitchens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2018" class="citation web cs1">Hitchens, Peter (27 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2018/09/a-reply-to-the-knighted-professor-his-review-of-my-book-is-a-very-poor-piece-of-work-.html">"A Reply to the Knighted Professor. His Review of My Book is a Very Poor Piece of Work"</a>. <i>Peter Hitchens Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peter+Hitchens+Blog&rft.atitle=A+Reply+to+the+Knighted+Professor.+His+Review+of+My+Book+is+a+Very+Poor+Piece+of+Work&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk%2F2018%2F09%2Fa-reply-to-the-knighted-professor-his-review-of-my-book-is-a-very-poor-piece-of-work-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiolo2018" class="citation web cs1">Maiolo, Joseph (2 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/myth-second-world-war/">"Myth understanding - Trying to make sense of the Second World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myth+understanding+-+Trying+to+make+sense+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=2018-11-02&rft.aulast=Maiolo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fmyth-second-world-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgh2008" class="citation book cs1">Burgh, Hugo de (27 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YLROtlz42h4C&pg=PA81"><i>Investigative Journalism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06871-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06871-5"><bdi>978-1-134-06871-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigative+Journalism&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-05-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-06871-5&rft.aulast=Burgh&rft.aufirst=Hugo+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYLROtlz42h4C%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinsmeisterKauffmann2002" class="citation web cs1">Zinsmeister, Karl; Kauffmann, Bill (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA94335044&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=10473572&p=AONE&sw=w">"A prominent British editorialist and conservative takes a pessimistic look at the future of an increasingly centralized and socialist Europe. ("Live" with TAE: Peter Hitchens)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+prominent+British+editorialist+and+conservative+takes+a+pessimistic+look+at+the+future+of+an+increasingly+centralized+and+socialist+Europe.+%28%22Live%22+with+TAE%3A+Peter+Hitchens%29&rft.date=2002-12&rft.aulast=Zinsmeister&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Kauffmann%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fanonymous%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA94335044%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26linkaccess%3Dabs%26issn%3D10473572%26p%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corbyn-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corbyn_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corbyn_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Payne2017" class="citation web cs1">Adam Payne (31 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/peter-hitchens-interview-jeremy-corbyn-theresa-may-brexit-2017-7">"Peter Hitchens: I have got 'a lot of pleasure' out of Corbyn's success"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens%3A+I+have+got+%27a+lot+of+pleasure%27+out+of+Corbyn%27s+success&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.au=Adam+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fpeter-hitchens-interview-jeremy-corbyn-theresa-may-brexit-2017-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalther2019" class="citation web cs1">Walther, Matthew (29 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/articles/832142/brexit-designed-fail">"Brexit was designed to fail"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Brexit+was+designed+to+fail&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft.aulast=Walther&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F832142%2Fbrexit-designed-fail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2007" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Tammy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2whS9tXKLn4C&pg=PA63"><i>Health, Risk and News</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8838-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8838-7"><bdi>978-0-8204-8838-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health%2C+Risk+and+News&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-8838-7&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Tammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2whS9tXKLn4C%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2020" class="citation book cs1">Ritchie, Stuart (16 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWizDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT168"><i>Science Fictions: Exposing Fraud, Bias, Negligence and Hype in Science</i></a>. Random House. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-6425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-6425-1"><bdi>978-1-4735-6425-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fictions%3A+Exposing+Fraud%2C+Bias%2C+Negligence+and+Hype+in+Science&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4735-6425-1&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWizDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJLetter-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMJLetter_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJLetter_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruthers2013" class="citation journal cs1">Struthers, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2598/rr/643958">"Re: MMR, measles, and the South Wales Evening Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Re%3A+MMR%2C+measles%2C+and+the+South+Wales+Evening+Post&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Struthers&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F346%2Fbmj.f2598%2Frr%2F643958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210228094538/https://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2021/02/peter-hitchens-ive-had-the-covid-jab-and-all-it-cost-me-was-my-freedom.html">"Peter Hitchens: I've had the Covid jab - and all it cost me was my freedom"</a>. <i>archive.is</i>. 28 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2021/02/peter-hitchens-ive-had-the-covid-jab-and-all-it-cost-me-was-my-freedom.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.is&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens%3A+I%27ve+had+the+Covid+jab+-+and+all+it+cost+me+was+my+freedom&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk%2F2021%2F02%2Fpeter-hitchens-ive-had-the-covid-jab-and-all-it-cost-me-was-my-freedom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-york-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-york_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-york_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Staples-Butler2013" class="citation web cs1">Jack Staples-Butler (27 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140710041617/http://www.theyorker.co.uk/politics/york/14107-the-yorker-meets-peter-hitchens">"The Yorker Meets... 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href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/face-mask-rules-uk-shops-exempt/">"Face mask rules: compulsory coverings in shops, fines and who is exempt from wearing one"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/face-mask-rules-uk-shops-exempt/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Face+mask+rules%3A+compulsory+coverings+in+shops%2C+fines+and+who+is+exempt+from+wearing+one&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhealth-fitness%2Fbody%2Fface-mask-rules-uk-shops-exempt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo2020" class="citation web cs1">Lo, Joe (23 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leftfootforward.org/2020/07/nearly-90-of-brits-say-masks-are-important/">"Nearly 90% of Brits say masks are important"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nearly+90%25+of+Brits+say+masks+are+important&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleftfootforward.org%2F2020%2F07%2Fnearly-90-of-brits-say-masks-are-important%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freerepublic.com&rft.atitle=The+Warmongers+are+Losing+Heart+in+Ukraine.+Plus%2C+how+did+Suella+Braverman+Fail+to+Spot+that+the+Police+are+Left+Wing%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreerepublic.com%2Ffocus%2Ff-bloggers%2F4196539%2Fposts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skynews.com.au/opinion/piers-morgan/stop-whining-piers-morgan-clashes-with-peter-hitchens-on-ukrainerussia-war/video/c6732165d6fae707f3db5c2b2205f981">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Stop whining': Piers Morgan clashes with Peter Hitchens on Ukraine-Russia war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a></i>. 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=%27Stop+whining%27%3A+Piers+Morgan+clashes+with+Peter+Hitchens+on+Ukraine-Russia+war&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skynews.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fpiers-morgan%2Fstop-whining-piers-morgan-clashes-with-peter-hitchens-on-ukrainerussia-war%2Fvideo%2Fc6732165d6fae707f3db5c2b2205f981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorello2022" class="citation news cs1">Morello, Sebastian (20 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanconservative.com/articles/commentary/frozen-bank-accounts-again-the-arrival-of-a-new-tyranny/">"Frozen Bank Accounts, Again: The Arrival of a New Tyranny"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Conservative" title="The European Conservative">The European Conservative</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Conservative&rft.atitle=Frozen+Bank+Accounts%2C+Again%3A+The+Arrival+of+a+New+Tyranny&rft.date=2022-11-20&rft.aulast=Morello&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeanconservative.com%2Farticles%2Fcommentary%2Ffrozen-bank-accounts-again-the-arrival-of-a-new-tyranny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theamericanconservative.com/assange-phillips-and-the-end-of-rights/">"Assange, Phillips, and the End of Rights"</a>. 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assange%2C+Phillips%2C+and+the+End+of+Rights&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanconservative.com%2Fassange-phillips-and-the-end-of-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-war_on_drugs-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-war_on_drugs_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation news cs1">Ross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713173447/https://www.educationumbrella.com/curriculum-vital/book-review-the-war-we-never-fought-the-british-establishments-surrender-to-drugs-by-peter-hitchens">"The War We Never Fought The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs By Peter Hitchens"</a>. <i>educationumbrella.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.educationumbrella.com/curriculum-vital/book-review-the-war-we-never-fought-the-british-establishments-surrender-to-drugs-by-peter-hitchens">the original</a> on 13 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=educationumbrella.com&rft.atitle=The+War+We+Never+Fought+The+British+Establishment%27s+Surrender+to+Drugs+By+Peter+Hitchens&rft.au=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationumbrella.com%2Fcurriculum-vital%2Fbook-review-the-war-we-never-fought-the-british-establishments-surrender-to-drugs-by-peter-hitchens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspinall2014" class="citation news cs1">Aspinall, John (24 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053316/http://my.telegraph.co.uk/jaydeeay/asp/311/a-misunderstood-man-short-breaks-in-mordor-by-peter-hitchens/">"A Misunderstood Man: <i>Short Breaks in Mordor</i> by Peter Hitchens"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://my.telegraph.co.uk/jaydeeay/asp/311/a-misunderstood-man-short-breaks-in-mordor-by-peter-hitchens/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=A+Misunderstood+Man%3A+Short+Breaks+in+Mordor+by+Peter+Hitchens&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.aulast=Aspinall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmy.telegraph.co.uk%2Fjaydeeay%2Fasp%2F311%2Fa-misunderstood-man-short-breaks-in-mordor-by-peter-hitchens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtauris.com/books/humanities/history/history%20specific%20events%20%20topics/social%20%20cultural%20history/the%20phoney%20victory%20the%20world%20war%20ii%20delusion">"I.B.Tauris Publishers"</a>. Ibtauris.com. 29 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I.B.Tauris+Publishers&rft.pub=Ibtauris.com&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtauris.com%2Fbooks%2Fhumanities%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2520specific%2520events%2520%2520topics%2Fsocial%2520%2520cultural%2520history%2Fthe%2520phoney%2520victory%2520the%2520world%2520war%2520ii%2520delusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/Peter-Hitchens-Phoney-Victory-World-War-II-Delusion">"Peter Hitchens's Eurosceptic take on the Second World War is riddled with errors and bizarre theories"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Peter+Hitchens%27s+Eurosceptic+take+on+the+Second+World+War+is+riddled+with+errors+and+bizarre+theories&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2FPeter-Hitchens-Phoney-Victory-World-War-II-Delusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peter_Hitchens" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Peter Hitchens">Peter Hitchens</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1510102/">Peter Hitchens</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?34951">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2005" class="citation web cs1">Hitchens, Peter (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002035916/http://st-michaels.org.uk/Sermons%202005/Peter%20Hitchens%20-%20City%20New%20Year%20service.pdf">"City New Year Service, The Parish Church"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (address). <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cornhill" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Cornhill">St. Michael's Cornhill</a>, London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-michaels.org.uk/Sermons%202005/Peter%20Hitchens%20-%20City%20New%20Year%20service.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+New+Year+Service%2C+The+Parish+Church&rft.place=St.+Michael%27s+Cornhill%2C+London&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fst-michaels.org.uk%2FSermons%25202005%2FPeter%2520Hitchens%2520-%2520City%2520New%2520Year%2520service.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens" class="citation news cs1">Hitchens, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/author/peter-hitchens/">"Articles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="American Conservative">American Conservative</a></i> (archive).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Conservative&rft.atitle=Articles&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanconservative.com%2Fauthor%2Fpeter-hitchens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens" class="citation news cs1">Hitchens, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iai.tv/video/drug-culture">"Drug Culture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Art_and_Ideas" title="Institute of Art and Ideas">Institute of Art and Ideas</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drug+Culture&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiai.tv%2Fvideo%2Fdrug-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Hitchens" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_by_Peter_Hitchens27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peter_Hitchens" title="Template:Peter Hitchens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peter_Hitchens" title="Template talk:Peter Hitchens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peter_Hitchens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peter Hitchens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_by_Peter_Hitchens27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Books by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Hitchens</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Britain" title="The Abolition of Britain">The Abolition of Britain</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monday_Morning_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Monday Morning Blues">Monday Morning Blues</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Crime" title="A Brief History of Crime">A Brief History of Crime<i>/</i>The Abolition of Liberty</a></i> (2003/2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Compass" title="The Broken Compass">The Broken Compass<i>/</i>The Cameron Delusion</a></i> (2009/2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_We_Never_Fought" title="The War We Never Fought">The War We Never Fought: The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoney_Victory" title="The Phoney Victory">The Phoney Victory: The World War II Illusion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i>Unconventional Wisdom</i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christopher_Hitchens168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christopher_Hitchens" title="Template:Christopher Hitchens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christopher_Hitchens" title="Template talk:Christopher Hitchens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christopher_Hitchens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christopher Hitchens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christopher_Hitchens168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens_bibliography" title="Christopher Hitchens bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Christopher_Hitchens" title="Political views of Christopher Hitchens">Political views</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Spoils" title="Imperial Spoils">Imperial Spoils</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood,_Class,_and_Nostalgia" title="Blood, Class, and Nostalgia">Blood, Class, and Nostalgia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Missionary_Position:_Mother_Teresa_in_Theory_and_Practice" title="The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice">The Missionary Position</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prepared_for_the_Worst" title="Prepared for the Worst">Prepared for the Worst</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_One_Left_to_Lie_To" title="No One Left to Lie To">No One Left to Lie To</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unacknowledged_Legislation" title="Unacknowledged Legislation">Unacknowledged Legislation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Contrarian" title="Letters to a Young Contrarian">Letters to a Young Contrarian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Henry_Kissinger" title="The Trial of Henry Kissinger">The Trial of Henry Kissinger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Orwell_Matters" title="Why Orwell Matters">Why Orwell Matters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Long_Short_War" title="A Long Short War">A Long Short War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love,_Poverty,_and_War" title="Love, Poverty, and War">Love, Poverty, and War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson:_Author_of_America" title="Thomas Jefferson: Author of America">Thomas Jefferson: Author of America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine%27s_%22Rights_of_Man%22:_A_Biography" title="Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man": A Biography">Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man": A Biography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitch-22" title="Hitch-22">Hitch-22</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arguably" title="Arguably">Arguably</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mortality_(book)" title="Mortality (book)">Mortality</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works edited</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blaming_the_Victims" title="Blaming the Victims">Blaming the Victims</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Portable_Atheist" title="The Portable Atheist">The Portable Atheist</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_57001%E2%80%9358000#901" title="List of minor planets: 57001–58000">57901 Hitchens</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Angel_(TV_programme)" title="Hell's Angel (TV programme)">Hell's Angel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trials_of_Henry_Kissinger" title="The Trials of Henry Kissinger">The Trials of Henry Kissinger</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchens%27s_razor" title="Hitchens's razor">Hitchens's razor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverism" title="Riverism">Riverism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruralism_(Uruguay)" title="Ruralism (Uruguay)"><i>Ruralismo</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies1176" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1850512#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1354" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1850512#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1850512#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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