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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mickey Mousing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey-Mousing" title="Mickey-Mousing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mickey-Mousing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mickey Mousing" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickeymousing" title="Mickeymousing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mickeymousing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mickey Mousing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мікімаусинг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мікімаусинг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Animation technique that syncs the accompanying music with the actions on screen</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the character, see <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_guy_riff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bad_guy_riff.png/250px-Bad_guy_riff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bad_guy_riff.png/330px-Bad_guy_riff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bad_guy_riff.png/500px-Bad_guy_riff.png 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Mickey Mousing occurred with forms of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mysterioso_Pizzicato" title="Mysterioso Pizzicato">Villain's Theme</a></i>, such as with steps synchronized with the notes<sup id="cite_ref-Goldmark_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldmark-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2e\/Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid\/Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mysterioso Pizzicato.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid/Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Mysterioso_Pizzicato.mid" title="File:Mysterioso Pizzicato.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, "<b>Mickey Mousing</b>" (synchronized, mirrored, or parallel scoring) is a <a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">film technique</a> that <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">syncs</a> the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">music</a> with the actions on screen, "Matching movement to music",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "The exact segmentation of the music analogue to the picture."<sup id="cite_ref-Wegele_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegele-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term comes from the early and mid-production <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> films, where the music almost completely works to mimic the animated motions of the characters. Mickey Mousing may use music to "reinforce an action by mimicking its <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> exactly. ... Frequently used in the 1930s and 1940s, especially by <a href="/wiki/Max_Steiner" title="Max Steiner">Max Steiner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is somewhat out of favor today, at least in serious films, because of overuse. However, it can still be effective if used imaginatively".<sup id="cite_ref-Newlin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newlin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mickey Mousing and synchronicity help structure the viewing experience, to indicate how much events should impact the viewer, and to provide information not present on screen.<sup id="cite_ref-Helvering180_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helvering180-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique "enable[s] the music to be seen to 'participate' in the action and for it to be quickly and formatively interpreted ... and [to] also intensify the experience of the scene for the spectator."<sup id="cite_ref-Edmondson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmondson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mickey Mousing may also create unintentional humor,<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rauscher98_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rauscher98-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and be used in parody or self-reference. </p><p>It is often not the music that is synced to the animated action, but the other way around. This is especially so when the music is a classical or other well-known piece. In such cases, the music for the animation is pre-recorded, and an animator will have an <a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">exposure sheet</a> with the beats marked on it, <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frame</a> by frame, and can time the movements accordingly. In the 1940 film <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></i>, the musical piece <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Dukas)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a>, composed in the 1890s, contains a fragment that is used to accompany the actions of <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> himself. At one point Mickey, as the apprentice, seizes an axe and chops an enchanted broom to pieces so that it will stop carrying water to a pit. The visual action is synchronized exactly to crashing chords in the music. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Mousing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm/220px--Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="162" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_(1929).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_(1929).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="650" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="976" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1464" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1464" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="326" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="488" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm/Mickey_Mousing_in_The_Skeleton_Dance_%281929%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="488" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>This sequence in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeleton_Dance" title="The Skeleton Dance">The Skeleton Dance</a></i> (1929) is an early example of the technique.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known use of Mickey Mousing was in <i><a href="/wiki/Steamboat_Willie" title="Steamboat Willie">Steamboat Willie</a></i> (1928), the first Mickey Mouse cartoon by Walt Disney, scored by <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Jackson" title="Wilfred Jackson">Wilfred Jackson</a>. In the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Van_Beuren_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Beuren Studios">Van Beuren Studios</a> animated short <i>Making 'Em Move</i> the "<a href="/wiki/Mysterioso_Pizzicato" title="Mysterioso Pizzicato">Mysterioso Pizzicato</a>" theme is Mickey Moused to the action first to produce a "false sense of foreboding" as a curious visitor enters the animation factory, and then again to accompany the villain in a cartoon-within-a-cartoon.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldmark_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldmark-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)" title="King Kong (1933 film)">King Kong</a></i> (1933) uses Mickey Mousing throughout,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is described by MacDonald as, "perhaps the single most noteworthy aspect of Steiner's score for <i>King Kong</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descending scale segments accompanying the chief's walk down stairs towards Denham's party continue after the camera cuts to the Denham, implying the chief's continued descent and maintaining suspense.<sup id="cite_ref-Helvering180_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helvering180-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scenes in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Informer_(1935_film)" title="The Informer (1935 film)">The Informer</a></i> (1935) were filmed in synch with a prerecorded score.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a></i> (1942), the technique is only used at the end of the film when Captain Renault throws away a bottle of Vichy water.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lebo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_Rabbit" title="Rhapsody Rabbit">Rhapsody Rabbit</a></i> (1946) depicts Bugs Bunny slip back and forth between performing <i><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Rhapsody_No._2" title="Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2">Hungarian Rhapsody</a></i> and various music Mickey Mousing his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmondson_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmondson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartoon examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry" title="Tom and Jerry">Tom and Jerry</a></i> (1940–1957),<sup id="cite_ref-Edmondson_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmondson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ugly Duckling</i> (1931), <i>Dizzy Dishes</i> (1930), and <i>Barnacle Bill</i> (1930).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith_(film_and_television_composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Smith (film and television composer)">Paul Smith</a> used the technique in several scores for <a href="/wiki/True-Life_Adventures" title="True-Life Adventures">True-Life Adventures</a> documentary films in the fifties, including <i><a href="/wiki/In_Beaver_Valley" title="In Beaver Valley">In Beaver Valley</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Half_Acre" title="Nature's Half Acre">Nature's Half Acre</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Water_Birds" title="Water Birds">Water Birds</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Olympic_Elk" title="The Olympic Elk">The Olympic Elk</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of Mickey Mousing is used in <a href="/wiki/Monty_Norman" title="Monty Norman">Monty Norman</a>'s score to the first <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> film, <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._No_(film)" title="Dr. No (film)">Dr. No</a></i> (1962), in which Bond repeatedly strikes a tarantula which had crawled into his bed. Writers have noted its anachronistic appearance in the context of the whole series, as prolific Bond composer <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)" title="John Barry (composer)">John Barry</a> never used it in any of the subsequent films.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique is also used to accompany Bill Sikes's beating murder of Nancy in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver!_(film)" title="Oliver! (film)">Oliver!</a></i> (1968).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this case, the music is partially used to "cover" her cries as she is being struck. In <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_(1993_film)" title="Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i> (1993), Mickey Mousing is used at the opening, with the visual slowed to match the music, producing an intentional lightly comical effect.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, Mickey Mousing may occur in dynamic audio compositions, such as in reaction or for indication (for example, in response to character action or to alert the player to the end of a countdown), and is often found in <a href="/wiki/Platform_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform game">platform games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rauscher98_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rauscher98-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Mousing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Mickey Mousing" is also used as a pejorative to imply that a technique used in productions aimed at adults is too simplistic and more appropriate for a juvenile audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Helvering_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helvering-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Helvering_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helvering-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique is criticized for visual action that is – without good reason – being duplicated in accompanying music or text, therefore being a weakness of the production rather than a strength. Newlin lists six other functions which music may serve besides this one.<sup id="cite_ref-Newlin_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newlin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complaints regarding the technique may be found as early as 1946, when <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a> complained that, "For some reason, many cartoon musicians are more concerned with exact synchronization or 'Mickey-Mousing' than with the originality of their contribution or the variety of their arrangement."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> described Mickey Mousing as the most vulgar technique used in film music.<sup id="cite_ref-Wegele_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegele-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a> described Mickey Mousing as, "This awful Wagnerian illustration technique! When they speak about a dog, someone in the orchestra barks...for love we have the <a href="/wiki/Divisi" title="Divisi">divisi</a> violins in E Major...This is unbearable."<sup id="cite_ref-Wegele_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegele-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"It is interesting that Mickey Mousing has come to represent the worst excesses of the Hollywood film score. Perhaps as contemporary spectators we are no longer used to Mickey Mousing in films (its use radically diminished in the fifties and after). Still, the practice of catching every moment with music has a visual equivalent, and Mickey Mousing has been made to bear the brunt of the criticism for an overobnoxiousness that it only partially creates."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Mousing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_commentary" title="Audio commentary">Audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sports_commentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports commentary">sports commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_music" title="Theme music">Theme music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_painting" title="Word painting">Word painting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Mousing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "split-second synchronization of music with visual movement".<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[Close] Synchronization of music and image."<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following "the physical action of a character with similar musical movements".<sup id="cite_ref-Edmondson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmondson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The subtle film composer's art of linking a bit of music to a specific on-screen action or character reference."<sup id="cite_ref-Lebo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Steiner used Mickey Mousing sparingly, mostly saving it for key cinematic moments."<sup id="cite_ref-Wegele_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegele-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Max Steiner, the composer who most often used Mickey-Mousing as a compositional technique" <sup id="cite_ref-Helvering_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helvering-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Mickey Mousing ... is particularly prominent in the scores of Max Steiner."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Steiner ... is ... the composer who utilized [Mickey Mousing] most."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Mousing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Goldmark-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldmark_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldmark_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldmark, D. (2011) "Sounds Funny/Funny Sounds" in D. Goldmark and C. Keil (eds). <i>Funny Pictures: Animation and comedy in studio-era Hollywood</i> pp 260-261. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520950122" title="Special:BookSources/9780520950122">9780520950122</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bordwell (2008), p.276, quoted in Rauscher, Andreas (2012). "Scoring Play: Soundtracks and Video Game Genres", <i>Music and Game: Perspectives on a Popular Alliance</i>, p.98. Moormann, Peter; ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783531189130" title="Special:BookSources/9783531189130">9783531189130</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wegele-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wegele_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wegele_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wegele_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wegele_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wegele, Peter (2014). <i>Max Steiner: Composing, Casablanca, and the Golden Age of Film Music</i>, p.37. Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442231146" title="Special:BookSources/9781442231146">9781442231146</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald, Laurence (2013). <i>The Invisible Art of Film Music</i>. Scarecrow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810883987" title="Special:BookSources/9780810883987">9780810883987</a>. Quoted in Slowik (2014), p.239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens, Meghan (2009). <i>Music and Image in Concert</i>, p.94. Music and Media, Sydney. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980732603" title="Special:BookSources/9780980732603">9780980732603</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmondson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson, Jacqueline, ed. (2013). <i>Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture</i>, p.199. ABC-CLIO: Greenwood. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313393488" title="Special:BookSources/9780313393488">9780313393488</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lebo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebo, Harlan (1992). <i>Casablanca: Behind the Scenes</i>, p.178. Simon and Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671769819" title="Special:BookSources/9780671769819">9780671769819</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helvering-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helvering_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helvering_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helvering_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helvering, David Allen (July 2007). "Functions of Dialogue Underscoring in American Feature Film", p.177. The University of Iowa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549235040" title="Special:BookSources/9780549235040">9780549235040</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalinak (1992), p.86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helvering (2007), p.103n28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newlin-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newlin_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newlin_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newlin, Dika (1977). "Music for the Flickering Image – American Film Scores", <i>Music Educators Journal</i>, Vol. 64, No. 1. (September 1977), pp. 24–35.pdf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helvering180-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helvering180_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helvering180_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helvering (2007), pp. 178–180. Would viewers still have, "empathized with Kong if Steiner had not used Mickey Mousing to show Kong getting hurt when poked with knives or shot with bullets"? p.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rauscher98-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rauscher98_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rauscher98_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rauscher (2012), p.98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slowik, Michael (2014). <i>After the Silents: Hollywood Film Music in the Early Sound Era, 1926-1934</i>, p.239. Columbia University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231165839" title="Special:BookSources/9780231165839">9780231165839</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalinak (1992), p.115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wegele (2014), p.38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slowik (2014), p.334, n.50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald (2013), p.173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Audissino, Emilio (2014) <i>John Williams's Film Music: Jaws, Star Wars, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and the Return of the Classical Hollywood Music Style</i>, Univ. of Wisconsin Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299297336" title="Special:BookSources/9780299297336">9780299297336</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens (2009), p.95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chuck Jones. "Music and the Animated Cartoon", p.365, <i>Hollywood Quarterly</i> Problems of Communication: The Animated Cartoon, Vol. 1, No. 4. (Jul., 1946), pp. 364–370. Quoted in Helvering (July 2007), p.177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalinak, Kathryn (1992). <i>Settling the Score: Music and the Classical Hollywood Film</i>, p.116. University of Wisconsin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299133641" title="Special:BookSources/9780299133641">9780299133641</a>. Quoted in Wegele (2014), p.38. Kalinak describes Mickey Mousing as <a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">nondiegetic</a> or extradiegetic.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Mousing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/popular_music/film_music1.shtml">Film Music</a>", <i>GCSE Bitesize</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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animation">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_animation" title="Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation#History" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian animation">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British animation">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animators" title="List of animators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">Animation studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_simulation" title="Category:Anatomical simulation">Biologist simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animation_film_festivals" title="Category:Animation film festivals">Animation film festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">Flip book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_animation" title="SVG animation">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-pose" title="T-pose">T-pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live2D" title="Live2D">Live2D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_to_pose_animation" title="Pose to pose animation">Pose to pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_animation" title="Sand animation">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_animation" title="Experimental animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">influenced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_animation" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">Cel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">anime series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">anime franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animation" title="Category:Animation">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animation" title="Portal:Animation">Portal</a></li> <li><a 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