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id="toc-Early_defence_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_defence_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early defence and Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_defence_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plymouth_Dock,_naval_power_and_Foulston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plymouth_Dock,_naval_power_and_Foulston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Plymouth Dock, naval power and Foulston </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plymouth_Dock,_naval_power_and_Foulston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan_for_Plymouth_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_for_Plymouth_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Plan for Plymouth 1943 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_for_Plymouth_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Administrative history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constituencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Constituencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 City Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Urban form </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plymouth_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plymouth_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Plymouth 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plymouth_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Future </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Ferries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycle_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycle_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cycle routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycle_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Public services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks_and_tourist_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks_and_tourist_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Landmarks and tourist attractions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks_and_tourist_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Twin city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Freedom of the City </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Freedom of the City subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Military Units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations_and_Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations_and_Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Organisations and Groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations_and_Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Plymouth</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AB%C3%BEtun_on_Defnum" title="Sūþtun on Defnum – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sūþtun on Defnum" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="بليموث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بليموث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimut" title="Plimut – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plimut" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A5" title="প্লাইমাউথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাইমাউথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Плімут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плімут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Плімут – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плімут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Плимът – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плимът" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_(Bro-Saoz)" title="Plymouth (Bro-Saoz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plymouth (Bro-Saoz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Плимут – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Плимут" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian,_Inglatera,_Plymouth)" title="Plymouth (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Plymouth) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Plymouth (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Plymouth)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8" title="Πλίμουθ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλίμουθ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB_(%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پلیموث (انگلستان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلیموث (انگلستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_(Royaume-Uni)" title="Plymouth (Royaume-Uni) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plymouth (Royaume-Uni)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_(Ingel%C3%A2n)" title="Plymouth (Ingelân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Plymouth (Ingelân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="플리머스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플리머스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF_(%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Պլիմուտ (Անգլիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլիմուտ (Անգլիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Anglia" title="Plymouth, Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plymouth, Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81)" title="Плимут (Англис) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Плимут (Англис)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA%27" title="פלימות' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלימות'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberplymm" title="Aberplymm – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Aberplymm" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimmuta" title="Plimmuta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plimmuta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimuta" title="Plimuta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plimuta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimutas" title="Plimutas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plimutas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_(Anglia)" title="Plymouth (Anglia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plymouth (Anglia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5" title="प्लिमथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्लिमथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="بليموث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بليموث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="پلیموث – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پلیموث" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%8A,_%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯢꯃꯥꯎꯊ, ꯗꯦꯚꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯢꯃꯥꯎꯊ, ꯗꯦꯚꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Plymouth (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plymouth (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9" title="プリマス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プリマス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pli%C3%A9mue" title="Pliémue – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pliémue" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimut_(Angliya)" title="Plimut (Angliya) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plimut (Angliya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A5" title="ਪਲੀਮਥ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਲੀਮਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="پلائیموتھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلائیموتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Плимут (Англия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плимут (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_(Anglicko)" title="Plymouth (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plymouth (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="پلیموت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلیموت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Плимут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плимут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Плимут – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Плимут" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97" title="พลิมัท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลิมัท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Плимут – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Плимут" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Плімут (Англія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плімут (Англія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="پلایماؤتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پلایماؤتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimowt" title="Plimowt – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Plimowt" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Plymouth" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Plymouth&params=50_22_17_N_4_08_32_W_region:GB_type:city">50°22′17″N 4°08′32″W / 50.37139°N 4.14222°W / 50.37139; -4.14222</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For the town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, see <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Plymouth (disambiguation)">Plymouth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and unitary authority in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Plymouth</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_City.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Plymouth_City.JPG/258px-Plymouth_City.JPG" decoding="async" width="258" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Plymouth_City.JPG/387px-Plymouth_City.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Plymouth_City.JPG/516px-Plymouth_City.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1249" /></a></div><div>Plymouth skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Barbican_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plymouth_Barbican_2022.jpg/127px-Plymouth_Barbican_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plymouth_Barbican_2022.jpg/191px-Plymouth_Barbican_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plymouth_Barbican_2022.jpg/254px-Plymouth_Barbican_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Barbican,_Plymouth" title="Barbican, Plymouth">Barbican</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tamar_bridges_from_Saltash_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4916359.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Tamar_bridges_from_Saltash_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4916359.jpg/127px-The_Tamar_bridges_from_Saltash_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4916359.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Tamar_bridges_from_Saltash_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4916359.jpg/191px-The_Tamar_bridges_from_Saltash_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4916359.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Tamar_bridges_from_Saltash_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4916359.jpg/254px-The_Tamar_bridges_from_Saltash_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4916359.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg/127px-Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg/191px-Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg/254px-Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5841" data-file-height="3877" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Guildhall" title="Plymouth Guildhall">The Guildhall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_rwy_us.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wiki_rwy_us.jpg/127px-Wiki_rwy_us.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wiki_rwy_us.jpg/191px-Wiki_rwy_us.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wiki_rwy_us.jpg/254px-Wiki_rwy_us.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Royal_William_Victualling_Yard" title="Royal William Victualling Yard">Royal William Yard</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Marine_Aquarium_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/National_Marine_Aquarium_Building.jpg/127px-National_Marine_Aquarium_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/National_Marine_Aquarium_Building.jpg/191px-National_Marine_Aquarium_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/National_Marine_Aquarium_Building.jpg/254px-National_Marine_Aquarium_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Aquarium,_Plymouth" title="National Marine Aquarium, Plymouth">National Marine Aquarium</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Smeatons_tower_-_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Smeatons_tower_-_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg/127px-Smeatons_tower_-_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Smeatons_tower_-_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg/191px-Smeatons_tower_-_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Smeatons_tower_-_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg/254px-Smeatons_tower_-_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1863" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Tower" title="Smeaton's Tower">Smeaton's Tower</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Plymouth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Plymouth"><img alt="Flag of Plymouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Plymouth.svg/150px-Flag_of_Plymouth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Plymouth.svg/225px-Flag_of_Plymouth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Plymouth.svg/300px-Flag_of_Plymouth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Plymouth" title="Flag of Plymouth">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Plymouth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Plymouth"><img alt="Official logo of Plymouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coat_of_arms_of_Plymouth.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Plymouth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coat_of_arms_of_Plymouth.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Plymouth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Coat_of_arms_of_Plymouth.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Plymouth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="476" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Britain's Ocean City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Turris fortissima est nomen Jehova "The name of Jehovah is the strongest tower"<a href="#cite_note-brief_history-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shown within Devon"><img alt="Shown within Devon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Plymouth_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Plymouth_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Plymouth_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Plymouth_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Plymouth_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Plymouth_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1187" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Shown within <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:England_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plymouth is located in England"><img alt="Plymouth is located in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-England_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-England_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-England_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="2431" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.058%;left:29.803%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Plymouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Plymouth</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within England</div>Show map of England</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plymouth is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Plymouth is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2083" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.572%;left:51.953%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Plymouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Plymouth</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United Kingdom</div>Show map of the United Kingdom</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plymouth is located in Europe"><img alt="Plymouth is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.142%;left:15.82%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Plymouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Plymouth</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Plymouth&params=50_22_17_N_4_08_32_W_region:GB_type:city">50°22′17″N 4°08′32″W / 50.37139°N 4.14222°W / 50.37139; -4.14222</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1928</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary Authority">Unitary Authority</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1998</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas of the city</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Barne_Barton" title="Barne Barton">Barne Barton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cattedown" title="Cattedown">Cattedown</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Compton,_Plymouth" title="Compton, Plymouth">Compton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Crabtree,_Plymouth" title="Crabtree, Plymouth">Crabtree</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Crownhill" title="Crownhill">Crownhill</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Plymouth" title="Devonport, Plymouth">Devonport</a> (One of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Towns" title="Three Towns">Three Towns</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Drake_(Plymouth_ward)" title="Drake (Plymouth ward)">Drake</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Efford" title="Efford">Efford</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Eggbuckland" title="Eggbuckland">Eggbuckland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ernesettle" title="Ernesettle">Ernesettle</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Estover" class="mw-redirect" title="Estover">Estover</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Greenbank,_Plymouth" title="Greenbank, Plymouth">Greenbank</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ham,_Plymouth" title="Ham, Plymouth">Ham</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hartley,_Plymouth" title="Hartley, Plymouth">Hartley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hooe,_Plymouth" title="Hooe, Plymouth">Hooe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Honicknowle" title="Honicknowle">Honicknowle</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Keyham,_Plymouth" title="Keyham, Plymouth">Keyham</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Tamerton" title="King's Tamerton">King's Tamerton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Laira" title="Laira">Laira</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Leigham" title="Leigham">Leigham</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lipson" title="Lipson">Lipson</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Manadon" title="Manadon">Manadon</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mannamead" title="Mannamead">Mannamead</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Milehouse" title="Milehouse">Milehouse</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Millbay" title="Millbay">Millbay</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Millbridge,_Plymouth" title="Millbridge, Plymouth">Millbridge</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Morice_Town" title="Morice Town">Morice Town</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/North_Prospect" title="North Prospect">North Prospect</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pennycomequick" title="Pennycomequick">Pennycomequick</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pennycross" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennycross">Pennycross</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Peverell" title="Peverell">Peverell</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Plymouth (One of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Towns" title="Three Towns">Three Towns</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Plymstock" title="Plymstock">Plymstock</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Roborough,_South_Hams" title="Roborough, South Hams">Roborough</a> (Village, part)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/St_Budeaux" title="St Budeaux">St Budeaux</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Southway" title="Southway">Southway</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Stoke,_Plymouth" title="Stoke, Plymouth">Stoke</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Plymouth" title="Stonehouse, Plymouth">Stonehouse</a> (One of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Towns" title="Three Towns">Three Towns</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tamerton_Foliot" title="Tamerton Foliot">Tamerton Foliot</a> (Village)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/West_Hoe" title="West Hoe">West Hoe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Weston_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Weston Mill">Weston Mill</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Whitleigh" title="Whitleigh">Whitleigh</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Woolwell" title="Woolwell">Woolwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary authority</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Leadership</th><td class="infobox-data">Leader and cabinet</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Council control</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> (as of <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2023 United Kingdom local elections">04 July 2023</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">Members of Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thomas_(British_politician)" title="Fred Thomas (British politician)">Fred Thomas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) <a href="/wiki/Luke_Pollard" title="Luke Pollard">Luke Pollard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Smith_(politician)" title="Rebecca Smith (politician)">Rebecca Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">C</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 sq mi (80 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">215th <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area" title="List of English districts by area">(of 296)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">509 ft (155 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021 Census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">264,695 (city / unitary authority) 266,983 (urban)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">66th <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">(of 296)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Plymothian (formal) <a href="/wiki/Janner" title="Janner">Janner</a> (informal)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 94% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.2% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.7% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion (2021)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 51.8% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 45.3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC0">UTC0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal codes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/PL_postcode_area" title="PL postcode area">PL1–9</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01752</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB-PLY</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Police</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Police" title="Devon and Cornwall Police">Devon and Cornwall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ambulance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ambulance_Service" title="South Western Ambulance Service">South Western</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fire</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Somerset_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service">Devon and Somerset</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plymouth.gov.uk">plymouth.gov.uk</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43382#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Plymouth (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈplɪməθ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c9\/En-uk-Plymouth.ogg\/En-uk-Plymouth.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Plymouth.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-uk-Plymouth.ogg/En-uk-Plymouth.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Plymouth.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Plymouth.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PLIH-məth</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a>. It is located on Devon's south coast between the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Plym" title="River Plym">Plym</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a>, about 36 miles (58 km) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> and 193 miles (311 km) southwest of London. It is the most populous city in Devon. Plymouth's history extends back to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, evolving from a trading post at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Batten" title="Mount Batten">Mount Batten</a> into the thriving <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> of Sutton, which was formally re-named as Plymouth in 1439 when it was made a <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a>. The settlement has played a significant role in English history, notably in 1588 when an English fleet based here defeated the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, and in 1620 as the departure point for the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrim Fathers</a> to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, the town was held by the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> and was besieged between 1642 and 1646. In 1690 a <a href="/wiki/Dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dockyard">dockyard</a> was established on the River Tamar for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port throughout the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. After absorbing nearby settlements in 1914, the borough was awarded city status in 1928. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Plymouth suffered extensive damage in the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth Blitz</a>, leading to post-war rebuilding that significantly shaped its modern appearance. A further expansion of its boundaries in 1967 contributed to its current status as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">30th-most populous built-up area</a> in the UK and the second-largest city in the South West after <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, with a population in 2022 of 266,862. Plymouth's economy, historically rooted in shipbuilding and seafaring, has transitioned towards a service-based economy since the 1990s. It maintains strong maritime connections, hosting <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">HMNB Devonport</a>, the largest operational naval base in Western Europe, and offering ferry links to Brittany and Spain. The city is also home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a>, reflecting its educational and cultural significance. Today, the city is governed locally by <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth City Council</a> and is represented nationally by three<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Plymouth" title="History of Plymouth">History of Plymouth</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Plymouth" title="Timeline of Plymouth">Timeline of Plymouth</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> deposits, including bones of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>, have been found in local caves,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and artefacts dating from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> to the Middle <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> have been found at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Batten" title="Mount Batten">Mount Batten</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> showing that it was one of few principal trading ports of pre-Roman <a href="/wiki/Britannia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannia (Roman province)">Britannia</a> dominating continental trade with <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> An unidentified settlement named TAMARI OSTIA (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a> and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> An ancient <a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">promontory fort</a> was located at <a href="/wiki/Rame_Head" title="Rame Head">Rame Head</a> at the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sound" title="Plymouth Sound">Plymouth Sound</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> with ancient <a href="/wiki/Hillforts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillforts">hillforts</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Lyneham,_Yealmpton" title="Lyneham, Yealmpton">Lyneham</a> Warren to the east, <a href="/wiki/Boringdon_Camp" title="Boringdon Camp">Boringdon Camp</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maristow" class="mw-redirect" title="Maristow">Maristow</a> Camp to the north.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The settlement of <a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a>, further up the <a href="/wiki/River_Plym" title="River Plym">River Plym</a> than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port. (See <a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a> for the derivation of the name Plym.) As the river silted up in the early 11th century, mariners and merchants were forced to settle downriver, at the current day <a href="/wiki/Barbican,_Plymouth" title="Barbican, Plymouth">Barbican</a> near the river mouth.<a href="#cite_note-early_history-12">[12]</a> At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-early_history-12">[12]</a> The name Plym Mouth, meaning "mouth of the River Plym" was first mentioned in a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_Rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe Rolls">Pipe Roll</a> of 1211.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plympton_Priory" title="Plympton Priory">Plympton Priory</a> owned land at Sutton and secured a charter from <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> in 1254 granting the priory the right to hold a weekly market and annual fair at Sutton, making it a <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_defence_and_Renaissance">Early defence and Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early defence and Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prysten_House,_Plymouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Prysten_House%2C_Plymouth.jpg/220px-Prysten_House%2C_Plymouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Prysten_House%2C_Plymouth.jpg/330px-Prysten_House%2C_Plymouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Prysten_House%2C_Plymouth.jpg/440px-Prysten_House%2C_Plymouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prysten_House" title="Prysten House">Prysten House</a> (1498) on Finewell Street is the oldest surviving house in Plymouth, built from local Plymouth limestone and <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> granite.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> a French attack in 1340 burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1403 the town was burned by <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton raiders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On 12 November 1439 the market town of Sutton was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a> and formally renamed Plymouth, with a subsequent charter the following year formalising its boundaries. It was the first time a borough charter had been issued by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliament</a> rather than directly from the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the late fifteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Castle" title="Plymouth Castle">Plymouth Castle</a>, a "castle quadrate", was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_1540.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plymouth_1540.png/220px-Plymouth_1540.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plymouth_1540.png/330px-Plymouth_1540.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plymouth_1540.png/440px-Plymouth_1540.png 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Charter map of Sutton harbour and Plymouth in 1540</figcaption></figure> The castle served to protect <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Harbour" title="Sutton Harbour">Sutton Pool</a>, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">Plymouth Dockyard</a>. In 1512, an Act of Parliament was passed to further fortify Plymouth. The work included defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain was extended in times of danger).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Defences on <a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="St Nicholas Island">St Nicholas Island</a> also date from this time, and a string of six artillery <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a> were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596; it was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Citadel,_Plymouth" title="Royal Citadel, Plymouth">Citadel</a>, established in the 1660s (see below).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_siege_map_1643.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Plymouth_siege_map_1643.gif/220px-Plymouth_siege_map_1643.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Plymouth_siege_map_1643.gif/330px-Plymouth_siege_map_1643.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Plymouth_siege_map_1643.gif/440px-Plymouth_siege_map_1643.gif 2x" data-file-width="4075" data-file-height="2921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plymouth" title="Siege of Plymouth">Siege of Plymouth</a>, 1643</figcaption></figure> During the 16th century, locally produced wool was the major export commodity.<a href="#cite_note-slaves-23">[23]</a> Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Hawkins">Sir John Hawkins</a>, who led England's first foray into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> as well as Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581–2. Crews for the first English failed settlement attempt at <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> in North America departed in 1587 under Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>'s and Drake's leadership; returning bearing maize, tobacco and <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>. In 1588, according to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Hoe</a> before engaging the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-drake-25">[25]</a> In 1620 the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a> set sail for the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> from Plymouth, establishing <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> – the second English colony in what is now the United States.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 1625, the town Mayor estimated that African slavers captured that summer about 1,000 villagers from the area, to be sold in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-WG-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada,_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/220px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/330px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/440px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5634" /></a><figcaption>The 'invincible' <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, 1588</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> Plymouth sided with the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plymouth" title="Siege of Plymouth">besieged</a> for almost four years by the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-civilwar-28">[28]</a> The last major attack by the Royalists was by Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Grenville,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet">Richard Grenville</a> leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park.<a href="#cite_note-civilwar-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Island" title="Drake's Island">Drake's Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-civilwar-28">[28]</a> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Citadel,_Plymouth" title="Royal Citadel, Plymouth">Royal Citadel</a> began in 1665, after <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">the Restoration</a>; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-citadel-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Batten" title="Mount Batten">Mount Batten</a> tower also dates from around this time.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plymouth_Dock,_naval_power_and_Foulston">Plymouth Dock, naval power and Foulston</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plymouth Dock, naval power and Foulston">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall,_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport.jpg/220px-John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport.jpg/330px-John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport.jpg/440px-John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Foulston" title="John Foulston">John Foulston</a>'s Town Hall, Column and Library in <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonport, Devon">Devonport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg/220px-Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg/330px-Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg/440px-Black-eyed_Sue_and_Sweet_Poll_of_Plymouth_taking_leave_of_their_lovers_who_are_going_to_Botany_Bay.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll of Plymouth mourning their lovers, who are soon to be transported to <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a>, 1792</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unloading_mail_by_hand_from_the_Sir_Francis_Drake,_March_1926.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Unloading_mail_by_hand_from_the_Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_March_1926.png/220px-Unloading_mail_by_hand_from_the_Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_March_1926.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Unloading_mail_by_hand_from_the_Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_March_1926.png/330px-Unloading_mail_by_hand_from_the_Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_March_1926.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Unloading_mail_by_hand_from_the_Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_March_1926.png/440px-Unloading_mail_by_hand_from_the_Sir_Francis_Drake%2C_March_1926.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Unloading mail by hand from the Sir Francis Drake at <a href="/wiki/Millbay_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Millbay Docks">Millbay Docks</a>, March 1926</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 17th century, Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century, commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth, and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, major products from the colonies. Local sailors turning to piracy such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a> became infamous, celebrated in the London play <a href="/wiki/The_Successful_Pyrate" title="The Successful Pyrate">The Successful Pyrate</a>. It played a part in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> during the early 18th century, although it was relatively small.<a href="#cite_note-slaves-23">[23]</a> In the nearby parish of <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Damerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoke Damerel">Stoke Damerel</a> the first dockyard, <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">HMNB Devonport</a>, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a>. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793.<a href="#cite_note-brief_history-1">[1]</a> The settlement that developed here was called "Dock" or "Plymouth Dock" at the time,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-early_history-12">[12]</a> Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard.<a href="#cite_note-early_history-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Three_Towns" title="Three Towns">Three Towns</a> conurbation of Plymouth, <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Plymouth" title="Stonehouse, Plymouth">Stonehouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonport, Devon">Devonport</a> enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neo-classical</a> urban developments designed by London architect <a href="/wiki/John_Foulston" title="John Foulston">John Foulston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pdfoul-34">[34]</a> Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> including the Athenaeum, the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Plymouth" title="Theatre Royal, Plymouth">Theatre Royal</a> and Royal Hotel, and much of <a href="/wiki/Union_Street,_Plymouth" title="Union Street, Plymouth">Union Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pdfoul-34">[34]</a> Local chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Cookworthy" title="William Cookworthy">William Cookworthy</a> established his short-lived <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Porcelain">Plymouth Porcelain</a> venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of <a href="/wiki/China_clay" class="mw-redirect" title="China clay">china clay</a> that he had discovered in Cornwall. He was acquainted with engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a>, the builder of the third <a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Tower" title="Smeaton's Tower">Eddystone Lighthouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A._R._Quinton,_Plymouth_the_Hoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Hoe.jpg/220px-A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Hoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Hoe.jpg/330px-A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Hoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Hoe.jpg/440px-A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Hoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Plymouth the Hoe (postcard c. 1920) by <a href="/wiki/A._R._Quinton" title="A. R. Quinton">A.R. Quinton</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A._R._Quinton,_Plymouth_the_Promenade_Pier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Promenade_Pier.jpg/220px-A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Promenade_Pier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Promenade_Pier.jpg/330px-A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Promenade_Pier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Promenade_Pier.jpg/440px-A._R._Quinton%2C_Plymouth_the_Promenade_Pier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Plymouth the Promenade Pier (postcard c. 1925) by <a href="/wiki/A._R._Quinton" title="A. R. Quinton">A. R. Quinton</a> </figcaption></figure> The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_the_Elder" title="John Rennie the Elder">John Rennie</a> to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In the 1860s, a ring of <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmerston forts">Palmerston forts</a> was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frith_Plymouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Frith_Plymouth.jpg/220px-Frith_Plymouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Frith_Plymouth.jpg/330px-Frith_Plymouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Frith_Plymouth.jpg/440px-Frith_Plymouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>Plymouth (1860s–1880s) by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Frith" title="Francis Frith">Francis Frith</a></figcaption></figure> Some of the most significant imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways, and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-legacy-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_for_Plymouth_1943">Plan for Plymouth 1943</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plan for Plymouth 1943">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a>. It was developed as a facility for the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitions">munitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PD-GreatWar-41">[41]</a> Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.<a href="#cite_note-PD-GreatWar-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gateway_to_Royal_William_Victualling_Yard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gateway_to_Royal_William_Victualling_Yard.jpg/220px-Gateway_to_Royal_William_Victualling_Yard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gateway_to_Royal_William_Victualling_Yard.jpg/330px-Gateway_to_Royal_William_Victualling_Yard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gateway_to_Royal_William_Victualling_Yard.jpg/440px-Gateway_to_Royal_William_Victualling_Yard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_William_Victualling_Yard" title="Royal William Victualling Yard">Royal William Victualling Yard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Plymouth" title="Stonehouse, Plymouth">Stonehouse</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_the_Younger" title="John Rennie the Younger">Sir John Rennie</a>, 1825–1833</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Drake%27s_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Plymouth_Drake%27s_Island.jpg/220px-Plymouth_Drake%27s_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Plymouth_Drake%27s_Island.jpg/330px-Plymouth_Drake%27s_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Plymouth_Drake%27s_Island.jpg/440px-Plymouth_Drake%27s_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4408" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Plymouth Drake's Island (1860s–1880s) by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Frith" title="Francis Frith">Francis Frith</a></figcaption></figure> During the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">Devonport</a> was the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Western_Approaches_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Approaches Command">Western Approaches Command</a> until 1941, and <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Sunderland</a> flying boats were operated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The city was heavily bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, in a series of 59 raids known as the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth Blitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-legacy-40">[40]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">dockyards</a> were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port.<a href="#cite_note-gillww2-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Church,_Plymouth" title="Charles Church, Plymouth">Charles Church</a> was hit by <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary bombs</a> and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished. It has been designated as an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The redevelopment of the city was planned by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Abercrombie" title="Patrick Abercrombie">Sir Patrick Abercrombie</a> in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London.<a href="#cite_note-jeremy-45">[45]</a> This initially included plans to expand the city into <a href="/wiki/Caradon" title="Caradon">south east Cornwall</a>, but these were abandoned after opposition from <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_County_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornwall County Council">Cornwall County Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year, mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types.<a href="#cite_note-EHModern-47">[47]</a> The Plan for Plymouth was, on the one hand, a template for the rapid reassembly of a destroyed city centre, but Abercrombie also took the opportunity to lay out a whole hierarchy of settlements across the city of communities, neighbourhoods and districts. Central to this was a revision of transport infrastructure that prioritised the position of the railway as a gateway to the city centre and provided in the long-term for a dual carriageway road by-pass that only finally came into being in the 1980s (forty years after being planned). The plan is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Jill_Craigie" title="Jill Craigie">Jill Craigie</a>'s documentary The Way We Live (1946). By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia.<a href="#cite_note-EHModern-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-gillredev-48">[48]</a> Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan.<a href="#cite_note-EHModern-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-gillredev-48">[48]</a> In 1962 the <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> high rise of the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Civic_Centre" title="Plymouth Civic Centre">Civic Centre</a> was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid-twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece. The <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth City Council</a> allowed it to fall into disrepair but it was <a href="/wiki/Grade_II_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade II listed">grade II listed</a> in 2007 by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> to prevent its demolition.<a href="#cite_note-EHModern-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R09)" title="HMS Ark Royal (R09)">Ark Royal</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear submarines">nuclear submarines</a>. New light industrial factories were constructed in the newly <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoned</a> industrial sector, attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, after barracks were pulled down in the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-gillredev-48">[48]</a> but the city remains home to <a href="/wiki/29_Commando_Regiment_Royal_Artillery" title="29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery">29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and also <a href="/wiki/42_Commando" title="42 Commando">42 Commando</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gillredev-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> As a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary authorities in England">unitary authority</a> there is only one tier of local government covering Plymouth. <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth City Council</a> meets at the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Civic_Centre" title="Plymouth Civic Centre">Council House</a> on Armada Way in the city centre. There are no <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a> in the city, which is an <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The city forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial county">ceremonial county</a> of Devon for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_area" title="Lieutenancy area">lieutenancy</a>, but has been administratively independent from <a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a> since it became a unitary authority in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administrative history">edit</a>]</div> The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> in 1086 as Sudtone (Sutton), Saxon for south farm, located at the present-day <a href="/wiki/Barbican,_Plymouth" title="Barbican, Plymouth">Barbican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brief_history-1">[1]</a> From Saxon times, it was in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (county subdivision)">hundred</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roborough_(hundred)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roborough (hundred)">Roborough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-genuki-devonhundreds-54">[54]</a> Sutton became a market town in 1254 and a borough in 1439, when it was formally renamed Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-brief_history-1">[1]</a> Plymouth was reformed to become a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a> in 1836, governed by a corporate body officially called the "mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Plymouth", but generally known as the corporation or town council.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> When elected county councils were established in 1889, both Plymouth and neighbouring Devonport were considered large enough to provide their own county-level services and so they were made <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county boroughs</a>, independent from <a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport and the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(England_and_Wales)" title="Urban district (England and Wales)">urban district</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Stonehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="East Stonehouse">East Stonehouse</a> were merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-early_history-12">[12]</a> Collectively they were referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Three_Towns" title="Three Towns">The Three Towns</a>".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Plymouth was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> on 18 October 1928.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Between 1439 and 1935, Plymouth had a mayor.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 1935 the city was given the right to appoint a Lord Mayor. The city's boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of <a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">parish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plymstock" title="Plymstock">Plymstock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-early_history-12">[12]</a> The 1971 <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government White Paper</a> proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, <a href="/wiki/Torpoint" title="Torpoint">Torpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltash" title="Saltash">Saltash</a>, and the rural <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to <a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a>. All powers returned when the city became a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Commission_for_England_(1992)" title="Local Government Commission for England (1992)">Banham Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constituencies">Constituencies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constituencies">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, Plymouth is represented by the three <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies">constituencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Moor_View_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Moor View (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth Moor View</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sutton_and_Devonport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Sutton and Devonport (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth Sutton and Devonport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devon_South_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon South West (UK Parliament constituency)">South West Devon</a>. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> in 2020 it was represented within the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> as <a href="/wiki/South_West_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="South West England (European Parliament constituency)">South West England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elected_representatives-63">[63]</a> In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Astor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Astor">Nancy Astor</a> was elected the first-ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Sutton">Plymouth Sutton</a>. She was elected to the seat vacated by her husband <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astor" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf Astor">Waldorf Astor</a> on his elevation to the peerage. Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents. In 1945, Plymouth-born <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a> was elected Labour MP for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Devonport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Devonport (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth Devonport</a> which had been heavily damaged in the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth Blitz</a>. He represented the seat until 1955. After serving as Secretary of State for Education and being responsible for the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_at_Work_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and Safety at Work Act">Health and Safety at Work Act</a>, he went on to become the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> (1980–1983). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_Council">City Council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: City Council">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth City Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civic_Centre,_Plymouth_from_Dingles_Restaurant_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Civic_Centre%2C_Plymouth_from_Dingles_Restaurant_2024.jpg/220px-Civic_Centre%2C_Plymouth_from_Dingles_Restaurant_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Civic_Centre%2C_Plymouth_from_Dingles_Restaurant_2024.jpg/330px-Civic_Centre%2C_Plymouth_from_Dingles_Restaurant_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Civic_Centre%2C_Plymouth_from_Dingles_Restaurant_2024.jpg/440px-Civic_Centre%2C_Plymouth_from_Dingles_Restaurant_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5484" data-file-height="3923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Civic_Centre" title="Plymouth Civic Centre">Civic Centre</a>, completed 1962, symbolic of the Post War 'Heroic Modernism' of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare State">Welfare State</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> since 2007</figcaption></figure> The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (politics)">wards</a>, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57.<a href="#cite_note-wards-64">[64]</a> Elections are held three years out of every four, with a third of the council being elected each time for a four year term.<a href="#cite_note-wards-64">[64]</a> The total <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electorate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:electorate">electorate</a> for Plymouth's Parliamentary constituencies was 190,006 in April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Since May 2023 Plymouth has had a Labour majority Council.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Plymouth City Council is formally <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, France (1963), <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, Poland (1976), <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, Russia (1990) <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, Spain (1990) and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a>, United States (2001).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Plymouth was granted the dignity of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor">Lord Mayor</a> by King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors.<a href="#cite_note-lord_mayoralty-68">[68]</a> It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor.<a href="#cite_note-lord_mayoralty-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Hall_-_Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Great_Hall_-_Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg/220px-Great_Hall_-_Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Great_Hall_-_Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg/330px-Great_Hall_-_Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Great_Hall_-_Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg/440px-Great_Hall_-_Plymouth_Guildhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>The Great Hall in the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Guildhall" title="Plymouth Guildhall">Guildhall</a></figcaption></figure> The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">the Hoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elliot-69">[69]</a> Once a home of <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astor,_2nd_Viscount_Astor" title="Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor">Waldorf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor" title="Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor">Nancy Astor</a>, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events.<a href="#cite_note-elliot-69">[69]</a> The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Plymouth" title="List of places in Plymouth">List of places in Plymouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Sound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Plymouth_Sound.jpg/220px-Plymouth_Sound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Plymouth_Sound.jpg/330px-Plymouth_Sound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Plymouth_Sound.jpg/440px-Plymouth_Sound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Northeastward view of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sound" title="Plymouth Sound">Plymouth Sound</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Edgcumbe_Country_Park" title="Mount Edgcumbe Country Park">Mount Edgcumbe Country Park</a> in Cornwall, with <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Island" title="Drake's Island">Drake's Island</a> (centre) and, behind it from left to right, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Citadel,_Plymouth" title="Royal Citadel, Plymouth">Royal Citadel</a>, the fuel tanks of <a href="/wiki/Cattedown" title="Cattedown">Cattedown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Batten" title="Mount Batten">Mount Batten</a>; in the background, the hills of <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>.</figcaption></figure> Plymouth lies between the <a href="/wiki/River_Plym" title="River Plym">River Plym</a> to the east and the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a> to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sound" title="Plymouth Sound">Plymouth Sound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tamar-71">[71]</a> Since 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of <a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymstock" title="Plymstock">Plymstock</a> which lie along the east of the River Plym.<a href="#cite_note-early_history-12">[12]</a> The River Tamar forms the county boundary between <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and its estuary forms the <a href="/wiki/Hamoaze" title="Hamoaze">Hamoaze</a> on which is sited <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">Devonport Dockyard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tamar-71">[71]</a> The River Plym, which flows off <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called <a href="/wiki/Cattewater" title="Cattewater">Cattewater</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sound" title="Plymouth Sound">Plymouth Sound</a> is protected from the sea by the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Breakwater" title="Plymouth Breakwater">Plymouth Breakwater</a>, in use since 1814.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the Sound is <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Island" title="Drake's Island">Drake's Island</a> which is seen from <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Plymouth Hoe</a>, a flat public area on top of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> cliffs.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Unitary_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary Authority">Unitary Authority</a> of Plymouth is 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[2]</a> The topography rises from sea level to a height, at <a href="/wiki/Roborough,_South_Hams" title="Roborough, South Hams">Roborough</a>, of about 509 feet (155 m) above <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Datum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Datum">Ordnance Datum</a> (AOD).<a href="#cite_note-geography-74">[74]</a> Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and Middle <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> limestone.<a href="#cite_note-geology-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sound,_Shores_and_Cliffs" title="Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs">Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a>, because of its geology.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-geology-75">[75]</a> A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from <a href="/wiki/Cremyll" title="Cremyll">Cremyll</a> to <a href="/wiki/Plymstock" title="Plymstock">Plymstock</a> including the Hoe.<a href="#cite_note-geology-75">[75]</a> Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-geology-75">[75]</a> To the north and northeast of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, lead and other minerals.<a href="#cite_note-geology-75">[75]</a> There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.<a href="#cite_note-limestone-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_form">Urban form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Urban form">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armada_Way,_Plymouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_83458.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Armada_Way%2C_Plymouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_83458.jpg/220px-Armada_Way%2C_Plymouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_83458.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Armada_Way%2C_Plymouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_83458.jpg/330px-Armada_Way%2C_Plymouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_83458.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Armada_Way%2C_Plymouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_83458.jpg/440px-Armada_Way%2C_Plymouth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_83458.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Armada Way looking north</figcaption></figure> On 27 April 1944 <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Abercrombie" title="Patrick Abercrombie">Sir Patrick Abercrombie's</a> Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a> aligned east–west linked by a north–south <a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">avenue</a> (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe.<a href="#cite_note-jeremy-45">[45]</a> A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect <a href="/wiki/David_Mackay_(architect)" title="David Mackay (architect)">David MacKay</a> in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential.<a href="#cite_note-vision-78">[78]</a> In suburban areas, post-War <a href="/wiki/Prefabricated_home" title="Prefabricated home">prefabs</a> had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent <a href="/wiki/Council_house" title="Council house">council houses</a> were built each year from 1951 to 1957 according to the <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning#Modern_urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Modernist</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoned</a> low-density <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city</a> model advocated by Abercrombie.<a href="#cite_note-gillredev-48">[48]</a> By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gillredev-48">[48]</a> Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft).<a href="#cite_note-parks-79">[79]</a> Its largest park is <a href="/wiki/Central_Park,_Plymouth" title="Central Park, Plymouth">Central Park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> with other sizeable green spaces including <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Millbridge,_Plymouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Park, Millbridge, Plymouth">Victoria Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipson" title="Lipson">Freedom Fields Park</a>, Alexandra Park, <a href="/wiki/Devonport_Park" title="Devonport Park">Devonport Park</a> and the Hoe.<a href="#cite_note-parks-79">[79]</a> Central Park is the home of Plymouth Argyle Football Club and a number of other leisure facilities. The Plymouth Plan 2019–2034 was published May 2019 and sets the direction for future development with a new spatial strategy<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> which reinforces links with the wider region in west Devon and east Cornwall in its Joint Local Plan and identifies three development areas within the city: the City centre and waterfront; a 'northern corridor' including Derriford and the vacant airfield site at <a href="/wiki/Roborough,_South_Hams" title="Roborough, South Hams">Roborough</a>; and an 'eastern corridor' including major new settlements at <a href="/wiki/Sherford_(new_town)" title="Sherford (new town)">Sherford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langage,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Langage, Devon">Langage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Plymouth is categorized as a Small-Port City using the Southampton System for port-city classification.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Plymouth has a moderated temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cfb) which is wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants, palm trees, and yuccas can be cultivated. The annual mean high temperature is approximately 14 °C (57 °F). Due to the moderating effect of the sea and the south-westerly location, the climate is among the mildest of British cities, and one of the warmest UK cities in winter.<a href="#cite_note-hku-84">[84]</a> The coldest month of February is similarly moderate, having mild mean minimum temperatures between 3 and 4 °C (37 and 39 °F). Snow usually falls in small amounts but a noteworthy recent exception was the period of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_of_2009%E2%80%9310_in_Europe" title="Winter of 2009–10 in Europe">European winter storms of 2009–10</a> which, in early January 2010, covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow; more on higher ground. Another notable event was the 8 inches (20 cm) of snowfall between 17 and 19 December 2010 – though only 2 inches (5.1 cm) would lie at any one time due to melting. Over the 1961–1990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm (3 in) per year.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-85">[85]</a> South West England has a favoured location when the <a href="/wiki/Azores_High" title="Azores High">Azores High</a> pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.<a href="#cite_note-weather-86">[86]</a> Owing to its geographic location, rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure area">depressions</a> or with convection and is more frequent and heavier than in London and southeast England. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.<a href="#cite_note-weather-86">[86]</a> Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971–2000) will achieve a temperature of 28.6 °C (83 °F),<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> although in July 2022 the temperature reached 33.9 °C (93.0 °F),<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> the site record. On average, 4.25 days<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77 °F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to −4.1 °C (25 °F)<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> although in January 1979 the temperature fell to −8.8 °C (16 °F).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Typically, 18.6 nights<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> of the year will register an air frost. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Plymouth (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Batten" title="Mount Batten">Mount Batten</a>)<a href="#cite_note-93">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 03827; coordinates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Plymouth&params=50.35489_N_4.12103_W_type:landmark_region:GB&title=Met+Office+Plymouth">50°21′18″N 4°07′16″W / 50.35489°N 4.12103°W / 50.35489; -4.12103 (Met Office Plymouth)</a>; elevation: 50 m (164 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.3 (52.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.8 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.7 (21.7) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−8.8 (16.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">109.6 (4.31) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.7 (3.45) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.2 (3.00) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5 (2.70) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1 (2.37) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.4 (2.54) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.5 (2.50) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3 (3.16) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3 (2.85) </td> <td style="background: #57FF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.1 (4.41) </td> <td style="background: #49FF49; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.8 (4.64) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.2 (4.93) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,037.7 (40.86) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.2 (1.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.9 </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">148.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">82 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 (43) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (48) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (52) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (55) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (57) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (54) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (45) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8 (47) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #707070; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.8 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.0 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.4 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.8 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">209.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.5 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.3 </td> <td style="background: #B5B564; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.4 </td> <td style="background: #898989; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.6 </td> <td style="background: #636363; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.5 </td> <td style="background: #C2C215; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,732.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-Met_Averages-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (Snow depth, Relative humidity and snow/sleet days 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> WeatherAtlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather-Atlas-97">[96]</a> Source 3: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/uk/plymouth/climate">Time and Date</a> (dewpoints, between 1985-2015)<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Plymouth (normals for 1961-1990)<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mean number of days with precipitation > 10.0 mm (0.39 in) </th> <td style="background:#9999FF;color:#000000;">4 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">3 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">3 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">3 </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;color:#000000;">4 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">32 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean number of days with <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a> </th> <td style="background:#CCFFCC;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#CCFFCC;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#CCFFCC;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#CCFFCC;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#CCFFCC;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#CCFFCC;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#CCFFCC;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#F5FFFA;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean number of days with <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> </th> <td style="background:#C0C0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0C0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0C0FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#CCCCFF;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#CCCCFF;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#CCCCFF;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#CCCCFF;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#CCCCFF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean number of days with <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> on ground </th> <td style="background:#F0F8FF;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#F0F8FF;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#F0F8FF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean number of days with air frost </th> <td style="background:#99CCFF;color:#000000;">6 </td> <td style="background:#99CCFF;color:#000000;">6 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">3 </td> <td style="background:#CCE5FF;color:#000000;">1 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#CCE5FF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#C0E0FF;color:#000000;">4 </td> <td style="background:#CCE5FF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">22 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean number of days grass <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> </th> <td style="background:#40FFFF;color:#000000;">11 </td> <td style="background:#40FFFF;color:#000000;">11 </td> <td style="background:#40FFFF;color:#000000;">11 </td> <td style="background:#80FFFF;color:#000000;">8 </td> <td style="background:#CCFFFF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background:#CCFFFF;color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background:#80FFFF;color:#000000;">8 </td> <td style="background:#40FFFF;color:#000000;">10 </td> <td style="background:#99FFFF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">63 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Plymouth" title="List of schools in Plymouth">List of schools in Plymouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roland_Levinsky_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Roland_Levinsky_building.jpg/170px-Roland_Levinsky_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Roland_Levinsky_building.jpg/255px-Roland_Levinsky_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Roland_Levinsky_building.jpg/340px-Roland_Levinsky_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roland_Levinsky_Building" title="Roland Levinsky Building">Roland Levinsky Building</a> – Faculty of Arts of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a></figcaption></figure> There are three universities based in Plymouth, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Mark_%26_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St Mark & St John">University of St Mark & St John</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arts_University_Plymouth" title="Arts University Plymouth">Arts University Plymouth</a>. The University of Plymouth enrolls 23,155 total students as of 2018/2019 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_enrollment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrollment">57th largest</a> in the UK out of 169).<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> It also employs 2,900 staff with an annual income of around £160 million.<a href="#cite_note-uni-102">[101]</a> It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the <a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> It has a wide range of courses including those in marine focused business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> in 2000, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_College_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry</a>. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="South West of England">South West</a>. The University of St Mark & St John (known as "Marjon" or "Marjons") specialises in <a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">teacher training</a>, and offers training across the country and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Arts University Plymouth offers a selection of courses including media. It was originally founded as the Plymouth Drawing School in 1856, and in December 2008, Plymouth College of Art and Design was renamed to Plymouth College of Art. In May 2022, the College was awarded University status, and became Arts University Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The city is also home to two large colleges. The <a href="/wiki/City_College_Plymouth" title="City College Plymouth">City College Plymouth</a> provides courses from the most basic to <a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degrees</a> for approximately 26,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, <a href="/wiki/Devonport_High_School_for_Girls" title="Devonport High School for Girls">Devonport High School for Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devonport_High_School_for_Boys" title="Devonport High School for Boys">Devonport High School for Boys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_High_School_for_Girls" title="Plymouth High School for Girls">Plymouth High School for Girls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> There is also an independent school <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_College" title="Plymouth College">Plymouth College</a>. The city was also home to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Engineering_College" title="Royal Naval Engineering College">Royal Naval Engineering College</a>; opened in 1880 in <a href="/wiki/Keyham,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyham, Devon">Keyham</a>, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at <a href="/wiki/Manadon" title="Manadon">Manadon</a>. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Plymouth is home to the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Biological_Association_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom">Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom</a> (MBA; founded 1884) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Marine_Laboratory" title="Plymouth Marine Laboratory">Plymouth Marine Laboratory</a> (PML; founded 1988) was formed in part from components of the MBA. Together with the <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Aquarium,_Plymouth" title="National Marine Aquarium, Plymouth">National Marine Aquarium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_Plankton_Recorder" title="Continuous Plankton Recorder">Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences</a>, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the <a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a>, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> that could be used to make <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> or in the treatment of wastewater by using technology such as <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">photo-bioreactors</a>. It works alongside the <a href="/wiki/Boots_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Boots Group">Boots Group</a> to investigate the use of algae in skincare protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> A scheme is in operation over summer 2018 to provide meals during the summer holidays for children with parents on a low income, the parents cannot afford to provide their children with healthy meals.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth_Students%27_Union" title="University of Plymouth Students' Union">UPSU</a> also known as the University of Plymouth Student Union is based underground near the library. Every student at the University of Plymouth is a member of UPSU. The Union employs students across the University, from bar staff to events technicians. Every year the students at the University have an opportunity to vote which sabbatical officers represent them. In 2019 over 4000 students voted in the UPSU elections. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Plymouth_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Plymouth_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Plymouth_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Plymouth_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Plymouth_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Plymouth_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Plymouth (unitary authority) in 2021</figcaption></figure> From the 2011 Census, the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384;<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-113">[112]</a> 15,664 more people than that of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">last census</a> from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720.<a href="#cite_note-census_2001-114">[113]</a> The Plymouth <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">urban area</a> had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> (of 92.9% was <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a>), with the largest minority ethnic group being <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> at 0.5%.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-113">[112]</a> The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (−24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively).<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951. Plymouth's <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">gross value added</a> (a measure of the size of its economy) was <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>5,169 million in 2013 making up 25% of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>'s GVA.<a href="#cite_note-GVA-118">[117]</a> Its GVA per person was £19,943 and compared to the national average of £23,755, was £3,812 lower.<a href="#cite_note-GVA-118">[117]</a> Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> A 2014 profile by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of the population among the poorest 20.4% nationally).<a href="#cite_note-National_Health_Service-120">[119]</a> Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic Group </th> <th colspan="8">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="#cite_note-:412-121">[120]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-:36-123">[122]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>241,233 </th> <th>99.1% </th> <th>236,767 </th> <th>98.4% </th> <th>246,509 </th> <th>96.1% </th> <th>248,727 </th> <th>94.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>232,377 </td> <td>96.5% </td> <td>238,263 </td> <td>92.9% </td> <td>236,802 </td> <td>89.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,359 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>1,105 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,055 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>153 </td> <td> </td> <td>165 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>168 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3,031 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,988 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,537 </td> <td>4.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>971 </th> <th>0.4% </th> <th>1,427 </th> <th>0.6% </th> <th>3,906 </th> <th>1.5% </th> <th>5,947 </th> <th>2.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>209 </td> <td> </td> <td>258 </td> <td> </td> <td>875 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,403 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>53 </td> <td> </td> <td>83 </td> <td> </td> <td>202 </td> <td> </td> <td>389 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>105 </td> <td> </td> <td>152 </td> <td> </td> <td>359 </td> <td> </td> <td>537 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>382 </td> <td> </td> <td>685 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,251 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,430 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: Other Asian </td> <td>222 </td> <td> </td> <td>249 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,219 </td> <td> </td> <td>2188 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>621 </th> <th>0.3% </th> <th>451 </th> <th>0.2% </th> <th>1,678 </th> <th>0.7% </th> <th>2,786 </th> <th>1.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African</a> </td> <td>180 </td> <td> </td> <td>230 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,106 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,022 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>177 </td> <td> </td> <td>165 </td> <td> </td> <td>343 </td> <td> </td> <td>460 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Black</a> </td> <td>264 </td> <td> </td> <td>56 </td> <td> </td> <td>229 </td> <td> </td> <td>304 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed or British Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>1,559 </th> <th>0.6% </th> <th>3,287 </th> <th>1.3% </th> <th>4,656 </th> <th>1.7% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>420 </td> <td> </td> <td>904 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,108 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>246 </td> <td> </td> <td>523 </td> <td> </td> <td>860 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>498 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,028 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,349 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other Mixed </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>395 </td> <td> </td> <td>832 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,339 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>548 </th> <th>0.3% </th> <th>516 </th> <th>0.6% </th> <th>944 </th> <th>0.4% </th> <th>2,579 </th> <th>1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>339 </td> <td> </td> <td>677 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>548 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>516 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>605 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,902 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>243,373 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>240,720 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>256,384 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>264,695 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMNB_Devonport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/HMNB_Devonport.jpg/220px-HMNB_Devonport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/HMNB_Devonport.jpg/330px-HMNB_Devonport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/HMNB_Devonport.jpg/440px-HMNB_Devonport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">HMNB Devonport</a> – the largest operational naval base in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-HMNB_Devonport-125">[124]</a></figcaption></figure> Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maritime" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:maritime">maritime</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-economy-127">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Gin_Distillery" title="Plymouth Gin Distillery">Plymouth Gin Distillery</a> has been producing <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Gin" title="Plymouth Gin">Plymouth Gin</a> since 1793, which was exported around the world by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gin-128">[127]</a> During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a> and had a <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">controlled term of origin</a><a href="#cite_note-gin-128">[127]</a> until 2015. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-economy-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">Devonport Dockyard</a> is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income.<a href="#cite_note-HMNB_Devonport-125">[124]</a> Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Other substantial employers include <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">the university</a> with almost 3,000 staff,<a href="#cite_note-uni-102">[101]</a> the national retail chain <a href="/wiki/The_Range_(retailer)" title="The Range (retailer)">The Range</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Estover,_Plymouth" title="Estover, Plymouth">Estover</a> headquarters, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Science_Park" title="Plymouth Science Park">Plymouth Science Park</a> employing 500 people in 50 companies.<a href="#cite_note-economy-127">[126]</a> Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation.<a href="#cite_note-gillredev-48">[48]</a> At the west end of the zone inside a grade II <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> is <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Pannier_Market" title="Plymouth Pannier Market">the Pannier Market</a> that was completed in 1959 – <a href="/wiki/Pannier" title="Pannier">pannier</a> meaning "basket" from French, so it translates as "basket market".<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> and 29th nationally.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new <a href="/wiki/Business_improvement_district" title="Business improvement district">Business improvement district</a> initiative.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tinside_Pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinside Pool">Tinside Pool</a> is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plymouth_2020">Plymouth 2020</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Plymouth 2020">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2017)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Since 2003, Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the "Vision for Plymouth" launched by the architect <a href="/wiki/David_Mackay_(architect)" title="David Mackay (architect)">David Mackay</a> and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC).<a href="#cite_note-vision-78">[78]</a> With the aim of growing the population to 300,000 by building 33,000 new dwellings, its projects range from shopping centres, new public realm, a cruise terminal, rebalancing the underutilised city centre retail district and opening waterfront development linked by a new urban boulevard.<a href="#cite_note-vision-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drake_circus_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Drake_circus_interior.jpg/220px-Drake_circus_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Drake_circus_interior.jpg/330px-Drake_circus_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Drake_circus_interior.jpg/440px-Drake_circus_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Circus_Shopping_Centre" title="Drake Circus Shopping Centre">Drake Circus Shopping Centre</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest <a href="/wiki/Drake_Circus_Shopping_Centre" title="Drake Circus Shopping Centre">Drake Circus Shopping Centre</a>, which opened in October 2006.<a href="#cite_note-dccontroversy-135">[134]</a> It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already "ten years out of date".<a href="#cite_note-dccontroversy-135">[134]</a> It was awarded the first ever <a href="/wiki/Carbuncle_Cup" title="Carbuncle Cup">Carbuncle Cup</a>, awarded for Britain's ugliest building, in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Plymouth" title="Theatre Royal, Plymouth">Theatre Royal</a>'s production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at <a href="/wiki/Cattedown" title="Cattedown">Cattedown</a>, was a runner-up for the RIBA <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Prize" title="Stirling Prize">Stirling Prize</a> for Architecture in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Proposals included the demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Pavilions" title="Plymouth Pavilions">Plymouth Pavilions</a> <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">entertainment arena</a> to create a canal "boulevard" linking <a href="/wiki/Millbay" title="Millbay">Millbay</a> to the city centre delivered in 2020. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Plymouth's Civic Centre was vacated by Plymouth City Council, and their operations were dispersed across the city centre—the vacant and dilapidated modernist building was proposed for demolition by the Council but was ultimately saved by a listing in 2007<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> for its national architectural merit and was gifted to the developers <a href="/wiki/Urban_Splash" title="Urban Splash">Urban Splash</a>, who intend to refurbish the structure for a mixed-use regeneration including variable let accommodation.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The removal and relocation of <a href="/wiki/Bretonside_bus_station" title="Bretonside bus station">Bretonside bus station</a>—a site originally earmarked for the Council<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a>—was ultimately released for a mixed-use commercial leisure redevelopment including cinema and restaurants named 'Barcode' owned by <a href="/wiki/British_Land" title="British Land">British Land</a> which also owns the adjacent Drake's Circus.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Jacka Bakery in the Barbican district is reputedly the oldest bakery in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> and has operated since the 1600s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Plymouth" title="Railways in Plymouth">Railways in Plymouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:43016_and_802113_PLY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/43016_and_802113_PLY.jpg/220px-43016_and_802113_PLY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/43016_and_802113_PLY.jpg/330px-43016_and_802113_PLY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/43016_and_802113_PLY.jpg/440px-43016_and_802113_PLY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Inter-city trains at Plymouth station, operated by Great Western Railway</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_railway_station" title="Plymouth railway station">Plymouth railway station</a> is served by two <a href="/wiki/Train_operating_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Train operating companies">train operating companies</a>:<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a> operates inter-city services to <a href="/wiki/Penzance_railway_station" title="Penzance railway station">Penzance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter_St_Davids_railway_station" title="Exeter St Davids railway station">Exeter St Davids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taunton_railway_station" title="Taunton railway station">Taunton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading_railway_station" title="Reading railway station">Reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station" title="Bristol Temple Meads railway station">Bristol Temple Meads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station" title="Cardiff Central railway station">Cardiff Central</a>; local services run to <a href="/wiki/Gunnislake_railway_station" title="Gunnislake railway station">Gunnislake</a>. It also manages the station.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a> operate services from the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a> to the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>; destinations include Bristol, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">Birmingham New Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derby_railway_station" title="Derby railway station">Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield railway station">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_railway_station" title="Aberdeen railway station">Aberdeen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></li></ul> Smaller stations in the suburban area west of the city centre are served by trains on the <a href="/wiki/Tamar_Valley_Line" title="Tamar Valley Line">Tamar Valley Line</a> to Gunnislake and local services on the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Main_Line" title="Cornish Main Line">Cornish Main Line</a>, which crosses the Tamar on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a>. This was designed by <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Brunel</a> and opened in 1859. The parallel road bridge was completed in 1961. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The station opened on its present site in 1877 and was previously named Plymouth North Road, when there were other main line stations in the city at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Millbay_railway_station" title="Plymouth Millbay railway station">Millbay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Friary_railway_station" title="Plymouth Friary railway station">Friary</a>; these have since closed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Future">Future</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Future">edit</a>]</div> There have been proposals to reopen the <a href="/wiki/Exeter_to_Plymouth_railway_of_the_LSWR" title="Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR">Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR</a> which would connect <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and Plymouth to Exeter using the former <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(UK)" title="Southern Railway (UK)">Southern Railway</a> main line from Plymouth to Exeter via <a href="/wiki/Okehampton_railway_station" title="Okehampton railway station">Okehampton</a>, because the main line through South Devon is vulnerable to damage from rough seas at <a href="/wiki/Dawlish_railway_station" title="Dawlish railway station">Dawlish</a>, where some of the cliffs are also fragile. There are related proposals to reopen part of the old main line from Bere Alston on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth-Gunnislake_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plymouth-Gunnislake line (page does not exist)">Plymouth-Gunnislake line</a> as far as Tavistock to serve a new housing development but, although the idea has been discussed since 2008, progress has been slow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/A38_road" title="A38 road">A38 dual-carriageway</a> runs from east to west across the north of the city; within the city, it is known as 'The <a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a>' and represents the boundary between the older parts of the city and more recently developed suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the <a href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5 motorway</a>, about 40 miles (65 km) away near <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>; heading west, it connects Devon with Cornwall via the <a href="/wiki/Tamar_Bridge" title="Tamar Bridge">Tamar Bridge</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Buses">edit</a>]</div> Bus services are provided mainly by <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Citybus" title="Plymouth Citybus">Plymouth Citybus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_South_West" title="Stagecoach South West">Stagecoach South West</a>, but a few routes are served by smaller local operators. Long distance inter-city bus services terminate at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_coach_station" title="Plymouth coach station">Plymouth coach station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> There are three <a href="/wiki/Park_and_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Park and Ride">Park and Ride</a> services at <a href="/wiki/Milehouse" title="Milehouse">Milehouse</a>, Coypool (<a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a>) and George Junction (<a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Airport" title="Plymouth City Airport">Plymouth City Airport</a>), which are operated by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_South_West" title="Stagecoach South West">Stagecoach South West</a> except Milehouse park and ride. This is served by <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Citybus" title="Plymouth Citybus">Plymouth Citybus</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferries">Ferries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ferries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_Aven_at_Millbay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pont_Aven_at_Millbay.jpg/220px-Pont_Aven_at_Millbay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pont_Aven_at_Millbay.jpg/330px-Pont_Aven_at_Millbay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pont_Aven_at_Millbay.jpg/440px-Pont_Aven_at_Millbay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>MV Pont-Aven: Brittany Ferries service to Roscoff, France and Santander, Spain in Millbay Docks</figcaption></figure> A regular international ferry service provided by <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Ferries" title="Brittany Ferries">Brittany Ferries</a> operates from <a href="/wiki/Millbay" title="Millbay">Millbay</a> taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (<a href="/wiki/Roscoff" title="Roscoff">Roscoff</a>) and Spain (<a href="/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santander, Cantabria">Santander</a>) on the three ferries, <a href="/wiki/MV_Armorique_(2008)" title="MV Armorique (2008)">MV Armorique</a>, <a href="/wiki/MV_Bretagne" title="MV Bretagne">MV Bretagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/MV_Pont-Aven" title="MV Pont-Aven">MV Pont-Aven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cremyll_Ferry" title="Cremyll Ferry">Cremyll Ferry</a> is a passenger ferry between <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Plymouth" title="Stonehouse, Plymouth">Stonehouse</a> and the Cornish hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Cremyll" title="Cremyll">Cremyll</a>, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> There is also a pedestrian ferry from the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Steps" title="Mayflower Steps">Mayflower Steps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Batten" title="Mount Batten">Mount Batten</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> and an alternative to using the <a href="/wiki/Tamar_Bridge" title="Tamar Bridge">Tamar Bridge</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Torpoint_Ferry" title="Torpoint Ferry">Torpoint Ferry</a> (vehicle and pedestrian) across the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> The city's airport was <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Airport" title="Plymouth City Airport">Plymouth City Airport</a> about 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> The airport was home to the local airline <a href="/wiki/Air_Southwest" title="Air Southwest">Air Southwest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> In June 2003, a report by the <a href="/wiki/South_West_of_England_Regional_Development_Agency" title="South West of England Regional Development Agency">South West RDA</a> was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand <a href="/wiki/Exeter_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Exeter International Airport">Exeter International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newquay_Cornwall_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Newquay Cornwall Airport">Newquay Cornwall Airport</a>, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close,<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> which it did on 23 December. A local company, FlyPlymouth, put forward plans in 2015 to reopen the airport by 2018, providing daily services to various destinations including London, but as of now, these projects have stalled.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycle_routes">Cycle routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cycle routes">edit</a>]</div> Plymouth is at the southern end of the 99-mile (159 km) long <a href="/wiki/Devon_Coast_to_Coast_Cycle_Route" title="Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route">Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_27" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cycle Route 27">National Cycle Route 27</a>). The route runs mostly traffic-free on off-road sections between Ilfracombe and Plymouth. The route uses former railway lines, though there are some stretches on public roads.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_Boniface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_Boniface.jpg/170px-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_Boniface.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_Boniface.jpg/255px-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_Boniface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_Boniface.jpg/340px-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_Boniface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Cathedral" title="Plymouth Cathedral">The Roman Catholic Cathedral Church of Saint Mary and Saint Boniface (Stonehouse, Plymouth)</a></figcaption></figure> Plymouth has about 150 churches city-wide. The <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Cathedral" title="Plymouth Cathedral">Plymouth Cathedral</a> is Roman Catholic, and is located in <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Plymouth" title="Stonehouse, Plymouth">Stonehouse</a>. It was opened in 1858, and consecrated in 1880.<a href="#cite_note-worship-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The city's oldest church is <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Minster" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Minster">Plymouth Minster</a>, also known as St Andrew's Church, (<a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>) located at the top of Royal Parade—it is the largest parish church in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and has been a site of gathering since AD 800.<a href="#cite_note-worship-161">[160]</a> The city also includes five <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> churches, over twenty <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist</a> chapels, and thirteen <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> In 1831 the first <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Brethren</a> assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a> from Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>'s voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" – a man from Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-worship-161">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Synagogue" title="Plymouth Synagogue">Plymouth Synagogue</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Listed Grade II* building</a>, built in 1762 and is the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest synagogues in the world">oldest</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> Synagogue in the <a href="/wiki/English_speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="English speaking world">English speaking world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> There are also places of worship for Islam, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, Chinese beliefs and <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> 58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (−16% and −7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Plymouth" title="Culture of Plymouth">Culture of Plymouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Palace_Theatre_Plymouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/New_Palace_Theatre_Plymouth.jpg/220px-New_Palace_Theatre_Plymouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/New_Palace_Theatre_Plymouth.jpg/330px-New_Palace_Theatre_Plymouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/New_Palace_Theatre_Plymouth.jpg/440px-New_Palace_Theatre_Plymouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Palace_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palace Theatre">New Palace Theatre</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> Built in 1815, <a href="/wiki/Union_Street,_Plymouth" title="Union Street, Plymouth">Union Street</a> was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture.<a href="#cite_note-union-169">[168]</a> It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds.<a href="#cite_note-union-169">[168]</a> During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/New_Palace_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palace Theatre">New Palace Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-union-169">[168]</a> It was described in 2008 as the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual <a href="/wiki/British_Firework_Championships" title="British Firework Championships">British Firework Championships</a> in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In August 2006 the world record for the most simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sound" title="Plymouth Sound">Plymouth Sound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> From 2014 MTV Crashes Plymouth has taken place every July on Plymouth Hoe, hosting big-name acts such as The 1975, Little Mix, Tinie Tempah and Busted.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Between 1992 and 2012 the Music of the Night celebration was performed in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Citadel,_Plymouth" title="Royal Citadel, Plymouth">Royal Citadel</a> by the <a href="/wiki/29th_Commando_Regiment_Royal_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Commando Regiment Royal Artillery">29 Commando Regiment</a> and local performers to raise money for local and military charities.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> A number of other smaller cultural events taken place annually, including Plymouth Art Weekender,<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Plymouth Fringe Festival<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> and Illuminate Festival.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> The city's main theatre is <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Plymouth" title="Theatre Royal, Plymouth">Theatre Royal Plymouth</a>, presenting large-scale West End shows and smaller works as well as an extensive education and outreach programme. The main building is located in the city centre and contains three performance spaces – The Lyric (1,315 capacity),<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Drum Theatre (200 capacity),<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> and The Lab (60 capacity) – and they also run their own specialised production and creative learning centre called TR2, based in Cattedown.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Pavilions" title="Plymouth Pavilions">Plymouth Pavilions</a> has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts, basketball matches and stand-up comedy.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> There are also three cinemas: Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Arts_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Arts Centre">Plymouth Arts Centre</a> at Looe Street and a <a href="/wiki/Vue_(cinema)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vue (cinema)">Vue cinema</a> at the Barbican Leisure Park.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Barbican Theatre, Plymouth delivers a theatre and dance programme of performances and workshops focused on young people and emerging artists contains a main auditorium (110 – 140 capacity) and rehearsal studio;<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> they also host the B-Bar (80 capacity), which offers a programme of music, comedy and spoken word performance.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Plymouth_Athenaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Plymouth Athenaeum">The Plymouth Athenaeum</a>, which includes a local interest library, is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery">Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery</a> is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission – it has six galleries.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Plymouth is the regional television centre of <a href="/wiki/BBC_South_West" title="BBC South West">BBC South West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the <a href="/wiki/ITV_West_Country" title="ITV West Country">ITV West Country</a> regional station, after a merger with <a href="/wiki/ITV_West" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV West">ITV West</a> forced <a href="/wiki/ITV_Westcountry" title="ITV Westcountry">ITV Westcountry</a> to close on 16 February 2009.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Plymouth)" title="The Herald (Plymouth)">The Herald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Morning_News" title="Western Morning News">Western Morning News</a> and the Plymouth Chronicle with <a href="/wiki/Radio_Plymouth" title="Radio Plymouth">Greatest Hits Radio Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Devon" title="BBC Radio Devon">BBC Radio Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_West" title="Heart West">Heart West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_Cornwall" title="Hits Radio Cornwall">Hits Radio Cornwall</a> being the local radio stations with the most listeners.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Plymouth" title="Sport in Plymouth">Sport in Plymouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Home_Park.jpg/220px-Home_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Home_Park.jpg/330px-Home_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Home_Park.jpg/440px-Home_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Home_Park" title="Home Park">Home Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PavilionsBasketball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PavilionsBasketball.jpg/220px-PavilionsBasketball.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PavilionsBasketball.jpg/330px-PavilionsBasketball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PavilionsBasketball.jpg/440px-PavilionsBasketball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Plymouth Pavilions, home to the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Patriots" title="Plymouth City Patriots">Plymouth City Patriots</a>.</figcaption></figure> Plymouth is home to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C." title="Plymouth Argyle F.C.">Plymouth Argyle F.C.</a>, who, as of the 2023-24 season, play in the second tier of English football, the <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">EFL Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> The team's home ground is called <a href="/wiki/Home_Park" title="Home Park">Home Park</a> and is located next to <a href="/wiki/Central_Park,_Plymouth" title="Central Park, Plymouth">Central Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims".<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> The city also has three <a href="/wiki/Non-League_football" title="Non-League football">Non-League football</a> clubs; <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Parkway_F.C." title="Plymouth Parkway F.C.">Plymouth Parkway</a> who play at Bolitho Park, <a href="/wiki/Elburton_Villa_F.C." title="Elburton Villa F.C.">Elburton Villa</a> who play at Haye Road and Plymstock United who play at Dean Cross. Plymouth Parkway were promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Football_League" title="Western Football League">Western League</a> from the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Peninsula_League" title="South West Peninsula League">South West Peninsula League</a> in 2018, and after two Covid-19 interrupted years to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Football_League" title="Southern Football League">Southern Football League</a> in 2021, whilst Elburton Villa and Plymstock United continue to compete in the South West Peninsula League.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other sports clubs competing in national competition include <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Albion_R.F.C." title="Plymouth Albion R.F.C.">Plymouth Albion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Patriots" title="Plymouth City Patriots">Plymouth City Patriots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Raiders" title="Plymouth Raiders">Plymouth Raiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Gladiators" title="Plymouth Gladiators">Plymouth Gladiators</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Albion_Rugby_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club">Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby the <a href="/wiki/National_League_1" title="National League 1">National League 1</a>. They play at <a href="/wiki/The_Brickfields" title="The Brickfields">the Brickfields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, the city is represented by two teams; <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Patriots" title="Plymouth City Patriots">Plymouth City Patriots</a>, of the top-tier <a href="/wiki/British_Basketball_League" title="British Basketball League">British Basketball League</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Raiders" title="Plymouth Raiders">Plymouth Raiders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(England)" title="National Basketball League (England)">National Basketball League</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Gladiators" title="Plymouth Gladiators">Plymouth Gladiators</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">speedway</a> team, currently competing in the British <a href="/wiki/National_League_(speedway)" class="mw-redirect" title="National League (speedway)">National League</a>, with home meetings taking place at the <a href="/wiki/St_Boniface_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="St Boniface Arena">Plymouth Coliseum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_cricket_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth cricket club">Plymouth cricket club</a> was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Mariners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plymouth Mariners (page does not exist)">Plymouth Mariners</a> <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> club play in the South West Baseball League, they play their home games at Wilson Field in Central Park. Plymouth was home to an <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> club, the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Admirals" title="Plymouth Admirals">Plymouth Admirals</a> until 2010.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup_World_Series" title="America's Cup World Series">America's Cup World Series</a> for nine days.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_services">Public services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Public services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devonport_leat_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Devonport_leat_2.jpg/220px-Devonport_leat_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Devonport_leat_2.jpg/330px-Devonport_leat_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Devonport_leat_2.jpg/440px-Devonport_leat_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Devonport_Leat" title="Devonport Leat">Devonport Leat</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> looking up stream</figcaption></figure> Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by <a href="/wiki/South_West_Water" title="South West Water">South West Water</a>. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Before the 19th century two <a href="/wiki/Leat" title="Leat">leats</a> were built to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Leat" title="Drake's Leat">Drake's Leat</a>, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the <a href="/wiki/River_Meavy" title="River Meavy">River Meavy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Devonport_Leat" title="Devonport Leat">Devonport Leat</a> was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonport, Devon">Devonport</a> and its ever-growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The <a href="/wiki/West_Dart_River" title="West Dart River">West Dart</a>, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town but has since been shortened and now carries water to <a href="/wiki/Burrator_Reservoir" title="Burrator Reservoir">Burrator Reservoir</a>, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Crown_and_County_Courts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Plymouth_Crown_and_County_Courts.jpg/220px-Plymouth_Crown_and_County_Courts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Plymouth_Crown_and_County_Courts.jpg/330px-Plymouth_Crown_and_County_Courts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Plymouth_Crown_and_County_Courts.jpg/440px-Plymouth_Crown_and_County_Courts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Law_Courts" title="Plymouth Law Courts">Plymouth Combined Crown and County Court Centre</a></figcaption></figure> Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and <a href="/wiki/South_West_Water" title="South West Water">South West Water</a> is responsible for sewerage.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Grid (UK)">National Grid</a> and distributed to Plymouth via <a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> On the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a> a <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">combined cycle</a> gas-powered station, the <a href="/wiki/Langage_Power_Station" title="Langage Power Station">Langage Power Station</a>, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Courts_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Courts Service">Her Majesty's Courts Service</a> provide a <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">magistrates' court</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Law_Courts" title="Plymouth Law Courts">Combined Crown and County Court Centre</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of <a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Constabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon and Cornwall Constabulary">Devon and Cornwall Constabulary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a> Divisional offices.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, <a href="/wiki/Crownhill" title="Crownhill">Crownhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenbank,_Plymouth" title="Greenbank, Plymouth">Greenbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymstock" title="Plymstock">Plymstock</a> which is part of <a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Somerset_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service">Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution" title="Royal National Lifeboat Institution">Royal National Lifeboat Institution</a> have an <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_85_class_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic 85 class lifeboat">Atlantic 85 class lifeboat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severn_class_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn class lifeboat">Severn class lifeboat</a> stationed at <a href="/wiki/Millbay_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Millbay Docks">Millbay Docks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals <a href="/wiki/NHS_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS Trust">NHS Trust</a> and the city's <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">NHS</a> hospital is <a href="/wiki/Derriford_Hospital" title="Derriford Hospital">Derriford Hospital</a> 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ambulance_Service" title="South Western Ambulance Service">South Western Ambulance Service</a> NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> The mid-19th-century burial ground at <a href="/wiki/Ford_Park_Cemetery" title="Ford Park Cemetery">Ford Park Cemetery</a> was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at <a href="/wiki/Weston_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Weston Mill">Weston Mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efford" title="Efford">Efford</a> both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks_and_tourist_attractions">Landmarks and tourist attractions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Landmarks and tourist attractions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall,_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport_in_2008.jpg/220px-John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport_in_2008.jpg/330px-John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport_in_2008.jpg/440px-John_Foulston%27s_Town_Hall%2C_Column_and_Library_in_Devonport_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>Grade I listed Town Hall, Column and Library in Devonport</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elliot_Terrace,_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Elliot_Terrace%2C_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg/220px-Elliot_Terrace%2C_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Elliot_Terrace%2C_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg/330px-Elliot_Terrace%2C_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Elliot_Terrace%2C_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg/440px-Elliot_Terrace%2C_Plymouth_Hoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Elliot Terrace, Plymouth Hoe</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Citadel,_Plymouth" title="Royal Citadel, Plymouth">Royal Citadel</a> was erected in 1666 towards the eastern section of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Plymouth Hoe</a>, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Currently, guided tours are available in the summer months.<a href="#cite_note-citadel-30">[30]</a> Further west is <a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Tower" title="Smeaton's Tower">Smeaton's Tower</a>, which is a standard lighthouse that was constructed in 1759. 14 miles (23 km) Furthermore, Smeaton's Tower was dismantled in 1877 and the top two-thirds were reassembled on Plymouth Hoe.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">The Hoe</a> including: <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Naval_Memorial" title="Plymouth Naval Memorial">Plymouth Naval Memorial</a>, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the <a href="/wiki/Armada_Memorial" title="Armada Memorial">Armada Memorial</a>, to commemorate the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Barbican,_Plymouth" title="Barbican, Plymouth">Barbican</a> and has 100 <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed buildings</a> and the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobbled</a> streets in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrim Fathers</a> left for the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> in 1620 near the commemorative <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Steps" title="Mayflower Steps">Mayflower Steps</a> in Sutton Pool.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Also on Sutton Pool is the <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Aquarium,_Plymouth" title="National Marine Aquarium, Plymouth">National Marine Aquarium</a> which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> One mile (two kilometres) upstream on the opposite side of the <a href="/wiki/River_Plym" title="River Plym">River Plym</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Saltram_House" title="Saltram House">Saltram estate</a>, which has a <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> mansion.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> On the northern outskirts of the city, <a href="/wiki/Crownhill_Fort" title="Crownhill Fort">Crownhill Fort</a> is a well-restored example of a "<a href="/wiki/Palmerston_forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmerston forts">Palmerston's Folly</a>". It is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Trust" title="Landmark Trust">Landmark Trust</a> and is open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> To the west of the city is <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonport, Devon">Devonport</a>, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a> Valley and the beaches of south-east <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingsand" title="Kingsand">Kingsand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cawsand" title="Cawsand">Cawsand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitsand_Bay" title="Whitsand Bay">Whitsand Bay</a> are popular.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roland_Levinsky_Building" title="Roland Levinsky Building">Roland Levinsky Building</a>, the landmark building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a>, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect <a href="/wiki/Henning_Larsen" title="Henning Larsen">Henning Larsen</a>, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beckley_Point" title="Beckley Point">Beckley Point</a>, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors <a href="/wiki/Kier_Group" title="Kier Group">Kier</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Images of landmarks</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SmeatonsTower2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Smeaton's Tower"><img alt="Smeaton's Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/SmeatonsTower2006.JPG/120px-SmeatonsTower2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/SmeatonsTower2006.JPG/180px-SmeatonsTower2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/SmeatonsTower2006.JPG/240px-SmeatonsTower2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="2120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Tower" title="Smeaton's Tower">Smeaton's Tower</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Sound_and_Breakwater.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plymouth Sound and Breakwater"><img alt="Plymouth Sound and Breakwater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Plymouth_Sound_and_Breakwater.jpg/120px-Plymouth_Sound_and_Breakwater.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Plymouth_Sound_and_Breakwater.jpg/180px-Plymouth_Sound_and_Breakwater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Plymouth_Sound_and_Breakwater.jpg/240px-Plymouth_Sound_and_Breakwater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="422" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sound" title="Plymouth Sound">Plymouth Sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Breakwater" title="Plymouth Breakwater">Breakwater</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannia-Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Armada memorial (Britannia)"><img alt="National Armada memorial (Britannia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Britannia-Statue.jpg/90px-Britannia-Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Britannia-Statue.jpg/135px-Britannia-Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Britannia-Statue.jpg/180px-Britannia-Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">National Armada memorial (<a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:War_memorial,_Plymouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval War Memorial"><img alt="Naval War Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/War_memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg/75px-War_memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/War_memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg/113px-War_memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/War_memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg/151px-War_memorial%2C_Plymouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naval War Memorial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Barbican_and_harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Parade, Barbican"><img alt="The Parade, Barbican" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Plymouth_Barbican_and_harbour.jpg/120px-Plymouth_Barbican_and_harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Plymouth_Barbican_and_harbour.jpg/180px-Plymouth_Barbican_and_harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Plymouth_Barbican_and_harbour.jpg/240px-Plymouth_Barbican_and_harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Parade, <a href="/wiki/Barbican,_Plymouth" title="Barbican, Plymouth">Barbican</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MayflowerSteps.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mayflower Steps Memorial"><img alt="The Mayflower Steps Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MayflowerSteps.jpg/89px-MayflowerSteps.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MayflowerSteps.jpg/133px-MayflowerSteps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MayflowerSteps.jpg/178px-MayflowerSteps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1836" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Steps" title="Mayflower Steps">Mayflower Steps</a> Memorial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltram_House_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saltram House remodelled by the architect Robert Adam"><img alt="Saltram House remodelled by the architect Robert Adam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Saltram_House_2008.jpg/120px-Saltram_House_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Saltram_House_2008.jpg/180px-Saltram_House_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Saltram_House_2008.jpg/240px-Saltram_House_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saltram_House" title="Saltram House">Saltram House</a> remodelled by the architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beckley_Point,_Plymouth_(geograph_5778842).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beckley Point"><img alt="Beckley Point" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beckley_Point%2C_Plymouth_%28geograph_5778842%29.jpg/120px-Beckley_Point%2C_Plymouth_%28geograph_5778842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beckley_Point%2C_Plymouth_%28geograph_5778842%29.jpg/180px-Beckley_Point%2C_Plymouth_%28geograph_5778842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beckley_Point%2C_Plymouth_%28geograph_5778842%29.jpg/240px-Beckley_Point%2C_Plymouth_%28geograph_5778842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beckley_Point" title="Beckley Point">Beckley Point</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Plymouth" title="List of people from Plymouth">List of people from Plymouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1590_or_later_Marcus_Gheeraerts,_Sir_Francis_Drake_Buckland_Abbey,_Devon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/1590_or_later_Marcus_Gheeraerts%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_Buckland_Abbey%2C_Devon.jpg/220px-1590_or_later_Marcus_Gheeraerts%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_Buckland_Abbey%2C_Devon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/1590_or_later_Marcus_Gheeraerts%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_Buckland_Abbey%2C_Devon.jpg/330px-1590_or_later_Marcus_Gheeraerts%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_Buckland_Abbey%2C_Devon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/1590_or_later_Marcus_Gheeraerts%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_Buckland_Abbey%2C_Devon.jpg/440px-1590_or_later_Marcus_Gheeraerts%2C_Sir_Francis_Drake_Buckland_Abbey%2C_Devon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></figcaption></figure> People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as <a href="/wiki/Janner" title="Janner">Janners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Its meaning is described as a person from <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, deriving from Cousin Jan (the <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> form of <a href="/wiki/John_(first_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="John (first name)">John</a>), but more particularly in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">naval</a> circles anyone from the Plymouth area.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> The Elizabethan navigator, Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> was born in the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Tavistock,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavistock, Devon">Tavistock</a> and was the mayor of Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> He was the first <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">Englishman</a> to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> He died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> in 1596 off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Portobelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Portobelo">Portobelo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Panama. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> His cousin and contemporary <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a> was a Plymouth man. Painter Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>, founder and first president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> was born and educated in nearby <a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a>, now part of Plymouth. <a href="/wiki/William_Cookworthy" title="William Cookworthy">William Cookworthy</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge" title="Kingsbridge">Kingsbridge</a> set up his successful <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> business in the city and was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> designer of the <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Eddystone Lighthouse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robert_Haydon" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Robert Haydon">Benjamin Robert Haydon</a>, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here in 1786.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> The naturalist <a href="/wiki/William_Elford_Leach" title="William Elford Leach">William Elford Leach</a>, who did much to pave the way in Britain for <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791. <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> explorers <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a> who was born in Plymouth and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bickerton" title="Frank Bickerton">Frank Bickerton</a> both lived in the city.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Artists include <a href="/wiki/Beryl_Cook" title="Beryl Cook">Beryl Cook</a> whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lenkiewicz" title="Robert Lenkiewicz">Robert Lenkiewicz</a>, whose paintings investigated themes of <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy (people)">vagrancy</a>, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> Illustrator and creator of children's series <a href="/wiki/Mr_Benn" title="Mr Benn">Mr Benn</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Rollo" title="King Rollo">King Rollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_McKee" title="David McKee">David McKee</a>, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_College_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth College of Art">Plymouth College of Art</a>. Jazz musician <a href="/wiki/John_Surman" title="John Surman">John Surman</a>, born in nearby <a href="/wiki/Tavistock,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavistock, Devon">Tavistock</a>, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album <a href="/wiki/Saltash_Bells" title="Saltash Bells">Saltash Bells</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> <a href="/wiki/Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">prepared guitarist</a> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowe" title="Keith Rowe">Keith Rowe</a> was born in the city before establishing the jazz <a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">free improvisation</a> band <a href="/wiki/AMM_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="AMM (group)">AMM</a> in London in 1965 and <a href="/wiki/M.I.M.E.O." title="M.I.M.E.O.">MIMEO</a> in 1997. The musician and film director <a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Jarvis" title="Cosmo Jarvis">Cosmo Jarvis</a> has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> In addition, actors Sir <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sinden" title="Donald Sinden">Donald Sinden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judi_Trott" title="Judi Trott">Judi Trott</a> were born in Plymouth. George Passmore of <a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a> winning duo <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert and George">Gilbert and George</a> was also born in the city, as was Labour politician <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a> whose family reside at nearby <a href="/wiki/Trematon_Castle" title="Trematon Castle">Trematon Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Notable athletes include swimmer <a href="/wiki/Sharron_Davies" title="Sharron Davies">Sharron Davies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> diver <a href="/wiki/Tom_Daley_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Daley (diver)">Tom Daley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> dancer <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Sleep" title="Wayne Sleep">Wayne Sleep</a>,<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> and footballer <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Francis" title="Trevor Francis">Trevor Francis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Wills_(journalist)" title="William Henry Wills (journalist)">William Henry Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Goodwin" title="Ron Goodwin">Ron Goodwin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> and journalist <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rippon" title="Angela Rippon">Angela Rippon</a> and comedian <a href="/wiki/Dawn_French" title="Dawn French">Dawn French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> Canadian politician and legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Chris_Axworthy" title="Chris Axworthy">Chris Axworthy</a> hails from Plymouth. America based actor <a href="/wiki/Donald_Moffat" title="Donald Moffat">Donald Moffat</a>, whose roles include American Vice President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in the film <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" title="The Right Stuff (film)">The Right Stuff</a>, and fictional President Bennett in <a href="/wiki/Clear_and_Present_Danger_(film)" title="Clear and Present Danger (film)">Clear and Present Danger</a>, was born in Plymouth.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Canadian actor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Holden_(actor)" title="Mark Holden (actor)">Mark Holden</a> was also born in Plymouth. <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Owen" title="Kevin Owen">Kevin Owen</a> is an international TV news anchor who was born in Freedom Fields Hospital, while his father served as a Royal Navy officer. Cambridge spy <a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a> was born at 2 Albemarle Villas, Stoke whilst his father was a serving Royal Navy officer.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_city">Twin city</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Twin city">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, France<a href="#cite_note-twin-248">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, Poland<a href="#cite_note-twin-248">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, Russia<a href="#cite_note-twin-248">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-twin-248">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, Spain<a href="#cite_note-twin-248">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City">edit</a>]</div> The following People, Military Units and Organisations and Groups have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of Plymouth. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (November 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ormrod_(Royal_Marine)" title="Mark Ormrod (Royal Marine)">Mark Ormrod</a>: 22 November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daley" title="Tom Daley">Thomas Robert Daley</a>: 17 February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Pugh" title="Lewis Pugh">Lewis Pugh</a>: 27 March 2023.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Knight_(cricketer)" title="Heather Knight (cricketer)">Heather Knight</a>: 27 March 2023.</li></ul> <a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Units">Military Units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Military Units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42_Commando" title="42 Commando">42 Commando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">RM</a>: 1955.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant Navy">Merchant Navy</a>: 22 March 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rifles" title="The Rifles">The Rifles</a>: 25 September 2010.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Hospital_Unit" title="Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit">Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit</a> <a href="/wiki/Derriford_Hospital" title="Derriford Hospital">Derriford</a>: 30 January 2023.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations_and_Groups">Organisations and Groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Organisations and Groups">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>: 25 June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a></li> <li>The Federation of Plymouth and District Ex-Services Associations: 19 June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Devon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Devon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Devon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Devon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Devon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Devon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Devon" title="Portal:Devon">Devon portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Plymouth" title="Fortifications of Plymouth">Fortifications of Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Plymouth" title="Grade I listed buildings in Plymouth">Grade I listed buildings in Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Plymouth" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Plymouth">Grade II* listed buildings in Plymouth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Weather station is located 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the Plymouth city centre. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brief_history-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brief_history_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brief_history_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brief_history_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brief_history_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/creativityandculture/heritageandhistory/lns/plymouthhistory.htm">"Brief history of Plymouth"</a>. Plymouth City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726140047/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/creativityandculture/heritageandhistory/lns/plymouthhistory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+history+of+Plymouth&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fhomepage%2Fcreativityandculture%2Fheritageandhistory%2Flns%2Fplymouthhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 26 March 2024. 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Retrieved 22 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+City+Council&rft.atitle=MPs+%7C+PLYMOUTH.GOV.UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fmps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_T._ChamberlainKeith_W._RayCharlotte_HendersonRichard_Welton_Fisher1994" class="citation book cs1">Andrew T. Chamberlain; Keith W. Ray; Charlotte Henderson; Richard Welton Fisher (1994). A Catalogue of Quaternary Fossil-bearing Cave Sites in the Plymouth Area. Plymouth City Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85522-345-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85522-345-7"><bdi>1-85522-345-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+Quaternary+Fossil-bearing+Cave+Sites+in+the+Plymouth+Area&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Archaeology&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85522-345-7&rft.au=Andrew+T.+Chamberlain&rft.au=Keith+W.+Ray&rft.au=Charlotte+Henderson&rft.au=Richard+Welton+Fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1017598" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1017598?section=official-list-entry">"Mount Batten (1017598)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. 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Retrieved 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Britain+and+the+Continent%3ANetworks+of+Interaction&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Roman+Britain&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-631-21823-8&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYMFtWb-DYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_LarionovAlexander_Zhulin" class="citation web cs1">Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/samuel-butler/geographia-classica-or-the-application-of-antient-geography-to-the-classics-hci/page-4-geographia-classica-or-the-application-of-antient-geography-to-the-classics-hci.shtml">"Read the ebook Geographia classica, or, The application of antient geography to the classics by Samuel Butler"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wasteberry+Camp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fwiki%2FQ31115275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk/">"Atlas of hillforts of Great Britain and Ireland"</a>. Hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk. 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Newton Abbot: David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-7617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-7617-1"><bdi>978-0-7153-7617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plymouth%2C+A+New+History&rft.place=Newton+Abbot&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-7617-1&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplymouthnewhisto0000gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> (Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2011" class="citation web cs1">Moseley, Brian (2 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024011834/http://www.plymouthdata.info/A%20History.htm">"Plymouth – a History"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Parliament&rft.atitle=Plymouth+Borough&rft.aulast=Hawkyard&rft.aufirst=A.+D.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1509-1558%2Fconstituencies%2Fplymouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2013" class="citation web cs1">Moseley, Brian (24 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927031814/http://www.plymouthdata.info/Place-Names.htm">"Place Names"</a>. The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouthdata.info/Place-Names.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Plymouth+History&rft.atitle=Place+Names&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthdata.info%2FPlace-Names.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/councilanddemocracy/aboutus/lordmayoralty/coatofarms.htm">"Plymouth City Council: coat of arms"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316011429/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/councilanddemocracy/aboutus/lordmayoralty/coatofarms.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+City+Council%3A+coat+of+arms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fhomepage%2Fcouncilanddemocracy%2Faboutus%2Flordmayoralty%2Fcoatofarms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol6/pp381-408#h3-0011">"Magna Britannia: Volume 6, Devonshire – Parishes: Pancras Week – Plymouth : British History Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220214203/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol6/pp381-408#h3-0011">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magna+Britannia%3A+Volume+6%2C+Devonshire+%E2%80%93+Parishes%3A+Pancras+Week+%E2%80%93+Plymouth+%3A+British+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fmagna-britannia%2Fvol6%2Fpp381-408%23h3-0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/a/zoomify82820.html">1591 Spry Map of Plimmouth and surrounding areas, British Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519121154/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/a/zoomify82820.html">Archived</a> 19 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castlesfortsbattles.co.uk/royal_citadel.html">"Drake's Fort and the Royal Citadel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041732/http://www.castlesfortsbattles.co.uk/royal_citadel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drake%27s+Fort+and+the+Royal+Citadel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castlesfortsbattles.co.uk%2Froyal_citadel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slaves-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slaves_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slaves_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609015200/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/leisureandtourism/libraries/whatsinyourlibrary/lns/slaveryandabolition/slavetradetriangle/plymouthslaveships.htm">"Slave Ships in Plymouth"</a>. Plymouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/leisureandtourism/libraries/whatsinyourlibrary/lns/slaveryandabolition/slavetradetriangle/plymouthslaveships.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slave+Ships+in+Plymouth&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fhomepage%2Fleisureandtourism%2Flibraries%2Fwhatsinyourlibrary%2Flns%2Fslaveryandabolition%2Fslavetradetriangle%2Fplymouthslaveships.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/early_times/adventurers.htm">"Adventurers and Slavers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235727/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/early_times/adventurers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adventurers+and+Slavers&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpathways%2Fblackhistory%2Fearly_times%2Fadventurers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-drake-25"><a href="#cite_ref-drake_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/famous/francis_drake.shtml">"Sir Francis Drake"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723222312/https://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/4ce2251c28db82aa892a105b718dba4d6a74c327.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fdiscovering%2Ffamous%2Ffrancis_drake.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellogg2003" class="citation book cs1">Kellogg, William O. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKhRlkY278QC">American History the Easy Way: The Easy Way</a>. Barron's Educational Series (3rd ed.). Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7641-1973-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7641-1973-7"><bdi>0-7641-1973-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120002039/https://books.google.com/books?id=mKhRlkY278QC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+History+the+Easy+Way%3A+The+Easy+Way&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Barron%27s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7641-1973-7&rft.aulast=Kellogg&rft.aufirst=William+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKhRlkY278QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WG-27"><a href="#cite_ref-WG_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles_Milton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Milton" title="Giles Milton">Giles Milton</a> (2005) [2004]. "A New and Deadly Foe". White Gold • The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million European Slaves (Large Print ed.). Oxford: Isis Publishing Ltd. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7531-5647-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7531-5647-4"><bdi>0-7531-5647-4</bdi></a>. <q>By the end of the dreadful summer of 1625, the mayor of Plymouth reckoned that 1,000 skiffs had been destroyed, and a similar number of villagers carried off into slavery. These miserable captives were taken to Salé, on Morocco</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+New+and+Deadly+Foe&rft.btitle=White+Gold+%E2%80%A2+The+Extraordinary+Story+of+Thomas+Pellow+and+North+Africa%27s+One+Million+European+Slaves&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=Large+Print&rft.pub=Isis+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7531-5647-4&rft.au=Giles+Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-civilwar-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-civilwar_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-civilwar_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-civilwar_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/southwest/series2/siege_civil_war_plymouth.shtml">"Siege"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 6 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723222314/https://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/2843332958e858bbee113ba55d5d94b7efdb56fa.css">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siege&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft.date=2003-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Finsideout%2Fsouthwest%2Fseries2%2Fsiege_civil_war_plymouth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenny_Mashford" class="citation web cs1">Jenny Mashford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728080413/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/freedomfieldspark">"Plymouth City Council – Freedom Fields Park"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/freedomfieldspark">the original</a> on 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+City+Council+%E2%80%93+Freedom+Fields+Park&rft.au=Jenny+Mashford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Ffreedomfieldspark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-citadel-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citadel_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-citadel_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/06/07/coast05walks_stage3_feature.shtml">"Coast Walks: Point 3 – The Citadel"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 25 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723222350/https://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/2843332958e858bbee113ba55d5d94b7efdb56fa.css">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coast+Walks%3A+Point+3+%E2%80%93+The+Citadel&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2005%2F06%2F07%2Fcoast05walks_stage3_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewitt1873" class="citation book cs1">Jewitt, Llewellynn Frederick (1873). A history of Plymouth. Oxford University. p. 648.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Plymouth&rft.pages=648&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Jewitt&rft.aufirst=Llewellynn+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington1828" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, Henry Edmund (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ve4GAAAAQAAJ">The Plymouth and Devonport guide</a>. Oxford University. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801223244/https://books.google.com/books?id=vE4GAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plymouth+and+Devonport+guide&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Henry+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVe4GAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611025507/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/millbay_docks_20-24.pdf">"Cargo and Trade, Ocean Landing Pier"</a> (PDF). Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/millbay_docks_20-24.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 June 2008. 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Retrieved 13 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Plymouth+History&rft.atitle=John+Foulston+%281772%E2%80%931842%29&rft.date=2011-12-03&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthdata.info%2FPP-Foulston.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518052806/http://www.architecture.com/HowWeBuiltBritain/HistoricalPeriods/GeorgianWestAndIreland/GeorgianEclecticism/DevonportDevon.aspx">"Devonport, Devon"</a>. Architecture.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.architecture.com/HowWeBuiltBritain/HistoricalPeriods/GeorgianWestAndIreland/GeorgianEclecticism/DevonportDevon.aspx">the original</a> on 18 May 2013. 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Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Group%2C+2011&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdissemination%2FLeadTableView.do%3Fa%3D7%26b%3D6275200%26c%3Dplymouth%26d%3D13%26e%3D61%26g%3D6390905%26i%3D1001x1003x1032x1004%26m%3D0%26r%3D1%26s%3D1446922814000%26enc%3D1%26dsFamilyId%3D2575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census_2001-114"><a href="#cite_ref-census_2001_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00HG-A.asp">"Plymouth UA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">Census 2001</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421055145/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00HG-A.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2001&rft.atitle=Plymouth+UA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fcensus2001%2Fprofiles%2F00HG-A.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=61&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374085522542&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2555">"Household Size, 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 30 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605124109/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=61&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374085522542&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2555">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Household+Size%2C+2011&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdissemination%2FLeadTableView.do%3Fa%3D7%26b%3D6275200%26c%3Dplymouth%26d%3D13%26e%3D61%26g%3D6390905%26i%3D1001x1003x1032x1004%26m%3D0%26r%3D1%26s%3D1374085522542%26enc%3D1%26dsFamilyId%3D2555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=61&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374085522542&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2548">"Household Composition – People, 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 30 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605063441/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=61&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374085522542&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2548">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Household+Composition+%E2%80%93+People%2C+2011&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdissemination%2FLeadTableView.do%3Fa%3D7%26b%3D6275200%26c%3Dplymouth%26d%3D13%26e%3D61%26g%3D6390905%26i%3D1001x1003x1032x1004%26m%3D0%26r%3D1%26s%3D1374085522542%26enc%3D1%26dsFamilyId%3D2548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=13&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374089129277&enc=1&dsFamilyId=87">"Ethnic Group, 2001"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 18 November 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605075300/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=13&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374089129277&enc=1&dsFamilyId=87">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Group%2C+2001&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2004-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdissemination%2FLeadTableView.do%3Fa%3D7%26b%3D6275200%26c%3Dplymouth%26d%3D13%26e%3D13%26g%3D6390905%26i%3D1001x1003x1004%26m%3D0%26r%3D1%26s%3D1374089129277%26enc%3D1%26dsFamilyId%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GVA-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GVA_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVA_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-gross-value-added--income-approach-/december-2014/rft-nuts3.xls">"Regional GVA NUTS3"</a> (Excel). <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505002004/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-gross-value-added--income-approach-/december-2014/rft-nuts3.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+GVA+NUTS3&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fregional-accounts%2Fregional-gross-value-added--income-approach-%2Fdecember-2014%2Frft-nuts3.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157352/subreports/ea_time_series/report.pdf?&allInGB=&pdfHeader=All%20people%20-%20Economically%20active%20-%20Unemployed%20(Model%20Based)&pivot=5&sort=&ascending=">"All people – Economically active – Unemployed (Model Based) Plymouth"</a> (PDF). The <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723222351/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157352/subreports/ea_time_series/report.pdf?allInGB=&pdfHeader=All+people+-+Economically+active+-+Unemployed+%28Model+Based%29&pivot=5&sort=&ascending=">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+people+%E2%80%93+Economically+active+%E2%80%93+Unemployed+%28Model+Based%29+Plymouth&rft.pub=The+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Freports%2Flmp%2Fla%2F1946157352%2Fsubreports%2Fea_time_series%2Freport.pdf%3F%26allInGB%3D%26pdfHeader%3DAll%2520people%2520-%2520Economically%2520active%2520-%2520Unemployed%2520%28Model%2520Based%29%26pivot%3D5%26sort%3D%26ascending%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Health_Service-120"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Health_Service_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-gross-value-added--income-approach-/december-2014/rft-nuts3.xls">"Health Profile 2014 Plymouth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505002004/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-gross-value-added--income-approach-/december-2014/rft-nuts3.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+Profile+2014+Plymouth&rft.pub=National+Health+Service&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fregional-accounts%2Fregional-gross-value-added--income-approach-%2Fdecember-2014%2Frft-nuts3.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:412-121"><a href="#cite_ref-:412_121-0">^</a> Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics%3B+2001+Census+Key+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Flocal-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Flocal-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-123"><a href="#cite_ref-:36_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+Group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks201ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data">"Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics"</a>. www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2Fd2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027%23get-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMNB_Devonport-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HMNB_Devonport_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMNB_Devonport_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Naval-Bases/Devonport">"HMNB Devonport"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922011842/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Naval-Bases/Devonport">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMNB+Devonport&rft.pub=The+Royal+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2FThe-Fleet%2FNaval-Bases%2FDevonport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/devon/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8278000/8278316.stm">"Plymouth's proud naval history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Devon">BBC Devon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003053759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/devon/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8278000/8278316.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plymouth%27s+proud+naval+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fdevon%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Fhistory%2Fnewsid_8278000%2F8278316.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economy-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economy_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economy_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economy_127-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609141157/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/businessandeconomy">"Business and economy"</a>. Plymouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/businessandeconomy">the original</a> on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+and+economy&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fbusinessandeconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gin-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gin_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gin_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2004" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Robert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yoll2mMLp1QC">The Rough Guide to Devon & Cornwall</a>. Peter Hack, Kate Hughes, Bea Uhart (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-312-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-312-2"><bdi>978-1-84353-312-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723222311/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yoll2mMLp1QC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Devon+%26+Cornwall&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-312-2&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoll2mMLp1QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071015121408/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/textonly/marinesector">"Marine Sector"</a>. Plymouth City Council website. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/textonly/marinesector">the original</a> on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+City+Council+website&rft.atitle=Marine+Sector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Ftextonly%2Fmarinesector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210100205/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/pmhistoryofmarket">"History of pannier market"</a>. Plymouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/pmhistoryofmarket">the original</a> on 10 February 2008. 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Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Batten+Ferry+general+info&rft.pub=Mount+Batten+Ferry+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmountbattenferry.net%2Finfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/torpointferry">"Torpoint ferry"</a>. Plymouth City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609040217/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/torpointferry">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torpoint+ferry&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Ftorpointferry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/webcams/plymouth_airport_cam.shtml">"View of the aircraft parking area and runway at Plymouth City Airport"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114043517/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/webcams/plymouth_airport_cam.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=View+of+the+aircraft+parking+area+and+runway+at+Plymouth+City+Airport&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fwebcams%2Fplymouth_airport_cam.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011102904/http://www.airsouthwest.com/about/">"About Us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Southwest" title="Air Southwest">Air Southwest</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airsouthwest.com/about/">the original</a> on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Air+Southwest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airsouthwest.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028032046/http://www.plymouthairport.com/flights/">"Plymouth City Airport Flights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Airport" title="Plymouth City Airport">Plymouth City Airport</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouthairport.com/flights/">the original</a> on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+City+Airport+Flights&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Airport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthairport.com%2Fflights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110094555/http://www.southwestrda.org.uk/news/release.asp?ReleaseID=814">"Air strategy for the far South West published"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_West_of_England_Regional_Development_Agency" title="South West of England Regional Development Agency">South West RDA</a>. 6 June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southwestrda.org.uk/news/release.asp?ReleaseID=814">the original</a> on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Air+strategy+for+the+far+South+West+published&rft.date=2003-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southwestrda.org.uk%2Fnews%2Frelease.asp%3FReleaseID%3D814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/2970048.stm">"New blow for city airport"</a>. BBC News. 7 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115083029/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/2970048.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+blow+for+city+airport&rft.date=2003-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fdevon%2F2970048.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-13219590">"Plymouth City Airport to close in December"</a>. BBC News. 28 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211111644/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-13219590">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plymouth+City+Airport+to+close+in+December&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-devon-13219590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613071409/http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/FlyPlymouth-vows-reopen-Plymouth-City-Airport/story-26466154-detail/story.html">"FlyPlymouth vows to reopen Plymouth City Airport within two years"</a>. Plymouth Herald. 8 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/FlyPlymouth-vows-reopen-Plymouth-City-Airport/story-26466154-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+Herald&rft.atitle=FlyPlymouth+vows+to+reopen+Plymouth+City+Airport+within+two+years&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2FFlyPlymouth-vows-reopen-Plymouth-City-Airport%2Fstory-26466154-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/may/05/long-distance-rides-devon-coast">"Devon coast to coast | Britain's best bike rides"</a>. The Guardian. 4 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172838/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/may/05/long-distance-rides-devon-coast">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Devon+coast+to+coast+%7C+Britain%27s+best+bike+rides&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2012%2Fmay%2F05%2Flong-distance-rides-devon-coast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worship-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worship_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worship_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worship_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/communityandliving/placesofworship.htm">"Places of worship"</a>. Plymouth City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609153748/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/communityandliving/placesofworship.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places+of+worship&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fhomepage%2Fcommunityandliving%2Fplacesofworship.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth-diocese.org.uk/index.php?q=node/494">"Plymouth Cathedral 1858–2008: 150th Anniversary Celebrations"</a>. Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080902085201/http://www.plymouth-diocese.org.uk/index.php?q=node%2F494">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+Cathedral+1858%E2%80%932008%3A+150th+Anniversary+Celebrations&rft.pub=Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Plymouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth-diocese.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dnode%2F494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/communityandliving/placesofworship/christian.htm">"Christian"</a>. Plymouth City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905073142/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/communityandliving/placesofworship/christian.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fhomepage%2Fcommunityandliving%2Fplacesofworship%2Fchristian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/exclusivebrethren_2.shtml">"The Exclusive Brethren History"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 4 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207202615/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/exclusivebrethren_2.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Exclusive+Brethren+History&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft.date=2004-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Fexclusivebrethren_2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1130015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1130015?section=official-list-entry">"Synagogue, Catherine Street, Plymouth (1130015)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. 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Plymouth City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013105230/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/communityandliving/placesofworship/otherfaiths.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Other+faiths%2C+religions+and+beliefs&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fhomepage%2Fcommunityandliving%2Fplacesofworship%2Fotherfaiths.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=61&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374085522558&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2579">"Religion, 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 30 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605072319/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=61&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374085522558&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2579">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+2011&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdissemination%2FLeadTableView.do%3Fa%3D7%26b%3D6275200%26c%3Dplymouth%26d%3D13%26e%3D61%26g%3D6390905%26i%3D1001x1003x1032x1004%26m%3D0%26r%3D1%26s%3D1374085522558%26enc%3D1%26dsFamilyId%3D2579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=14&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374090797031&enc=1&dsFamilyId=95">"Religion, 2001"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 18 November 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623065430/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275200&c=plymouth&d=13&e=14&g=6390905&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1374090797031&enc=1&dsFamilyId=95">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+2001&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2004-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdissemination%2FLeadTableView.do%3Fa%3D7%26b%3D6275200%26c%3Dplymouth%26d%3D13%26e%3D14%26g%3D6390905%26i%3D1001x1003x1004%26m%3D0%26r%3D1%26s%3D1374090797031%26enc%3D1%26dsFamilyId%3D95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-union-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-union_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-union_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-union_169-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2006/07/12/union_street_community_feature.shtml">"Union Street: night and day"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 24 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522151922/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2006/07/12/union_street_community_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2008. 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The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 18 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508010906/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2008/01/07/plymouth_argyle_history_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2008. 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Plymouth Hospitals. 29 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222060145/http://www.plymouthhospitals.nhs.uk/ourorganisation/DevelopingOurHospitals/SuccessfulDevelopments/Pages/Home.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+Hospitals&rft.pub=Plymouth+Hospitals&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthhospitals.nhs.uk%2Fourorganisation%2FDevelopingOurHospitals%2FSuccessfulDevelopments%2FPages%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612220743/http://www.wcas.nhs.uk/">"Welcome to the South Western Ambulance Service NHS Trust website"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ambulance_Service" title="South Western Ambulance Service">South Western Ambulance Service</a> NHS Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcas.nhs.uk/">the original</a> on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+South+Western+Ambulance+Service+NHS+Trust+website&rft.pub=The+South+Western+Ambulance+Service+NHS+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcas.nhs.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drakememorialpark.co.uk/index.php">"Drake Memorial Park"</a>. The Drake Memorial Park. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316201657/http://www.drakememorialpark.co.uk/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drake+Memorial+Park&rft.pub=The+Drake+Memorial+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drakememorialpark.co.uk%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/06/07/coast05walks_stage5_feature.shtml">"Coast Walks: Point 5 – Smeaton's Tower"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 25 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527091630/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/06/07/coast05walks_stage5_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coast+Walks%3A+Point+5+%E2%80%93+Smeaton%27s+Tower&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2005%2F06%2F07%2Fcoast05walks_stage5_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/creativityandculture/museums/museumsmeatonstower.htm">"Smeaton's Tower"</a>. Plymouth City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609144547/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/creativityandculture/museums/museumsmeatonstower.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smeaton%27s+Tower&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fhomepage%2Fcreativityandculture%2Fmuseums%2Fmuseumsmeatonstower.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609095409/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/warmemorials">"War memorials"</a>. Plymouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/warmemorials">the original</a> on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+memorials&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fwarmemorials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/11/30/historic_barbican_feature.shtml">"Plymouth's Historic Barbican"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 18 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114021732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/11/30/historic_barbican_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth%27s+Historic+Barbican&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft.date=2008-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F11%2F30%2Fhistoric_barbican_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/panoramas/point8a_mayflower_steps_360.shtml">"Point 8a – Mayflower Steps"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 7 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114043512/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/panoramas/point8a_mayflower_steps_360.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Point+8a+%E2%80%93+Mayflower+Steps&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fcontent%2Fpanoramas%2Fpoint8a_mayflower_steps_360.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904165245/http://www.national-aquarium.co.uk/plymouth-attraction">"Our mission is to inspire everyone to take action towards sustainability and conservation of the marine environment"</a>. National Marine Aquarium. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.national-aquarium.co.uk/plymouth-attraction">the original</a> on 4 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Marine+Aquarium&rft.atitle=Our+mission+is+to+inspire+everyone+to+take+action+towards+sustainability+and+conservation+of+the+marine+environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.national-aquarium.co.uk%2Fplymouth-attraction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610140035/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-saltram/">"Saltram"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-saltram/">the original</a> on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saltram&rft.pub=The+National+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fmain%2Fw-vh%2Fw-visits%2Fw-findaplace%2Fw-saltram%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120727002630/http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/otherOptions/crownhill.htm">"Crownhill Fort"</a>. The Landmark Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/otherOptions/crownhill.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2012. 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Retrieved 29 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devonport+Heritage+Trail&rft.pub=DevonportOnline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.devonportonline.co.uk%2Fmillennium_devonport%2Fplaying%2Fwalks%2Fheritage-trail.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemma_Thompson" class="citation web cs1">Gemma Thompson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/leisureandtourism/tourismandvisitors/tourismcountryside.htm">"Plymouth City Council – The countryside"</a>. Plymouth.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318115126/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/leisureandtourism/tourismandvisitors/tourismcountryside.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+City+Council+%E2%80%93+The+countryside&rft.pub=Plymouth.gov.uk&rft.au=Gemma+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fhomepage%2Fleisureandtourism%2Ftourismandvisitors%2Ftourismcountryside.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705030917/http://www.plymouth.ac.uk/pages/static.asp?page=unavailable">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.ac.uk/pages/static.asp?page=unavailable">the original</a> on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.ac.uk%2Fpages%2Fstatic.asp%3Fpage%3Dunavailable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/students-and-family/life-at-plymouth/campus-and-facilities/roland-levinsky-building">"Roland Levinsky Building"</a>. University of Plymouth. 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Retrieved 23 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kier+tops+out+at+Plymouth%27s+Beckley+Point&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcinmagazine.co.uk%2Fkier-tops-plymouths-beckley-point%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2014/11/28/plymouth-tallest-building-plan-approved/">"Go-ahead for Plymouth's tallest building"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235348/http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2014/11/28/plymouth-tallest-building-plan-approved/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Go-ahead+for+Plymouth%27s+tallest+building&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constructionenquirer.com%2F2014%2F11%2F28%2Fplymouth-tallest-building-plan-approved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/7315998.stm">"Anger over slave trader pub name"</a>. BBC News. 27 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723222405/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?rnd=1627079042699&ci=bbc&cg=0&sr=1600x1000&ts=v51.js&cd=24&lg=en-US&je=n&ck=y&tz=0&ct=&hp=&tl=BBC%20NEWS%20%7C%20UK%20%7C%20England%20%7C%20Devon%20%7C%20Anger%20over%20slave%20trader%20pub%20name&si=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fdevon%2F7315998.stm&rp=">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anger+over+slave+trader+pub+name&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fdevon%2F7315998.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledgeKegan_Paul1987" class="citation book cs1">Routledge, Cyril Tawney; Kegan Paul (1987). Grey Funnel Lines: Traditional Song & Verse of the Royal Navy, 1900–1970. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-1270-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-1270-2"><bdi>978-0-7102-1270-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grey+Funnel+Lines%3A+Traditional+Song+%26+Verse+of+the+Royal+Navy%2C+1900%E2%80%931970&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-1270-2&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=Cyril+Tawney&rft.au=Kegan+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/famous/francis_drake.shtml">"Sir Francis Drake"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723222312/https://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/4ce2251c28db82aa892a105b718dba4d6a74c327.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fdiscovering%2Ffamous%2Ffrancis_drake.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasor2004" class="citation book cs1">Rasor, Eugene (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4oNNsTdvEoC">English/British Naval History to 1815: A Guide to the Literature</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30547-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30547-1"><bdi>0-313-30547-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022155410/https://books.google.com/books?id=D4oNNsTdvEoC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English%2FBritish+Naval+History+to+1815%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Literature&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-313-30547-1&rft.aulast=Rasor&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD4oNNsTdvEoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/drake_francis.shtml">"Sir Francis Drake (c.1540 – c.1596)"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212034636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/drake_francis.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Drake+%28c.1540+%E2%80%93+c.1596%29&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fdrake_francis.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/england/1650689.stm">"Mission to rescue Drake's body"</a>. BBC News. 12 November 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411012209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/england/1650689.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mission+to+rescue+Drake%27s+body&rft.date=2001-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2Fengland%2F1650689.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossetti1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">Rossetti, William Michael</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Haydon,_Benjamin_Robert">"Haydon, Benjamin Robert" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Falcon+Scott&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fscott_robert_falcon.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/famous/frank_bickerton.shtml">"Antarctic explorer Frank Bickerton"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202234234/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/famous/frank_bickerton.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antarctic+explorer+Frank+Bickerton&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fdiscovering%2Ffamous%2Ffrank_bickerton.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7423702.stm">"Painter Beryl Cook dies aged 81"</a>. BBC News. 28 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530113431/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7423702.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2008. 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Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+%E2%80%93+Cosmo+Jarvis&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Fartists%2F36a736a4-ddad-4173-a9a6-91fecd69b831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1374428/Gilbert-George#ref=ref958418">"Gilbert & George Britannica Online Encyclopaedia"</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopaedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106065403/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1374428/Gilbert-George#ref=ref958418">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2009. 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Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+centre+to+honour+Plymouth+Olympian+Sharron+Davies&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fnewsreleases%3Fnewsid%3D128760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympics.org.uk/AYOF07/athlete.aspx?sp=DV%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&at=6509">"Thomas Daley Biography"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Olympic_Association" title="British Olympic Association">British Olympic Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155624/http://www.olympics.org.uk/AYOF07/athlete.aspx?sp=DV%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&at=6509">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Daley+Biography&rft.pub=The+British+Olympic+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympics.org.uk%2FAYOF07%2Fathlete.aspx%3Fsp%3DDV%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%26at%3D6509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919004821/http://www.waynesleep.org/aboutsleep.html">"About Sleep"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Sleep" title="Wayne Sleep">Wayne Sleep</a>'s website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waynesleep.org/aboutsleep.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Sleep&rft.pub=Wayne+Sleep%27s+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waynesleep.org%2Faboutsleep.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/england/trevor-francis-10959/biography-of-international-football-career_a11423/">"Trevor Francis"</a>. Sporting Heroes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910044756/http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football/england/trevor-francis-10959/biography-of-international-football-career_a11423/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trevor+Francis&rft.pub=Sporting+Heroes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sporting-heroes.net%2Ffootball%2Fengland%2Ftrevor-francis-10959%2Fbiography-of-international-football-career_a11423%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/famous/ron_goodwin.shtml">"Plymouth's movie maestro"</a>. BBC. 30 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114043807/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/famous/ron_goodwin.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2009. 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Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Is+Hampshire&rft.atitle=The+talented+Angela+Rippon&rft.date=2000-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thisishampshire.net%2F2000%2F8%2F19%2F83742.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEve2018" class="citation news cs1">Eve, Carl (24 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/plymouth-born-hollywood-actor-dies-2359222">"Plymouth-born Hollywood actor dies in US"</a>. Plymouth Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304035800/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/plymouth-born-hollywood-actor-dies-2359222">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+Herald&rft.atitle=Plymouth-born+Hollywood+actor+dies+in+US&rft.date=2018-12-24&rft.aulast=Eve&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fplymouth-news%2Fplymouth-born-hollywood-actor-dies-2359222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/the-cold-war/spies-of-the-cold-war-era/guy-burgess/">"Guy Burgess"</a>. History Learning Site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806085906/https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/the-cold-war/spies-of-the-cold-war-era/guy-burgess/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Learning+Site&rft.atitle=Guy+Burgess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fmodern-world-history-1918-to-1980%2Fthe-cold-war%2Fspies-of-the-cold-war-era%2Fguy-burgess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twin-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twin_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twin_248-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twin_248-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twin_248-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twin_248-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/plymouths-twin-cities-charming-things-3667510">"Plymouth's twin cities and the charming things we have in common"</a>. Plymouth Herald. 5 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131644/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/plymouths-twin-cities-charming-things-3667510">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+Herald&rft.atitle=Plymouth%27s+twin+cities+and+the+charming+things+we+have+in+common&rft.date=2020-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fplymouths-twin-cities-charming-things-3667510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.sistercity.info/sister-cities/Plymouth.html">"Sister cities of Plymouth"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+cities+of+Plymouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.sistercity.info%2Fsister-cities%2FPlymouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires2021" class="citation web cs1">Squires, Sophie (23 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetradio.co.uk/greatest-hits/plymouth/news/mark-ormrod-named-freeman-of-the-city/">"Former Royal Marine from Plymouth to be awarded Freedom of the City"</a>. Planet Radio. Retrieved 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planet+Radio&rft.atitle=Former+Royal+Marine+from+Plymouth+to+be+awarded+Freedom+of+the+City&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetradio.co.uk%2Fgreatest-hits%2Fplymouth%2Fnews%2Fmark-ormrod-named-freeman-of-the-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2021" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Daniel (23 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/true-hero-legend-mark-ormrod-6245237">"'True hero and legend' Mark Ormrod awarded freedom of Plymouth"</a>. The Plymouth Herald. Retrieved 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plymouth+Herald&rft.atitle=%27True+hero+and+legend%27+Mark+Ormrod+awarded+freedom+of+Plymouth&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fplymouth-news%2Ftrue-hero-legend-mark-ormrod-6245237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-58544754">"Plymouth gives Tom Daley Freedom of the City"</a>. BBC News. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plymouth+gives+Tom+Daley+Freedom+of+the+City&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-devon-58544754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2021" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Daniel (13 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/sport/other-sport/tom-daley-extremely-delighted-freedom-5911354">"Tom Daley 'extremely delighted' with Freedom of Plymouth honour"</a>. The Plymouth Herarld. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plymouth+Herarld&rft.atitle=Tom+Daley+%27extremely+delighted%27+with+Freedom+of+Plymouth+honour&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fother-sport%2Ftom-daley-extremely-delighted-freedom-5911354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2021" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Eve (13 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/tom-daley-honorary-freeman-plymouth-5909647">"Tom Daley will be honorary freeman of Plymouth after gold medal win"</a>. The Plymouth Herarld. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plymouth+Herarld&rft.atitle=Tom+Daley+will+be+honorary+freeman+of+Plymouth+after+gold+medal+win&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fplymouth-news%2Ftom-daley-honorary-freeman-plymouth-5909647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouth.gov.uk/newsroom/plymouthnews/daleybecomefreemancity">"Daley to become Freeman of the City"</a>. Plymouth City Council. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+City+Council&rft.atitle=Daley+to+become+Freeman+of+the+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fnewsroom%2Fplymouthnews%2Fdaleybecomefreemancity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouth.gov.uk/newsroom/pressreleases/tomdaleyreceivesfreedomcityendepicchallenge">"Tom Daley receives Freedom of City at end of epic challenge"</a>. Plymouth City Council. 17 February 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+City+Council&rft.atitle=Tom+Daley+receives+Freedom+of+City+at+end+of+epic+challenge&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fnewsroom%2Fpressreleases%2Ftomdaleyreceivesfreedomcityendepicchallenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton2023" class="citation web cs1">Denton, Maxine (20 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/plymouths-lewis-pugh-heather-knight-8267446#">"Plymouth's Lewis Pugh and Heather Knight set to receive Freedom of the City"</a>. The Plymouth Herald. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plymouth+Herald&rft.atitle=Plymouth%27s+Lewis+Pugh+and+Heather+Knight+set+to+receive+Freedom+of+the+City&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fplymouth-news%2Fplymouths-lewis-pugh-heather-knight-8267446%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChannon2020" class="citation web cs1">Channon, Max (15 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/history/royal-marines-most-successful-chapter-3941662">"How the Royal Marines' finest chapter began 60 years ago"</a>. PlymouthLive. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PlymouthLive&rft.atitle=How+the+Royal+Marines%27+finest+chapter+began+60+years+ago&rft.date=2020-03-15&rft.aulast=Channon&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhistory%2Froyal-marines-most-successful-chapter-3941662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/Freedom-City-honour-parade-Rifles/story-11731288-detail/story.html">"Freedom of City honour and parade for The Rifles"</a>. This is Plymouth. 11 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614041429/http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/Freedom-City-honour-parade-Rifles/story-11731288-detail/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+City+honour+and+parade+for+The+Rifles&rft.pub=This+is+Plymouth&rft.date=2010-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisplymouth.co.uk%2FFreedom-City-honour-parade-Rifles%2Fstory-11731288-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouth.gov.uk/freedom-city-granted-joint-hospital-group-south-west">"Freedom of the City granted to Joint Hospital Group South West"</a>. Plymouth City Council. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+City+Council&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+the+City+granted+to+Joint+Hospital+Group+South+West&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Ffreedom-city-granted-joint-hospital-group-south-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-60749938">"Falklands veterans to be given Freedom of Plymouth"</a>. BBC News Devon. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Falklands+veterans+to+be+given+Freedom+of+Plymouth&rft.pub=BBC+News+Devon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-devon-60749938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2022" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Briohny (26 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forces.net/armed-forces-day-2022/falklands-war-veterans-given-freedom-city-plymouth">"Falklands War veterans given freedom of the city of Plymouth on Armed Forces Day"</a>. Forces News. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forces+News&rft.atitle=Falklands+War+veterans+given+freedom+of+the+city+of+Plymouth+on+Armed+Forces+Day&rft.date=2022-06-26&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Briohny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forces.net%2Farmed-forces-day-2022%2Ffalklands-war-veterans-given-freedom-city-plymouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2023" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, Georgina (19 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckk993l96y7o">"Veterans' association awarded Freedom of the City"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 30 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Veterans%27+association+awarded+Freedom+of+the+City&rft.date=2023-06-19&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fckk993l96y7o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Gould, Jeremy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/plymouth-modern-city/plymouth/">Plymouth: Vision of a modern city</a>. English Heritage</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2001" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Martin (2001). Around Plymouth. Frith Book.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+Plymouth&rft.pub=Frith+Book&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1993" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Crispin (1993). Plymouth: A New History. Devon Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plymouth%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Devon+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Chris (2004). Plymouth Then & Now. Plymouth Prints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plymouth+Then+%26+Now&rft.pub=Plymouth+Prints&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasley1997" class="citation book cs1">Casley, Nicholas (1997). The Medieval Incorporation of Plymouth and a Survey of the Borough's Bounds. Old Plymouth Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Incorporation+of+Plymouth+and+a+Survey+of+the+Borough%27s+Bounds&rft.pub=Old+Plymouth+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Casley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarew1555" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carew_(antiquary)" title="Richard Carew (antiquary)">Carew, Richard</a> (1555). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/srvcr10.txt">The Survey of Cornwall</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey+of+Cornwall&rft.date=1555&rft.aulast=Carew&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext06%2Fsrvcr10.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> N.B. Carew refers to Plymouth Hoe as "the Hawe at Plymmouth"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbercrombieWatsonStampRobinson1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Abercrombie" title="Patrick Abercrombie">Abercrombie, Patrick</a>; Watson, James; Stamp, Laurence; Robinson, Gilbert (27 April 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nAYcAAAAIAAJ">A Plan for Plymouth</a>. Underhill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Plan+for+Plymouth&rft.pub=Underhill&rft.date=1944-04-27&rft.aulast=Abercrombie&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Watson%2C+James&rft.au=Stamp%2C+Laurence&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnAYcAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlymouth" class="Z3988"> N.B. the publication carries the date 1943, although published on 27 April 27, 1944 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030101825/http://plymouthdata.info/Plan%20for%20Plymouth.htm">A Plan for Plymouth – The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History</a></li> <li>W Best Harris – Plymouth – Plymouth Council of Social Service (undated)</li> <li>W Best Harris – Stories From Plymouth's History – Self-Published, Plymouth (undated)</li> <li>W Best Harris – The Book of Plymouth – Guild of Social Service, Plymouth (undated)</li> <li>W Best Harris – The New Book of Plymouth – Guild of Social Service, Plymouth (undated)</li> <li>W Best Harris – The Second Book of Plymouth – Guild of Social Service, Plymouth, 1957</li> <li>W Best Harris – Place Names of Plymouth, Dartmoor and the Tamar Valley – Self-Published, Plymouth, 1983</li> <li>W Best Harris – Welcome to Plymouth – Plymouth City Council (undated)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plymouth" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Plymouth">Plymouth</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Plymouth_(England)#Q43382" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Plymouth (England)">Plymouth</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouth.gov.uk/">Plymouth City Council website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dataplymouth.co.uk/">Plymouth City Council's open data website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_City_of_Plymouth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_Plymouth" title="Template:City of Plymouth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:City_of_Plymouth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:City of Plymouth (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_Plymouth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of Plymouth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_City_of_Plymouth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plymouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Suburbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymstock" title="Plymstock">Plymstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_University_Plymouth" title="Arts University Plymouth">Arts University Plymouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Marjon_University" title="Plymouth Marjon University">Plymouth Marjon University</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_College" title="Plymouth College">Plymouth College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/City_College_Plymouth" title="City College Plymouth">City College Plymouth</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Plymouth Hoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armada_Way" title="Armada Way">Armada Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Batten" title="Mount Batten">Mount Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Tower" title="Smeaton's Tower">Smeaton's Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Citadel,_Plymouth" title="Royal Citadel, Plymouth">Royal Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Civic_Centre" title="Plymouth Civic Centre">Civic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park,_Plymouth" title="Central Park, Plymouth">Central Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Airport" title="Plymouth City Airport">Plymouth City Airport (defunct)</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_coach_station" title="Plymouth coach station">Plymouth coach station</a></li><li><a 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Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignbridge" title="Teignbridge">Teignbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridge_District" title="Torridge District">Torridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Devon" title="West Devon">West Devon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold_District" title="Cotswold District">Cotswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_District" title="Forest of Dean District">Forest of Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroud_District" title="Stroud District">Stroud</a></li> 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<li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_(district)" title="Dorset (district)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council" title="North Somerset Council">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Council" title="Somerset Council">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council" title="South Gloucestershire Council">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon" title="Borough of Swindon">Borough of Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council" title="Wiltshire Council">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="British_overseas_cities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Devon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Devon" title="Template:Devon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Devon" title="Template talk:Devon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Devon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Devon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Devon" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Devon" title="Portal:Devon">Devon Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Devon" title="East Devon">East Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Devon" title="Mid Devon">Mid Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignbridge" title="Teignbridge">Teignbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridge_District" title="Torridge District">Torridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Devon" title="West Devon">West Devon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashburton,_Devon" title="Ashburton, Devon">Ashburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axminster" title="Axminster">Axminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bampton,_Devon" title="Bampton, Devon">Bampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstaple" title="Barnstaple">Barnstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bideford" title="Bideford">Bideford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovey_Tracey" title="Bovey Tracey">Bovey Tracey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckfastleigh" title="Buckfastleigh">Buckfastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budleigh_Salterton" title="Budleigh Salterton">Budleigh Salterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagford" title="Chagford">Chagford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudleigh" title="Chudleigh">Chudleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulmleigh" title="Chulmleigh">Chulmleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colyton,_Devon" title="Colyton, Devon">Colyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crediton" title="Crediton">Crediton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullompton" title="Cullompton">Cullompton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawlish" title="Dawlish">Dawlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmouth" title="Exmouth">Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Torrington" title="Great Torrington">Great Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatherleigh" title="Hatherleigh">Hatherleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holsworthy" title="Holsworthy">Holsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honiton" title="Honiton">Honiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilfracombe" title="Ilfracombe">Ilfracombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivybridge" title="Ivybridge">Ivybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge" title="Kingsbridge">Kingsbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsteignton" title="Kingsteignton">Kingsteignton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynton" title="Lynton">Lynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretonhampstead" title="Moretonhampstead">Moretonhampstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Abbot" title="Newton Abbot">Newton Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tawton" title="North Tawton">North Tawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northam,_Devon" title="Northam, Devon">Northam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okehampton" title="Okehampton">Okehampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottery_St_Mary" title="Ottery St Mary">Ottery St Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paignton" title="Paignton">Paignton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymstock" title="Plymstock">Plymstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salcombe" title="Salcombe">Salcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaton,_Devon" title="Seaton, Devon">Seaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidmouth" title="Sidmouth">Sidmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Molton" title="South Molton">South Molton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavistock" title="Tavistock">Tavistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignmouth" title="Teignmouth">Teignmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon" title="Tiverton, Devon">Tiverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsham,_Devon" title="Topsham, Devon">Topsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totnes" title="Totnes">Totnes</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Devon" title="List of civil parishes in Devon">List of civil parishes in Devon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Ashburn" title="River Ashburn">Ashburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Devon" title="River Avon, Devon">Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Axe_(Lyme_Bay)" title="River Axe (Lyme Bay)">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Barle" title="River Barle">Barle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bovey" title="River Bovey">Bovey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bray" title="River Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Burn,_Devon" title="River Burn, Devon">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Clyst" title="River Clyst">Clyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Creedy" title="River Creedy">Creedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Culm" title="River Culm">Culm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dart" title="River Dart">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dart_River" title="East Dart River">East Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dart_River" title="West Dart River">West Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Erme" title="River Erme">Erme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Exe" title="River Exe">Exe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Heddon" title="River Heddon">Heddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lemon" title="River Lemon">Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lew" title="River Lew">Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lumburn" title="River Lumburn">Lumburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lyd,_Devon" title="River Lyd, Devon">Lyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lyn_River" title="East Lyn River">East Lyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lyn_River" title="West Lyn River">West Lyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Meavy" title="River Meavy">Meavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Mole,_Devon" title="River Mole, Devon">Mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Okement" title="River Okement">Okement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Okement_River" title="East Okement River">East Okement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Okement_River" title="West Okement River">West Okement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Otter,_Devon" title="River Otter, Devon">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Plym" title="River Plym">Plym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Sid" title="River Sid">Sid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Swincombe" title="River Swincombe">Swincombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tavy" title="River Tavy">Tavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Taw" title="River Taw">Taw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Teign" title="River Teign">Teign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Thrushel" title="River Thrushel">Thrushel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Torridge" title="River Torridge">Torridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Walkham" title="River Walkham">Walkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wallabrooke" title="River Wallabrooke">Wallabrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Webburn_River" title="East Webburn River">East Webburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Webburn_River" title="West Webburn River">West Webburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wolf" title="River Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Yealm" title="River Yealm">Yealm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Devon" title="Flag of Devon">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Devon">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Devon" title="List of places in Devon">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Devon_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns and cities in Devon by population">Towns by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Devon" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Devon" title="Category:Country houses in Devon">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Devon" title="Grade I listed buildings in Devon">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Devon" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Devon">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Devon" title="Scheduled monuments in Devon">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_Devon" title="Category:Bridges in Devon">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Devon" title="History of Devon">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Devon" title="List of schools in Devon">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Devon" title="List of museums in Devon">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Devon" title="Lord Lieutenant of Devon">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Devon" title="High Sheriff of Devon">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Devon" title="List of people from Devon">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="South Devon AONB">South Devon AONB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_Valley_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamar Valley AONB">Tamar Valley AONB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path" title="South West Coast Path">South West Coast Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Moors_Way" title="Two Moors Way">Two Moors Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon%27s_Biosphere_Reserve" title="North Devon's Biosphere Reserve">North Devon's Biosphere Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unitary_authorities_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template talk:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unitary_authorities_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset" title="Bath and North East Somerset">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest" title="Bracknell Forest">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_(district)" title="Buckinghamshire (district)">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire" title="Central Bedfordshire">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland (district)">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Darlington" title="Borough of Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_(district)" title="Dorset (district)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Hartlepool" title="Borough of Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Middlesbrough" title="Borough of Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire" title="North Northamptonshire">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_(district)" title="North Yorkshire (district)">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_(district)" title="Shropshire (district)">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Slough" title="Borough of Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon" title="Borough of Swindon">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin" title="Telford and Wrekin">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire" title="West Berkshire">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness" title="Westmorland and Furness">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire" title="West Northamptonshire">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_(district)" title="Wiltshire (district)">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Windsor_and_Maidenhead" title="Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wokingham" title="Borough of Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/125px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/188px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/250px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council" title="Bedford Borough Council">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council" title="Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Council" title="Blackpool Council">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest_Council" title="Bracknell Forest Council">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council" title="Brighton and Hove City Council">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council" title="Buckinghamshire Council">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire_Council" title="Central Bedfordshire Council">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East_Council" title="Cheshire East Council">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council" title="Cheshire West and Chester Council">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="County Durham Council">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Council" title="Cumberland Council">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Darlington Borough Council">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_City_Council" title="Derby City Council">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Council_(UK)" title="Dorset Council (UK)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire_Council" title="East Riding of Yorkshire Council">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council" title="Halton Borough Council">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool Borough Council">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire_Council" title="Herefordshire Council">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Council" title="Isle of Wight Council">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_City_Council" title="Hull City Council">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_City_Council" title="Leicester City Council">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Borough_Council" title="Luton Borough Council">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway_Council" title="Medway Council">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Council" title="Middlesbrough Council">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_City_Council" title="Milton Keynes City Council">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council" title="North East Lincolnshire Council">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire_Council" title="North Lincolnshire Council">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North Northamptonshire Council">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council" title="North Somerset Council">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council" title="North Yorkshire Council">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County_Council" title="Northumberland County Council">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council" title="Nottingham City Council">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_City_Council" title="Peterborough City Council">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_City_Council" title="Portsmouth City Council">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Borough_Council" title="Reading Borough Council">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland_Borough_Council" title="Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_County_Council" title="Rutland County Council">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Council" title="Shropshire Council">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_Borough_Council" title="Slough Borough Council">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Council" title="Somerset Council">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council" title="Southampton City Council">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council" title="South Gloucestershire Council">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_Borough_Council" title="Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_City_Council" title="Stoke-on-Trent City Council">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Borough_Council" title="Swindon Borough Council">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin_Council" title="Telford and Wrekin Council">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council" title="Thurrock Council">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_Borough_Council" title="Warrington Borough Council">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire_Council" title="West Berkshire Council">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness_Council" title="Westmorland and Furness Council">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="West Northamptonshire Council">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council" title="Wiltshire Council">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_and_Maidenhead_Borough_Council" title="Windsor and Maidenhead Borough Council">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokingham_Borough_Council" title="Wokingham Borough Council">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council" title="City of York Council">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council_elections" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council elections">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bedford Borough Council elections">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council_elections" title="Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council elections">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Borough_Council_elections" title="Blackpool Borough Council elections">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council_elections" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council elections">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bracknell Forest Borough Council elections">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council_elections" title="Brighton and Hove City Council elections">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council_elections" title="Bristol City Council elections">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council_elections" title="Buckinghamshire Council elections">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire_Council_elections" title="Central Bedfordshire Council elections">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East_Council_elections" title="Cheshire East Council elections">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council_elections" title="Cheshire West and Chester Council elections">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council_elections" title="Cornwall Council elections">Cornwall</a></li> 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43382#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43382#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145415800">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMGPfWDpVqp4HqBpP4v3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4255050-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80097355">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1087213&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554919905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/27e496a5-2ad4-4d7e-a4ac-a3869b2bbad7">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045558">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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