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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Breeding </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Breeding subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Genetic engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cultivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seed_potatoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seed_potatoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Seed potatoes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seed_potatoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phases_of_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phases_of_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Phases of growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phases_of_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Pests and diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Harvest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_climate_change_on_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_climate_change_on_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Impact of climate change on production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_climate_change_on_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact of climate change on production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_climate_change_on_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_in_pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Changes in pests and diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Adaptation strategies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Culinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Cultural significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 In mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 In art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Potato</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 182 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-182" aria-hidden="true" > 182 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aartappel" title="Aartappel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aartappel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoffel" title="Kartoffel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kartoffel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%BD" title="ድንች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድንች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eor%C3%BEperu" title="Eorþperu – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eorþperu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Акартош – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акартош" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="بطاطا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطاطا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" title="Solanum tuberosum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Solanum tuberosum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" title="Solanum tuberosum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Solanum tuberosum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patak" title="Patak – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Patak" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="आलु – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आलु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvy%27a" title="Yvy'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvy'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartof" title="Kartof – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kartof" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7" title="یئرآلما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئرآلما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentang" title="Kentang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kentang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81" title="আলু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1-l%C3%AAng-ch%C3%AE" title="Má-lêng-chî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Má-lêng-chî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthang" title="Kenthang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kenthang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Бәрәңге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәрәңге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бульба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бульба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бульба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бульба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patatas" title="Patatas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Patatas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Картоф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картоф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krompir" title="Krompir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krompir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patatez" title="Patatez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Patatez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BC%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Түмһэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түмһэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patatera" title="Patatera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patatera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Çĕрулми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕрулми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" title="Solanum tuberosum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Solanum tuberosum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilek_brambor" title="Lilek brambor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lilek brambor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" title="Solanum tuberosum – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Solanum tuberosum" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taten" title="Taten – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Taten" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoffel" title="Kartoffel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kartoffel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="بطاطا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بطاطا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%91eita" title="Buđeita – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Buđeita" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoffel" title="Kartoffel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kartoffel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulka" title="Kulka – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kulka" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_kartul" title="Harilik kartul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik kartul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Πατάτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πατάτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2mm_da_t%C3%A9r%C3%A0_(Solanum_tuberosum)" title="Pòmm da térà (Solanum tuberosum) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pòmm da térà (Solanum tuberosum)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Модамарь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Модамарь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" title="Solanum tuberosum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Solanum tuberosum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpomo" title="Terpomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Terpomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patata" title="Patata – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patata" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سیب‌زمینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیب‌زمینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalu" title="Aalu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aalu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomme_de_terre" title="Pomme de terre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pomme de terre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierdappel" title="Ierdappel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierdappel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudaku" title="Kudaku – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kudaku" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1ta" title="Práta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Práta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praase" title="Praase – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Praase" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunt%C3%A0ta_(lus)" title="Buntàta (lus) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Buntàta (lus)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataca" title="Pataca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pataca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Коартол – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Коартол" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%B1%86" title="土豆 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="土豆" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82" title="બટાકાં – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બટાકાં" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82" title="आळूं – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="आळूं" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EC%9E%90" title="감자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dankalin_turawa" title="Dankalin turawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dankalin turawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Կարտոֆիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարտոֆիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82" title="आलू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आलू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9Brna" title="Běrna – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Běrna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krumpir" title="Krumpir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krumpir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artape" title="Artape – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Artape" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato" title="Potato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Potato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patatas" title="Patatas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Patatas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentang" title="Kentang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kentang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patata" title="Patata – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Patata" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Картоф – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Картоф" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartafla" title="Kartafla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kartafla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" title="Solanum tuberosum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solanum tuberosum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94" title="תפוח אדמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תפוח אדמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenthang" title="Kenthang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kenthang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bt%C9%9B%C9%9B_p%C9%94m" title="Tɛtɛɛ pɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛtɛɛ pɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ಆಲೂಗಡ್ಡೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲೂಗಡ್ಡೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patatas" title="Patatas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Patatas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კარტოფილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარტოფილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Картоп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Картоп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patatysen" title="Patatysen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Patatysen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiazi_cha_kizungu" title="Kiazi cha kizungu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiazi cha kizungu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Картупель – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Картупель" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikwa" title="Kikwa – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kikwa" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponmdet%C3%A8" title="Ponmdetè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ponmdetè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponm_d%C3%A9_t%C3%A8" title="Ponm dé tè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ponm dé tè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartol" title="Kartol – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kartol" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%A9" title="Картөшкө – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картөшкө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" title="Solanum tuberosum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Solanum tuberosum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartupelis" title="Kartupelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kartupelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromper" title="Gromper – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gromper" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgomoji_bulv%C4%97" title="Valgomoji bulvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valgomoji bulvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%C3%A0tta" title="Patàtta – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Patàtta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerpel" title="Aerpel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aerpel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patata" title="Patata – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Patata" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartohku" title="Kartohku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kartohku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" title="Solanum tuberosum – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Solanum tuberosum" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgonya" title="Burgonya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Burgonya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Компир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Компир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovy" title="Ovy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ovy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉരുളക്കിഴങ്ങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉരുളക്കിഴങ്ങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კარტოფილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარტოფილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B3_(%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="بطاطس (هو خضار جذريه من فصيلة الباذنجانيات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بطاطس (هو خضار جذريه من فصيلة الباذنجانيات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0" title="အာလူ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အာလူ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="بنسه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنسه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentang" title="Kentang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kentang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantang" title="Kantang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kantang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C4%83ng-gi%C4%81ng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%80" title="Huăng-giāng-sṳ̀ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huăng-giāng-sṳ̀" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Төмс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төмс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="အာလူး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာလူး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalcamohtli" title="Tlalcamohtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlalcamohtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardappel" title="Aardappel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardappel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerpel" title="Eerpel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eerpel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="आलु खेती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आलु खेती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="आलु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आलु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A2" title="ジャガイモ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャガイモ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patana" title="Patana – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Patana" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Картол – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Картол" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iartapel" title="Iartapel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iartapel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potet" title="Potet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Potet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potet" title="Potet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Potet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" title="Solanum tuberosum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Solanum tuberosum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoshka" title="Kartoshka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kartoshka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82" title="ਆਲੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਲੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoffel" title="Kartoffel – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Kartoffel" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88" title="آلو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آلو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="کچالو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کچالو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitieta" title="Pitieta – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pitieta" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Картов – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Картов" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tote" title="Pétote – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pétote" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C3%BCffel" title="Kantüffel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kantüffel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemniak" title="Ziemniak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziemniak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batata" title="Batata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qartop" title="Qartop – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qartop" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartof" title="Cartof – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartof" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бандурка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бандурка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Картофель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картофель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Хортуоппуй – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хортуоппуй" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="आलुकम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आलुकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱟᱹᱞᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱹᱞᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88" title="آلو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آلو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patata" title="Patata – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Patata" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattie" title="Tattie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tattie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patatja" title="Patatja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Patatja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato" title="Potato – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Potato" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%BD%D9%88" title="پٽاٽو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پٽاٽو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDu%C4%BEok_zemiakov%C3%BD" title="Ľuľok zemiakový – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľuľok zemiakový" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krompir" title="Krompir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krompir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartofel" title="Kartofel – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kartofel" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%95" title="پەتاتە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەتاتە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Кромпир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кромпир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krumpir" title="Krumpir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krumpir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentang" title="Kentang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kentang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruna" title="Peruna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peruna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatis" title="Potatis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Potatis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patatas" title="Patatas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Patatas" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA" title="బంగాళదుంప – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బంగాళదుంప" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="มันฝรั่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มันฝรั่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Картошка – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Картошка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pateta" title="Pateta – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pateta" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9stomem%C3%A9s%C3%AAhest%C3%B4tse" title="Aéstomemésêhestôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Aéstomemésêhestôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಟಾಟೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಟಾಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patates" title="Patates – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patates" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karto%C5%9Fka" title="Kartoşka – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kartoşka" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1da%CC%B1ngka%CC%B1li_A%CC%B1shong" title="A̱da̱ngka̱li A̱shong – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱da̱ngka̱li A̱shong" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Картофель – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Картофель" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Картопля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картопля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88" title="آلو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آلو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potatoes&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">Potatoes</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Starchy tuber used as a staple food</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Potato_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Potato (disambiguation)">Potato (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Potato </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Patates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Patates.jpg/220px-Patates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Patates.jpg/330px-Patates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Patates.jpg/440px-Patates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1861" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Potato <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> appear in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Solanum" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">Solanum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">S. tuberosum</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Solanum tuberosum <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> see <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_synonyms_of_Solanum_tuberosum" title="Taxonomic synonyms of Solanum tuberosum">list</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The potato (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈteɪtoʊ/</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Starch#Food" title="Starch">starchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Root_vegetable" title="Root vegetable">tuberous vegetable</a> native to the Americas that is consumed as a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> in many parts of the world. Potatoes are underground <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> in the nightshade family <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>. Wild potato <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> can be found from the southern United States to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Chile" title="Southern Chile">southern Chile</a>. Genetic studies show that the cultivated potato has a single origin, in the area of present-day southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and extreme northwestern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. Potatoes were domesticated there about 7,000–10,000 years ago from a species in the <a href="/wiki/Solanum_brevicaule" title="Solanum brevicaule">S. brevicaule</a> complex. Many <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> of the potato are cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> region of South America, where the species is <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous species">indigenous</a>. The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">introduced potatoes to Europe</a> in the second half of the 16th century from the Americas. They are a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's <a href="/wiki/Food_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Food supply">food supply</a>. Following millennia of <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>, there are now over 5,000 <a href="/wiki/List_of_potato_cultivars" title="List of potato cultivars">different varieties of potatoes</a>. The potato remains an essential crop in Europe, especially Northern and Eastern Europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production during the 21st century was in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">southern</a> and eastern Asia, with China and India leading the world production as of 2021. Like the tomato and the nightshades, the potato is in the genus <a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">Solanum</a>; the aerial parts of the potato contain the toxin <a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">solanine</a>. Normal potato tubers that have been grown and stored properly produce <a href="/wiki/Glycoalkaloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycoalkaloids">glycoalkaloids</a> in negligible amounts, but, if sprouts and potato skins are exposed to light, tubers can become toxic. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The English word "potato" comes from Spanish patata, in turn from <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taíno</a> batata, which means "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>", not the plant now known as simply "potato".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The name "spud" for a potato is from the 15th century spudde, a short knife or dagger, probably related to Danish spyd, "spear". From around 1840, the name transferred to the tuber itself.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> At least six languages—Afrikaans, Dutch, French, (West) Frisian, Hebrew, Persian<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and some variants of German—use a term for "potato" that means "earth apple" or "ground apple".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIP-Afiche-papa-ingles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/CIP-Afiche-papa-ingles.jpg/220px-CIP-Afiche-papa-ingles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/CIP-Afiche-papa-ingles.jpg/330px-CIP-Afiche-papa-ingles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/CIP-Afiche-papa-ingles.jpg/440px-CIP-Afiche-papa-ingles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Morphology of the potato plant; tubers are forming from stolons.</figcaption></figure> Potato plants are herbaceous <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennials</a> that grow up to 1 metre (3.3 ft) high. The stems are hairy. The leaves have roughly four pairs of <a href="/wiki/Leaflet_(botany)" title="Leaflet (botany)">leaflets</a>. The flowers range from white or pink to blue or purple; they are yellow at the centre, and are insect-pollinated.<a href="#cite_note-Kew-6">[6]</a> The plant develops <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> to store nutrients. These are not roots but stems that form from thickened <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a> at the tips of long thin <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">stolons</a>. On the surface of the tubers there are "eyes," which act as sinks to protect the vegetative buds from which the stems originate. The "eyes" are arranged in helical form. In addition, the tubers have small holes that allow breathing, called <a href="/wiki/Lenticel" title="Lenticel">lenticels</a>. The lenticels are circular and their number varies depending on the size of the tuber and environmental conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Ewing_Struik_1992-7">[7]</a> Tubers form in response to decreasing day length, although this tendency has been minimized in commercial varieties.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> After flowering, potato plants produce <a href="/wiki/Potato_fruit" title="Potato fruit">small green fruits</a> that resemble green <a href="/wiki/Cherry_tomato" title="Cherry tomato">cherry tomatoes</a>, each containing about 300 very small <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plaisted-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2></div> Like the <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, potatoes belong to the genus <a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">Solanum</a>, which is a member of the nightshade family, the <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>. That is a diverse family of flowering plants, often poisonous, that includes the mandrake (<a href="/wiki/Mandragora_(genus)" title="Mandragora (genus)">Mandragora</a>), deadly nightshade (<a href="/wiki/Atropa" title="Atropa">Atropa</a>), and tobacco (<a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a>), as shown in the outline phylogenetic tree (many branches omitted). The most commonly cultivated potato is S. tuberosum; there are several other species.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> many garden flowers and other species </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a> (tobacco) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Atropa" title="Atropa">Atropa</a> (nightshades) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mandragora_(genus)" title="Mandragora (genus)">Mandragora</a> (mandrake) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">Capsicum</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">  (sweet and bell peppers) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">Solanum</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Solanum_lycopersicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Solanum lycopersicum">S. lycopersicum</a> (tomato) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> S. tuberosum (cultivated potato) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_tuberosum_-_michu%C3%B1e.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Solanum_tuberosum_-_michu%C3%B1e.JPG/220px-Solanum_tuberosum_-_michu%C3%B1e.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Solanum_tuberosum_-_michu%C3%B1e.JPG/330px-Solanum_tuberosum_-_michu%C3%B1e.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Solanum_tuberosum_-_michu%C3%B1e.JPG/440px-Solanum_tuberosum_-_michu%C3%B1e.JPG 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>A variety of S. tuberosum tuberosum, the Chilean potato</figcaption></figure> The major species grown worldwide is S. tuberosum (a <a href="/wiki/Tetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraploid">tetraploid</a> with 48 <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>), and modern varieties of this species are the most widely cultivated. There are also four <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> species (with 24 chromosomes): S. stenotomum, S. phureja, S. goniocalyx, and S. ajanhuiri. There are two <a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> species (with 36 chromosomes): <a href="/wiki/Solanum_chaucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Solanum chaucha">S. chaucha</a> and S. juzepczukii. There is one <a href="/wiki/Pentaploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaploid">pentaploid</a> cultivated species (with 60 chromosomes): S. curtilobum.<a href="#cite_note-Raker_Spooner_2002-11">[11]</a> There are two major subspecies of S. tuberosum.<a href="#cite_note-Raker_Spooner_2002-11">[11]</a> The Andean potato, S. tuberosum andigena, is adapted to the short-day conditions prevalent in the mountainous equatorial and tropical regions where it originated. The Chilean potato S. tuberosum tuberosum, native to the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>, is in contrast adapted to the long-day conditions prevalent in the higher latitude region of southern Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Rodríguez-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_potato" title="History of the potato">History of the potato</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3></div> Wild potato <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> occur from the southern United States to southern Chile.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The potato was first domesticated in southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a><a href="#cite_note-Spooner_2005_14694–99-14">[14]</a> by pre-Columbian farmers, around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LostCrops-15">[15]</a> Potatoes were domesticated there about 7,000–10,000 years ago from a species in the <a href="/wiki/Solanum_brevicaule" title="Solanum brevicaule">S. brevicaule</a> complex.<a href="#cite_note-Spooner_2005_14694–99-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-LostCrops-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Michael_Francis_2005-16">[16]</a> The earliest archaeologically verified potato tuber remains have been found at the coastal site of <a href="/wiki/Ancon_(archaeological_site)" title="Ancon (archaeological site)">Ancon</a> (central <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>), dating to 2500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The most widely cultivated variety, Solanum tuberosum tuberosum, is indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>, and has been cultivated by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">local indigenous people</a> since before the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish conquest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodríguez-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a>, the Spanish introduced the potato to Europe in the second half of the 16th century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>. The staple was subsequently conveyed by European mariners (possibly including the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a>) to territories and ports throughout the world, especially their colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Sauer-2017-20">[20]</a> European and colonial farmers were slow to adopt farming potatoes, but after 1750 they became an important food staple and field crop<a href="#cite_note-Sauer-2017-20">[20]</a> and played a major role in the European 19th century population boom.<a href="#cite_note-John_Michael_Francis_2005-16">[16]</a> According to conservative estimates, the introduction of the potato was responsible for a quarter of the growth in <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> population and urbanization between 1700 and 1900.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> However, lack of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, due to the very limited number of varieties initially introduced, left the crop vulnerable to disease. In 1845, a plant disease known as late blight, caused by the fungus-like <a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycete</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">Phytophthora infestans</a>, spread rapidly through the poorer communities of western Ireland as well as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, resulting in the crop failures that led to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine">Great Irish Famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PlDis2011-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sauer-2017-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Potato_Center" title="International Potato Center">International Potato Center</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru, holds 4,870 types of potato <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a>, most of which are traditional <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landrace</a> cultivars.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 2009 a draft sequence of the potato genome was made, containing 12 chromosomes and 860 million base pairs, making it a medium-sized plant genome.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It had been thought that most potato <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> derived from a single <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">origin</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and extreme Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, from a species in the <a href="/wiki/Solanum_brevicaule" title="Solanum brevicaule">S. brevicaule</a> complex.<a href="#cite_note-Spooner_2005_14694–99-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-LostCrops-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Michael_Francis_2005-16">[16]</a> DNA analysis however shows that more than 99% of all current varieties of potatoes are direct descendants of a subspecies that once grew in the <a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">lowlands</a> of south-central Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Ames2008-25">[25]</a> Most modern potatoes grown in North America arrived through European settlement and not independently from the South American sources. At least one wild potato species, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_fendleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solanum fendleri (page does not exist)">S. fendleri</a>, occurs in North America; it is used in breeding for resistance to a <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> species that attacks cultivated potatoes. A secondary center of genetic variability of the potato is Mexico, where important wild species that have been used extensively in modern breeding are found, such as the hexaploid <a href="/wiki/Solanum_demissum" title="Solanum demissum">S. demissum</a>, used as a source of resistance to the devastating <a href="/wiki/Late_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Late blight">late blight</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">Phytophthora infestans</a>).<a href="#cite_note-PlDis2011-22">[22]</a> Another relative native to this region, <a href="/wiki/Solanum_bulbocastanum" title="Solanum bulbocastanum">Solanum bulbocastanum</a>, has been used to genetically engineer the potato to resist potato blight.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Many such <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">wild relatives</a> are useful for breeding <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">resistance</a> to P. infestans.<a href="#cite_note-Genes-27">[27]</a> Little of the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">diversity</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">Solanum</a> ancestral and <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">wild relatives</a> is found outside the original South American range.<a href="#cite_note-Resources-28">[28]</a> This makes these South American species highly valuable in breeding.<a href="#cite_note-Resources-28">[28]</a> The importance of the potato to humanity is recognised in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> International Day of Potato, to be celebrated on 30 May each year, starting in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Potato_Day-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding">Breeding</h2></div> Potatoes, both S. tuberosum and most of its wild relatives, are <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-incompatible">self-incompatible</a>: they bear no useful fruit when self-pollinated. This trait is problematic for crop breeding, as all sexually-produced plants must be <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>. The gene responsible for self-incompatibility, as well as mutations to disable it, are now known. Self-compatibility has successfully been introduced both to diploid potatoes (including a special line of S. tuberosum) by <a href="/wiki/CRISPR-Cas9" class="mw-redirect" title="CRISPR-Cas9">CRISPR-Cas9</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neofunctionalisation-30">[30]</a> Plants having a 'Sli' gene produce pollen which is compatible to its own parent and plants with similar S genes.<a href="#cite_note-Hosaka_Hanneman,_Jr._1998_pp._191–197-31">[31]</a> This gene was cloned by <a href="/wiki/Wageningen_University_%26_Research" title="Wageningen University & Research">Wageningen University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solynta" title="Solynta">Solynta</a> in 2021, which would allow for faster and more focused breeding.<a href="#cite_note-Neofunctionalisation-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">Diploid</a> hybrid potato breeding is a recent area of potato genetics supported by the finding that simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(population_genetics)" title="Fixation (population genetics)">fixation</a> of donor alleles is possible.<a href="#cite_note-Lindhout_Meijer_Schotte_Hutten_2011_pp._301–312-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Wild potato species useful for breeding</a> blight resistance include Solanum desmissum and S. stoloniferum, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Strategies-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_potato_cultivars" title="List of potato cultivars">List of potato cultivars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potatoes_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Potatoes_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg/220px-Potatoes_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Potatoes_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg/330px-Potatoes_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Potatoes_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg/440px-Potatoes_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A variety of different potatoes for sale in a market in France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papas_de_colores_de_Chiloe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Papas_de_colores_de_Chiloe.jpg/220px-Papas_de_colores_de_Chiloe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Papas_de_colores_de_Chiloe.jpg/330px-Papas_de_colores_de_Chiloe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Papas_de_colores_de_Chiloe.jpg/440px-Papas_de_colores_de_Chiloe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Potatoes of different colors</figcaption></figure> There are some 5,000 potato varieties worldwide, 3,000 of them in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> alone — mainly in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Colombia. Over 100 cultivars might be found in a single valley, and a dozen or more might be maintained by a single agricultural household.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Cultivated_Potato_Database" title="European Cultivated Potato Database">European Cultivated Potato Database</a> is an online collaborative database of potato variety descriptions updated and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Agricultural_Science_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Agricultural Science Agency">Scottish Agricultural Science Agency</a> within the framework of the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks—which is run by the <a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Genetic_Resources_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="International Plant Genetic Resources Institute">International Plant Genetic Resources Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Around 80 varieties are commercially available in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> For culinary purposes, varieties are often differentiated by their waxiness: floury or mealy baking potatoes have more <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> (20–22%) than waxy boiling potatoes (16–18%). The distinction may also arise from variation in the comparative ratio of two different potato starch compounds: <a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">amylose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a>. Amylose, a long-chain molecule, diffuses from the starch granule when cooked in water, and lends itself to dishes where the potato is mashed. Varieties that contain a slightly higher amylopectin content, which is a highly branched molecule, help the potato retain its shape after being boiled in water.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Potatoes that are good for making <a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">potato chips</a> or potato crisps are sometimes called "chipping potatoes", which means they meet the basic requirements of similar varietal characteristics, being firm, fairly clean, and fairly well-shaped.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Immature potatoes may be sold fresh from the field as "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>creamer" or "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">new" potatoes and are particularly valued for their taste. They are typically small in size and tender, with a loose skin, and flesh containing a lower level of <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> than other potatoes. In the United States they are generally either a <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Gold_potato" title="Yukon Gold potato">Yukon Gold potato</a> or a red potato, called gold creamers or red creamers respectively.<a href="#cite_note-recipe_tips-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Royal" title="Jersey Royal">Jersey Royal</a> is a famous type of new potato.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Dozens of potato <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">selectively bred</a> specifically for their skin or flesh <a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment" title="Biological pigment">color</a>, including gold, red, and blue varieties.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> These contain varying amounts of <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carotenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenoids">carotenoids</a> for gold/yellow or <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a> for red or blue cultivars.<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch-45">[45]</a> Carotenoid compounds include <a href="/wiki/Provitamin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Provitamin A">provitamin A</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-carotene">alpha-carotene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>, which are converted to the <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">essential nutrient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, during digestion. <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">Anthocyanins</a> mainly responsible for red or blue pigmentation in potato cultivars do not have nutritional significance, but are used for visual variety and consumer appeal.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2010, potatoes were <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">bioengineered</a> specifically for these pigmentation traits.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_engineering">Genetic engineering</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered_potato" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered potato">Genetically engineered potato</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auspflanzung_Schweden_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Auspflanzung_Schweden_2.jpg/220px-Auspflanzung_Schweden_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Auspflanzung_Schweden_2.jpg/330px-Auspflanzung_Schweden_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Auspflanzung_Schweden_2.jpg/440px-Auspflanzung_Schweden_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Amflora potatoes, modified to produce pure <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a> starch</figcaption></figure> Genetic research has produced several <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> varieties. 'New Leaf', owned by <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Company">Monsanto Company</a>, incorporates genes from <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a> (source of most <a href="/wiki/Bt_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bt toxin">Bt toxins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bt_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bt crops">transcrop use</a>), which confers resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_potato_beetle" title="Colorado potato beetle">Colorado potato beetle</a>; 'New Leaf Plus' and 'New Leaf Y', approved by US regulatory agencies during the 1990s, also include resistance to <a href="/wiki/Potato_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato virus">viruses</a>. <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frito-Lay" title="Frito-Lay">Frito-Lay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> announced they would not use <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_potato" title="Genetically modified potato">genetically modified potatoes</a>, and Monsanto published its intent to discontinue the line in March 2001.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Potato starch contains two types of <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">glucan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">amylose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a>, the latter of which is most industrially useful. Waxy potato varieties produce <a href="/wiki/Waxy_potato_starch" title="Waxy potato starch">waxy potato starch</a>, which is almost entirely amylopectin, with little or no amylose. <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> developed the '<a href="/wiki/Amflora" title="Amflora">Amflora</a>' potato, which was modified to express <a href="/wiki/Antisense_RNA" title="Antisense RNA">antisense RNA</a> to inactivate the gene for <a href="/wiki/NDP-glucose%E2%80%94starch_glucosyltransferase" title="NDP-glucose—starch glucosyltransferase">granule bound starch synthase</a>, an enzyme which catalyzes the formation of amylose.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> 'Amflora' potatoes therefore produce starch consisting almost entirely of <a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">amylopectin</a>, and are thus more useful for the starch industry. In 2010, the European Commission cleared the way for 'Amflora' to be grown in the European Union for industrial purposes only—not for food. Nevertheless, under EU rules, individual countries have the right to decide whether they will allow this potato to be grown on their territory. Commercial planting of 'Amflora' was expected in the Czech Republic and Germany in the spring of 2010, and Sweden and the Netherlands in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The 'Fortuna' GM potato variety developed by BASF was made resistant to <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">late blight</a> by <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgressing</a> two resistance genes, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">blb1 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">blb2, from <a href="/wiki/Solanum_bulbocastanum" title="Solanum bulbocastanum">S. bulbocastanum</a>, a wild potato native to Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Receptor-Mediated-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Rpi-blb1 is a <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide-binding_leucine-rich_repeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat">nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat</a> (NB-LRR/NLR), an R-gene-produced immunoreceptor.<a href="#cite_note-Receptor-Mediated-51">[51]</a> In October 2011 BASF requested cultivation and marketing approval as a feed and food from the EFSA. In 2012, GMO development in Europe was stopped by BASF.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In November 2014, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) approved a genetically modified potato developed by <a href="/wiki/Simplot" title="Simplot">Simplot</a>, which contains genetic modifications that prevent bruising and produce less <a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">acrylamide</a> when fried than conventional potatoes; the modifications do not cause new proteins to be made, but rather prevent proteins from being made via <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Genetically modified varieties have met public resistance in the U.S. and in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seed_potatoes">Seed potatoes</h3></div> Potatoes are generally grown from "seed potatoes", tubers specifically grown to be free from disease[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and to provide consistent and healthy plants. To be disease free, the areas where seed potatoes are grown are selected with care. In the US, this restricts production of seed potatoes to only 15 states out of all 50 states where potatoes are grown. These locations are selected for their cold, hard winters that kill pests and summers with long sunshine hours for optimum growth.<a href="#cite_note-US_Potato_Board_-_Seed_Potatoes-59">[59]</a> In the UK, most seed potatoes originate in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, in areas where westerly winds reduce <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphid</a> attacks and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Potato_virus_Y" title="Potato virus Y">potato virus</a> pathogens.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phases_of_growth">Phases of growth</h3></div> Potato growth can be divided into five phases. During the first phase, sprouts emerge from the seed potatoes and root growth begins. During the second, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> begins as the plant develops leaves and branches above-ground and <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">stolons</a> develop from lower leaf <a href="/wiki/Axil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axil">axils</a> on the below-ground stem. In the third phase the tips of the stolons swell, forming new <a href="/wiki/Tubers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubers">tubers</a>, and the shoots continue to grow, with flowers typically developing soon after. Tuber bulking occurs during the fourth phase, when the plant begins investing the majority of its resources in its newly formed tubers. At this phase, several factors are critical to a good yield: optimal <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a> and temperature, soil nutrient availability and balance, and resistance to <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest attacks</a>. The fifth phase is the maturation of the tubers: the leaves and stems senesce and the tuber skins harden.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-JefferiesLawson1991-62">[62]</a> New tubers may start growing at the surface of the soil. Since exposure to light leads to an undesirable greening of the skins and the development of <a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">solanine</a> as a protection from the sun's rays, growers cover surface tubers. Commercial growers cover them by piling additional soil around the base of the plant as it grows (called "hilling" up, or in British English "earthing up"). An alternative method, used by home gardeners and smaller-scale growers, involves covering the growing area with <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulches</a> such as straw or plastic sheets.<a href="#cite_note-cornell1-63">[63]</a> At farm scale, potatoes require a well-drained neutral or mildly acidic soil (<a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> 6 or 7) such as a sandy <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a>. The soil is prepared using deep tillage, for example with a <a href="/wiki/Chisel_plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Chisel plow">chisel plow</a> or ripper. In areas where irrigation is needed, the field is leveled using a landplane so that water can be supplied evenly. Manure can be added after initial irrigation; the soil is then broken up with a <a href="/wiki/Disc_harrow" title="Disc harrow">disc harrow</a>. The potatoes are planted using a <a href="/wiki/Potato_planter" title="Potato planter">potato planter</a> machine in rows 80 centimetres (31 in) apart.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> At garden scale, potatoes are planted in trenches or individual holes some 15 centimetres (5.9 in) deep in soil, preferably with additional organic matter such as garden compost or manure. Alternatively, they can be planted in containers or bags filled with a free-draining compost.<a href="#cite_note-RHS_planting-65">[65]</a> Potatoes are sensitive to heavy <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frosts</a>, which damage them in the ground or when stored.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Planting_Potatoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planting"><img alt="Planting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Planting_Potatoes.jpg/180px-Planting_Potatoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Planting_Potatoes.jpg/270px-Planting_Potatoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Planting_Potatoes.jpg/360px-Planting_Potatoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Planting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tractors_in_Potato_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Field in Fort Fairfield, Maine"><img alt="Field in Fort Fairfield, Maine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tractors_in_Potato_Field.jpg/180px-Tractors_in_Potato_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tractors_in_Potato_Field.jpg/270px-Tractors_in_Potato_Field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tractors_in_Potato_Field.jpg/360px-Tractors_in_Potato_Field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Field in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fairfield,_Maine" title="Fort Fairfield, Maine">Fort Fairfield, Maine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Potato_plants.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immature potato plants"><img alt="Immature potato plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Potato_plants.jpg/180px-Potato_plants.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Potato_plants.jpg/270px-Potato_plants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Potato_plants.jpg/360px-Potato_plants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Immature potato plants</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Potato_bag_cultivation.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Potatoes grown in a tall bag are common in gardens as they minimize digging."><img alt="Potatoes grown in a tall bag are common in gardens as they minimize digging." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Potato_bag_cultivation.JPG/180px-Potato_bag_cultivation.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Potato_bag_cultivation.JPG/270px-Potato_bag_cultivation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Potato_bag_cultivation.JPG/360px-Potato_bag_cultivation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Potatoes grown in a tall bag are common in gardens as they minimize digging.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_potato_diseases" title="List of potato diseases">List of potato diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phytophtora_infestans-effects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Phytophtora_infestans-effects.jpg/220px-Phytophtora_infestans-effects.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Phytophtora_infestans-effects.jpg/330px-Phytophtora_infestans-effects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Phytophtora_infestans-effects.jpg/440px-Phytophtora_infestans-effects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Late_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Late blight">Late blight</a> </figcaption></figure> The historically significant <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">Phytophthora infestans</a>, the cause of <a href="/wiki/Late_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Late blight">late blight</a>, remains an ongoing problem in Europe<a href="#cite_note-PlDis2011-22">[22]</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Other potato diseases include <a href="/wiki/Rhizoctonia" title="Rhizoctonia">Rhizoctonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sclerotinia" title="Sclerotinia">Sclerotinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectobacterium_carotovorum" title="Pectobacterium carotovorum">Pectobacterium carotovorum</a> (black leg), <a href="/wiki/Potato_powdery_mildew" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powdery_scab" title="Powdery scab">powdery scab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato_leafroll_virus" title="Potato leafroll virus">leafroll virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Insects that commonly transmit potato diseases or damage the plants include the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_potato_beetle" title="Colorado potato beetle">Colorado potato beetle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Potato_tuber_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato tuber moth">potato tuber moth</a>, the green peach aphid (<a href="/wiki/Myzus_persicae" title="Myzus persicae">Myzus persicae</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Potato_aphid" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato aphid">potato aphid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuta_absoluta" title="Tuta absoluta">Tuta absoluta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beet_leafhopper" title="Beet leafhopper">beet leafhoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mites">mites</a>. The Colorado potato beetle is considered the most important insect defoliator of potatoes, devastating entire crops.<a href="#cite_note-Alyokhin-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Potato_cyst_nematode" title="Potato cyst nematode">potato cyst nematode</a> is a microscopic worm that feeds on the roots, thus causing the potato plants to wilt. Since its eggs can survive in the soil for several years, <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvest">Harvest</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AVR_Puma_4.0_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AVR_Puma_4.0_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-AVR_Puma_4.0_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AVR_Puma_4.0_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-AVR_Puma_4.0_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AVR_Puma_4.0_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-AVR_Puma_4.0_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>A modern <a href="/wiki/Potato_harvester" title="Potato harvester">potato harvester</a> </figcaption></figure> On a small scale, potatoes can be harvested using a hoe or spade, or simply by hand. Commercial harvesting is done with large <a href="/wiki/Potato_harvester" title="Potato harvester">potato harvesters</a>, which scoop up the plant and surrounding earth. This is transported up an apron chain consisting of steel links several feet wide, which separates some of the earth. The chain deposits into an area where further separation occurs. The most complex designs use vine choppers and shakers, along with a blower system to separate the potatoes from the plant. The result is then usually run past workers who continue to sort out plant material, stones, and rotten potatoes before the potatoes are continuously delivered to a wagon or truck. Further inspection and separation occurs when the potatoes are unloaded from the field vehicles and put into storage.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_Auat_Cheein_2023-72">[72]</a> Potatoes are usually cured after harvest to improve skin-set. Skin-set is the process by which the skin of the potato becomes resistant to skinning damage. Potato tubers may be susceptible to skinning at harvest and suffer skinning damage during harvest and handling operations. Curing allows the skin to fully set and any wounds to heal. Wound-healing prevents infection and water-loss from the tubers during storage. Curing is normally done at relatively warm temperatures (10 to 16 °C or 50 to 60 °F) with high humidity and good gas-exchange if at all possible.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potato_transportation_to_cold_storage_in_India_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Potato_transportation_to_cold_storage_in_India_%281%29.jpg/220px-Potato_transportation_to_cold_storage_in_India_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Potato_transportation_to_cold_storage_in_India_%281%29.jpg/330px-Potato_transportation_to_cold_storage_in_India_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Potato_transportation_to_cold_storage_in_India_%281%29.jpg/440px-Potato_transportation_to_cold_storage_in_India_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Transporting to cold storage in India</figcaption></figure> Storage facilities need to be carefully designed to keep the potatoes alive and slow the natural process of sprouting which involves the breakdown of starch. It is crucial that the storage area be dark, ventilated well, and, for long-term storage, maintained at temperatures near 4 °C (39 °F). For short-term storage, temperatures of about 7 to 10 °C (45 to 50 °F) are preferred.<a href="#cite_note-crosstree-74">[74]</a> Temperatures below 4 °C (39 °F) convert the starch in potatoes into sugar, which alters their taste and cooking qualities and leads to higher <a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">acrylamide</a> levels in the cooked product, especially in deep-fried dishes. The discovery of acrylamides in starchy foods in 2002 has caused concern, but it is not likely that the acrylamides in food, even if it is somewhat burnt, causes cancer in humans.<a href="#cite_note-cruk-75">[75]</a> Chemicals are used to suppress sprouting of tubers during storage. <a href="/wiki/Chlorpropham" title="Chlorpropham">Chlorpropham</a> is the main chemical used, but it has been banned in the EU over toxicity concerns.<a href="#cite_note-epp-76">[76]</a> Alternatives include <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>, spearmint and orange oils, and <a href="/wiki/1,4-dimethylnaphthalene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,4-dimethylnaphthalene">1,4-dimethylnaphthalene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epp-76">[76]</a> Under optimum conditions in commercial warehouses, potatoes can be stored for up to 10–12 months.<a href="#cite_note-crosstree-74">[74]</a> The commercial storage and retrieval of potatoes involves several phases: first drying surface moisture; wound healing at 85% to 95% <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> and temperatures below 25 °C (77 °F); a staged cooling phase; a holding phase; and a reconditioning phase, during which the tubers are slowly warmed. <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Mechanical ventilation</a> is used at various points during the process to prevent condensation and the accumulation of carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-crosstree-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Potato_processing_industry" title="Potato processing industry">Potato processing industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_potato_production" title="List of countries by potato production">List of countries by potato production</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Potato production – 2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf;">Production (millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>94.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>54.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>21.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>18.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>18.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>376 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the United Nations<a href="#cite_note-fao-77">[77]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 416.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 414.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_of_potatoes_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Production of potatoes (2019)[78]"><img alt="Production of potatoes (2019)[78]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Production_of_potatoes_%282019%29.svg/622px-Production_of_potatoes_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="415" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Production_of_potatoes_%282019%29.svg/933px-Production_of_potatoes_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Production_of_potatoes_%282019%29.svg/1243px-Production_of_potatoes_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="309" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Production of potatoes (2019)<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 301.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 299.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops,_Main_Commodities.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potatoes are one of the most widely produced primary crops in the world."><img alt="Potatoes are one of the most widely produced primary crops in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/449px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/674px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/897px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Potatoes are one of the most widely produced primary crops in the world.</div> </li> </ul> In 2021, world production of potatoes was 376 million tonnes (370,000,000 long tons; 414,000,000 short tons), led by China with 25% of the total. Other major producers were India and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (table). The world dedicated 18.6 million hectares (46 million acres) to potato cultivation in 2010; the world average yield was 17.4 tonnes per hectare (7.8 short tons per acre). The United States was the most productive country, with a nationwide average yield of 44.3 tonnes per hectare (19.8 short tons per acre).<a href="#cite_note-yield2010-79">[79]</a> New Zealand farmers have demonstrated some of the best commercial yields in the world, ranging between 60 and 80 tonnes per hectare, some reporting yields of 88 tonnes of potatoes per hectare.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> There is a big gap among various countries between high and low yields, even with the same variety of potato. Average potato yields in developed economies ranges between 38 and 44 metric tons per hectare (15 and 18 long ton/acre; 17 and 20 short ton/acre). China and India accounted for over a third of world's production in 2010, and had yields of 14.7 and 19.9 metric tons per hectare (5.9 and 7.9 long ton/acre; 6.6 and 8.9 short ton/acre) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-yield2010-79">[79]</a> The yield gap between farms in developing economies and developed economies represents an opportunity loss of over 400 million metric tons (440 million short tons; 390 million long tons) of potato, or an amount greater than 2010 world potato production. Potato crop yields are determined by factors such as the crop breed, seed age and quality, crop management practices and the plant environment. Improvements in one or more of these yield determinants, and a closure of the yield gap, could be a major boost to food supply and farmer incomes in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> yield of potatoes—about 95 gigajoules per hectare (9.2 million kilocalories per acre)—is higher than that of maize (78 GJ/ha or 7.5 million kcal/acre), rice (77 GJ/ha or 7.4 million kcal/acre), wheat (31 GJ/ha or 3 million kcal/acre), or <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a> (29 GJ/ha or 2.8 million kcal/acre).<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_climate_change_on_production">Impact of climate change on production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is predicted to have significant effects on global potato production.<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a> Like many crops, potatoes are likely to be affected by changes in atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, temperature and precipitation, as well as interactions between these factors.<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a> As well as affecting potatoes directly, climate change will also affect the distributions and populations of many potato diseases and pests. While the potato is less important than <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, which are collectively responsible for around two-thirds of all calories consumed by humans (both directly and indirectly as animal feed),<a href="#cite_note-Zhao2017-87">[87]</a> it still is one of the world's most important food crops.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Altogether, one 2003 estimate suggests that future (2040–2069) worldwide potato yield would be 18-32% lower than it was at the time, driven by declines in hotter areas like Sub-Saharan Africa,<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a> unless farmers and potato cultivars can adapt to the new environment.<a href="#cite_note-Luck-et-al-2011-89">[89]</a> Potato plants and crop yields are predicted to benefit from the <a href="/wiki/CO2_fertilization_effect" title="CO2 fertilization effect">CO2 fertilization effect</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UK-90">[90]</a> which would increase <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic rates</a> and therefore growth, reduce water consumption through lower <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a> and increase starch content in the edible tubers.<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a> However, potatoes are more sensitive to soil water deficits than some other staple crops like wheat.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the UK, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> suitable for <a href="/wiki/Rainfed" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfed">rainfed</a> potato production is predicted to decrease by at least 75%.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These changes are likely to lead to increased demand for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water, particularly during the potato growing season.<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a> Potatoes grow best under temperate conditions.<a href="#cite_note-global-93">[93]</a> Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) have negative effects on potato crops, from physiological damage such as brown spots on tubers, to slower growth, premature sprouting, and lower starch content.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-94">[94]</a> These effects reduce crop yield, affecting both the number and the weight of tubers. As a result, areas where current temperatures are near the limits of potatoes' temperature range (e.g. much of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>)<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a> will likely suffer large reductions in potato crop yields in the future.<a href="#cite_note-global-93">[93]</a> On the other hand, low temperatures reduce potato growth and present risk of frost damage.<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_pests_and_diseases">Changes in pests and diseases</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartoffelk%C3%A4ferlarven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kartoffelk%C3%A4ferlarven.jpg/170px-Kartoffelk%C3%A4ferlarven.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kartoffelk%C3%A4ferlarven.jpg/255px-Kartoffelk%C3%A4ferlarven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kartoffelk%C3%A4ferlarven.jpg/340px-Kartoffelk%C3%A4ferlarven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>Plant destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Colorado_potato_beetle" title="Colorado potato beetle">Colorado potato beetle</a> (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae</figcaption></figure> Climate change is predicted to affect many potato pests and diseases. These include: <ul><li>Insect pests such as the <a href="/wiki/Potato_tuber_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato tuber moth">potato tuber moth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_potato_beetle" title="Colorado potato beetle">Colorado potato beetle</a>, which are predicted to spread into areas currently too cold for them.<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphids">Aphids</a> which act as vectors for many potato viruses and will spread under increased temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>Pathogens causing potato blackleg disease (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dickeya" title="Dickeya">Dickeya</a>) grow and reproduce faster at higher temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li>Bacterial infections such as <a href="/wiki/Ralstonia_solanacearum" title="Ralstonia solanacearum">Ralstonia solanacearum</a> will benefit from higher temperatures and spread more easily through flash flooding.<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Late blight">Late blight</a> benefits from higher temperatures and wetter conditions.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Late blight is predicted to become a greater threat in some areas (e.g. in Finland)<a href="#cite_note-supply-86">[86]</a> and become a lesser threat in others (e.g. in the United Kingdom).<a href="#cite_note-UK-90">[90]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_strategies">Adaptation strategies</h3></div> Potato production is expected to decline in many areas due to hotter temperatures and decreased water availability. Conversely, production is predicted to become possible in high altitude and latitude areas where it has been limited by frost damage, such as in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-global-93">[93]</a> This will shift potato production to cooler areas, mitigating much of the projected decline in yield. However, this may trigger competition for land between potato crops and other land uses, mostly due to changes in water and temperature regimes.<a href="#cite_note-global-93">[93]</a> The other approach is through the development of varieties or cultivars which would be more adapted to altered conditions. This can be done through 'traditional' <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">plant breeding techniques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic modification">genetic modification</a>. These techniques allow for the selection of specific traits as a new cultivar is developed. Certain traits, such as <a href="/wiki/Heat_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stress">heat stress</a> tolerance, drought tolerance, fast growth/early maturation and disease resistance, may play an important role in creating new cultivars able to maintain yields under stressors induced by climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-94">[94]</a> For instance, developing cultivars with greater heat stress tolerance would be critical for maintaining yields in countries with potato production areas near current cultivars' maximum temperature limits (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Superior drought resistance can be achieved through improved water use efficiency (amount of food produced per amount of water used) or the ability to recover from short drought periods and still produce acceptable yields. Further, selecting for deeper root systems may reduce the need for irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Potatoes, boiled, cooked in skin, flesh, without salt</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">364 kJ (87 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">20.1 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.9 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.8 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.1 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.9 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 0.11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.02 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 1.44 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 0.52 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">18%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 10 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 13 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.31 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 22 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.14 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 44 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 379 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">77 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170438/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-100">[100]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-101">[101]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Staple_food#Comparison_of_10_staple_foods" title="Staple food">Staple food § Comparison of 10 staple foods</a></div> In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), a boiled potato with skin supplies 87 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> and is 77% water, 20% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (including 2% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> in the skin and flesh), 2% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and contains negligible fat (table). The protein content is comparable to other starchy vegetable staples, as well as grains.<a href="#cite_note-Beals-102">[102]</a> Boiled potatoes are a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a> (23% DV), and contain a moderate amount of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (16% DV) and <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">niacin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a> (10% DV each). Boiled potatoes do not supply significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">dietary minerals</a> (table). The potato is rarely eaten raw because raw potato starch is poorly digested by humans.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Depending on the cultivar and preparation method, potatoes can have a high <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">glycemic index</a> (GI) and so are often excluded from the diets of individuals trying to follow a <a href="/wiki/Low-glycemic_index_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-glycemic index diet">low-GI diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gi-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beals-102">[102]</a> There is a lack of evidence on the effect of potato consumption on obesity and diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Beals-102">[102]</a> In the UK, potatoes are not considered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> as counting or contributing towards the recommended daily <a href="/wiki/5_A_Day" title="5 A Day">five portions of fruit and vegetables</a>, the 5-A-Day program.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_tuberosum_004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Solanum_tuberosum_004.JPG/229px-Solanum_tuberosum_004.JPG" decoding="async" width="229" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Solanum_tuberosum_004.JPG/344px-Solanum_tuberosum_004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Solanum_tuberosum_004.JPG/458px-Solanum_tuberosum_004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1328" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The inedible <a href="/wiki/Potato_fruit" title="Potato fruit">potato fruit</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aardappel_groene_knollen_(Solanum_tuberosum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aardappel_groene_knollen_%28Solanum_tuberosum%29.jpg/155px-Aardappel_groene_knollen_%28Solanum_tuberosum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aardappel_groene_knollen_%28Solanum_tuberosum%29.jpg/233px-Aardappel_groene_knollen_%28Solanum_tuberosum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aardappel_groene_knollen_%28Solanum_tuberosum%29.jpg/310px-Aardappel_groene_knollen_%28Solanum_tuberosum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="1537" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tubers exposed to light</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some toxic <a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">solanine</a>-rich parts of S. tuberosum</div></div></div></div> Raw potatoes contain <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycoalkaloid" title="Glycoalkaloid">glycoalkaloids</a>, of which the most prevalent are solanine and <a href="/wiki/Chaconine" title="Chaconine">chaconine</a>. Solanine is found in other plants in the same family, <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>, which includes such plants as deadly nightshade (<a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a>), henbane (<a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a>) and tobacco (<a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a> spp.), as well as food plants like tomato. These compounds, which protect the potato plant from its predators, are especially concentrated in the aerial parts of the plant. The tubers are low in these toxins, unless they are exposed to light, which makes them go green.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-fried-107">[107]</a> Exposure to light, physical damage, and age increase glycoalkaloid content within the tuber.<a href="#cite_note-Greening_of_potatoes-108">[108]</a> Different potato varieties contain different levels of glycoalkaloids. The '<a href="/wiki/Lenape_(potato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenape (potato)">Lenape</a>' variety, released in 1967, was withdrawn in 1970 as it contained high levels of glycoalkaloids.<a href="#cite_note-boing-109">[109]</a> Since then, breeders of new varieties test for this, sometimes discarding an otherwise promising <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>. Breeders try to keep glycoalkaloid levels below 200 mg/kg (0.0032 oz/lb). However, when these commercial varieties turn green, their <a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">solanine</a> concentrations can go well above this limit,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> with higher levels in the potato's skin.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_potato_dishes" title="List of potato dishes">List of potato dishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato_cooking" title="Potato cooking">Potato cooking</a></div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_potato_dishes" title="List of potato dishes">Potato dishes vary around the world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian cuisine</a> naturally contains the potato as a primary ingredient in many dishes, as around 3,000 varieties of the tuber are grown there.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chu%C3%B1o" title="Chuño">Chuño</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">freeze-dried</a> potato product traditionally made by <a href="/wiki/Quechuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechuas">Quechua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> communities of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In the UK, potatoes form part of the traditional dish <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>. Roast potatoes are commonly served as part of a <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast dinner</a> and mashed potatoes form a major component of several other traditional dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie" title="Shepherd's pie">shepherd's pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubble_and_squeak" title="Bubble and squeak">bubble and squeak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangers_and_mash" title="Bangers and mash">bangers and mash</a>. New potatoes may be cooked with <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a> and are often served with butter. In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> (Finland, Latvia and especially <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian countries</a>), Eastern Europe (Russia, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) and Poland, newly harvested, early ripening varieties are considered a special delicacy. Boiled whole and served un-peeled with <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>, these "new potatoes" are traditionally consumed with <a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Baltic herring</a>. Puddings made from grated potatoes (<a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">kugel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kugelis" title="Kugelis">kugelis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potato_babka" title="Potato babka">potato babka</a>) are popular items of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi cuisine">Ashkenazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a> cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-Bremzen90-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cepelinai" title="Cepelinai">Cepelinai</a>, the national dish of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumplings</a> made from boiled grated potatoes, usually stuffed with <a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">minced meat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In Italy, in the <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a> region, potatoes serve to make a type of pasta called <a href="/wiki/Gnocchi" title="Gnocchi">gnocchi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Potato is used in northern China where rice is not easily grown, a popular dish being 青椒土豆丝 (qīng jiāo tǔ dòu sī), made with green pepper, vinegar and thin slices of potato. In the winter, roadside sellers in northern China sell roasted potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-117">[117]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pommes_frites_med_salatmayonnaise.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pommes frites, also called chips and French fries"><img alt="Pommes frites, also called chips and French fries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pommes_frites_med_salatmayonnaise.jpg/180px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pommes_frites_med_salatmayonnaise.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pommes_frites_med_salatmayonnaise.jpg/270px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pommes_frites_med_salatmayonnaise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pommes_frites_med_salatmayonnaise.jpg/360px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pommes_frites_med_salatmayonnaise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pommes frites, also called chips and <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_PapasRellenas2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papa rellena"><img alt="Papa rellena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Peru_PapasRellenas2.jpg/180px-Peru_PapasRellenas2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Peru_PapasRellenas2.jpg/270px-Peru_PapasRellenas2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Peru_PapasRellenas2.jpg/360px-Peru_PapasRellenas2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Papa_rellena" title="Papa rellena">Papa rellena</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baked_Potato_(3662019664).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baked potato with sour cream and chives"><img alt="Baked potato with sour cream and chives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baked_Potato_%283662019664%29.jpg/180px-Baked_Potato_%283662019664%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baked_Potato_%283662019664%29.jpg/270px-Baked_Potato_%283662019664%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baked_Potato_%283662019664%29.jpg/360px-Baked_Potato_%283662019664%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baked potato with sour cream and chives</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauernfr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Bauernfrühstück ("farmer's breakfast")"><img alt="German Bauernfrühstück ("farmer's breakfast")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bauernfr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck-01.jpg/180px-Bauernfr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bauernfr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck-01.jpg/270px-Bauernfr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bauernfr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck-01.jpg/360px-Bauernfr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="841" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">German <a href="/wiki/Bauernfr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck" title="Bauernfrühstück">Bauernfrühstück</a> ("farmer's breakfast")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cepelinai_2,_Vilnius,_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cepelinai"><img alt="Cepelinai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cepelinai_2%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/180px-Cepelinai_2%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cepelinai_2%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/270px-Cepelinai_2%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cepelinai_2%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/360px-Cepelinai_2%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cepelinai" title="Cepelinai">Cepelinai</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> Potatoes are sometimes used to brew alcoholic spirits such as <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">poitín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">akvavit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnvin" title="Brännvin">brännvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ermochkine-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Potatoes are used as <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> for livestock. They may be made into <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> which can be stored for some months before use.<a href="#cite_note-Halliday_2015-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">Potato starch</a> is used in the food industry as a thickener and binder for soups and sauces, in the textile industry as an adhesive, and in the paper industry for the manufacturing of papers and boards.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-jai-123">[123]</a> Potatoes are commonly used in plant research. The consistent <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a> tissue, the clonal nature of the plant and the low metabolic activity make it an ideal <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model tissue</a> for experiments on wound-response studies and electron transport.<a href="#cite_note-Espinoza_Estrada_Silva-Rodriguez_Tovar_1986-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mythology">In mythology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axomama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Axomama.jpg/170px-Axomama.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Axomama.jpg/255px-Axomama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Axomama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Axomamma" title="Axomamma">Axomamma</a>, Incan goddess of potatoes</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a>, a daughter of the earth mother <a href="/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axomamma" title="Axomamma">Axomamma</a>, is the goddess of potatoes. She ensured the fertility of the soil and the growth of the tubers.<a href="#cite_note-Thurner_2021-125">[125]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois mythology</a>, the first potatoes <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">grew</a> out of Earth Woman's feet after she <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">died giving birth</a> to her <a href="/wiki/Twin" title="Twin">twin sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hahgwehdiyu" title="Hahgwehdiyu">Sapling and Flint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Converse_1908-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art">In art</h3></div> The potato has been an essential crop in the Andes since the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian era</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> culture from Northern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> made ceramics from the earth, water, and fire. This pottery was a sacred substance, formed in significant shapes and used to represent important themes. Potatoes are represented anthropomorphically as well as naturally.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> During the late 19th century, numerous images of potato harvesting appeared in European art, including the works of <a href="/wiki/Willem_Witsen" title="Willem Witsen">Willem Witsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Mauve" title="Anton Mauve">Anton Mauve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gogh">Van Gogh</a>'s 1885 painting <a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Eaters" title="The Potato Eaters">The Potato Eaters</a> portrays a family eating potatoes. Van Gogh said he wanted to depict peasants as they really were. He deliberately chose coarse and ugly models, thinking that they would be natural and unspoiled in his finished work.<a href="#cite_note-vgg-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>'s The Potato Harvest depicts peasants working in the plains between Barbizon and Chailly. It presents a theme representative of the peasants' struggle for survival. Millet's technique for this work incorporated paste-like pigments thickly applied over a coarsely textured canvas.<a href="#cite_note-William_Johnston-130">[130]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Papamuseolarco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potato ceramic from the Moche culture"><img alt="Potato ceramic from the Moche culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Papamuseolarco.jpg/147px-Papamuseolarco.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Papamuseolarco.jpg/220px-Papamuseolarco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Papamuseolarco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Potato ceramic from the <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_The_Potato_Harvest_-_Walters_37115.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Potato Harvest by Jean-François Millet, 1855 (Walters Art Museum)"><img alt="The Potato Harvest by Jean-François Millet, 1855 (Walters Art Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_The_Potato_Harvest_-_Walters_37115.jpg/160px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_The_Potato_Harvest_-_Walters_37115.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_The_Potato_Harvest_-_Walters_37115.jpg/240px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_The_Potato_Harvest_-_Walters_37115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_The_Potato_Harvest_-_Walters_37115.jpg/320px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_The_Potato_Harvest_-_Walters_37115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1486" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Harvest" title="The Potato Harvest">The Potato Harvest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>, 1855 (<a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastien_Lepage_Saison_d-Octobre_Recolte_des_pommes_de_terre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The potato harvest by Jules Bastien-Lepage, 1877, National Gallery of Victoria"><img alt="The potato harvest by Jules Bastien-Lepage, 1877, National Gallery of Victoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bastien_Lepage_Saison_d-Octobre_Recolte_des_pommes_de_terre.jpg/160px-Bastien_Lepage_Saison_d-Octobre_Recolte_des_pommes_de_terre.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bastien_Lepage_Saison_d-Octobre_Recolte_des_pommes_de_terre.jpg/240px-Bastien_Lepage_Saison_d-Octobre_Recolte_des_pommes_de_terre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bastien_Lepage_Saison_d-Octobre_Recolte_des_pommes_de_terre.jpg/320px-Bastien_Lepage_Saison_d-Octobre_Recolte_des_pommes_de_terre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="879" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The potato harvest by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastien-Lepage" title="Jules Bastien-Lepage">Jules Bastien-Lepage</a>, 1877, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Potato Eaters by Van Gogh, 1885 (Van Gogh Museum)"><img alt="The Potato Eaters by Van Gogh, 1885 (Van Gogh Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg/160px-Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg/240px-Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg/320px-Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2517" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Eaters" title="The Potato Eaters">The Potato Eaters</a> by <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gogh">Van Gogh</a>, 1885 (<a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anker_Die_kleine_Kartoffelsch%C3%A4lerin_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girl peeling potatoes by Albert Anker, 1886, oil on canvas"><img alt="Girl peeling potatoes by Albert Anker, 1886, oil on canvas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Anker_Die_kleine_Kartoffelsch%C3%A4lerin_1886.jpg/120px-Anker_Die_kleine_Kartoffelsch%C3%A4lerin_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Anker_Die_kleine_Kartoffelsch%C3%A4lerin_1886.jpg/180px-Anker_Die_kleine_Kartoffelsch%C3%A4lerin_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Anker_Die_kleine_Kartoffelsch%C3%A4lerin_1886.jpg/240px-Anker_Die_kleine_Kartoffelsch%C3%A4lerin_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="550" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Girl peeling potatoes by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Anker" title="Albert Anker">Albert Anker</a>, 1886, oil on canvas </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> Invented in 1949, and marketed and sold commercially by <a href="/wiki/Hasbro" title="Hasbro">Hasbro</a> in 1952, <a href="/wiki/Mr._Potato_Head" title="Mr. Potato Head">Mr. Potato Head</a> is an American toy that consists of a plastic potato and attachable plastic parts, such as ears and eyes, to make a face. It was the first toy ever advertised on television.<a href="#cite_note-VAC-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-historyofhasbro-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-WTToys-133">[133]</a> In the 2015 fictional film, <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(film)#Scientific_accuracy" title="The Martian (film)">The Martian</a>, stranded astronaut and botanist, Mark Watney, cultivates potatoes in the artificial crew habitat using Martian soil fertilized with frozen feces, and produces water from unused rocket fuel.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_potato_candy" title="Irish potato candy">Irish potato candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potato_museums" title="List of potato museums">List of potato museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loy_(spade)" title="Loy (spade)">Loy (spade)</a>, a form of early spade used in Ireland for the cultivation of potatoes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato battery">Potato battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Potato" title="International Year of the Potato">International Year of the Potato</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerrero2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herrero, María Antonieta Andión (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwI4nMg5r70C&pg=PA78">Los indigenismos en la Historia de las Indias de Bartolomé de las Casas</a> (in Spanish). 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Horticultural Reviews. pp. 89–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470650523.ch3">10.1002/9780470650523.ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-57339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-57339-5"><bdi>978-0-471-57339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuber+Formation+in+Potato%3A+Induction%2C+Initiation%2C+and+Growth&rft.btitle=Horticultural+Reviews&rft.pages=89-198&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470650523.ch3&rft.isbn=978-0-471-57339-5&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rft.au=Struik%2C+P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmadorBouMartínez-GarcíaMonte2001" class="citation journal cs1">Amador, Virginia; Bou, Jordi; Martínez-García, Jaime; Monte, Elena; Rodríguez-Falcon, Mariana; Russo, Esther; Prat, Salomé (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206110630/http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/abstract.01supp/s37.pdf">"Regulation of potato tuberization by daylength and gibberellins"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Developmental_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Developmental Biology">International Journal of Developmental Biology</a> (45): S37–S38. 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Melbourne: William Heinemann Australia. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85561-688-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85561-688-5"><bdi>978-0-85561-688-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charmaine+Solomon%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+Food&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=William+Heinemann+Australia&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-85561-688-5&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Charmaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ermochkine-118"><a href="#cite_ref-ermochkine_118-0">^</a> Ermochkine, Nicholas and Iglikowski, Peter (2003). 40 degrees east : an anatomy of vodka, Nova Publishers, p. 65, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59033-594-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59033-594-5">1-59033-594-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbd/0233.html">Brännvinsbränning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621032823/http://runeberg.org/nfbd/0233.html">Archived</a> 21 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a>, volume 4 (1905) </li> <li id="cite_note-Halliday_2015-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Halliday_2015_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday2015" class="citation web cs1">Halliday, Les; et al. 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Retrieved 27 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prince+Edward+Island+Agriculture+and+Fisheries&rft.atitle=Ensiling+Potatoes&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pe.ca%2Fphotos%2Foriginal%2Faf_fact_ensipot.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2012" class="citation web cs1">Schroeder, Ken (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/wbic/files/2012/10/Feeding-Cull-Potatoes-to-Dairy-and-Beef-Cattle-10-24-12.pdf">"Feeding Cull Potatoes to Dairy and Beef Cattle"</a> (PDF). University of Wisconsin Extension. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin+Extension&rft.atitle=Feeding+Cull+Potatoes+to+Dairy+and+Beef+Cattle&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffyi.extension.wisc.edu%2Fwbic%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F10%2FFeeding-Cull-Potatoes-to-Dairy-and-Beef-Cattle-10-24-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant_M._CampbellColin_WebbStephen_L._McKee1997" class="citation book cs1">Grant M. Campbell; Colin Webb; Stephen L. McKee (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4o7lUKSxyQC&pg=PA22">Cereals: Novel Uses and Processes</a>. Springer. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45583-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45583-4"><bdi>978-0-306-45583-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cereals%3A+Novel+Uses+and+Processes&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-45583-4&rft.au=Grant+M.+Campbell&rft.au=Colin+Webb&rft.au=Stephen+L.+McKee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4o7lUKSxyQC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jai-123"><a href="#cite_ref-jai_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJai_GopalS.M._Paul_Khurana2006" class="citation book cs1">Jai Gopal; S.M. Paul Khurana (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxy8pkP26NEC&pg=PA544">Handbook of Potato Production, Improvement, and Postharvest</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haworth_Press" title="Haworth Press">Haworth Press</a>. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56022-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56022-272-9"><bdi>978-1-56022-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Potato+Production%2C+Improvement%2C+and+Postharvest&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Haworth+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56022-272-9&rft.au=Jai+Gopal&rft.au=S.M.+Paul+Khurana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhxy8pkP26NEC%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espinoza_Estrada_Silva-Rodriguez_Tovar_1986-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Espinoza_Estrada_Silva-Rodriguez_Tovar_1986_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspinozaEstradaSilva-RodriguezTovar1986" class="citation journal cs1">Espinoza, N. O.; Estrada, R.; Silva-Rodriguez, D.; Tovar, P.; Lizarraga, R.; Dodds, J. H. (1986). "The Potato: A Model Crop Plant for Tissue Culture". Outlook on Agriculture. 15 (1): 21–26. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986OutAg..15...21E">1986OutAg..15...21E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003072708601500104">10.1177/003072708601500104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-7270">0030-7270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+on+Agriculture&rft.atitle=The+Potato%3A+A+Model+Crop+Plant+for+Tissue+Culture&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-26&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0030-7270&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003072708601500104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986OutAg..15...21E&rft.aulast=Espinoza&rft.aufirst=N.+O.&rft.au=Estrada%2C+R.&rft.au=Silva-Rodriguez%2C+D.&rft.au=Tovar%2C+P.&rft.au=Lizarraga%2C+R.&rft.au=Dodds%2C+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thurner_2021-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Thurner_2021_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurnerPimentel2021" class="citation book cs1">Thurner, Mark; Pimentel, Juan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/55756/1/9781908857828.pdf#page=267">New World Objects of Knowledge</a> (PDF). London: Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908857-82-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908857-82-8"><bdi>978-1-908857-82-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1242739583">1242739583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+World+Objects+of+Knowledge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Institute+of+Latin+American+Studies%2C+School+of+Advanced+Study%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1242739583&rft.isbn=978-1-908857-82-8&rft.aulast=Thurner&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Pimentel%2C+Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F55756%2F1%2F9781908857828.pdf%23page%3D267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Converse_1908-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Converse_1908_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConverseParker1908" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Maxwell_Converse" title="Harriet Maxwell Converse">Converse, Harriet Maxwell (Ya-ie-wa-no)</a>; Parker, Arthur Caswell (Ga-wa-so-wa-neh) (15 December 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924055492973">"Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois"</a>. Education Department Bulletin. <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_State_of_New_York" title="University of the State of New York">University of the State of New York</a>: 31–41 "Creation: Ata-en-sic, the Sky Woman" and "The Sun, Moon and Stars". Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Department+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+the+New+York+State+Iroquois&rft.pages=31-41+%22Creation%3A+Ata-en-sic%2C+the+Sky+Woman%22+and+%22The+Sun%2C+Moon+and+Stars%22&rft.date=1908-12-15&rft.aulast=Converse&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Maxwell+%28Ya-ie-wa-no%29&rft.au=Parker%2C+Arthur+Caswell+%28Ga-wa-so-wa-neh%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924055492973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Berrin, Katherine & <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a>. The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York:Thames and Hudson, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_AdamsAnna_Gruetzner_Robins2000" class="citation book cs1">Steven Adams; Anna Gruetzner Robins (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dY7xwrA-ibQC&pg=PA67">Gendering Landscape Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5628-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5628-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-5628-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendering+Landscape+Art&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5628-4&rft.au=Steven+Adams&rft.au=Anna+Gruetzner+Robins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdY7xwrA-ibQC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vgg-129"><a href="#cite_ref-vgg_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Tilborgh2009" class="citation web cs1">van Tilborgh, Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vggallery.com/visitors/004.htm">"The Potato Eaters by Vincent van Gogh"</a>. The Vincent van Gogh Gallery. Retrieved 11 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vincent+van+Gogh+Gallery&rft.atitle=The+Potato+Eaters+by+Vincent+van+Gogh&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=van+Tilborgh&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vggallery.com%2Fvisitors%2F004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Johnston-130"><a href="#cite_ref-William_Johnston_130-0">^</a> Johnston, W.R., Nineteenth Century Art: From Romanticism to Art Nouveau, The Walters Art Gallery, p.56, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857592433" title="Special:BookSources/1857592433">1857592433</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAC-131"><a href="#cite_ref-VAC_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1120879/mr-potato-head-construction-toy-lerner-george/">"Mr Potato Head"</a>. Museum of Childhood. V&A Museum of Childhood. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Childhood&rft.atitle=Mr+Potato+Head&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO1120879%2Fmr-potato-head-construction-toy-lerner-george%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyofhasbro-132"><a href="#cite_ref-historyofhasbro_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925085901/http://www.hasbro.com/default.cfm?page=ci_history_mph">"About Mr. Potato Head"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hasbro.com/default.cfm?page=ci_history_mph">the original</a> on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Mr.+Potato+Head&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hasbro.com%2Fdefault.cfm%3Fpage%3Dci_history_mph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTToys-133"><a href="#cite_ref-WTToys_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2005" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Tim (2005). Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Made Them. Andrews McMeel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7407-5571-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7407-5571-4"><bdi>0-7407-5571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timeless+Toys%3A+Classic+Toys+and+the+Playmakers+Who+Made+Them&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7407-5571-4&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/knowledgecentre/science/physics-astrophysics/growing_potatoes_on_mars/">"Could we grow potatoes on Mars?"</a>. Knowledge Centre, University of Warwick. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Could+we+grow+potatoes+on+Mars%3F&rft.pub=Knowledge+Centre%2C+University+of+Warwick&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Fnewsandevents%2Fknowledgecentre%2Fscience%2Fphysics-astrophysics%2Fgrowing_potatoes_on_mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/105275/Atlas_of_wild_potatoes_826.pdf">Atlas of Wild Potatoes</a> (2002), Systematic and Ecogeographic Studies on Crop Genepools 10, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789290435181" title="Special:BookSources/9789290435181">9789290435181</a></li> <li>Economist. "Llamas and mash", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10766599">The Economist 28 February 2008</a></li> <li>Economist. "The potato: Spud we like", (leader) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10766030">The Economist 28 February 2008</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bohl, William H.; Johnson, Steven B., eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120816144218/http://potatoassociation.org/documents/A_ProductionHandbook_Final_000.pdf">Commercial Potato Production in North America: The Potato Association of America Handbook</a> (PDF). Second Revision of American Potato Journal Supplement Volume 57 and <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> Handbook 267. The Potato Association of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://potatoassociation.org/documents/A_ProductionHandbook_Final_000.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Potato+Production+in+North+America%3A+The+Potato+Association+of+America+Handbook&rft.series=Second+Revision+of+American+Potato+Journal+Supplement+Volume+57+and+USDA+Handbook+267&rft.pub=The+Potato+Association+of+America&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpotatoassociation.org%2Fdocuments%2FA_ProductionHandbook_Final_000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Boomgaard, Peter (2003). "In the Shadow of Rice: Roots and Tubers in Indonesian History, 1500–1950". <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural History">Agricultural History</a>. 77 (4): 582–610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fah.2003.77.4.582">10.1525/ah.2003.77.4.582</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3744936">3744936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Rice%3A+Roots+and+Tubers+in+Indonesian+History%2C+1500%E2%80%931950&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=582-610&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fah.2003.77.4.582&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3744936%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boomgaard&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700–1900. Pub. John Donald. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85976-067-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85976-067-7">0-85976-067-7</a>.</li> <li>Hawkes, J.G. (1990). The Potato: Evolution, Biodiversity & Genetic Resources, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1975" class="citation book cs1">Lang, James (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notesofpotatowat0000lang">Notes of a Potato Watcher</a>. Texas A&M University Agriculture series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-138-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-138-9"><bdi>978-1-58544-138-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+of+a+Potato+Watcher&rft.series=Texas+A%26M+University+Agriculture+series&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-138-9&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotesofpotatowat0000lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Langer, William L (1975). "American Foods and Europe's Population Growth 1750–1850". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social_History" title="Journal of Social History">Journal of Social History</a>. 8 (2): 51–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F8.2.51">10.1353/jsh/8.2.51</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786266">3786266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=American+Foods+and+Europe%27s+Population+Growth+1750%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-66&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F8.2.51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3786266%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=William+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McNeill, William H. "How the Potato Changed the World's History." Social Research (1999) 66#1 pp. 67–83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0037-783X">0037-783X</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/Ebsco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebsco">Ebsco</a>, by a leading historian</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">McNeill William H (1948). "The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Modern History">Journal of Modern History</a>. 21 (3): 218–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F237272">10.1086/237272</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1876068">1876068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145099646">145099646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+the+Potato+into+Ireland&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=218-21&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145099646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1876068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F237272&rft.au=McNeill+William+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ó Gráda, Cormac. Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory. (1999). 272 pp.</li> <li>Ó Gráda, Cormac, Richard Paping, and Eric Vanhaute, eds. When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the Last European Subsistence Crisis, 1845–1850. (2007). 342 pp.  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51985-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51985-2">978-2-503-51985-2</a>. 15 essays by scholars looking at Ireland and all of Europe</li> <li>Reader, John. Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History (2008), 315pp a standard scholarly history</li> <li>Salaman, Redcliffe N. (1989) [1949. The History and Social Influence of the Potato, Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Spooner, David M.; McLean, Karen; Ramsay, Gavin; Waugh, Robbie; Bryan, Glenn J. (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253605">"A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (41). <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>: 14694–14699. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..10214694S">2005PNAS..10214694S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0507400102">10.1073/pnas.0507400102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253605">1253605</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16203994">16203994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=A+single+domestication+for+potato+based+on+multilocus+amplified+fragment+length+polymorphism+genotyping&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=14694-14699&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1253605%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16203994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0507400102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PNAS..10214694S&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=McLean%2C+Karen&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+Gavin&rft.au=Waugh%2C+Robbie&rft.au=Bryan%2C+Glenn+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1253605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotato" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stevenson, W.R., Loria, R., Franc, G.D., and Weingartner, D.P. (2001) Compendium of Potato Diseases, 2nd ed, Amer. Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldpotatoatlas.com/">The World Potato Atlas</a>, released by the International Potato Center in 2006 and regularly updated.</li> <li>World Geography of the Potato at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060604061759/http://www.lanra.uga.edu/potato/">UGA.edu</a>, released in 1993.</li> <li>Zuckerman, Larry. The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World. (1998). 304 pp. Douglas & McIntyre. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86547-578-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86547-578-4">0-86547-578-4</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Potato_cultivars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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cultivars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Potato_cultivars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Potato</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Potato_cultivars" title="Category:Potato cultivars">cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potato_cultivars" title="List of potato cultivars">List of potato cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Blue" title="Adirondack Blue">Adirondack Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Red" title="Adirondack Red">Adirondack Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agata_potato" title="Agata potato">Agata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almond_potato" title="Almond potato">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alturas_potato" title="Alturas potato">Alturas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amandine_potato" title="Amandine potato">Amandine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amflora" title="Amflora">Amflora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anya_potato" title="Anya potato">Anya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_potato" title="Atlantic potato">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Crescent" title="Austrian Crescent">Austrian Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_potato" title="Bamberg potato">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_de_Fontenay" title="Belle de Fontenay">Belle de Fontenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintje" title="Bintje">Bintje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Champion" title="Black Champion">Black Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomer_potato" title="Bloomer potato">Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_potato" title="British Queen potato">British Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_potato" title="Butte potato">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_potato" title="Champion potato">Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e_potato" title="Désirée potato">Désirée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_potato" title="Gala potato">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Wonder_potato" title="Golden Wonder potato">Golden Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_potato" title="Home Guard potato">Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Royals" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Royals">International Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Lumper" title="Irish Lumper">Irish Lumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_White_potato" title="Irish White potato">Irish White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennebec_potato" title="Kennebec potato">Kennebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%27s_Pink" title="Kerr's Pink">Kerr's Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_potato" title="King Edward potato">King Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipfler_potato" title="Kipfler potato">Kipfler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_potato" title="Laura potato">Laura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_potato" title="Lenape potato">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_potato" title="Marcy potato">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marfona" title="Marfona">Marfona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maris_Piper" title="Maris Piper">Maris Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachip" title="Megachip">Megachip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melody_potato" title="Melody potato">Melody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizen_potato" title="Mizen potato">Mizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_potato" title="Pike potato">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Fir_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink Fir Apple">Pink Fir Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainier_Russet" title="Rainier Russet">Rainier Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_Russet" title="Ranger Russet">Ranger Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratte_potato" title="Ratte potato">Ratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Gold_potato" title="Red Gold potato">Red Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_La_Soda" title="Red La Soda">Red La Soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Norland" title="Red Norland">Red Norland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pontiac" title="Red Pontiac">Red Pontiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster_potato" title="Rooster potato">Rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russet_Burbank" title="Russet Burbank">Russet Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_blue_potato" title="Russian blue potato">Russian blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Black">Shetland Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry_Champion" title="Skerry Champion">Skerry Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stobrawa_potato" title="Stobrawa potato">Stobrawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_potato" title="Superior potato">Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Emblem">Ulster Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umatilla_Russet" title="Umatilla Russet">Umatilla Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villetta_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Villetta Rose">Villetta Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitelotte" title="Vitelotte">Vitelotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_potato" title="Vivaldi potato">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Finn_potato" title="Yellow Finn potato">Yellow Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Gold_potato" title="Yukon Gold potato">Yukon Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aardappel_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_(Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potato cultivars"><img alt="Potato cultivars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Aardappel_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg/45px-Aardappel_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Aardappel_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg/68px-Aardappel_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Aardappel_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg/90px-Aardappel_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption>Potato cultivars</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creamer_potato" class="mw-redirect" title="Creamer potato">Creamer potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerling_potato" title="Fingerling potato">Fingerling potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russet_potato" title="Russet potato">Russet potato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioenergy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioenergy" title="Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioenergy" title="Template talk:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioenergy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus">Miscanthus × giganteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Solanum tuberosum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10998" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10998">Q10998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Solanum tuberosum">Solanum tuberosum</a></li> <li>AoFP: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1625">1625</a></li> <li>APA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=3576">3576</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/119814">119814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/70827">70827</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id40766">40766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=438733">438733</a></li> <li>Calflora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9239">9239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4Y4K6">4Y4K6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/47134908">47134908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SOLTU">SOLTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/184915">184915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7040">7040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200020608">200020608</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020608">200020608</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2930262">2930262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=103137">103137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/53858">53858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/821337-1">821337-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10202886">10202886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/50561">50561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=505272">505272</a></li> <li>MichiganFlora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2716">2716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287175">287175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.138605/">2.138605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000004042">NBNSYS0000004042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4113">4113</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/3f63158a-1211-45ba-a8de-d240f3893e10">3f63158a-1211-45ba-a8de-d240f3893e10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2778">2778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7486/">7486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=494835">494835</a></li> <li>PFI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=4712">4712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-29600334">tro-29600334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SOTU">SOTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13CCB259-80FC-E97D-A76C-C671405BF9E4">13CCB259-80FC-E97D-A76C-C671405BF9E4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A821337-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:821337-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=2853-91">2853-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/29600334">29600334</a></li> <li>uBio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=476069">476069</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/9387">9387</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001031908">wfo-0001031908</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529526105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013858">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Potato at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/potato" class="extiw" title="wikt:potato">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" class="extiw" title="c:Solanum tuberosum">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Potato" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Potato">Recipes</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_tuberosum" class="extiw" title="species:Solanum tuberosum">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10998" class="extiw" title="d:Q10998">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potato&oldid=1258168593">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potato&oldid=1258168593</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Potatoes" title="Category:Potatoes">Potatoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_Bolivia" title="Category:Crops originating from Bolivia">Crops originating from Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_indigenous_Americans" title="Category:Crops originating from indigenous Americans">Crops originating from indigenous Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_Peru" title="Category:Crops originating from Peru">Crops originating from Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_South_America" title="Category:Crops originating from South America">Crops originating from South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Category:Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_Solanaceae" title="Category:Edible Solanaceae">Edible Solanaceae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Andes" 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