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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_and_textures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Materials and textures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_and_textures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rendering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rendering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rendering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rendering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>File formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer-aided_design_(CAD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-aided_design_(CAD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Computer-aided design (CAD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-aided_design_(CAD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complementary_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complementary_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Complementary tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complementary_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_3D_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_3D_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other types of 3D appearance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_types_of_3D_appearance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other types of 3D appearance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_3D_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photorealistic_2D_graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photorealistic_2D_graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Photorealistic 2D graphics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photorealistic_2D_graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2.5D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2.5D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2.5D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2.5D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Forms_of_Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Forms_of_Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other Forms of Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Forms_of_Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">3D computer graphics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="رسومات حاسوبية ثلاثية الأبعاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسومات حاسوبية ثلاثية الأبعاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%B6l%C3%A7%C3%BCl%C3%BC_komp%C3%BCter_qrafikas%C4%B1" title="Üçölçülü kompüter qrafikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üçölçülü kompüter qrafikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ti%C4%81n-n%C3%A1u_t%C3%B4%CD%98-h%C3%AAng" title="3D tiān-náu tô͘-hêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="3D tiān-náu tô͘-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="3D компютърна графика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="3D компютърна графика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ra%C4%8Dunarska_grafika" title="3D računarska grafika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="3D računarska grafika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A0fics_3D_per_ordinador" title="Gràfics 3D per ordinador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gràfics 3D per ordinador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_3D_grafika" title="Počítačová 3D grafika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počítačová 3D grafika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-computergrafik" title="3D-computergrafik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="3D-computergrafik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmem%C3%B5%C3%B5tmeline_arvutigraafika" title="Kolmemõõtmeline arvutigraafika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolmemõõtmeline arvutigraafika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Τρισδιάστατα γραφικά υπολογιστή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρισδιάστατα γραφικά υπολογιστή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1ficos_3D_por_computadora" title="Gráficos 3D por computadora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gráficos 3D por computadora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridimensia_komputila_grafiko" title="Tridimensia komputila grafiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tridimensia komputila grafiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiru_dimentsioko_infografia" title="Hiru dimentsioko infografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiru dimentsioko infografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گرافیک کامپیوتری سه‌بعدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرافیک کامپیوتری سه‌بعدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographie_tridimensionnelle" title="Infographie tridimensionnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Infographie tridimensionnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1ficos_3D_por_ordenador" title="Gráficos 3D por ordenador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gráficos 3D por ordenador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%EC%B0%A8%EC%9B%90_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD%EC%8A%A4" title="3차원 컴퓨터 그래픽스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="3차원 컴퓨터 그래픽스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ra%C4%8Dunalna_grafika" title="3D računalna grafika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="3D računalna grafika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiko_tridimensiona" title="Grafiko tridimensiona – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grafiko tridimensiona" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_komputer_3D" title="Grafika komputer 3D – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grafika komputer 3D" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_grafica_3D" title="Computer grafica 3D – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Computer grafica 3D" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%93" title="גרפיקת תלת-ממד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרפיקת תלת-ממד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="3D კომპიუტერული გრაფიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="3D კომპიუტერული გრაფიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%88_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Үш өлшемді графика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үш өлшемді графика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_datorgrafika" title="3D datorgrafika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="3D datorgrafika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimat%C4%97_kompiuterin%C4%97_grafika" title="Trimatė kompiuterinė grafika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trimatė kompiuterinė grafika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тримерна графика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тримерна графика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafik_komputer_3D" title="Grafik komputer 3D – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grafik komputer 3D" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-computergraphics" title="3D-computergraphics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="3D-computergraphics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="3次元コンピュータグラフィックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="3次元コンピュータグラフィックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-grafikk" title="3D-grafikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="3D-grafikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_3D" title="Grafika 3D – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grafika 3D" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_(computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_gr%C3%A1fica)" title="3D (computação gráfica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="3D (computação gráfica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D" title="3D – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="3D" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%91%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трёхмерная графика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трёхмерная графика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika_kompjuterike_3D" title="Grafika kompjuterike 3D – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grafika kompjuterike 3D" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ත්‍රිමාණ සජීවනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ත්‍රිමාණ සජීවනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_grafika" title="3D počítačová grafika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="3D počítačová grafika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8E_%DA%95%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="وێنەی سێ ڕەھەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێنەی سێ ڕەھەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_ra%C4%8Dunarska_grafika" title="3D računarska grafika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="3D računarska grafika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_kompjuterska_grafika" title="3D kompjuterska grafika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="3D kompjuterska grafika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-grafiikka" title="3D-grafiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="3D-grafiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D-grafik" title="3D-grafik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="3D-grafik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81_(3%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D)" title="త్రిమితీయ కంప్యూటర్ రేఖా చిత్రాలు (3డి కంప్యూటర్ గ్రాఫిక్స్) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="త్రిమితీయ కంప్యూటర్ రేఖా చిత్రాలు (3డి కంప్యూటర్ గ్రాఫిక్స్)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="คอมพิวเตอร์กราฟิกส์สามมิติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอมพิวเตอร์กราฟิกส์สามมิติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_boyutlu_bilgisayar_grafikleri" title="3 boyutlu bilgisayar grafikleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="3 boyutlu bilgisayar grafikleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_3D-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Комп'ютерна 3D-графіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комп'ютерна 3D-графіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93_h%E1%BB%8Da_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh_3D" title="Đồ họa máy tính 3D – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồ họa máy tính 3D" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" title="3D 電腦圖像 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="3D 電腦圖像" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three-dimensional (3D)<br />computer graphics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Activemarker2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Activemarker2.PNG/220px-Activemarker2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Activemarker2.PNG/330px-Activemarker2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Activemarker2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Fundamentals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">Scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">Printing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Primary uses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_model" class="mw-redirect" title="3D model">3D models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visualization (graphic)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_engineering" title="Virtual engineering">Virtual engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery <span style="font-size:85%;">(CGI)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">skeletal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">Wire-frame model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">Global illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:3D_computer_graphics" title="Template:3D computer graphics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:3D_computer_graphics" title="Template talk:3D computer graphics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:3D_computer_graphics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:3D computer graphics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>3D computer graphics</b>, sometimes called <b>CGI</b>, <b>3D-CGI</b> or <b>three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer graphics</a></b>, are graphics that use a <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-dimensional">three-dimensional</a> representation of geometric data (often <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system#Cartesian_coordinates_in_three_dimensions" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian</a>) that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/2D_image" class="mw-redirect" title="2D image">2D images</a> but sometimes <a href="/wiki/3D_image" class="mw-redirect" title="3D image">3D images</a>. The resulting images may be stored for viewing later (possibly as an <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">animation</a>) or displayed in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">real time</a>. </p><p>3D computer graphics, contrary to what the name suggests, are most often displayed on two-dimensional displays. Unlike <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a> and similar techniques, the result is two-dimensional, without visual <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth</a>. More often, 3D graphics are being displayed on <a href="/wiki/3D_display" title="3D display">3D displays</a>, like in <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> systems. </p><p>3D graphics stand in contrast to <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D computer graphics</a> which typically use completely different methods and formats for creation and rendering. </p><p>3D computer graphics rely on many of the same <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> as 2D computer <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">wire-frame model</a> and 2D computer <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">lighting</a>, and similarly, 3D may use some 2D rendering techniques. </p><p>The objects in 3D computer graphics are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D models</a>. Unlike the rendered image, a model's data is contained within a graphical data file. A 3D model is a <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> <a href="/wiki/Representation_(mathematics)" title="Representation (mathematics)">representation</a> of <i>any</i> <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional</a> object; a model is not technically a <i>graphic</i> until it is displayed. A model can be displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called <a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a>, or it can be used in non-graphical <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulations</a> and calculations. With <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, models are rendered into an actual 3D physical representation of themselves, with some limitations as to how accurately the physical model can match the virtual model.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">History of computer animation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Fetter" title="William Fetter">William Fetter</a> was credited with coining the term <i>computer graphics</i> in 1961<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe his work at <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. An early example of interactive 3-D computer graphics was explored in 1963 by the <a href="/wiki/Sketchpad" title="Sketchpad">Sketchpad</a> program at <a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first displays of computer animation was <i><a href="/wiki/Futureworld" title="Futureworld">Futureworld</a></i> (1976), which included an <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> of a human face and a hand that had originally appeared in the 1971 experimental short <i><a href="/wiki/A_Computer_Animated_Hand" title="A Computer Animated Hand">A Computer Animated Hand</a></i>, created by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> students <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Edwin Catmull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Parke" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Parke">Fred Parke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sltrib_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sltrib-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/3-D_computer_graphics_software" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D computer graphics software">3-D computer graphics software</a> began appearing for <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> in the late 1970s. The earliest known example is <i>3D Art Graphics</i>, a set of 3-D computer graphics effects, written by Kazumasa Mitazawa and released in June 1978 for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual Reality 3D</a> is a version of 3D computer graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the first headset coming out in the late 1950s, the popularity of VR didn't take off until the 2000s. In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus</a> was released and since then, the 3D VR headset world has expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3D computer graphics production workflow falls into three basic phases: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a> – the process of forming a computer model of an object's shape</li> <li>Layout and <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">CGI animation</a> – the placement and movement of objects (models, lights etc.) within a scene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a> – the computer calculations that, based on light placement, <a href="/wiki/Computer_representation_of_surfaces" title="Computer representation of surfaces">surface</a> types, and other qualities, generate (rasterize the scene into) an image</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling">Modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a></div> <p>The modeling describes the process of forming the shape of an object. The two most common sources of 3D models are those that an artist or engineer originates on the computer with some kind of <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="3D modeling tool">3D modeling tool</a>, and models <a href="/wiki/3-D_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D scanning">scanned</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> from real-world objects (Polygonal Modeling, Patch Modeling and NURBS Modeling are some popular tools used in 3D modeling). Models can also be produced <a href="/wiki/Procedural_modeling" title="Procedural modeling">procedurally</a> or via <a href="/wiki/Physical_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical simulation">physical simulation</a>. </p><p>Basically, a 3D model is formed from points called vertices that define the shape and form <a href="/wiki/Polygon_(computer_graphics)" title="Polygon (computer graphics)">polygons</a>. A polygon is an area formed from at least three vertices (a triangle). A polygon of n points is an n-gon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall integrity of the model and its suitability to use in animation depend on the structure of the polygons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_and_animation">Layout and animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Layout and animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer animation</a></div> <p>Before rendering into an image, objects must be laid out in a <a href="/wiki/3D_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scene">3D scene</a>. This defines spatial relationships between objects, including <a href="/wiki/Location_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Location (geography)">location</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">size</a>. Animation refers to the temporal description of an object (i.e., how it moves and deforms over time. Popular methods include <a href="/wiki/Keyframing" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyframing">keyframing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverse_kinematics" title="Inverse kinematics">inverse kinematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motion-capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion-capture">motion-capture</a>). These techniques are often used in combination. As with animation, <a href="/wiki/Physical_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical simulation">physical simulation</a> also specifies motion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop Motion</a> has multiple categories within such as <a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">Silhouette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lego_stop_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lego stop motion">Lego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppet_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet animation">Puppets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pixelation" title="Pixelation">Pixelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> is the use of models made of clay used for an animation. Some examples are <a href="/wiki/ClayFighter" title="ClayFighter">Clay Fighter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay_Jam" title="Clay Jam">Clay Jam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lego_stop_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lego stop motion">Lego</a> animation is one of the more common types of stop motion. Lego stop motion is the use of the figures themselves moving around. Some examples of this are <a href="/wiki/Lego_Island" title="Lego Island">Lego Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lego_Harry_Potter" title="Lego Harry Potter">Lego Harry Potter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_and_textures">Materials and textures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Materials and textures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Materials and textures are properties that the render engine uses to render the model. One can give the model materials to tell the render engine how to treat light when it hits the surface. Textures are used to give the material color using a color or albedo map, or give the surface features using a <a href="/wiki/Bump_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Bump map">bump map</a> or <a href="/wiki/Normal_mapping" title="Normal mapping">normal map</a>. It can be also used to deform the model itself using a <a href="/wiki/Displacement_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Displacement map">displacement map</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rendering">Rendering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rendering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a> converts a model into an image either by simulating <a href="/wiki/Light_transport_theory" title="Light transport theory">light transport</a> to get photo-realistic images, or by applying an art style as in <a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">non-photorealistic rendering</a>. The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light gets from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). This step is usually performed using 3-D computer graphics software or a <a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_graphics_APIs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 3D graphics APIs">3-D graphics API</a>. </p><p>Altering the scene into a suitable form for rendering also involves <a href="/wiki/3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection</a>, which displays a three-dimensional image in two dimensions. Although 3-D modeling and CAD <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> may perform 3-D rendering as well (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Autodesk_3ds_Max" title="Autodesk 3ds Max">Autodesk 3ds Max</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>), exclusive 3-D rendering software also exists (e.g., OTOY's <a href="/wiki/Octane_Render" title="Octane Render">Octane Rendering Engine</a>, Maxon's Redshift) </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of 3-D rendering</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Engine_movingparts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 3-D rendering with ray tracing and ambient occlusion using Blender and YafaRay"><img alt="A 3-D rendering with ray tracing and ambient occlusion using Blender and YafaRay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Engine_movingparts.jpg/300px-Engine_movingparts.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Engine_movingparts.jpg/451px-Engine_movingparts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Engine_movingparts.jpg/600px-Engine_movingparts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 3-D rendering with <a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">ray tracing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambient_occlusion" title="Ambient occlusion">ambient occlusion</a> using <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a> and YafaRay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkerque_3d.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 3-D model of a Dunkerque-class battleship rendered with flat shading"><img alt="A 3-D model of a Dunkerque-class battleship rendered with flat shading" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dunkerque_3d.jpeg/300px-Dunkerque_3d.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dunkerque_3d.jpeg/451px-Dunkerque_3d.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dunkerque_3d.jpeg/600px-Dunkerque_3d.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 3-D model of a <a href="/wiki/Dunkerque-class_battleship" title="Dunkerque-class battleship"><i>Dunkerque</i>-class battleship</a> rendered with <a href="/wiki/Flat_shading" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat shading">flat shading</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="During the 3-D rendering step, the number of reflections "light rays" can take, as well as various other attributes, can be tailored to achieve a desired visual effect. Rendered with Cobalt."><img alt="During the 3-D rendering step, the number of reflections "light rays" can take, as well as various other attributes, can be tailored to achieve a desired visual effect. Rendered with Cobalt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg/250px-Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg/500px-Cannonball_stack_with_FCC_unit_cell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">During the 3-D rendering step, the number of reflections "light rays" can take, as well as various other attributes, can be tailored to achieve a desired visual effect. Rendered with <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_(CAD_program)" title="Cobalt (CAD program)">Cobalt</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penthouse_Rendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 3-D rendering of a penthouse"><img alt="A 3-D rendering of a penthouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Penthouse_Rendering.jpg/378px-Penthouse_Rendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Penthouse_Rendering.jpg/567px-Penthouse_Rendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Penthouse_Rendering.jpg/755px-Penthouse_Rendering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="1145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 3-D rendering of a penthouse</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3-D computer graphics software produces <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI) through <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a> or produces 3-D models for analytical, scientific and industrial purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_formats">File formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: File formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_file_formats#3-D_graphics" title="List of file formats">List of file formats § 3-D graphics</a></div> <p>There are many varieties of files supporting 3-D graphics, for example, Wavefront .obj files and .x DirectX files. Each file type generally tends to have its own unique data structure. </p><p>Each file format can be accessed through their respective applications, such as DirectX files, and <a href="/wiki/Id_Tech_3" title="Id Tech 3">Quake</a>. Alternatively, files can be accessed through third-party standalone programs, or via manual decompilation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling_2">Modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a></div> <p>3-D modeling software is a class of 3-D computer graphics software used to produce 3-D models. Individual <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">programs</a> of this class are called modeling applications or modelers. </p><p>3-D modeling starts by describing 3 display models : Drawing Points, Drawing Lines and Drawing triangles and other Polygonal patches.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3-D modelers allow users to create and alter models via their 3-D <a href="/wiki/Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">mesh</a>. Users can add, subtract, stretch and otherwise change the mesh to their desire. Models can be viewed from a variety of angles, usually simultaneously. Models can be rotated and the view can be zoomed in and out. </p><p>3-D modelers can export their models to <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a>, which can then be imported into other applications as long as the <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> are compatible. Many modelers allow <a href="/wiki/Importer_(computing)" title="Importer (computing)">importers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exporter_(computing)" title="Exporter (computing)">exporters</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugged-in</a>, so they can read and write data in the native formats of other applications. </p><p>Most 3-D modelers contain a number of related features, such as <a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">ray tracers</a> and other rendering alternatives and <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture mapping</a> facilities. Some also contain features that support or allow animation of models. Some may be able to generate <a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">full-motion video</a> of a series of rendered scenes (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-aided_design_(CAD)"><span id="Computer-aided_design_.28CAD.29"></span>Computer-aided design (CAD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Computer-aided design (CAD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</a></div> <p>Computer aided design software may employ the same fundamental 3-D modeling techniques that 3-D modeling software use but their goal differs. They are used in <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_engineering" title="Computer-aided engineering">computer-aided engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">computer-aided manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite element analysis">Finite element analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product lifecycle management">product lifecycle management</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_architectural_design" title="Computer-aided architectural design">computer-aided architectural design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementary_tools">Complementary tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Complementary tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After producing a video, studios then <a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">edit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">composite</a> the video using programs such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Premiere_Pro" title="Adobe Premiere Pro">Adobe Premiere Pro</a> or <a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> at the mid-level, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autodesk_Combustion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autodesk Combustion (page does not exist)">Autodesk Combustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Fusion">Digital Fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shake_(software)" title="Shake (software)">Shake</a> at the high-end. <a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a> software is commonly used to match live video with computer-generated video, keeping the two in sync as the camera moves. </p><p>Use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production is called <a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">machinima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types_of_3D_appearance">Other types of 3D appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other types of 3D appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/3D_computer_graphics" title="Special:EditPage/3D computer graphics">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photorealistic_2D_graphics">Photorealistic 2D graphics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Photorealistic 2D graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Still_life#21st_century" title="Still life">Still life § 21st century</a></div> <p>Not all computer graphics that appear 3D are based on a <a href="/wiki/Wireframe_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireframe model">wireframe model</a>. 2D computer graphics with 3D <a href="/wiki/Photorealistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photorealistic">photorealistic</a> effects are often achieved without wire-frame modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some <a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">graphic art software</a> includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers. <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">Visual artists</a> may also copy or visualize 3D effects and <a href="/wiki/Artistic_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic rendering">manually render</a> photo-realistic effects without the use of filters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2.5D">2.5D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2.5D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> use <a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a> graphics, involving restricted projections of three-dimensional environments, such as <a href="/wiki/Isometric_video_game_graphics" title="Isometric video game graphics">isometric graphics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_camera_system#Fixed" title="Virtual camera system">virtual cameras with fixed angles</a>, either as a way to improve performance of the <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a> or for stylistic and gameplay concerns. By contrast, games using 3D computer graphics without such restrictions are said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to use true 3D. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Forms_of_Animation">Other Forms of Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other Forms of Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> is the use of flat materials such as paper. Everything is cut out of paper including the environment, characters, and even some props. An example of this is <a href="/wiki/Paper_Mario" title="Paper Mario">Paper Mario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">Silhouette</a> is similar to cutouts except they are one solid color, black. <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(video_game)" title="Limbo (video game)">Limbo</a> is an example of this.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Puppet_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet animation">Puppets</a> are dolls and different puppets used in the game. An example of this would be <a href="/wiki/Yoshi%27s_Woolly_World" title="Yoshi's Woolly World">Yoshi's Wooly World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pixelation" title="Pixelation">Pixelation</a> is when the entire game appears pixelated, this includes the characters and the environment around them. One example of this is seen in <a href="/wiki/Shovel_Knight" title="Shovel Knight">Shovel Knight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="List of 3D computer graphics software">List of 3D computer graphics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_data_acquisition_and_object_reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="3D data acquisition and object reconstruction">3D data acquisition and object reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection on 2D planes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_processing" title="Geometry processing">Geometry processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometric_graphics_in_video_games_and_pixel_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Isometric graphics in video games and pixel art">Isometric graphics in video games and pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stereoscopic_video_games" title="List of stereoscopic video games">List of stereoscopic video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_animation" title="Medical animation">Medical animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_farm" title="Render farm">Render farm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3D+Insider&rft.atitle=The+History+of+VR%3A+When+was+it+created+and+who+invented+it%3F&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.aulast=Flynt&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F3dinsider.com%2Fvr-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+computer+graphics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmons" class="citation web cs1">Simmons, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215193753/http://www.mathwords.com/n/n_gon.htm">"n-gon"</a>. <i>MathWords</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathwords.com/n/n_gon.htm/">the original</a> on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MathWords&rft.atitle=n-gon&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathwords.com%2Fn%2Fn_gon.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+computer+graphics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarg2024" class="citation web cs1">Garg, Nitin (2024-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brsoftech.com/blog/types-of-3d-animation-and-techniques/">"A Comprehensive Guide on Different Types of 3D Animation"</a>. <i>BR Softech</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BR+Softech&rft.atitle=A+Comprehensive+Guide+on+Different+Types+of+3D+Animation&rft.date=2024-11-15&rft.aulast=Garg&rft.aufirst=Nitin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brsoftech.com%2Fblog%2Ftypes-of-3d-animation-and-techniques%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+computer+graphics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuss2003" class="citation book cs1">Buss, Samuel R. (2003-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CspAwAAQBAJ&q=3d+computer+graphics+information+books"><i>3D Computer Graphics: A Mathematical Introduction with OpenGL</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44038-7"><bdi>978-1-139-44038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=3D+Computer+Graphics%3A+A+Mathematical+Introduction+with+OpenGL&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-05-19&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44038-7&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=Samuel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CspAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D3d%2Bcomputer%2Bgraphics%2Binformation%2Bbooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+computer+graphics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machinima">"Machinima"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Machinima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmachinima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+computer+graphics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarg2024" class="citation web cs1">Garg, Nitin (2024-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brsoftech.com/blog/types-of-3d-animation-and-techniques/">"A Comprehensive Guide on Different Types of 3D Animation"</a>. <i>BR Softech</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BR+Softech&rft.atitle=A+Comprehensive+Guide+on+Different+Types+of+3D+Animation&rft.date=2024-11-15&rft.aulast=Garg&rft.aufirst=Nitin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brsoftech.com%2Fblog%2Ftypes-of-3d-animation-and-techniques%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+computer+graphics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_computer_graphics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/computer_graphics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:computer graphics">computer graphics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405172134/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lessons.html">A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> copy)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/3dgraphics.htm">How Stuff Works - 3D Graphics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113123112/http://hem.passagen.se/des/hocg/hocg_1960.htm"><i>History of Computer Graphics</i> series of articles</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> (Wayback Machine copy)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebr0HNnNNrs">How 3D Works</a> - Explains 3D modeling for an illuminated manuscript</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Computer_graphics188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_graphics" title="Template:Computer graphics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_graphics" title="Template talk:Computer graphics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_graphics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer graphics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_graphics188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">Computer graphics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_curve" title="Diffusion curve">Diffusion curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">Alpha compositing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layers_(digital_image_editing)" title="Layers (digital image editing)">Layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2.5D8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isometric_video_game_graphics" title="Isometric video game graphics">Isometric graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_7" title="Mode 7">Mode 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">Ray casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skybox_(video_games)" title="Skybox (video games)">Skybox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3D graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_rendering" title="Spectral rendering">Spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbiased_rendering" title="Unbiased rendering">Unbiased</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">Aliasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisotropic_filtering" title="Anisotropic filtering">Anisotropic filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_animation" title="Fluid animation">Fluid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">Lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">Global illumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden-surface_determination" title="Hidden-surface determination">Hidden-surface determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">Polygon mesh</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Triangle_mesh" title="Triangle mesh">Triangle mesh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_shading" title="Deferred shading">Deferred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_triangulation" title="Surface triangulation">Surface triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">Wire-frame model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">Affine transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-face_culling" title="Back-face culling">Back-face culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(computer_graphics)" title="Clipping (computer graphics)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_detection" title="Collision detection">Collision detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planar_projection" title="Planar projection">Planar projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_(computer_graphics)" title="Reflection (computer graphics)">Reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tracing" title="Beam tracing">Beam tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_tracing" title="Cone tracing">Cone tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkerboard_rendering" title="Checkerboard rendering">Checkerboard rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">Ray tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_tracing" title="Path tracing">Path tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">Ray casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanline_rendering" title="Scanline rendering">Scanline rendering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_(mathematics)" title="Rotation (mathematics)">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaling_(geometry)" title="Scaling (geometry)">Scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_mapping" title="Shadow mapping">Shadow mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_volume" title="Shadow volume">Shadow volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear matrix">Shear matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">Shader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voxel" title="Voxel">Voxel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">Graphics software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="List of 3D computer graphics software">3D computer graphics software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_animation_software" title="List of 3D animation software">animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_modeling_software" title="List of 3D modeling software">modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_rendering_software" title="List of 3D rendering software">rendering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">Raster graphics editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_vector_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of vector graphics editors">Vector graphics editors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_graphics_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of computer graphics algorithms">List of computer graphics algorithms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_topics320" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation" title="Template:Animation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation" title="Template talk:Animation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_topics320" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_animation" title="Bhutanese animation">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_animation" title="Czech animation">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_animation" title="Estonian animation">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_animation" title="Mexican animation">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino animation">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_animation" title="Portuguese animation">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_animation" title="Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation#History" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian animation">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British animation">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animators" title="List of animators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">Animation studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_simulation" title="Category:Anatomical simulation">Biologist simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animation_film_festivals" title="Category:Animation film festivals">Animation film festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">Flip book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_animation" title="SVG animation">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-pose" title="T-pose">T-pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live2D" title="Live2D">Live2D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_to_pose_animation" title="Pose to pose animation">Pose to pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_animation" title="Sand animation">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_animation" title="Experimental animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">influenced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_animation" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">Cel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">anime series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">anime franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animation" title="Category:Animation">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animation" title="Portal:Animation">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_animation" title="Outline of animation">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="3D_computer_graphics_software609" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:3D_software" title="Template:3D software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:3D_software" title="Template talk:3D software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:3D_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:3D software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="3D_computer_graphics_software609" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3D computer graphics</a> software</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Movie_Maker" title="3D Movie Maker">3D Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudCompare" title="CloudCompare">CloudCompare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GigaMesh_Software_Framework" title="GigaMesh Software Framework">GigaMesh Software Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuxCoreRender" title="LuxCoreRender">LuxCoreRender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MakeHuman" title="MakeHuman">MakeHuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeshLab" title="MeshLab">MeshLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonRay" title="MoonRay">MoonRay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenFX_(software)" title="OpenFX (software)">OpenFX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSCAD" title="OpenSCAD">OpenSCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Cloud_Library" title="Point Cloud Library">Point Cloud Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POV-Ray" title="POV-Ray">POV-Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamless3d" title="Seamless3d">Seamless3d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Home_3D" title="Sweet Home 3D">Sweet Home 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_3D" title="Wings 3D">Wings 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Closed-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-source">Closed-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D-Coat" title="3D-Coat">3D-Coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC3D" title="AC3D">AC3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold (software)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_3ds_Max" title="Autodesk 3ds Max">Autodesk 3ds Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Alias" title="Autodesk Alias">Autodesk Alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Maya" title="Autodesk Maya">Autodesk Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Mudbox" title="Autodesk Mudbox">Autodesk Mudbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmagic_Fusion" title="Blackmagic Fusion">Blackmagic Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_(software)" title="Bryce (software)">Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrara_(software)" title="Carrara (software)">Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">Cinema 4D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara.io" title="Clara.io">Clara.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daz_Studio" title="Daz Studio">Daz Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Image_Animation_System" title="Electric Image Animation System">Electric Image Animation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-on_Vue" title="E-on Vue">E-on Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golaem_Crowd" title="Golaem Crowd">Golaem Crowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagon_(software)" title="Hexagon (software)">Hexagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">Houdini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkythea" title="Kerkythea">Kerkythea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">LightWave 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MASSIVE_(software)" title="MASSIVE (software)">MASSIVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Medium" title="Oculus Medium">Medium by Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(software)" title="Messiah (software)">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuke_(software)" title="Nuke (software)">Nuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octane_Render" title="Octane Render">Octane Render</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_3D" title="Paint 3D">Paint 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presto_(animation_software)" title="Presto (animation software)">Pixar Presto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar_RenderMan" title="Pixar RenderMan">Pixar RenderMan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poser_(software)" title="Poser (software)">Poser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remo_3D" title="Remo 3D">Remo 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_3D" title="Rhinoceros 3D">Rhinoceros 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_3D" title="Shade 3D">Shade 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_3D" title="Shark 3D">Shark 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo_(software)" title="Silo (software)">Silo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SketchUp" title="SketchUp">SketchUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_Filmmaker" title="Source Filmmaker">Source Filmmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata_3D" title="Strata 3D">Strata 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terragen" title="Terragen">Terragen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBrush" title="ZBrush">ZBrush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amapi" title="Amapi">Amapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Softimage" title="Autodesk Softimage">Autodesk Softimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Studio" title="Cyber Studio">Cyber Studio CAD-3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamation_(software)" title="Dynamation (software)">Dynamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_(3D_modeling_software)" title="Imagine (3D modeling software)">Imagine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modo_(software)" title="Modo (software)">Modo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-World" title="N-World">N-World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerAnimator" title="PowerAnimator">PowerAnimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpt_3D" title="Sculpt 3D">Sculpt 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softimage_3D" title="Softimage 3D">Softimage 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StrataVision_3D" title="StrataVision 3D">StrataVision 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_3D" title="Swift 3D">Swift 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueSpace" title="TrueSpace">TrueSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSilver" title="TurboSilver">TurboSilver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VistaPro" title="VistaPro">VistaPro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACIS" title="ACIS">ACIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C3D_Toolkit" title="C3D Toolkit">C3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOOPS_3D_Graphics_System" class="mw-redirect" title="HOOPS 3D Graphics System">HOOPS 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KernelCAD" class="mw-redirect" title="KernelCAD">KernelCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Cascade_Technology" title="Open Cascade Technology">Open Cascade Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasolid" title="Parasolid">Parasolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_(modelling_kernel)" title="Romulus (modelling kernel)">Romulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Geometric_Kernel" title="Russian Geometric Kernel">RGK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShapeManager" title="ShapeManager">ShapeManager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teigha" class="mw-redirect" title="Teigha">Teigha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IntelliCAD" title="IntelliCAD">IntelliCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="Comparison of 3D computer graphics software">Comparison</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:3D_graphics_software" title="Category:3D graphics software">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="List of 3D computer graphics software">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_modeling_software" title="List of 3D modeling software">3D modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_rendering_software" title="List of 3D rendering software">3D rendering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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