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<span>Roman ornament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_ornament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornament_prints_and_pattern_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornament_prints_and_pattern_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ornament prints and pattern books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornament_prints_and_pattern_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_ornament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_ornament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern ornament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_ornament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_compendiums_of_ornament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_compendiums_of_ornament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>19th-century compendiums of ornament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_compendiums_of_ornament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ornament (art)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9" title="زخرفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زخرفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament" title="Ornament – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ornament" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA)" title="অলঙ্কার (শিল্প) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অলঙ্কার (শিল্প)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Арнамент – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арнамент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Орнамент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орнамент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament" title="Ornament – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ornament" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament" title="Ornament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ornament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament" title="Ornament – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ornament" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyntning" title="Pyntning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pyntning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament" title="Ornament – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ornament" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamo_(arto)" title="Ornamo (arto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ornamo (arto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaingarri" title="Apaingarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apaingarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamento" title="Ornamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ornamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%8B%9D%ED%92%88" title="장식품 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장식품" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Զարդապատկեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զարդապատկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament" title="Ornament – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ornament" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornato" title="Ornato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ornato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="עיטור (אמנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיטור (אמנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ორნამენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორნამენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8E-%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Ою-өрнек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ою-өрнек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshi" title="Nakshi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nakshi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Орнамент – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орнамент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamentas" title="Ornamentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ornamentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Орнамент – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Орнамент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament" title="Ornament – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ornament" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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hreflang="tr" data-title="Bezeme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Орнамент (архітектура) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орнамент (архітектура)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335261#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ornament (disambiguation)">Ornament</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg/220px-Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg/330px-Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg/440px-Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6428" data-file-height="7811" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> interior of the <a href="/wiki/Wilhering_Abbey" title="Wilhering Abbey">Wilhering Abbey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilhering" title="Wilhering">Wilhering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>), with a <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> painted ceiling, surrounded by highly decorated <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decorative_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorative art">decorative art</a>, <b>ornament</b> is decoration used to <a href="/wiki/Embellish" class="mw-redirect" title="Embellish">embellish</a> parts of a building or object. Large figurative elements such as <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> and their equivalents in decorative art are excluded from the term; most ornaments do not include human figures, and if present they are small compared to the overall scale. Architectural ornament can be carved from stone, wood or precious metals, formed with plaster or clay, or painted or impressed onto a surface as <b>applied ornament</b>; in other <a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a> the main material of the object, or a different one such as paint or <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">vitreous enamel</a> may be used. </p><p>A wide variety of decorative styles and <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motifs</a> have been developed for architecture and the applied arts, including <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">wallpaper</a> and other objects where the decoration may be the main justification for its existence, the terms pattern or design are more likely to be used. The vast range of motifs used in ornament draw from geometrical shapes and patterns, plants, and human and animal figures. Across <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> world there has been a rich and linked tradition of plant-based ornament for over three thousand years; traditional ornament from other parts of the world typically relies more on geometrical and animal motifs. The inspiration for the patterns usually lies in the nature that surrounds the people in the region. Many nomadic tribes in Central Asia had many animalistic motifs before the penetration of Islam in the region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_-_Flask_-_Walters_491632.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chinese_-_Flask_-_Walters_491632.jpg/220px-Chinese_-_Flask_-_Walters_491632.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chinese_-_Flask_-_Walters_491632.jpg/330px-Chinese_-_Flask_-_Walters_491632.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chinese_-_Flask_-_Walters_491632.jpg/440px-Chinese_-_Flask_-_Walters_491632.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>Chinese flask decorated with a dragon, clouds and some waves, an example of <a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen_porcelain" title="Jingdezhen porcelain">Jingdezhen porcelain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a 1941 essay,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the architectural historian Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">John Summerson</a> called it "surface modulation". The earliest decoration and ornament often survives from prehistoric cultures in simple markings on pottery, where decoration in other materials (including <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a>) has been lost. Where the <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a> was used, the technology made some kinds of decoration very easy; <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> is another technology which also lends itself very easily to decoration or pattern, and to some extent dictates its form. Ornament has been evident in <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> since the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian architecture</a> to the assertive lack of ornament of 20th century <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernist architecture</a>. Ornaments also depict a certain philosophy of the people for the world around. For example, in Central Asia among nomadic Kazakhs, the circular lines of the ornaments signalled the sequential perception of time in the wide steppes and the breadth and freedom of space. </p><p>Ornament implies that the ornamented object has a function that an unornamented equivalent might also fulfill. Where the object has no such function, but exists only to be a <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">work of art</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> or painting, the term is less likely to be used, except for peripheral elements. In recent centuries a distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a> and applied or <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> has been applied (except for architecture), with ornament mainly seen as a feature of the latter class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornament_(art)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_519.jpg/97px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_519.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_519.jpg/146px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_519.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_519.jpg/194px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_519.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5071" data-file-height="3379" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_102.jpg/78px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_102.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_102.jpg/117px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_102.jpg/156px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="1889" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_531.jpg/198px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_531.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_531.jpg/297px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_531.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_531.jpg/396px-Paris_-_Palais_du_Louvre_-_PA00085992_-_531.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5103" data-file-height="2177" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various architectural ornaments on the façades of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div></div></div></div> <p>The history of art in many cultures shows a series of wave-like trends where the level of ornament used increases over a period, before a sharp reaction returns to plainer forms, after which ornamentation gradually increases again. The pattern is especially clear in post-Roman European art, where the highly ornamented <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> and other manuscripts influenced continental Europe, but the classically inspired <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian art</a> largely replaced it. Ornament increased over the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> periods, but was greatly reduced in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Early Renaissance</a> styles, again under classical influence. Another period of increase, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, was checked by <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic period">Romantic period</a>. Ornament in male clothing went out of fashion around 1800, in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Male_Renunciation" title="Great Male Renunciation">Great Male Renunciation</a>. Ornament in architecture and furniture resumed in the later 19th century <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III style">Napoleon III style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victorian_decorative_arts" title="Victorian decorative arts">Victorian decorative arts</a> and their equivalents from other countries, to be decisively reduced by the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>. </p><p>The detailed study of Eurasian ornamental forms was begun by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Riegl" title="Alois Riegl">Alois Riegl</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">formalist</a> study <i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a>: Grundlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Ornamentik</i> (<i>Problems of style: foundations for a history of ornament</i>) of 1893, who in the process developed his influential concept of the <i>Kunstwollen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riegl traced formalistic continuity and development in decorative plant forms from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian art</a> and other ancient Near Eastern civilizations through the classical world to the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>. While the concept of the <i>Kunstwollen</i> has few followers today, his basic analysis of the development of forms has been confirmed and refined by the wider <i>corpus</i> of examples known today.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Jessica Rawson</a> has recently extended the analysis to cover <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a>, which Riegl did not cover, tracing many elements of Chinese decoration back to the same tradition; the shared background helping to make the assimilation of Chinese motifs into <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Persia">Mongol invasion</a> harmonious and productive.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Styles of ornamentation can be studied in reference to the specific <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">culture</a> which developed unique forms of decoration, or modified ornament from other cultures. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> culture is arguably the first civilization to add pure decoration to their buildings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their ornament takes the forms of the natural world in that climate, decorating the capitals of columns and walls with images of papyrus and palm trees. <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> culture produced ornament which shows influence from Egyptian sources and a number of original themes, including figures of plants and animals of the region. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> civilization created many new forms of ornament, which were diffused across <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, helped by the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, and the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, which took some motifs to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> in somewhat modified form.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the West the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">Ancient Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Latinized</a> forms of the Greek ornament lasted for around a millennium, and after a period when they were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic forms</a>, powerfully revived in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> and remain extremely widely used today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_ornament">Roman ornament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornament_(art)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman ornament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ornament in the Roman empire utilized a diverse array of styles and materials, including marble, glass, obsidian, and gold. Roman ornament, specifically in the context of Pompeii, has been studied and written about by scholar Jessica Powers in her book chapter "Beyond Painting in Pompeii's Houses: Wall Ornaments and Their Patrons." Instead of studying ornamental objects in isolation, Powers argues that, if the information is provided, objects must be approached in their original context. This information might include the location where the work was found, other objects located or found nearby, or who the patron was who might have commissioned the work.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jessica Powers' chapter primarily discusses the Casa Degli Amorini Dorati in Pompeii, where 18 wall ornaments were found, the most of any Pompeiian home. Interior wall ornament in a Pompeian home would typically divide the wall into three or more sections under which there would be a dado taking up roughly one-sixth of the height of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wall sections would be divided by broad pilasters connected by a frieze which bands across the top of the wall. The ornament found at the Casa Degli Amorini Dorati in Pompeii reflected this standard style and included objects that had clearly been reused, and rare and imported objects. Several of the panels on the walls of the Casa Degli Amorini Dorati were removed during archeological work in the 1970s, revealing that the panels had been stuck on different walls before the one on which they were found. Jessica Powers argues that these panels illustrate the home owner and correlating patrons' willingness to utilize damaged or secondhand materials in their own home. Moreover, the materials used in the decorative wall panels were identified as being from the Greek East or Egypt, not from Pompeii. This points to the elaborate trade routes that flourished across the Roman Empire, and that home owners were interested in using materials from outside of Pompeii to embellish their homes. </p><p>In addition to homes, public buildings and temples are locations where Roman ornament styles were on display. In the Roman temple, the extravagant use of ornament served as a means of self-glorification, as scholar Owen Jones notes in his book chapter, Roman Ornament. Roman ornament techniques include surface-modeling, where ornamental styles are applied onto a surface. This was a common ornamental style with marble surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One common ornamental style was the use of acanthus leaf, a motif adopted from the Greeks. The use of acanthus leaf and other naturalist motifs can be seen in Corinthian capitals, in temples, and in other public sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ornament_prints_and_pattern_books">Ornament prints and pattern books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornament_(art)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ornament prints and pattern books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_25972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_25972.jpg/220px-Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_25972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_25972.jpg/330px-Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_25972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_25972.jpg/440px-Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_25972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khmer_sculpture" title="Khmer sculpture">Khmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Preah_Ko" title="Preah Ko">Preah Ko</a>, (east of Angkor, Cambodia) style, late 9th century, reminiscent of later European <a href="/wiki/Scrollwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrollwork">scrollwork</a> styles</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cupid_Seated_on_a_Garland_MET_DP278833_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cupid_Seated_on_a_Garland_MET_DP278833_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Cupid_Seated_on_a_Garland_MET_DP278833_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cupid_Seated_on_a_Garland_MET_DP278833_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-Cupid_Seated_on_a_Garland_MET_DP278833_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cupid_Seated_on_a_Garland_MET_DP278833_%28cropped%29.jpg/560px-Cupid_Seated_on_a_Garland_MET_DP278833_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_presbyt%C3%A9rale_ND_Finist%C3%A8re_-_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_presbyt%C3%A9rale_ND_Finist%C3%A8re_-_08.JPG/104px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_presbyt%C3%A9rale_ND_Finist%C3%A8re_-_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_presbyt%C3%A9rale_ND_Finist%C3%A8re_-_08.JPG/156px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_presbyt%C3%A9rale_ND_Finist%C3%A8re_-_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_presbyt%C3%A9rale_ND_Finist%C3%A8re_-_08.JPG/208px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_presbyt%C3%A9rale_ND_Finist%C3%A8re_-_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="3561" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_architectural_plaque_with_lotus_and_palmette_designs_MET_DP258363_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Terracotta_architectural_plaque_with_lotus_and_palmette_designs_MET_DP258363_%28cropped%29.jpg/102px-Terracotta_architectural_plaque_with_lotus_and_palmette_designs_MET_DP258363_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Terracotta_architectural_plaque_with_lotus_and_palmette_designs_MET_DP258363_%28cropped%29.jpg/153px-Terracotta_architectural_plaque_with_lotus_and_palmette_designs_MET_DP258363_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Terracotta_architectural_plaque_with_lotus_and_palmette_designs_MET_DP258363_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Terracotta_architectural_plaque_with_lotus_and_palmette_designs_MET_DP258363_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:284px;max-width:284px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartouche_on_the_house_with_number_9,_on_the_Doctor_Dimitrie_D._Gerota_street_from_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cartouche_on_the_house_with_number_9%2C_on_the_Doctor_Dimitrie_D._Gerota_street_from_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/282px-Cartouche_on_the_house_with_number_9%2C_on_the_Doctor_Dimitrie_D._Gerota_street_from_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cartouche_on_the_house_with_number_9%2C_on_the_Doctor_Dimitrie_D._Gerota_street_from_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/423px-Cartouche_on_the_house_with_number_9%2C_on_the_Doctor_Dimitrie_D._Gerota_street_from_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cartouche_on_the_house_with_number_9%2C_on_the_Doctor_Dimitrie_D._Gerota_street_from_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/564px-Cartouche_on_the_house_with_number_9%2C_on_the_Doctor_Dimitrie_D._Gerota_street_from_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="1484" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:289px;max-width:289px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Budapest_Oper_Maskaron_845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Budapest_Oper_Maskaron_845.jpg/287px-Budapest_Oper_Maskaron_845.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Budapest_Oper_Maskaron_845.jpg/431px-Budapest_Oper_Maskaron_845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Budapest_Oper_Maskaron_845.jpg/574px-Budapest_Oper_Maskaron_845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor,_Bucharest_(30).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2830%29.jpg/97px-18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2830%29.jpg/146px-18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2830%29.jpg/194px-18_Calea_Doroban%C8%9Bilor%2C_Bucharest_%2830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="4309" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of ornament in various styles. From left to right and from up to down: a <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoon</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">putto</a> standing on it, an <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus leaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmettes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouche</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)" title="Mascaron (architecture)">mascaron</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">trophy of musical instruments</a></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergen_bei_Neuburg_Heilig_Kreuz_203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bergen_bei_Neuburg_Heilig_Kreuz_203.jpg/220px-Bergen_bei_Neuburg_Heilig_Kreuz_203.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bergen_bei_Neuburg_Heilig_Kreuz_203.jpg/330px-Bergen_bei_Neuburg_Heilig_Kreuz_203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bergen_bei_Neuburg_Heilig_Kreuz_203.jpg/440px-Bergen_bei_Neuburg_Heilig_Kreuz_203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>18th-century <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> balcony, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. The form is itself ornamental, and further decorated in painted plasterwork</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Renaissance_ornaments_above_a_door_in_the_D.A._Sturdza_House_(C%C4%83rture%C8%99ti_Verona_when_the_photo_was_taken),_each_door_having_the_same_thing_above_them,_in_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Neo-Renaissance_ornaments_above_a_door_in_the_D.A._Sturdza_House_%28C%C4%83rture%C8%99ti_Verona_when_the_photo_was_taken%29%2C_each_door_having_the_same_thing_above_them%2C_in_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Neo-Renaissance_ornaments_above_a_door_in_the_D.A._Sturdza_House_%28C%C4%83rture%C8%99ti_Verona_when_the_photo_was_taken%29%2C_each_door_having_the_same_thing_above_them%2C_in_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Neo-Renaissance_ornaments_above_a_door_in_the_D.A._Sturdza_House_%28C%C4%83rture%C8%99ti_Verona_when_the_photo_was_taken%29%2C_each_door_having_the_same_thing_above_them%2C_in_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3457" data-file-height="2902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival</a> ornaments above a door in the <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza_House" title="Dimitrie Sturdza House">Dimitrie Sturdza House</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>), each door having the same thing above them</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Diana,_at_the_Amalienburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Relief_of_Diana%2C_at_the_Amalienburg.jpg/200px-Relief_of_Diana%2C_at_the_Amalienburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Relief_of_Diana%2C_at_the_Amalienburg.jpg/300px-Relief_of_Diana%2C_at_the_Amalienburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Relief_of_Diana%2C_at_the_Amalienburg.jpg/400px-Relief_of_Diana%2C_at_the_Amalienburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The relief of Diana at the <a href="/wiki/Amalienburg" title="Amalienburg">Amalienburg</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (Germany)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frieze_with_Centaurs_Fighting_at_Center_with_Human_Riders_MET_DP837010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frieze_with_Centaurs_Fighting_at_Center_with_Human_Riders_MET_DP837010.jpg/220px-Frieze_with_Centaurs_Fighting_at_Center_with_Human_Riders_MET_DP837010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frieze_with_Centaurs_Fighting_at_Center_with_Human_Riders_MET_DP837010.jpg/330px-Frieze_with_Centaurs_Fighting_at_Center_with_Human_Riders_MET_DP837010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frieze_with_Centaurs_Fighting_at_Center_with_Human_Riders_MET_DP837010.jpg/440px-Frieze_with_Centaurs_Fighting_at_Center_with_Human_Riders_MET_DP837010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3923" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Ornament print by <a href="/wiki/Sebald_Beham" title="Sebald Beham">Sebald Beham</a>, Centaurs fighting with mounted men</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_palais_Zenobio_(Venise)_(6220466164).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_palais_Zenobio_%28Venise%29_%286220466164%29.jpg/220px-Le_palais_Zenobio_%28Venise%29_%286220466164%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_palais_Zenobio_%28Venise%29_%286220466164%29.jpg/330px-Le_palais_Zenobio_%28Venise%29_%286220466164%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_palais_Zenobio_%28Venise%29_%286220466164%29.jpg/440px-Le_palais_Zenobio_%28Venise%29_%286220466164%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> ornament in a Venetian palace</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg/220px-Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg/330px-Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg/440px-Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2808" /></a><figcaption>A typical variety of ornamental motifs on a <a href="/wiki/Greek_vase" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek vase">Greek vase</a> of c. 530 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>A few medieval notebooks survive, most famously that of <a href="/wiki/Villard_de_Honnecourt" title="Villard de Honnecourt">Villard de Honnecourt</a> (13th century) showing how artists and craftsmen recorded designs they saw for future use. With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">print</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornament_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornament print">ornament prints</a> became an important part of the output of printmakers, especially in Germany, and played a vital role in the rapid diffusion of new Renaissance styles to makers of all sorts of object. As well as revived classical ornament, both architectural and the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> style derived from Roman interior decoration, these included new styles such as the <a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">moresque</a>, a European adaptation of the Islamic arabesque (a distinction not always clear at the time). </p><p>As printing became cheaper, the single ornament print turned into sets, and then finally books. From the 16th to the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattern book">pattern books</a> were published in Europe which gave access to decorative elements, eventually including those recorded from cultures all over the world. Andrea Palladio's <i><a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">I quattro libri dell'architettura</a></i> (Four Books on Architecture) (Venice, 1570),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included both drawings of classical Roman buildings and renderings of Palladio's own designs utilizing those motifs, became the most influential book ever written on architecture. Napoleon had the great pyramids and temples of Egypt documented in the <i><a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27Egypte_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Description de l'Egypte (1809)">Description de l'Egypte (1809)</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grammar_of_Ornament" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grammar of Ornament">The Grammar of Ornament</a></i> in 1856 with colored illustrations of decoration from Egypt, Turkey, Sicily and Spain. He took residence in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra Palace</a> to make drawings and plaster castings of the ornate details of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic ornaments</a> there, including <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric patterns</a>. Interest in <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical architecture</a> was also fueled by the tradition of traveling on <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">The Grand Tour</a>, and by translation of early literature about architecture in the work of <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>. </p><p>During the 19th century, the acceptable use of ornament, and its precise definition became the source of aesthetic controversy in academic Western architecture, as architects and their critics searched for a suitable style. "The great question is," <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Leverton_Donaldson" title="Thomas Leverton Donaldson">Thomas Leverton Donaldson</a> asked in 1847, "are we to have an architecture of our period, a distinct, individual, palpable style of the 19th century?".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1849, when <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Digby_Wyatt" title="Matthew Digby Wyatt">Matthew Digby Wyatt</a> viewed the <a href="/wiki/French_Industrial_Exposition_of_1844" title="French Industrial Exposition of 1844">French Industrial Exposition</a> set up on the <a href="/wiki/Champs-Elys%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Champs-Elysées">Champs-Elysées</a> in Paris, he disapproved in recognizably modern terms of the plaster ornaments in faux-bronze and faux woodgrain:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Both internally and externally there is a good deal of tasteless and unprofitable ornament... If each simple material had been allowed to tell its own tale, and the lines of the construction so arranged as to conduce to a sentiment of grandeur, the qualities of "power" and "truth," which its enormous extent must have necessarily ensured, could have scarcely fail to excite admiration, and that at a very considerable saving of expense. </p> </blockquote> <p>Contacts with other cultures through <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and the new discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> expanded the repertory of ornament available to revivalists. After about 1880, photography made details of ornament even more widely available than prints had done. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_ornament">Modern ornament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornament_(art)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern ornament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arolsen_Klebeband_14_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Arolsen_Klebeband_14_005.jpg/220px-Arolsen_Klebeband_14_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Arolsen_Klebeband_14_005.jpg/330px-Arolsen_Klebeband_14_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Arolsen_Klebeband_14_005.jpg/440px-Arolsen_Klebeband_14_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1379" /></a><figcaption>18th century illustration of a woman made of ornaments and elements of <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">millwork</a> ornaments are made of wood, plastics, composites, etc. They come in many different colours and shapes. <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a>, conceived of as the elimination of ornament in favor of purely functional structures, left architects the problem of how to properly adorn modern structures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two available routes from this perceived crisis. One was to attempt to devise an ornamental vocabulary that was new and essentially contemporary. This was the route taken by architects like <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a> and his pupil <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, or by the unique <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a>. <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, popular around the turn of the 20th century, was in part a conscious effort to evolve such a "natural" vocabulary of ornament. </p><p>A more radical route abandoned the use of ornament altogether, as in some designs for objects by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dresser" title="Christopher Dresser">Christopher Dresser</a>. At the time, such unornamented objects could have been found in many unpretending workaday items of industrial design, ceramics produced at the Arabia manufactory in Finland, for instance, or the glass insulators of electric lines. </p><p>This latter approach was described by architect <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a> in his 1908 manifesto, translated into English in 1913 and polemically titled <i><a href="/wiki/Ornament_and_Crime" title="Ornament and Crime">Ornament and Crime</a></i>, in which he declared that lack of decoration is the sign of an advanced society. His argument was that ornament is economically inefficient and "morally degenerate", and that reducing ornament was a sign of progress.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modernists were eager to point to American architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a> as their godfather in the cause of aesthetic simplification, dismissing the knots of intricately patterned ornament that articulated the skin of his structures. </p><p>With the work of <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> through the 1920s and 1930s, lack of decorative detail became a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> and equated with the moral virtues of honesty, simplicity, and purity. In 1932 <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry-Russell_Hitchcock" title="Henry-Russell Hitchcock">Henry-Russell Hitchcock</a> dubbed this the "<a href="/wiki/International_style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International style (architecture)">International Style</a>". What began as a matter of taste was transformed into an aesthetic mandate. Modernists declared their way as the only acceptable way to build. As the style hit its stride in the highly developed postwar work of <a href="/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a>, the tenets of 1950s modernism became so strict that even accomplished architects like <a href="/wiki/Edward_Durrell_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Durrell Stone">Edward Durrell Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a> could be ridiculed and effectively ostracized for departing from the aesthetic rules.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the same time, the unwritten laws against ornament began to come into serious question. "Architecture has, with some difficulty, liberated itself from ornament, but it has not liberated itself from the <i>fear</i> of ornament," <a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">John Summerson</a> observed in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The very difference between ornament and structure is subtle and perhaps arbitrary. The pointed arches and flying buttresses of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> are ornamental but structurally necessary; the colorful rhythmic bands of a <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Belluschi" title="Pietro Belluschi">Pietro Belluschi</a> International Style skyscraper are integral, not applied, but certainly have ornamental effect. Furthermore, architectural ornament can serve the practical purpose of establishing scale, signaling entries, and aiding wayfinding, and these useful design tactics had been outlawed. And by the mid-1950s, modernist figureheads <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a> had been breaking their own rules by producing highly expressive, sculptural concrete work. </p><p>The argument against ornament peaked in 1959 over discussions of the <a href="/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building">Seagram Building</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a> installed a series of structurally unnecessary vertical I-beams on the outside of the building, and by 1984, when <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a> produced his AT&T Building in Manhattan with an ornamental pink granite neo-Georgian pediment, the argument was effectively over. In retrospect, critics have seen the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Building_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Building (New York)">AT&T Building</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodernist building</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornament_(art)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">Applied arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_brass_ornamental_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze and brass ornamental work">Bronze and brass ornamental work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li>Typographic ornaments: <a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbats</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornament_(art)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ornaments" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ornaments">Ornaments</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, John (1941) printed in <i>Heavenly Mansions</i> 1963, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabbaa, 74-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 24-25; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/-8220-Style-8221-151-or-whatever-4745">"“Style”—or whatever", J. Duncan Berry</a>, A review of <i>Problems of Style</i> by Alois Riegl, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i>, April 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, the subject of her book, see Preface, and Chapter 5 on Chinese influences on Persian art.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, throughout, but for quick reference: 23, 27, 32, 39–57, 75–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cfr84m"><i>Pompeii: Art, Industry and Infrastructure</i></a>. Oxbow Books. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-984-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-984-0"><bdi>978-1-84217-984-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cfr84m">j.ctt1cfr84m</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompeii%3A+Art%2C+Industry+and+Infrastructure&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1cfr84m%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-984-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1cfr84m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnament+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Owen (2016-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400882717"><i>The Grammar of Ornament</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400882717">10.1515/9781400882717</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8271-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8271-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-8271-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grammar+of+Ornament&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400882717&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8271-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781400882717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnament+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Owen (2016-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400882717"><i>The Grammar of Ornament</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400882717">10.1515/9781400882717</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8271-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8271-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-8271-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grammar+of+Ornament&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400882717&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8271-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781400882717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnament+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Center_for_Palladian_Studies_in_America,_Inc." title="The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.">The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palladiancenter.org/palladiobooks.html">"Palladio and his Books."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705194133/http://www.palladiancenter.org/palladiobooks.html">Archived</a> 2018-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted by Summerson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charon.sfsu.edu/publications/ParisExpositions/SecondRepublicExpo.html">Second Republic Exposition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212102110/http://charon.sfsu.edu/publications/ParisExpositions/SecondRepublicExpo.html">Archived</a> 2006-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankovitch1998" class="citation journal cs1">Sankovitch, Anne-Marie (December 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107140938/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-54073966.html">"Structure/ornament and the modern figuration of architecture"</a>. <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>80</b> (4): 687–717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3051319">10.2307/3051319</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051319">3051319</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-54073966.html">the original</a> on November 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Structure%2Fornament+and+the+modern+figuration+of+architecture&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=687-717&rft.date=1998-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3051319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3051319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sankovitch&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-54073966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnament+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2001" class="citation book cs1">James, Trilling (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OM9nQgAACAAJ"><i>The Language of Ornament</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. pp. 186–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20343-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20343-1"><bdi>0-500-20343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Ornament&rft.pages=186-210&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-500-20343-1&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Trilling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOM9nQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnament+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulshepheard.com/words/slogans-and-battlecries/">"Slogans and Battlecries | Paul Shepheard | Architect | Writer"</a>. <i>www.paulshepheard.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.paulshepheard.com&rft.atitle=Slogans+and+Battlecries+%7C+Paul+Shepheard+%7C+Architect+%7C+Writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulshepheard.com%2Fwords%2Fslogans-and-battlecries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnament+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th-century_compendiums_of_ornament">19th-century compendiums of ornament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornament_(art)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th-century compendiums of ornament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolmetsch1898" class="citation book cs1">Dolmetsch, Heinrich (1898). <i>The Treasury of Ornament</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treasury+of+Ornament&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Dolmetsch&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnament+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Heinrich_Dolmetsch" class="extiw" title="s:de:Heinrich Dolmetsch">s:de:Heinrich Dolmetsch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a> (1856) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grammar_of_Ornament" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grammar of Ornament">The Grammar of Ornament</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Sales_Meyer" title="Franz Sales Meyer">Meyer, Franz Sales</a>, (1898), <i>A Handbook of Ornament</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeltz1915" class="citation book cs1">Speltz, Alexander (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheColouredOrnamentOfAllHistoricalStyles"><i>The Coloured Ornament of All Historical Styles</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coloured+Ornament+of+All+Historical+Styles&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Speltz&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheColouredOrnamentOfAllHistoricalStyles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnament+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornament_(art)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisG._Darley1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippa_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippa Lewis (page does not exist)">Lewis, Philippa</a>; G. Darley (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoforna00phil"><i>Dictionary of Ornament</i></a></span>. New York: Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50931-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50931-5"><bdi>0-394-50931-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Ornament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-394-50931-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft.au=G.+Darley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoforna00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrnament+%28art%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Rawson, Jessica</a>, <i>Chinese Ornament: The lotus and the dragon</i>, 1984, British Museum Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1431-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1431-6">0-7141-1431-6</a></li> <li>Tabbaa, Yasser, <i>The transformation of Islamic art during the Sunni revival</i>, I.B.Tauris, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-392-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-392-5">1-85043-392-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-392-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-392-7">978-1-85043-392-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ph7EdrzSpGoC&dq=arabesque+%22Islamic+art%22&pg=PA73">google books</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Trilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Trilling (page does not exist)">James Trilling</a> <i>The Language of Ornament</i></li> <li>Peterson, Sara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7972455/Ornament_and_Pattern_in_Western_Art_Renaissance_and_Mannerist_Baroque_Rococo_Neoclassical_Historicist_and_Traditional_Historicism_19th_century_Reform_Movement_20th_century">Ornament and Pattern in Western Art: Renaissance and Mannerist; Baroque; Rococo; Neoclassical; Historicist and Traditional Historicism; 19th century Reform Movement; 20th century</a>, <i>Grove's Dictionary of Art</i>, edited Jane Turner, 1996</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ornaments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Ornaments" title="Template:Ornaments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ornaments" title="Template talk:Ornaments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ornaments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ornaments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ornaments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ornaments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">Acanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antefix" title="Antefix">Antefix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_flower" title="Ball flower">Ball flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bead_and_reel" title="Bead and reel">Bead and reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts)" title="Blackamoor (decorative arts)">Blackamoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchwork" title="Branchwork">Branchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucranium" title="Bucranium">Bucranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_(ornament)" title="Buta (ornament)">Buta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curlicue" title="Curlicue">Curlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentil" title="Dentil">Dentil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog-tooth" title="Dog-tooth">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg-and-dart" title="Egg-and-dart">Egg-and-dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">Festoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(architecture)" title="Foil (architecture)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadrooning" title="Gadrooning">Gadrooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_ornament" title="Garden ornament">Garden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lawn_ornament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawn ornament">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland_bearers" title="Garland bearers">Garland bearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilloch%C3%A9" title="Guilloché">Guilloché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarri" title="Hilarri">Hilarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_ornament" title="Hood ornament">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">Lintel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margent" title="Margent">Margent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)" title="Mascaron (architecture)">Mascaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medallion_(architecture)" title="Medallion (architecture)">Medallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millefleur" title="Millefleur">Millefleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">Palmette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_bulbous_plant" title="Ornamental bulbous plant">Bulbous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_grass" title="Ornamental grass">Grass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_ornament" title="Peak ornament">Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puer_mingens" title="Puer mingens">Puer mingens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">Putto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rais-de-c%C5%93ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rais-de-cœur">Rais-de-cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinceau" title="Rinceau">Rinceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_(art)" title="Scroll (art)">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_(architecture)" title="Spur (architecture)">Spur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapwork" title="Strapwork">Strapwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">Volute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_scroll" title="Vitruvian scroll">Vitruvian scroll</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellige" class="mw-redirect" title="Zellige">Zellige</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borromean-rings_minimal-overlap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Borromean rings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Borromean-rings_minimal-overlap.svg/80px-Borromean-rings_minimal-overlap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Borromean-rings_minimal-overlap.svg/120px-Borromean-rings_minimal-overlap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Borromean-rings_minimal-overlap.svg/160px-Borromean-rings_minimal-overlap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Room" title="Template:Room"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Room" title="Template talk:Room"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Room" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Room"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(room)" title="Den (room)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janitorial_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitorial closet">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br />elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard" title="Backyard">Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">Home improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_repair" title="Home repair">Home repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_house" title="Tree house">Tree house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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