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<ul id="toc-Pillarless_hardtop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detachable_hardtops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detachable_hardtops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Detachable hardtops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detachable_hardtops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retractable_hardtops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retractable_hardtops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Retractable hardtops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retractable_hardtops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capota_r%C3%ADgida" title="Capota rígida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capota rígida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="سقف سخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سقف سخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-top" title="Hard-top – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hard-top" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Хардтоп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хардтоп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtopas" title="Hardtopas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hardtopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%88%E3%83%83%E3%83%97" title="ハードトップ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハードトップ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Хардтоп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хардтоп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hardtop" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Гардтоп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гардтоп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="ہارڈٹاپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہارڈٹاپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1336161#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Automobile roof</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hardtop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hardtop (disambiguation)">Hardtop (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1965_AMC_Marlin_white_6_NJ_interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1965_AMC_Marlin_white_6_NJ_interior.JPG/250px-1965_AMC_Marlin_white_6_NJ_interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1965_AMC_Marlin_white_6_NJ_interior.JPG/500px-1965_AMC_Marlin_white_6_NJ_interior.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>1965 <a href="/wiki/Rambler_Marlin" title="Rambler Marlin">Rambler Marlin</a>, a pillarless hardtop</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>hardtop</b> is a rigid form of <a href="/wiki/Automobile_roof" title="Automobile roof">automobile roof</a>, typically metal, and integral to the vehicle's design, strength, and style. The term typically applies to a pillarless hardtop, a <a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">car body style</a> without a <a href="/wiki/B-pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="B-pillar">B-pillar</a>. The term "pillared hardtop" was used in the 1970s to refer to cars that had a B-pillar but had frameless door glass like a pillarless hardtop. </p><p>In limited cases, a hardtop roof can be <a href="/wiki/Convertible#Detachable_hardtop" title="Convertible">detachable</a> (often designed to store in the trunk), or <a href="/wiki/Retractable_hardtop" title="Retractable hardtop">retractable</a> within the vehicle itself. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pillarless_hardtop"><span class="anchor" id="pillarless"></span> Pillarless hardtop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardtop&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pillarless hardtop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_sedan_(6335532503).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_sedan_%286335532503%29.jpg/250px-1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_sedan_%286335532503%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_sedan_%286335532503%29.jpg/330px-1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_sedan_%286335532503%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_sedan_%286335532503%29.jpg/500px-1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_sedan_%286335532503%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2099" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1969 Australian <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Phoenix" title="Dodge Phoenix">Dodge Phoenix</a> four-door sedan has a B-pillar and painted window frames</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_hardtop_sedan_(6336273002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_hardtop_sedan_%286336273002%29.jpg/250px-1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_hardtop_sedan_%286336273002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_hardtop_sedan_%286336273002%29.jpg/330px-1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_hardtop_sedan_%286336273002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_hardtop_sedan_%286336273002%29.jpg/500px-1969_Dodge_DE_Phoenix_400_hardtop_sedan_%286336273002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1999" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1969 Dodge Phoenix 400 four-door hardtop. The lack of a B-pillar and window frames, added vinyl roof, wider C-pillar, and softened roofline create an appearance similar to a convertible.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:76_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Brougham_(14368997025).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/76_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Brougham_%2814368997025%29.jpg/250px-76_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Brougham_%2814368997025%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/76_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Brougham_%2814368997025%29.jpg/330px-76_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Brougham_%2814368997025%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/76_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Brougham_%2814368997025%29.jpg/500px-76_Chrysler_New_Yorker_Brougham_%2814368997025%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3926" data-file-height="2615" /></a><figcaption>1976 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_New_Yorker" title="Chrysler New Yorker">Chrysler New Yorker</a> with doors open. Note the absence of a driver's vent window and half-height pillar to which the rear doors attach.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1963_Rambler_American_440-H_black-red_MD_rl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1963_Rambler_American_440-H_black-red_MD_rl.jpg/250px-1963_Rambler_American_440-H_black-red_MD_rl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1963_Rambler_American_440-H_black-red_MD_rl.jpg/330px-1963_Rambler_American_440-H_black-red_MD_rl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1963_Rambler_American_440-H_black-red_MD_rl.jpg/500px-1963_Rambler_American_440-H_black-red_MD_rl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>1963 <a href="/wiki/Rambler_American" title="Rambler American">Rambler American</a> hardtop featured roof styling with crease lines to resemble convertible top bows</figcaption></figure> <p>The pillarless hardtop (abbreviated as "hardtop") is a post-World War II car body designed with no center or <a href="/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">B-pillar</a> or glass frames.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If window glass frames are present, they are designed to retract with the window when lowered. This creates an impression of uninterrupted glass along the side of the car.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the smaller automakers like <a href="/wiki/Packard" title="Packard">Packard</a> introduced two-door hardtops in 1952 "as a response to America's newly discovered fondness for sportier looking cars that resembled a convertible, but had the comfort and convenience of a two-door sedan."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one instance, stylists added faux ribbing to a hardtop roof to make it appear to be like a convertible top,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1960s, optional <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_roof" title="Vinyl roof">vinyl roofs</a> became widely available in virtually all model lines, reinforcing the convertible look in hardtops. </p><p>A pillarless hardtop is inherently less rigid than a pillared body, requiring extra underbody strength to prevent shaking. Production hardtops commonly share the <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">frame</a> or reinforced body structure of the contemporary convertible model, which is reinforced to compensate for the lack of a fixed roof. The hardtop design received criticism that its roof structure may not provide adequate protection during a rollover crash.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell-1970_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-1970-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, subsequent research reported that rates of serious or fatal injury in hardtop models (both two- and four-door versions), as well as four-door station wagons, were significantly lower than sedans while the rates of any degree of injury for those same body styles were also significantly lower.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell-1970_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-1970-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1980 study for evaluation of rollover test devices reported that a greater degree of roof crush was associated with hardtop body styles, but severe passenger injury was not more frequent than in the other car body styles.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hardtop body style began to disappear along with convertibles in the mid-1970s, partly out of a concern that U.S. federal safety regulations would be onerous for pillarless models to pass. The ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> construction also made the pillarless design less practical. Some models adopted modified roof styling, placing the B-pillars behind the tinted side window glass and painting or molding the outer side of each pillar in black to make them less visible, creating a hardtop look without actually omitting the pillar. Some mid- to late-1970s models continued their previous two-door hardtop bodies, but with fixed rear windows or a variety of vinyl roof and <a href="/wiki/Opera_window" title="Opera window">opera window</a> treatments. </p><p>By the end of the 1990s, almost all hardtop designs were discontinued as structural integrity standards increased. </p><p>Hardtops were typically more expensive than regular <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan</a> models when new. They are more collectible than standard models of the same vehicle, which have a B-pillar.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardtop&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Studebaker_1926_Phaeton_With_California_Top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Studebaker_1926_Phaeton_With_California_Top.jpg/250px-Studebaker_1926_Phaeton_With_California_Top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Studebaker_1926_Phaeton_With_California_Top.jpg/330px-Studebaker_1926_Phaeton_With_California_Top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Studebaker_1926_Phaeton_With_California_Top.jpg/500px-Studebaker_1926_Phaeton_With_California_Top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="1775" /></a><figcaption>California Top on a 1926 <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Special_Six" title="Studebaker Special Six">Studebaker Special Six</a> Phaeton</figcaption></figure> <p>Early automobiles had no roof or sides, but by 1900, several cars were offered with fabric roofs and primitive folding tops.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.cbsnews.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cbsnews.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, cars with fully closed bodies (i.e., with a rigid roof and sides) grew in popularity and soon became the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-www.cbsnews.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cbsnews.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915–1918, the first pillarless hardtop cars were produced, then called "convertible cars" (or "touring sedans" or "Springfields").<sup id="cite_ref-Howley-History_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howley-History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Springfield design featured folding upper frames on the doors and the rear glass frames are removable and stored under or behind the seats.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late teens, Cadillac offered a sedan with removable "B" pillars. </p><p>Another form of early pillarless hardtop is the "California top", originating in Los Angeles and most popular from 1917 to 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Howley-History_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howley-History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were designed to replace the folding roofs of <a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">touring cars</a>, to enclose the sides of the car for better weather protection.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One objective of these aftermarket tops was to bring the cost of the closed car nearer to the prices of corresponding open cars.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automobile dealers were encouraged to equip an open car with a California top to demonstrate that they were "cool and clean in summer, and warm and dry in winter."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hard tops were frequently equipped with celluloid windows that retracted like a <a href="/wiki/Window_blind#Roller_Blinds" title="Window blind">roller blind</a> for open sided motoring offering a low-cost compromise between an open and closed car.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardtop&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1969_Pontiac_Parisienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1969_Pontiac_Parisienne.jpg/250px-1969_Pontiac_Parisienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1969_Pontiac_Parisienne.jpg/330px-1969_Pontiac_Parisienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1969_Pontiac_Parisienne.jpg/500px-1969_Pontiac_Parisienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two-door hardtop coupe: <br /> 1969 <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Parisienne" title="Pontiac Parisienne">Pontiac Parisienne</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1966_Chrysler_Newport_(4345700182).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/1966_Chrysler_Newport_%284345700182%29.jpg/250px-1966_Chrysler_Newport_%284345700182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/1966_Chrysler_Newport_%284345700182%29.jpg/330px-1966_Chrysler_Newport_%284345700182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/1966_Chrysler_Newport_%284345700182%29.jpg/500px-1966_Chrysler_Newport_%284345700182%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="1645" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Four-door hardtop sedan: <br /> 1966 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Newport" title="Chrysler Newport">Chrysler Newport</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1957_Mercury_Commuter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1957_Mercury_Commuter.jpg/220px-1957_Mercury_Commuter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1957_Mercury_Commuter.jpg/330px-1957_Mercury_Commuter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1957_Mercury_Commuter.jpg/440px-1957_Mercury_Commuter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two-door hardtop wagon: <br /> 1957 <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Commuter" title="Mercury Commuter">Mercury Commuter</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG/250px-1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG/330px-1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG/500px-1958_Ambassador_4-d_hardtop_wagon_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Four-door hardtop wagon: <br /> 1958 <a href="/wiki/AMC_Ambassador" title="AMC Ambassador">Rambler Ambassador</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>There were a variety of hardtop-like body styles dating back to 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chrysler Corporation built seven pillarless Town and Country hardtop coupes as concept vehicles in 1946, and even included the body style in its advertising that year called the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Newport#1950s" title="Chrysler Newport">Town and Country Custom Club Coupe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, Plymouth offered the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Belvedere#Cranbrook_Belvedere_(1951–1953)" title="Plymouth Belvedere">Cranbrook Belvedere</a> as a low priced hardtop two-door until 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunnell_P655_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnell_P655-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mass-production of hardtops began with <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a>, which launched two-door, pillarless hardtops in 1949 as the <a href="/wiki/Buick_Roadmaster" title="Buick Roadmaster">Buick Roadmaster</a> Riviera, <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_98" title="Oldsmobile 98">Oldsmobile 98</a> Holiday, and <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadillac Coupe de Ville">Cadillac Coupe de Ville</a>. They were purportedly inspired by the wife of a Buick executive who always drove convertibles, but never lowered the top. </p><p>The Kaiser-Frazer 1949 Virginian was an early example of a four-door hardtop albeit with a removable thin, chrome- and-glass 'B' pillar held on by five screws.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The car was designed to have a convertible look and padded nylon or cotton was applied over the roof contributing to the soft-top appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two-door hardtops became popular with consumers in the 1950s, while the two-door sedan body design fell out of favor among buyers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, General Motors introduced the first four-door hardtops.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the pattern established by the two-door variants, GM utilized the same special sub-designations for the pillarless four-door body types within all their brands in North America. The term <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Deville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadillac Deville">de Ville</a> was used for Cadillac, Riviera was used for Buick, Holiday was used for Oldsmobile, <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Catalina" title="Pontiac Catalina">Catalina</a> was used for Pontiac, and <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Bel_Air" title="Chevrolet Bel Air">Bel Air</a> was used for Chevrolet.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other manufacturers also designated unique names for their pillarless models. Ford called them Victoria, Chrysler used Newport, and their luxury division Imperial used the name <a href="/wiki/Southampton_(village),_New_York" title="Southampton (village), New York">Southampton</a>, Packard named them <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, and Hudson's were Hollywoods. Nash used the Country Club moniker while pillarless Studebakers were Starliners, a name that was later used by Ford for its Galaxie hardtop. </p><p>By 1956, every major U.S. automaker offered two- and four-door hardtops in a particular model lineup. General Motors restyled their new models and offered four-door hardtops from every division and nearly every series except the lowest-priced lines. Chrysler also offered two- and four-door hardtops for every brand, from Imperial, Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge, and Plymouth.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, the first four-door hardtop <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagons</a> were introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Rambler_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambler Six">Rambler</a> line by <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">American Motors Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Commuter" title="Mercury Commuter">Mercury Commuter</a> hardtop wagons became available in both two- and four-door body styles. Chrysler built four-door hardtop station wagons through 1964 in both the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Custom_880" title="Dodge Custom 880">Dodge 880</a> lines. </p><p>Throughout the 1960s, the two-door pillarless hardtop was the most popular body style in most lines where such a model was offered. Even on family-type vehicles like the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala" title="Chevrolet Impala">Chevrolet Impala</a>, the two-door hardtop regularly outsold four-door sedans. Some car lines (such as the 1957-64 Cadillac and 1965–69 Corvair) only offered pillarless models with no pillared sedans. So prevalent were true hardtops that <i>Popular Mechanics</i> had to describe that the new full-sized 1967 <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_88" title="Oldsmobile 88">Oldsmobile Delmont</a> models even included <i>a "pillar" sedan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. industry's last pillarless two-door and four-door hardtops were in the 1978 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Newport" title="Chrysler Newport">Chrysler Newport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_New_Yorker" title="Chrysler New Yorker">New Yorker</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, no U.S. manufacturer has offered a true hardtop in regular production. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardtop&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_300_D_Adenauer_(3567201923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mercedes-Benz_300_D_Adenauer_%283567201923%29.jpg/250px-Mercedes-Benz_300_D_Adenauer_%283567201923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mercedes-Benz_300_D_Adenauer_%283567201923%29.jpg/330px-Mercedes-Benz_300_D_Adenauer_%283567201923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mercedes-Benz_300_D_Adenauer_%283567201923%29.jpg/500px-Mercedes-Benz_300_D_Adenauer_%283567201923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300d" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz 300d">Mercedes-Benz 300d</a> was marketed as a "<a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">pillarless phaeton"</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunbeam_Rapiers_ca_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sunbeam_Rapiers_ca_1973.jpg/220px-Sunbeam_Rapiers_ca_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sunbeam_Rapiers_ca_1973.jpg/330px-Sunbeam_Rapiers_ca_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sunbeam_Rapiers_ca_1973.jpg/440px-Sunbeam_Rapiers_ca_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>Two 1973 Sunbeam Rapiers: first with side windows lowered and raised on the second car</figcaption></figure> <p>Various European manufacturers have produced hardtops without B-pillars (usually coupes). However, they are rarely marketed as pillarless hardtops. Examples include the current <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Continental_GT" title="Bentley Continental GT">Bentley Continental GT</a>, the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Brooklands" title="Bentley Brooklands">Bentley Brooklands</a>, the 2001-2003 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Avantime" title="Renault Avantime">Renault Avantime</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Wraith_(2013)" title="Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013)">Rolls-Royce Wraith</a>, and the 2012-2017 <a href="/wiki/Ford_B-Max" title="Ford B-Max">Ford B-Max</a>. The 1958-1964 <a href="/wiki/Facel_Vega_Excellence" title="Facel Vega Excellence">Facel Vega Excellence</a> is one of few four-door hardtops produced in Europe. </p><p>German pillarless hardtops included cars from Taunus, a Ford subbrand. Namely the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taunus_P5" title="Ford Taunus P5">Ford Taunus P5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_P7" title="Ford P7">Ford P7</a> including both P7A and P7B versions. They had regular coupe versions with B pillars, but the Hardtop Taunus models had no B pillar and provided an open-air feel inside the car when all the windows were rolled down. DKW was the only German manufacturer that offered pillarless two-door windows, as well as wrap-around windows in the back of the glasshouse from 1953 (3=6 F91) on and with a wrap-around windscreen since 1959 (1000 Coupe). </p><p>British pillarless hardtops included the <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Rapier" title="Sunbeam Rapier">Sunbeam Rapier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Capri#Capri" title="Ford Capri">Ford Consul Capri (355)</a> which, unlike American models, sold fewer cars than their regular center pillar saloon versions. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mini_(marque)" title="Mini (marque)">New Mini</a> two-door sedan has been marketed as a hardtop in the U.S. includes a structural <a href="/wiki/B-pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="B-pillar">B-pillar</a> on the inside that is disguised on the exterior by a black border on the fixed rear windows.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_E-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes E-class">Mercedes E-class</a> coupe W213 from 2016 is an example of a modern pillarless design. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardtop&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1972_Toyota_Crown_MS60_Coup%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1972_Toyota_Crown_MS60_Coup%C3%A9.jpg/250px-1972_Toyota_Crown_MS60_Coup%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1972_Toyota_Crown_MS60_Coup%C3%A9.jpg/330px-1972_Toyota_Crown_MS60_Coup%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1972_Toyota_Crown_MS60_Coup%C3%A9.jpg/500px-1972_Toyota_Crown_MS60_Coup%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>1972 Toyota Crown with side windows lowered</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1965, Toyota introduced Japan's first two-door hardtop in the third generation <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corona" title="Toyota Corona">Toyota Corona</a> line.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by several manufacturers offering the popular body style as a luxury car appearance. During the 1970s, Toyota produced the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Crown" title="Toyota Crown">Toyota Crown</a> in a genuine two-door hardtop,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while offering a pillared four-door hardtop sedan. </p><p>Nissan followed suit with the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Cedric" title="Nissan Cedric">Nissan Cedric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Gloria" title="Nissan Gloria">Nissan Gloria</a> but offered a genuine pillarless four-door hardtop along with a two-door hardtop body styles,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the latter "rendered as a premium quality personal car."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subaru introduced a new compact coupe as a genuine two-door hardtop with the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Leone" title="Subaru Leone">Subaru Leone</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pillarless hardtop models were more expensive and luxurious than the sedan versions. </p><p>In the 1980s, Toyota continued the design with a pillared four-door hardtop <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Mark_II" title="Toyota Mark II">Mark II</a>, while Nissan again offered a genuine hardtop sedan with its <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Laurel" title="Nissan Laurel">Laurel</a>. Toyota introduced a genuine four-door hardtop with the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Carina_ED" title="Toyota Carina ED">Toyota Carina ED</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corona_EXiV" title="Toyota Corona EXiV">Toyota Corona EXiV</a>. Mazda marketed its <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Luce" title="Mazda Luce">Luce</a> and Subaru from 1989 until 2009 with their <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Legacy" title="Subaru Legacy">Legacy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Subaru_Outback" title="Subaru Outback">Outback</a> sedans and station wagons as a pillared hardtop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detachable_hardtops">Detachable hardtops</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardtop&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Detachable hardtops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P138063225dartstratfordtonyf4011001024x768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/P138063225dartstratfordtonyf4011001024x768.jpg/250px-P138063225dartstratfordtonyf4011001024x768.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/P138063225dartstratfordtonyf4011001024x768.jpg/330px-P138063225dartstratfordtonyf4011001024x768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/P138063225dartstratfordtonyf4011001024x768.jpg/500px-P138063225dartstratfordtonyf4011001024x768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>1959 <a href="/wiki/Daimler_SP250" title="Daimler SP250">Daimler SP250</a> with detachable hardtop</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Convertible#Detachable_hardtop" title="Convertible">Convertible § Detachable hardtop</a></div> <p>A detachable hardtop is a rigid, removable roof panel that is often stored in a car's <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">trunk/boot</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retractable_hardtops">Retractable hardtops</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardtop&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Retractable hardtops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VOLVO_C70(in_transforming).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/VOLVO_C70%28in_transforming%29.JPG/250px-VOLVO_C70%28in_transforming%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/VOLVO_C70%28in_transforming%29.JPG/330px-VOLVO_C70%28in_transforming%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/VOLVO_C70%28in_transforming%29.JPG/500px-VOLVO_C70%28in_transforming%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>2005 <a href="/wiki/Volvo_C70" title="Volvo C70">Volvo C70</a> with retractable hardtop</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Retractable_hardtop" title="Retractable hardtop">Retractable hardtop</a></div> <p>A retractable hardtop (also known as coupé convertible or coupé cabriolet) is a type of convertible that forgoes a folding textile roof in favor of an automatically operated, multi-part, self-storing roof where the rigid roof sections are opaque, translucent, or independently operable. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardtop&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlammang1989" class="citation book cs1">Flammang, James M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTM2Ixfev5QC&q=Hardtop+cars+resembled+convertibles"><i>Standard Catalog of American Cars, 1976-1986</i></a>. Krause Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">viii–</span>ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87341-133-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87341-133-2"><bdi>978-0-87341-133-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books. <q>Two-door hardtop: The term hardtop, as used for postwar cars up to the mid - 1970s, describes an automobile styled to resemble a convertible, but with a rigid metal (or fiberglass) top.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+American+Cars%2C+1976-1986&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eviii-%3C%2Fspan%3Eix&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87341-133-2&rft.aulast=Flammang&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxTM2Ixfev5QC%26q%3DHardtop%2Bcars%2Bresembled%2Bconvertibles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ateupwithmotor.com/model-histories/buick-roadmaster-riviera-history/view-all/">"Pillarless Pioneer: The 1949 Buick Roadmaster Riviera"</a>. <i>ateupwithmotor.com</i>. 2 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ateupwithmotor.com&rft.atitle=Pillarless+Pioneer%3A+The+1949+Buick+Roadmaster+Riviera&rft.date=2011-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fateupwithmotor.com%2Fmodel-histories%2Fbuick-roadmaster-riviera-history%2Fview-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunnell1982" class="citation book cs1">Gunnell, John (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joFTAAAAMAAJ&q=HARDTOP+car+styled+to+resemble+a+convertible,+but+having+a+rigid+top"><i>Standard catalog of American cars, 1946-1975</i></a>. 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Engineering Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineering-dictionary.org/Hardtop">the original</a> on 6 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books. <q>The '63 American pillarless hardtop, designed to resemble a convertible with its top up</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cars+of+American+Motors%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8570-3&rft.aulast=Cranswick&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr9j7MWLE_jMC%26dq%3DHardtop%2Bcars%2Bresembled%2Bconvertibles%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-1970-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell-1970_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell-1970_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1970" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Bob J. 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(1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-y_i0tuxygC&dq=Hardtop+body+style&pg=PA20"><i>Analytical Study for Evaluation of Rollover Test Devices. Final Report</i></a>. U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. p. 21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2014</span>. <q>Springfield type construction has a folding upper frame on the doors stored under seat posts between.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+principles+of+automobile+body+design%2C+covering+the+fundamentals+of+open+and+closed+passenger+body+design&rft.pages=245-249&rft.pub=Ware+Bros.&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_oqU7AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintagecarheritage.com/1925-studebaker-big-six-california-top/">"1925 Studebaker Big Six California Top"</a>. <i>vintagecarheritage.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1950-kaiser-virginian.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+Stuff+Works&rft.atitle=1950+Kaiser+Virginian&rft.date=2007-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauto.howstuffworks.com%2F1950-kaiser-virginian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorbye1965" class="citation magazine cs1">Norbye, John P. (October 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SUDAAAAMBAJ&q=How+Car+Buying+Has+Changed+in+20+Years+emergence+of+hardtop+demise+two-door+sedan&pg=PA65">"How Car Buying Has Changed in 20 Years"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. Vol. 187, no. 4. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=How+Car+Buying+Has+Changed+in+20+Years&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1965-10&rft.aulast=Norbye&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SUDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DHow%2BCar%2BBuying%2BHas%2BChanged%2Bin%2B20%2BYears%2Bemergence%2Bof%2Bhardtop%2Bdemise%2Btwo-door%2Bsedan%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlory_Jr.2008" class="citation book cs1">Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-k3ONS880cC&q=1955+General+Motors+introduced+four-door+hardtops&pg=PA621"><i>American Cars, 1946–1959: Every Model, Year by Year</i></a>. McFarland. p. 621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5230-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5230-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-5230-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cars%2C+1946%E2%80%931959%3A+Every+Model%2C+Year+by+Year&rft.pages=621&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5230-9&rft.aulast=Flory+Jr.&rft.aufirst=J.+%22Kelly%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-k3ONS880cC%26q%3D1955%2BGeneral%2BMotors%2Bintroduced%2Bfour-door%2Bhardtops%26pg%3DPA621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1955,_The_Hardtop_Goes_%22Pillarless%22">"1955, The Hardtop Goes "Pillarless"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>gmheritagecenter.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lulu. pp. 147, 148, 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-304-20165-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-304-20165-2"><bdi>978-1-304-20165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1950s+American+Style%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=147%2C+148%2C+151&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-304-20165-2&rft.aulast=Niemeyer&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4q6fBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1955%2BGeneral%2BMotors%2Bintroduced%2Bfour-door%2Bhardtops%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlory_Jr.2008" class="citation book cs1">Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-k3ONS880cC&q=All+five+GM+divisions+restyled+their+new+models,+some+more+than+others+4-door+hardtop+models+were+now+available+from+every+division+and+in+nearly+every+series+except+the+lowest+priced+lines&pg=PA701"><i>American Cars, 1946–1959: Every Model, Year by Year</i></a>. McFarland. p. 701. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5230-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5230-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-5230-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cars%2C+1946%E2%80%931959%3A+Every+Model%2C+Year+by+Year&rft.pages=701&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5230-9&rft.aulast=Flory+Jr.&rft.aufirst=J.+%22Kelly%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-k3ONS880cC%26q%3DAll%2Bfive%2BGM%2Bdivisions%2Brestyled%2Btheir%2Bnew%2Bmodels%2C%2Bsome%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Bothers%2B4-door%2Bhardtop%2Bmodels%2Bwere%2Bnow%2Bavailable%2Bfrom%2Bevery%2Bdivision%2Band%2Bin%2Bnearly%2Bevery%2Bseries%2Bexcept%2Bthe%2Blowest%2Bpriced%2Blines%26pg%3DPA701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116">"Rambler has everything new - even a hardtop wagon"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. Vol. 105, no. 1. January 1956. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>117<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=macsmotorcitygarage.com&rft.atitle=A+look+at+the+hardtop+station+wagon&rft.date=2014-12-21&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacsmotorcitygarage.com%2Fa-look-at-the-hardtop-station-wagon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydMDAAAAMBAJ&q=available+as+a+hardtop+sedan+and+coupe,+a+%22pillar%22+sedan+and+a+convertible+Ambassador+is+bigger+more+luxurious+for+1967&pg=PA114">"the 67's: Solid citizens of Detroit"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. 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McFarland. p. 586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4352-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4352-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-4352-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cars%2C+1973-1980%3A+Every+Model%2C+Year+by+Year&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4352-9&rft.aulast=Flory+Jr.&rft.aufirst=J.+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPV1uzCfmJDgC%26q%3D1978%2BChryslers%2Bthe%2Blast%2BAmerican%2Btrue%2Bpillarless%2Bhardtop%2Bmodels%2C%2Bwith%2Bframeless%2Bdoor%2Bglass%2Band%2Bfully%2Bopening%2Bwindows%2Bboth%2Bfront%2Band%2Brear%26pg%3DPA586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kbb.com/car-news/all-the-latest/2015-mini-hardtop-4_door-a-stretch-in-size-and-appeal/2000010772/">"2015 Mini Hardtop 4-door: A stretch in size and appeal"</a>. <i>kbb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ateupwithmotor.com&rft.atitle=Pillarless+Under+the+Rising+Sun%3A+Japan%E2%80%99s+Four-Door+Hardtops&rft.date=2015-02-22&rft.aulast=Severson&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fateupwithmotor.com%2Fmodel-histories%2Fjapanese-four-door-hardtops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQjLDAAAQBAJ&q=Toyota+Crown+hardtop&pg=PA228"><i>Classic Car: The Definitive Visual History</i></a>. Penguin. 2016. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5907-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5907-7"><bdi>978-1-4654-5907-7</bdi></a>. <q>Designed for the 1970s, the Crown followed US styling trends</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Car%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+History&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-5907-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQjLDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DToyota%2BCrown%2Bhardtop%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curbsideclassic.com/automotive-histories/curbside-classic-nissan-cedric-when-the-pupil-becomes-a-master/">"Automotive History: Nissan Cedric – When The Pupil Becomes A Master"</a>. <i>curbsideclassic.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 36. 1991. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Japan&rft.atitle=Business+Trends+-+Tokyo+Report&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5gSAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DCedric%2FGloria%2Blineup%2Boffers%2Ba%2Bchoice%2Bof%2Btwo%2Bbody%2Bstyles%3A%2Bthe%2BHardtop%2C%2Brendered%2Bas%2Ba%2Bpremium%2Bquality%2Bpersonal%2Bcar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4YiAQAAMAAJ&q=Subaru+Leone+was+introduced+and+hardtop-type+cars+were+marketed+in+July">"Subaru Leone Series was Reborn"</a>. <i>Diamond's Economic Journal Industria</i>. <b>10</b>: 40. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diamond%27s+Economic+Journal+Industria&rft.atitle=Subaru+Leone+Series+was+Reborn&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4YiAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DSubaru%2BLeone%2Bwas%2Bintroduced%2Band%2Bhardtop-type%2Bcars%2Bwere%2Bmarketed%2Bin%2BJuly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardtop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Individual_wheel_drive" title="Individual wheel drive">Individual wheel drive</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:EC_car_classification" title="Template:EC car classification">Template:EC car classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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