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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Form </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Plaza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Facade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Basements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Lobby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Grill_and_Pool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Grill_and_Pool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 The Grill and Pool </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Grill_and_Pool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lobster_Club" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lobster_Club"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 The Lobster Club </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lobster_Club-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Office stories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Initial plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modified_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Modified plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seagram_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seagram_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Seagram ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seagram_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_1950s_and_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1950s_and_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Late 1950s and 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1950s_and_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TIAA_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TIAA_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 TIAA ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TIAA_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RFR_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RFR_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 RFR ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RFR_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000s_and_2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s_and_2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 2000s and 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s_and_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 2020s to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Architectural recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Design influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Seagram Building</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مبنى سيغرام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبنى سيغرام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="সিগ্রাম ভবন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিগ্রাম ভবন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Сигрем Билдинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сигрем Билдинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstrua%C4%B5o_Seagram" title="Konstruaĵo Seagram – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstruaĵo Seagram" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ساختمان سیگرام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساختمان سیگرام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edificio_Seagram" title="Edificio Seagram – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edificio Seagram" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%A8_%EB%B9%8C%EB%94%A9" title="시그램 빌딩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시그램 빌딩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedung_Seagram" title="Gedung Seagram – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gedung Seagram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="בניין סיגראם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בניין סיגראם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სიგრამ ბილდინგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიგრამ ბილდინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സീഗ്രാം മന്ദിരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സീഗ്രാം മന്ദിരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مبنى سيجرام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مبنى سيجرام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="シーグラム・ビルディング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シーグラム・ビルディング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Сигрэм-билдинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сигрэм-билдинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seagram Building" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Сігрем-білдінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сігрем-білдінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%A6" title="西格拉姆大厦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西格拉姆大厦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seagram_Building&params=40_45_31_N_73_58_20_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark&title=Seagram+Building">40°45′31″N 73°58′20″W / 40.75861°N 73.97222°W / 40.75861; -73.97222 (Seagram Building)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Seagram Tower" redirects here. For the structure in Ontario originally named Seagram Tower, see <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hotel_(Niagara_Falls)" title="Tower Hotel (Niagara Falls)">Tower Hotel (Niagara Falls)</a>. For the structure in Montreal, Quebec, that formerly served as Seagram's headquarters, see <a href="/wiki/Seagram_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagram House">Seagram House</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Seagram Building</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagram_Building_(35098307116).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tall glass tower, as viewed from across Park Avenue. There are two other buildings to the left and right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seagram_Building_%2835098307116%29.jpg/250px-Seagram_Building_%2835098307116%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seagram_Building_%2835098307116%29.jpg/375px-Seagram_Building_%2835098307116%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seagram_Building_%2835098307116%29.jpg/500px-Seagram_Building_%2835098307116%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5617" data-file-height="5617" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">The Seagram Building as viewed from across Park Avenue</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_214be6b5d5108ecf310a75e73e72bbc8df46691e"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Seagram_Building&revid=1275888830&groups=_214be6b5d5108ecf310a75e73e72bbc8df46691e" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Seagram_Building&revid=1275888830&groups=_214be6b5d5108ecf310a75e73e72bbc8df46691e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">Office</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">375 <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Avenue (Manhattan)">Park Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York 10152, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seagram_Building&params=40_45_31_N_73_58_20_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark&title=Seagram+Building">40°45′31″N 73°58′20″W / 40.75861°N 73.97222°W / 40.75861; -73.97222 (Seagram Building)</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">1958; 67 years ago (1958)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">May 22, 1958; 66 years ago (1958-05-22)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aby_Rosen" title="Aby Rosen">Aby Rosen</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;">Height</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roof</th><td class="infobox-data">516 ft (157 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Top floor</th><td class="infobox-data">465 ft (142 m)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;">Technical details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Floor count</th><td class="infobox-data">38</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Floor area</th><td class="infobox-data">849,014 sq ft (78,876.0 m2)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;">Design and construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architect(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Engineer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jaros,_Baum_%26_Bolles" title="Jaros, Baum & Bolles">Jaros, Baum & Bolles</a> (MEP)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Structural engineer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severud_Associates" title="Severud Associates">Severud Associates</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #A8EDEF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">February 24, 2006<a href="#cite_note-nris_2006-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">06000056<a href="#cite_note-nris_2006-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #002D72; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="New York State Register of Historic Places">New York State Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">December 14, 2005<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Resource_Information_System-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">06101.010696<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Resource_Information_System-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFE978; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Landmark">New York City Landmark</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">October 3, 1989<a href="#cite_note-nyt19891004-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsday19891004-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1664<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated entity</th><td class="infobox-data">Facade</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFE978; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Landmark">New York City Landmark</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">October 3, 1989<a href="#cite_note-nyt19891004-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsday19891004-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1665<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated entity</th><td class="infobox-data">Interior: Lobby</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFE978; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Landmark">New York City Landmark</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">October 3, 1989<a href="#cite_note-nyt19891004-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsday19891004-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1666<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated entity</th><td class="infobox-data">Interior: <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Restaurant" title="Four Seasons Restaurant">Four Seasons Restaurant</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> The Seagram Building is a <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a> at 375 <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a>, between <a href="/wiki/52nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="52nd Street (Manhattan)">52nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/53rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="53rd Street (Manhattan)">53rd</a> Streets, in the <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ely_Jacques_Kahn" title="Ely Jacques Kahn">Ely Jacques Kahn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Allan_Jacobs" title="Robert Allan Jacobs">Robert Allan Jacobs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">high-rise</a> tower is 515 feet (157 m) tall with 38 stories. The <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> building, completed in 1958, initially served as the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Seagram" title="Seagram">Seagram Company</a>, a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Distiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Distiller">distiller</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Lambert" title="Phyllis Lambert">Phyllis Lambert</a>, daughter of Seagram CEO <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bronfman" title="Samuel Bronfman">Samuel Bronfman</a>, heavily influenced the Seagram Building's design, an example of the <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalist</a> aesthetic and a prominent instance of corporate <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a>. A glass curtain wall with vertical <a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">mullions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and horizontal <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrels</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Muntz_metal" title="Muntz metal">Muntz metal</a> form the building's exterior. On Park Avenue is a pink-granite public plaza with two fountains. Behind the plaza is a tall elevator lobby with a similar design to the plaza. The lowest stories originally contained the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Restaurant" title="Four Seasons Restaurant">Four Seasons Restaurant</a>, which was replaced in 2017 with the Grill and Pool restaurants, and the Brasserie restaurant, which was superseded in 1995 by the Lobster Club. On the upper stories are <a href="/wiki/Modular_building" title="Modular building">modular</a> office spaces. Seagram revealed plans for the building in July 1954, when it announced construction of its headquarters on the up-and-coming commercial strip of Park Avenue. After Lambert objected to <a href="/wiki/Pereira_%26_Luckman" title="Pereira & Luckman">Pereira & Luckman</a>'s original design, Mies was selected as the architect that November. The building's construction began in late 1955 and finished in 1958, although the official certificate of occupancy was not granted until 1959. The <a href="/wiki/Teachers_Insurance_and_Annuity_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America">Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America</a> (TIAA) purchased the building in 1979, and it remained Seagram's headquarters until 2001. TIAA sold the building in 2000 to <a href="/wiki/Aby_Rosen" title="Aby Rosen">Aby Rosen</a>'s RFR Holding LLC, which has continued to operate the structure. Upon opening, the Seagram Building was widely praised for its architecture. Described in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> as one of "New York's most copied buildings", the Seagram Building has inspired the designs of other structures around the world. Within New York City, the Seagram Building helped influence the <a href="/wiki/1961_Zoning_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Zoning Resolution">1961 Zoning Resolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> ordinance that allowed developers to construct additional floor area in exchange for including plazas outside their buildings. In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a> designated the Seagram Building's exterior, lobby, and The Four Seasons Restaurant as official city landmarks. The building was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 2006. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site">Site</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Site">edit</a>]</div> The Seagram Building is at 375 <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a>, on the east side of the avenue between <a href="/wiki/52nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="52nd Street (Manhattan)">52nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/53rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="53rd Street (Manhattan)">53rd</a> streets, in the <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> neighborhood of New York City.<a href="#cite_note-ZoLa-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-9">[9]</a> The building was never officially named for its original anchor tenant, Canadian conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Seagram" title="Seagram">Seagram</a>, and is legally known only by its address.<a href="#cite_note-p216487158-10">[10]</a> The building is assigned its own <a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a>, 10152; it was one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that had their own ZIP Codes as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2019-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">land lot</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Frontage" title="Frontage">frontage</a> of 295 feet (90 m) on 52nd Street to the south, 200 feet (61 m) on Park Avenue to the west, and 302 feet (92 m) on 53rd Street to the north.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt19541125-12">[12]</a> The site slopes down to the east.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mumford_p._21-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._352-14">[14]</a> The 53rd Street side contains an alley about 7 feet (2.1 m) wide, facing <a href="/wiki/100_East_53rd_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="100 East 53rd Street">100 East 53rd Street</a>; the alley allows the Seagram Building to remain symmetrical despite the site's irregular shape.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._4-5-15">[15]</a> Other nearby buildings include <a href="/wiki/345_Park_Avenue" title="345 Park Avenue">345 Park Avenue</a> across 52nd Street to the south; <a href="/wiki/399_Park_Avenue" title="399 Park Avenue">399 Park Avenue</a> across 53rd Street to the north; <a href="/wiki/Lever_House" title="Lever House">Lever House</a> diagonally across Park Avenue and 53rd Street; and the <a href="/wiki/Racquet_and_Tennis_Club_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Racquet and Tennis Club Building">Racquet and Tennis Club Building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Plaza" title="Park Avenue Plaza">Park Avenue Plaza</a> across Park Avenue to the west.<a href="#cite_note-ZoLa-8">[8]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/599_Lexington_Avenue" title="599 Lexington Avenue">599 Lexington Avenue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Center" title="Citigroup Center">Citigroup Center</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue/51st_Street_station" title="Lexington Avenue/51st Street station">Lexington Avenue/51st Street station</a> (served by the <a href="/wiki/6_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="6 (New York City Subway service)">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/6d_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="6d (New York City Subway service)"><6></a>, <a href="/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="E (New York City Subway service)">E</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="M (New York City Subway service)">M</a> trains), are on <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue" title="Lexington Avenue">Lexington Avenue</a> less than one block to the east.<a href="#cite_note-ZoLa-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-NeighborhoodMap-16">[16]</a> During the late 19th century, the Seagram Building's site had included the original <a href="/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons" title="Steinway & Sons">Steinway & Sons</a> piano factory, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tenement#New_York" title="Tenement">tenements</a> made of brick or <a href="/wiki/Brownstone" title="Brownstone">brownstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_pp._1-2-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_main_line" title="Park Avenue main line">Park Avenue railroad line</a> had run in an <a href="/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)" title="Cut (earthworks)">open cut</a> in the middle of Park Avenue until the 1900s. The <a href="/wiki/Construction_of_Grand_Central_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction of Grand Central Terminal">construction of Grand Central Terminal</a> in the early 20th century covered the line, spurring development in the surrounding area, known as <a href="/wiki/Terminal_City_(Manhattan)" title="Terminal City (Manhattan)">Terminal City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The adjacent stretch of Park Avenue became a wealthy neighborhood with upscale apartments, including the Montana Apartments, on the site of the piano factory.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_pp._1-2-17">[17]</a> Largely commercial <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> skyscrapers replaced many of the residential structures on Park Avenue during the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> These skyscrapers included the Seagram Building, Lever House, the <a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%E2%80%932021)" title="270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)">Union Carbide Building</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/500_Park_Avenue" title="500 Park Avenue">Pepsi-Cola Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p132975788-22">[22]</a> When the Seagram site was assembled in the early 1950s, it contained the Montana Apartments and four smaller <a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">row houses</a> and apartment buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._342-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyht19550330-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._5-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> German-American architect <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> designed the Seagram Building<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> in the International Style.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._1;_NPS_p._13;_Stern_(1995)_p._345-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a> was the co-architect and the partnership of <a href="/wiki/Ely_Jacques_Kahn" title="Ely Jacques Kahn">Ely Jacques Kahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Allan_Jacobs" title="Robert Allan Jacobs">Robert Allan Jacobs</a> were the associate architects.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._1;_NPS_p._13;_Stern_(1995)_p._345-28">[28]</a> Numerous consultants were involved in the building's design, including mechanical engineers <a href="/wiki/Jaros,_Baum_%26_Bolles" title="Jaros, Baum & Bolles">Jaros, Baum & Bolles</a>; structural engineers <a href="/wiki/Severud_Associates" title="Severud Associates">Severud-Elstad Krueger</a>; electrical engineer Clifton E. Smith; lighting consultant Richard Kelly; acoustics consultant <a href="/wiki/Raytheon_BBN" title="Raytheon BBN">Bolt Beranek and Newman</a>; graphics consultant Elaine Lustig; and landscape architects Charles Middeleer and Karl Linn.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._5-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_1955-04-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAA_p._15-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Lambert" title="Phyllis Lambert">Phyllis Lambert</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Bronfman_family" title="Bronfman family">Bronfman family</a> member and the daughter of Seagram CEO <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bronfman" title="Samuel Bronfman">Samuel Bronfman</a>, whose idea it was to develop the building—did not impose a budget on Mies.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-32">[32]</a> Lambert said the Seagram Building was supposed to "be the crowning glory of everyone's work, his own, the contractor's, and Mies's".<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._5;_NPS_p._14-33">[33]</a> The architects used new or redesigned materials if they believed these innovations provided an improvement over existing products.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._72-34">[34]</a> The design used costly, high-quality materials, including bronze, <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._14-35">[35]</a> The lavish interior, overseen by Johnson, was designed to ensure cohesion with the appearance of the facade.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._15-36">[36]</a> The Seagram Building was the first office building in the world to use extruded bronze on a facade,<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._11-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyht19560610-38">[38]</a> as well as the first New York City skyscraper with full-height plate glass windows.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._16-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form">Form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Form">edit</a>]</div> The Seagram Building occupies half the site<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._5-25">[25]</a> and is recessed 90 feet (27 m) behind Park Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-AAA_p._14-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._68-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[a]</a> The building's main section is a 38-story <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">high-rise</a> slab topped by a mechanical story; it does not include any <a href="/wiki/Setback_(architecture)" title="Setback (architecture)">setbacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._4-46">[45]</a> The slab rises 515 feet (157 m) above ground.<a href="#cite_note-SkyscraperPage.com-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emporis-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[b]</a> As planned, the slab measured 95 by 145 feet (29 by 44 m).<a href="#cite_note-nyt19550330-51">[49]</a> Along the eastern end of the slab is a narrow shaft with an emergency-exit stair, which is sometimes referred to as the "spine".<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._4-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._344-52">[50]</a> The spine, which forms part of the building's framework, contains restrooms on the sixth to tenth floor and offices above.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._348-53">[51]</a> There are two five-story wings east of the main slab, facing 52nd and 53rd Streets. The 10-story central section between the wings is sometimes characterized as a "<a href="/wiki/Bustle" title="Bustle">bustle</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._4-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mumford_p._20-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._348-53">[51]</a> As planned, the "bustle" measured 90 by 85 feet (27 by 26 m) while the wings measured 90 by 200 feet (27 by 61 m).<a href="#cite_note-nyt19550330-51">[49]</a> The April 1955 edition of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Forum" title="Architectural Forum">Architectural Forum</a> described the relative simplicity of the building's massing as "a no-setback building but a building all set back".<a href="#cite_note-AF_1955-04-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaza">Plaza</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plaza">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Avenue_from_64th_Street_to_Grand_Central_Terminal_-_panoramio_(34).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Looking toward the southeast within the building's plaza. There is a fountain at the left center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Park_Avenue_from_64th_Street_to_Grand_Central_Terminal_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg/220px-Park_Avenue_from_64th_Street_to_Grand_Central_Terminal_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Park_Avenue_from_64th_Street_to_Grand_Central_Terminal_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg/330px-Park_Avenue_from_64th_Street_to_Grand_Central_Terminal_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Park_Avenue_from_64th_Street_to_Grand_Central_Terminal_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg/440px-Park_Avenue_from_64th_Street_to_Grand_Central_Terminal_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Plaza as seen from Park Avenue, looking southeast</figcaption></figure> A pink granite plaza with pools and greenery lies on the western side of the Seagram Building.<a href="#cite_note-AAA_p._14-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._349-55">[53]</a> The plaza is raised slightly above sidewalk level on Park Avenue, with three steps leading from the center of the Park Avenue frontage.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._349-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._3-56">[54]</a> A low granite retaining wall runs on either side of the flight of steps, extending around to 52nd and 53rd Streets, where they flank the building.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._3-56">[54]</a> There are marble caps atop the retaining walls on the side streets.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-9">[9]</a> At the eastern ends of the retaining walls on 52nd and 53rd Streets are granite steps from street to lobby, above which are travertine canopies.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._352-14">[14]</a> The parapets on the side streets each measure 3.75 feet (1.14 m) wide by 180 feet (55 m) long and are made of 40 pieces of green Italian marble.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19570224-57">[55]</a> The plaza is largely symmetrical with rectangular pools placed on the northwest and southwest corners. The southern pool contains a bronze flagpole, the only deviation from the design's symmetry. The water level of the pools is just below that of the plaza.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._3-56">[54]</a> The cluster of fountain jets at the center of either pool is not part of the original design.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._11-58">[56]</a> The pools measure 46 feet (14 m) wide by 70 feet (21 m) long and each contain 60,000 U.S. gallons (230,000 L; 50,000 imp gal) of water recirculated every two-and-a-half hours.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19570224-57">[55]</a> The initial plan had been to place abstract sculptures in the plaza. Mies abandoned this when he could not find a sculptor he felt could produce work suited for the landscape.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._14;_Stern_(1995)_p._345-59">[57]</a> East of both pools are three planting beds with ivy and a <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">gingko tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-9">[9]</a> These planting beds had contained <a href="/wiki/Weeping_beech" title="Weeping beech">weeping beeches</a> before November 1959, when they were replaced with hardier gingko trees.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._346-61">[59]</a> The plaza contains a heating system to prevent ice buildup.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._5-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> At the building's completion, the plaza's surface required daily vacuuming with a sweeper.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19610319-63">[61]</a> From its construction, the plaza was intended not only as an <a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">urban green space</a> but as a point of interest.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._68-43">[43]</a> Architecture critic <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a> said of the plaza: "In a few steps one is lifted out of the street so completely that one has almost the illusion of having climbed a long flight of stairs."<a href="#cite_note-Mumford_p._21-13">[13]</a> In its simplicity, the plaza's design was a marked contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Gardens">Channel Gardens</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="30 Rockefeller Plaza">30 Rockefeller Plaza</a>, which architectural writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._M._Stern" title="Robert A. M. Stern">Robert A. M. Stern</a> describes as being known for its festiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facade">Facade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Facade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Av_May_2022_44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View from Park Avenue toward the northwestern corner of the lobby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Park_Av_May_2022_44.jpg/220px-Park_Av_May_2022_44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Park_Av_May_2022_44.jpg/330px-Park_Av_May_2022_44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Park_Av_May_2022_44.jpg/440px-Park_Av_May_2022_44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>View of the columns at the lobby's northwestern corner</figcaption></figure> The northern, southern, and western ends of the slab overhang the plaza and are supported by bronze-clad columns at their perimeters, forming an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a> in front of the entrance.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Each column measures 3 by 3 feet (0.91 by 0.91 m) across and two stories tall.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._345-65">[63]</a> The arcade's ceiling contains recessed light fixtures within a ceramic tile surface.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._3-9">[9]</a> The first-story walls behind the arcade contain full-height glass panes. Above the arcade, on the western side of the building, is a <a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">marquee</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Muntz_metal" title="Muntz metal">Muntz metal</a>, with recessed lighting.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._4-46">[45]</a> The bases of the wings on 52nd and 53rd Streets, beneath the first story, are clad in granite and contain entrances to the restaurant and bar spaces inside.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._4-49">[48]</a> The eastern portions of both wings contain garage doors, while the eastern wall of the 53rd Street wing is faced in brick.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._4-5-15">[15]</a> The eastern section of the 52nd Street wing has an entrance that leads to the Grill and Pool restaurant while bypassing the main lobby.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._9;_NPS_p._8-66">[64]</a> A similar entrance exists on the 53rd Street wing to the Brasserie restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._8-67">[65]</a> The curtain wall begins above the lower stories<a href="#cite_note-Murray_p._37-68">[66]</a> and is composed of <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(architecture)" title="Curtain wall (architecture)">non-structural glass walls</a>, which are colored amber-gray.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._348-53">[51]</a> The glass panels cover about 122,000 square feet (11,300 m2)<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt19560722-70">[68]</a> and are designed to be heat- and glare-resistant.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._72-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray_p._36-71">[69]</a> Because the windows are sealed permanently, and the tower rises with no setbacks, the Seagram Building's <a href="/wiki/Window_cleaner" title="Window cleaner">window washing</a> team could not use standard window-washing equipment. Therefore, a custom-made pneumatic scaffold was installed, with a 27-foot-wide (8.2 m) deck that covers six columns of windows at a time.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19590607-72">[70]</a> Behind each window, Mies sought to avoid irregularity when <a href="/wiki/Window_blind" title="Window blind">window blinds</a> were drawn. As a result, the building uses window blinds with slats angled in 45-degree positions, allowing the blinds to be set in three positions: fully open, halfway open, or fully closed.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._9-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._73-74">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagram_Building_(6268045534).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg/220px-Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg/330px-Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg/440px-Seagram_Building_%286268045534%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>The main slab viewed from across Park Avenue and 52nd Street</figcaption></figure> The facade used 1,600 short tons (1,400 long tons; 1,500 t) of bronze,<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/General_Bronze_Corporation" title="General Bronze Corporation">General Bronze Corporation</a> at its plant in <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19571110-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray_p._31-78">[76]</a> The glass panes are set within vertical bronze <a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">mullions</a> made from 4.5-by-6-inch (110 by 150 mm) <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusions</a> of <a href="/wiki/I-beam" title="I-beam">I-beams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._4-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray_p._36-71">[69]</a> The bronze mullions separate the facade into 30-foot-wide (9.1 m) <a href="/wiki/Bay_(architecture)" title="Bay (architecture)">bays</a>, or vertical spaces between columns; each bay contains five windows per floor.<a href="#cite_note-Mumford_p._20-54">[52]</a> The tops and bottoms of the mullions are tapered, exposing their cross-sections.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._348-53">[51]</a> The Seagram Building's mullions are only for aesthetics and are thus susceptible to thermal expansion and contraction.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._348-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray_pp._36-37-79">[77]</a> At the building's completion, General Bronze said the facade would need to be cleaned twice a year with soap, water, and lemon oil to prevent discoloration;<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> this work could be performed using the window-washing scaffold.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19610319-63">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">Spandrels</a>, made of Muntz metal, separate the windows on each story horizontally, which gives them an appearance similar to that of copper.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._72-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._4-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._348-53">[51]</a> A sample facade section, tested in a <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> in 1956, was resistant to winds of up to 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-nyt19560722-70">[68]</a> The design of the slab's facade is carried onto the wings and "bustle".<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._4-46">[45]</a> The "spine" on the eastern side of the slab is clad with serpentine marble panels instead of glass because of the presence of <a href="/wiki/Shear_wall" title="Shear wall">shear walls</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._4-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_pp._348-349-81">[79]</a> The curtain-wall facade cost $18 per square foot ($190/m2), equivalent to $146 per square foot ($1,570/m2) in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._72-34">[34]</a> Above the 38th story is a triple-height mechanical story with a <a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">louvered</a> screen.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._4-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> The superstructure is a <a href="/wiki/Steel_frame" title="Steel frame">steel frame</a> covered with concrete and gypsum.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6;_NPS_p._16-82">[80]</a> At the time, American <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a> required that all <a href="/wiki/Structural_steel" title="Structural steel">structural steel</a> be covered in a fireproof material, such as concrete, because improperly protected steel columns or beams may soften and fail in confined fires.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> The concrete core shear walls rise to the 17th floor, while the diagonal core bracing, with shear <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">trusses</a>, extends to the 29th floor.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Kodmany_Ali_2013_p._172-84">[82]</a> The structural system also includes steel columns whose centers are 27.75 feet (8.46 m) apart.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6-69">[67]</a> The Seagram Building's heating and air conditioning systems are divided into two sections: a basement unit serving the 20th story and all floors below, and a roof unit serving the 21st story and all floors above.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19561028-85">[83]</a> Ducts for utilities such as electric, telephone, and <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> cables were embedded into the concrete floor slabs.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6;_NPS_p._16-82">[80]</a> The Seagram Building has 849,014 square feet (78,876.0 m2) of floor space,<a href="#cite_note-ZoLa-8">[8]</a> including three basement stories.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._10-86">[84]</a> Inside the building were the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Restaurant" title="Four Seasons Restaurant">Four Seasons</a> and Brasserie restaurants, originally designed by Philip Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-Morabito_2015-87">[85]</a> The restaurant interiors were decorated with numerous artworks. These included the <a href="/wiki/Seagram_murals" title="Seagram murals">Seagram murals</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a>, which he claimed were intended to sicken the patrons of the Four Seasons Restaurant,<a href="#cite_note-nyt20130407-88">[86]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s painted curtain <a href="/wiki/Le_Tricorne" title="Le Tricorne">Le Tricorne</a>, designed for the <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a> in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> By 2017, the building housed three restaurants owned by Major Food Group: the Pool, the Grill, and the Lobster Club.<a href="#cite_note-Dai_2017-91">[89]</a> The Pool was merged with the Grill in 2020, though a separate event space called the Pool Lounge continues to operate.<a href="#cite_note-Warerkar_2020-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basements">Basements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Basements">edit</a>]</div> Two of the basement levels originally contained a 150-space parking garage,<a href="#cite_note-nyht19570602-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Property_Management_2014-94">[92]</a> connected to the lobby via its own elevator.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19570602-93">[91]</a> Starting in 2019, the garage was renovated into a gym known as the Seagram Playground.<a href="#cite_note-wsj20200620-95">[93]</a> Covering 23,500 square feet (2,180 m2)<a href="#cite_note-Baird-Remba_2023_f956-96">[94]</a> or 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2), the gym was designed in a contrasting style to the original building to attract younger employees.<a href="#cite_note-wsj20200620-95">[93]</a> It contains a multipurpose <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickleball" title="Pickleball">pickleball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> court with a <a href="/wiki/Climbing_wall" title="Climbing wall">climbing wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Facility_Executive_2022-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2022-08-10-98">[96]</a> Next to the court was a multipurpose exercise room, a training area, a <a href="/wiki/Spin_bike" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin bike">spin bike</a> room, and an open lounge.<a href="#cite_note-Baird-Remba_2023_f956-96">[94]</a> The gym could also be used as a 150-seat theater with eight tiers of wooden <a href="/wiki/Bleacher" title="Bleacher">bleachers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Facility_Executive_2022-97">[95]</a> and there are two conference rooms on a mezzanine overlooking the gym.<a href="#cite_note-Baird-Remba_2023_f956-96">[94]</a> The basements also contain storage, loading platforms, and service areas for the first-floor occupants.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._11-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lobby">Lobby</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lobby">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagram_Building-NewYork-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View from Park Avenue into the lobby at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seagram_Building-NewYork-4.jpg/220px-Seagram_Building-NewYork-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seagram_Building-NewYork-4.jpg/330px-Seagram_Building-NewYork-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seagram_Building-NewYork-4.jpg/440px-Seagram_Building-NewYork-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Night view of the lobby and facade</figcaption></figure> Unlike designs in <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> office buildings, the Seagram Building's lobby lacks a central space, instead leading visitors directly from the plaza to the elevators or restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._6-99">[97]</a> The lobby is designed as if it were an extension of the plaza,<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._72-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._349-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._5;_NPS_p._15;_Stern_(1995)_p._345-100">[98]</a> leading Mumford to write: "Outside and inside are simply the same."<a href="#cite_note-Mumford_p._21-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._5-101">[99]</a> It is divided into three parts: a western section facing the plaza; a central section with elevators; and an eastern section facing the restaurant space.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._6;_NPS_p._5-102">[100]</a> The western part of the lobby has three bronze revolving doors and is interrupted by two bronze columns. The central section comprises three corridors connecting the western and eastern thirds of the lobby, within four elevator and stair enclosures,<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._7;_NPS_p._5-103">[101]</a> whose walls are clad with travertine.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._72-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-AAA_p._14-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._349-55">[53]</a> There are three elevators on each corridor's north and south walls—a total of eighteen elevators.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._7;_NPS_p._5-103">[101]</a> The elevators abutting the northern corridor serve floors 25–38; those in the center corridor serve floors 2–10; and those in the southern corridor serve floors 10–25.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_p._77-104">[102]</a> The northernmost and southernmost elevator enclosures have fire stairs exiting to the plaza, and all enclosures have mechanical spaces and service closets.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._5-105">[103]</a> The interiors of the elevator cabs contain stainless steel and bronze mesh panels, while the ceilings contain white panels that illuminate each cab.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._73-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._7-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._9-107">[105]</a> Above the elevator doors are fluorescent lights installed in the doorway <a href="/wiki/Soffit" title="Soffit">soffits</a>. The central third of the lobby contains mailboxes, a standpipe alarm box, and service doors made of bronze.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._7-106">[104]</a> The eastern section has two additional revolving doors within the northern and southern glass walls.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._7;_NPS_p._5-103">[101]</a> A cross-passage connects the two sets of doors.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._348-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._7;_NPS_p._5-103">[101]</a> There are service doors on the eastern wall of the cross-passage, as well as an elevator control panel, a fire station panel, and directories on the western wall.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._7-106">[104]</a> From the cross-passage, a set of travertine steps connects to the restaurant spaces that originally comprised the Four Seasons Restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._5-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._6-108">[106]</a> Throughout the entire lobby, the 24-foot (7.3 m)-tall ceiling is made of black cement and 1-by-1-inch (25 mm × 25 mm) gray glass mosaic tiles.<a href="#cite_note-AAA_p._14-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._6;_NPS_p._5-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._71-109">[107]</a> Recessed within the lobby ceiling are lights with dimmers.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._5-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._71-109">[107]</a> The floors, walls, and columns are also clad with travertine.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._71-109">[107]</a> The exterior walls of the lobby contain bronze mullions within which the exterior glass panes are set. A horizontal bronze bar, about 42 inches (110 cm) above the floor level, surrounds the exterior walls.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._6;_NPS_p._5-102">[100]</a> The horizontal bronze bar was installed in the 1970s per New York state building regulations.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._6-99">[97]</a> Signs in the lobby were originally designed in a <a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">square serif</a> font custom-made for the Seagram Building.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._6-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Grill_and_Pool">The Grill and Pool</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Grill and Pool">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the original design of the Four Seasons Restaurant prior to reconfiguration, see <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_Restaurant#Design" class="mw-redirect" title="The Four Seasons Restaurant">The Four Seasons Restaurant § Design</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Season_Restaurant_Trees.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An overview photograph of the Four Seasons Restaurant room with the trees and the pool" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Four_Season_Restaurant_Trees.JPG/220px-Four_Season_Restaurant_Trees.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Four_Season_Restaurant_Trees.JPG/330px-Four_Season_Restaurant_Trees.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Four_Season_Restaurant_Trees.JPG/440px-Four_Season_Restaurant_Trees.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Pool</figcaption></figure> The Grill and Pool (formerly the Four Seasons Restaurant) occupy two stories in the Seagram Building's "bustle", east of the lobby and main shaft. The upper story is just above the lobby, while the lower story is at ground level near 52nd and 53rd Streets.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._6;_NPS_p._5-110">[108]</a> When they opened as separate restaurants in 2017, the Grill served mid-20th-century cuisine while the Pool largely served seafood.<a href="#cite_note-Wallpaper_Magazine_2017-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krader_2017-112">[110]</a> The Grill and Pool, named after the rooms of the same name in the former Four Seasons, contains similar design features to the lobby. It has travertine walls and floors, cement ceilings with gray-glass mosaic tiles, and bronze engaged piers.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._6-108">[106]</a> The original Four Seasons had five dining rooms, preserved in the modern-day Grill and Pool restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._5-6-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt19590716-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[c]</a> The Pool is on the north side of the first floor; the Grill is on the south side. There are two dining areas on a balcony above the Grill, as well as a balcony above the Pool.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._6;_NPS_p._6-117">[114]</a> A staircase leads down from the Grill Room to a separate entrance lobby and foyer on 52nd Street.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._9;_NPS_p._8-66">[64]</a> The Grill and Pool are discrete 60-by-90-foot (18 by 27 m) rooms.<a href="#cite_note-Architectural_Record_2016-115">[113]</a> Both major rooms and their auxiliary spaces have 20-foot-high (6.1 m) ceilings with gridded off-white aluminum panels and recessed lighting. The outer walls are glass curtain walls, containing metal curtains that ripple from air released by hidden ventilating ducts.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_pp._7-8;_NPS_p._7-118">[115]</a> Running north–south between them is a corridor, which is at the top of the stairs leading from the eastern lobby. A glass wall and bronze double doors separate the corridor from the main lobby.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._6;_NPS_p._6-117">[114]</a> The corridor's north and south walls contain doors leading to vestibules outside either room.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._7;_NPS_p._6-119">[116]</a> The Pool is centered around a 20-by-20-foot (6.1 by 6.1 m) white marble pool.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenberg_1979-120">[117]</a> On the eastern side of the Pool, a staircase connects to a mezzanine on a podium slightly above the main floor.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19590716-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._7;_NPS_p._7-121">[118]</a> The Grill had a lounge in its northwest corner and a bar at its southwest corner.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._8;_NPS_p._7-122">[119]</a> The two private dining rooms are on a balcony raised above the main Grill, accessed by separate staircases and separated from the main Grill by walnut paneled doors.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Four_Seasons)_p._8;_NPS_p._8-123">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Lobster_Club">The Lobster Club</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Lobster Club">edit</a>]</div> The Lobster Club is at ground level on 53rd Street, immediately below the Pool room, within the space formerly occupied by Brasserie. It serves Japanese seafood.<a href="#cite_note-Viladas_2017-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keh_2017-125">[122]</a> Philip Johnson had designed the original interior, which was damaged in a fire and redesigned by <a href="/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro" title="Diller Scofidio + Renfro">Diller + Scofidio</a> from 1995 to 1999.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19990829-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR_2000-03:-127">[124]</a> During a 2017 renovation, the Lobster Club was redesigned by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marino" title="Peter Marino">Peter Marino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Viladas_2017-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keh_2017-125">[122]</a> The entrance connects to a lobby with restrooms to the east, a coat check to the west, and the dining room to the south. The main dining room is slightly above the 53rd Street lobby, reached by a set of stairs.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._8-67">[65]</a> The lobby is on the north wall of the main dining room, while kitchens and waiters' stations are on the south wall. A second dining room is reached through a doorway at the center of the west wall. A door on the south wall leads to a fire stair to the lobby.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._9-107">[105]</a> The Lobster Club's main dining room has brightly colored furniture and upholstery, 150 <a href="/wiki/Drip_painting" title="Drip painting">drip-painted</a> concrete floor tiles by artist Laura Bergman, and three bronze-partitioned booths on the south wall. There is a bar on the eastern side of the dining room.<a href="#cite_note-Keh_2017-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Firshein_2018-128">[125]</a> The second dining room is a private suite with white partition walls, red <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">terrazzo</a> flooring, and metal sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-Viladas_2017-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keh_2017-125">[122]</a> The Brasserie had seated 150 patrons.<a href="#cite_note-Architectural_Record_2016-115">[113]</a> When used by Brasserie, the foyer had contained a stone wall, and a video camera displayed images of patrons entering from the street, with an LCD sign announcing every customer's entry.<a href="#cite_note-Luna_p._215-129">[126]</a> The main dining room had a U-shaped counter surrounded by circular tables and glass-partitioned dining alcoves.<a href="#cite_note-Interiors_1960_pp._94-95-130">[127]</a> The room had wooden panels on its walls;<a href="#cite_note-Luna_p._215-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._8-9-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Interiors_1960_p._94-132">[129]</a> a set of plates designed by Picasso was mounted onto the wooden paneling.<a href="#cite_note-Interiors_1960_p._94-132">[129]</a> The side walls contained booths, an allusion to the original booths that Johnson had designed for the space.<a href="#cite_note-Luna_p._217-133">[130]</a> The west wall contained a bar on its northern section and a dining alcove on its southern section. The bar, alcove, and second dining room had carpeted floors; the main dining room had wooden floors. The ceiling was made of flat plaster with recessed lighting fixtures.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._8-9-131">[128]</a> The rear wall of the main dining room contained a double-paned glass wall, behind which sculptures were placed.<a href="#cite_note-Luna_p._219-134">[131]</a> The men's and women's bathrooms used the same cast-resin sink and were decorated with hexagonal tiles.<a href="#cite_note-Luna_p._215-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Office_stories">Office stories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Office stories">edit</a>]</div> The office stories were intended to contain executive suites.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._71-109">[107]</a> The office floors generally have a flexible plan, arranged in modules around the elevator core.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._9-107">[105]</a> The flexibility of the office stories derives from the superstructures' wide bays.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19551030-135">[132]</a> In general, each of the second through fourth stories has about 28,000 square feet (2,600 m2) of rentable office space; the fifth through tenth stories, around 18,600 square feet (1,730 m2); and the upper stories, around 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2).<a href="#cite_note-nyht19551030-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._76-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._355-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[d]</a> Johnson mainly oversaw the interior design;<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._15-36">[36]</a> all the materials were custom-designed for the Seagram Building.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19761108-139">[135]</a> The elevator landings have green terrazzo floors, travertine walls, gray elevator-door surrounds, and gypsum ceilings.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._9-107">[105]</a> The remaining office stories used 55.5-by-55.5-inch (141 by 141 cm) modules.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._349-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6;_NPS_p._9-140">[136]</a> The elevator doors, suite doors, and partitions were designed to rise from floor to ceiling, which made the openings appear as though they were part of the paneling.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._349-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._73-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6;_NPS_p._9-140">[136]</a> Partition panels were designed with washable materials, which became standard after they were used in the Seagram Building.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._73-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6;_NPS_p._9-140">[136]</a> Doorknobs were made of lever handles instead of round knobs.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19560916-141">[137]</a> The ceilings are acoustically tiled <a href="/wiki/Dropped_ceiling" title="Dropped ceiling">dropped ceilings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._9-107">[105]</a> Each story's ceiling is surrounded by luminous tiled panels, activated by a timer,<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6;_NPS_p._15-142">[138]</a> which are arranged in a consistent band measuring about 11.5 feet (3.5 m) wide.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._353-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._75-144">[140]</a> The luminous panels, in turn, contain vinyl <a href="/wiki/Diffuser_(optics)" title="Diffuser (optics)">diffuser</a> panels measuring 4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m) wide.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._353-143">[139]</a> The rest of each story uses indirect lighting.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._75-144">[140]</a> Air conditioning fixtures are placed only 11 inches (280 mm) above the floor slab, enabling the windows to be full-height glass walls.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6;_NPS_p._9-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._74-145">[141]</a> The Seagram Company occupied the second through eighth stories when the building was completed.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_p._77-104">[102]</a> Philip Johnson, Phyllis Lambert, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Gordon_Carr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Gordon Carr (page does not exist)">J. Gordon Carr</a> collaborated in the design of the Seagram offices.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_p._76-146">[142]</a> The offices had a reception room, containing tapestries and a travertine wall with Seagram's seal.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_p._77-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._71-109">[107]</a> There was also an executive office with furniture designed by Mies.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._71-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_p._78-147">[143]</a> The executive suites contained an oak-paneled dining room and kitchen, which could double as a conference room.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_p._78-147">[143]</a> On three sides of the fifth floor were offices with oak paneling, luminous ceilings, and ocher carpeting. The outer offices on the fifth story were wider than on other floors, signifying that story's function as an "important" floor.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_p._79-148">[144]</a> The fourth floor contained several large spaces for meetings and receptions, including a 69-by-36-foot (21 by 11 m) assembly room that could be partitioned into three sections.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_p._80-149">[145]</a> Floor-to-ceiling travertine partitions walled off the restrooms in the Seagram suites.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._73-74">[72]</a> Another feature of the Seagram suites was display lights that could retract into the ceiling when they were not being used.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._75-144">[140]</a> Architectural Forum described Seagram's offices as setting "a high standard" for subsequent tenants.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._71-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> After the 1933 <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Repeal of Prohibition in the United States">repeal of Prohibition in the United States</a>, Seagram Distiller's CEO Samuel Bronfman began planning a large Manhattan headquarters, though this plan was not executed for almost two decades.<a href="#cite_note-AF_1955-04-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._2-150">[146]</a> Bronfman decided the headquarters should be situated somewhere on Park Avenue between <a href="/wiki/50th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="50th Street (Manhattan)">50th</a> and <a href="/wiki/59th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="59th Street (Manhattan)">59th Streets</a>, which was becoming a commercial area.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._344-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._4-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_plans">Initial plans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Initial plans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Av_May_2022_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fountain in front of the building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Park_Av_May_2022_42.jpg/220px-Park_Av_May_2022_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Park_Av_May_2022_42.jpg/330px-Park_Av_May_2022_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Park_Av_May_2022_42.jpg/440px-Park_Av_May_2022_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Fountain in front of the northwest corner of the building</figcaption></figure>In 1951, the company bought a 50,950-square-foot (4,733 m2) lot on the eastern side of Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Street, across from Lever House, for $4 million (equivalent to $38 million in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-152">[e]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._342-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._4;_NPS_p._11-153">[148]</a> Bronfman sought to develop a structure that would be considered an "important building".<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._11-37">[37]</a> He wanted the building to be completed by 1957, coinciding with the company's centenary.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._340-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._11-12;_Stern_(1995)_p._342-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-SS_p._225-156">[151]</a> According to Philip Johnson, the earlier Lever House had set an example for the construction of what became the Seagram Building.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> Ely Jacques Kahn sent a letter and a brochure to Bronfman in July 1951, requesting an interview with him. The next month, prominent lawyer Alfred L. Rose wrote a letter to Bronfman endorsing Kahn and Jacob's work.<a href="#cite_note-SS_p._224-158">[153]</a> Kahn, working with several rental agents, sketched numerous diagrams for the massing of a hypothetical tower on the site, which they called "Operation Skytop".<a href="#cite_note-SS_p._225-156">[151]</a> The only extant diagram, labeled as "scheme 2", depicted a bulky tower rising from several shallow setbacks.<a href="#cite_note-SS_p._225-156">[151]</a> Bronfman met with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Luckman" title="Charles Luckman">Charles Luckman</a>, the former president of <a href="/wiki/Lever_Brothers" title="Lever Brothers">Lever Brothers</a> soap company, in June 1954. Bronfman told Luckman that he intended to build a 35-story office tower topped by an imported English castle.<a href="#cite_note-SS_p._225-156">[151]</a> In July 1954, Seagram announced it would build a 34-story tower designed by Luckman and <a href="/wiki/William_Pereira" title="William Pereira">William Pereira</a>, his partner in the firm <a href="/wiki/Pereira_%26_Luckman" title="Pereira & Luckman">Pereira & Luckman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19540713-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._11-12;_Stern_(1995)_p._342-155">[150]</a> The structure was projected to cost $15 million (equivalent to $135 million in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-152">[e]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-nyht19540713-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._11-12;_Stern_(1995)_p._342-155">[150]</a> Luckman, who had overseen the development of Lever House, said he was "very happy to come back to Park Avenue for a repeat performance".<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._342-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Seagram's building, as originally planned, would have contained a four-story base of marble and bronze topped by a 30-story metal-and-glass shaft.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19540713-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj19540713-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> The design would have provided for an auditorium, film screening room, display rooms, and executive offices,<a href="#cite_note-nyht19540713-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj19540713-161">[156]</a> as well as interior garden courts.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19540713-159">[154]</a> Pereira & Luckman filed plans for the tower with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Buildings" title="New York City Department of Buildings">New York City Department of Buildings</a> (DOB) the same month.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Pereira & Luckman's design attracted negative criticism when it was announced. According to the August 1954 edition of Architectural Forum, critics likened the building's appearance to an "enormous cigarette lighter" and "big trophy".<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._4;_NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._342-165">[160]</a> Lambert, Bronfman's 27-year-old daughter, was living in Paris when she saw a rendering of Pereira & Luckman's plan in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a>'s Paris edition.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._342-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_1955-04-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._340-154">[149]</a> Recounting the incident, Lambert said she had been "boiling with fury" at the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._342-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._340-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time_1958-166">[161]</a> Lambert wrote a letter to her father that August, arguing that any new headquarters should be a "contribution" to the city in addition to serving as a symbol of Seagram.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19541125-167">[162]</a> In a 2013 book recalling the building's development, Lambert wrote, "This letter starts with one word repeated very emphatically...NO NO NO NO NO."<a href="#cite_note-nyt20130407-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Belogolovsky_2024_m970-168">[163]</a> To palliate his daughter, Bronfman offered to allow Lambert to select the marble that would be used on the building's ground floor, an offer that she flatly refused.<a href="#cite_note-Belogolovsky_2024_m970-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modified_plans">Modified plans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modified plans">edit</a>]</div> At his friend Lou Crandall's suggestion,<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._340-154">[149]</a> Bronfman relented, allowing his daughter to find an alternate architect.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._340-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._4;_NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._342-165">[160]</a> Pereira & Luckman's design was still publicly marketed as a "preliminary model" but, as Interiors's managing editor Olga Gueft said, media reports suggested the original plan "had been dumped overboard".<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._342-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> Lambert became heavily involved with the design<a href="#cite_note-Mies_van_der_Rohe-_Schulze_Windhorst-170">[165]</a> and acquainted herself with Johnson, who was then the departmental director of architecture and design at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mies_van_der_Rohe-_Schulze_Windhorst-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._344-171">[166]</a> Following his recommendation, Lambert examined several leading <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist architects</a> and conducted several interviews.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._344-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[f]</a> Lambert selected Mies van der Rohe to design the building in November 1954;<a href="#cite_note-nyt19541125-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyht19541125-167">[162]</a> she described Mies's buildings, such as <a href="/wiki/860%E2%80%93880_Lake_Shore_Drive_Apartments" title="860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments">860–880 Lake Shore Drive</a> in Chicago, as "sublimely urban".<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._341-173">[167]</a> Bronfman, having approved Mies's selection, designated his daughter as the building's planning director.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._4;_NPS_p._11-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._341-173">[167]</a> Lambert received an annual salary of $20,000 from this position.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20130407-88">[86]</a> Because Mies was not a licensed architect in New York state, Johnson was selected as a co-architect.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._341-173">[167]</a> At the time, Johnson had never designed a skyscraper before, so Crandall convinced Bronfman to hire Kahn and Jacobs as associate architects.<a href="#cite_note-SS_p._225-156">[151]</a> Mies, who had never designed a project in New York City, wished to design a simple slab. He was dissatisfied with the setbacks in most skyscrapers designed after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/1916_Zoning_Resolution" title="1916 Zoning Resolution">1916 Zoning Resolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AF_1955-04-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._14-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a> Mies considered three alternatives for a slab behind a large plaza, with a facade divided into multiple bays. One plan called for a square tower; the second plan called for a 3-by-7-bay rectangle with three bays on Park Avenue; and the third plan called for a 5-by-3-bay rectangle with five bays facing Park Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._341-173">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_pp._344-345-174">[168]</a> He created several scale models for the proposed structure.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_pp._344-345-174">[168]</a> Ultimately, Mies selected the third plan, which Lambert praised.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._344-171">[166]</a> After the architects were selected, Seagram purchased some 9,000 square feet (840 m2) of adjacent land for $900,000 (equivalent to $8 million in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-152">[e]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._4-151">[147]</a> The land acquisition allowed the building to be set back from Park Avenue while complying with the 1916 Zoning Resolution,<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._341-173">[167]</a> and it allowed passersby to see it from the street.<a href="#cite_note-Belogolovsky_2024_m970-168">[163]</a> Lambert recalled that Bronfman had only one requirement for Mies: that the tower not be placed on stilts.<a href="#cite_note-Belogolovsky_2024_m970-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction">Construction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagrams,_Park_Ave._LOC_gsc.5a24906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Seagram Building from Park Avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Seagrams%2C_Park_Ave._LOC_gsc.5a24906.jpg/220px-Seagrams%2C_Park_Ave._LOC_gsc.5a24906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Seagrams%2C_Park_Ave._LOC_gsc.5a24906.jpg/330px-Seagrams%2C_Park_Ave._LOC_gsc.5a24906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Seagrams%2C_Park_Ave._LOC_gsc.5a24906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Seen during construction in 1957</figcaption></figure> Mies filed updated plans with the DOB in March 1955; the structure was projected to cost $20 million (equivalent to $178 million in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-152">[e]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-nyht19550330-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt19550330-51">[49]</a> The DOB records listed Mies's plans as a modification to Pereira & Luckman's original plans, rather than completely new ones.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._10-175">[169]</a> At the time, 20 of 250 existing tenants on the site had left.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19550330-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a> The April 1955 issue of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> described the proposed tower as one of several on Park Avenue that "add up in sum to a boom".<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> Upon Bronfman's suggestion,<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._345-65">[63]</a> the architects specified that the tower would be made of bronze and glass.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a> Kahn had sketched an alternative design for the Seagram Building, which called for a significantly different massing than the one Mies had proposed. Lambert disapproved of the alternative plan, saying that Kahn was "undermining Mies's decisions", and Kahn ultimately acquiesced to using Mies's design.<a href="#cite_note-SS_pp._225,_227-177">[171]</a> Demolition of existing buildings on the site began in September 1955<a href="#cite_note-SS_p._227--178">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt19550925-179">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-180">[174]</a> and was completed in March 1956.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._5-25">[25]</a> Mies moved to a nearby apartment to oversee the Seagram Building's development, and he applied for membership in the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> (AIA)'s New York division, but was rejected in December 1955. He took the AIA rejection as an affront and moved back to Chicago, placing Johnson in full control of the building's design.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._341-173">[167]</a> Kahn wrote in his diary that the project had encountered delays in April 1956.<a href="#cite_note-:0-180">[174]</a> When Mies received a license to practice architecture in New York, he rejoined the project that June.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._341-173">[167]</a> Construction of the superstructure began in May 1956, with the first major steel column installed at the beginning of the next month.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19560603-181">[175]</a> Seven hundred workers fitted over 5,000 individual pieces of steelwork together, which weighed in aggregate 25 million pounds (11 kt).<a href="#cite_note-nyht19561223-182">[176]</a> Because of a no-<a href="/wiki/Idle_(engine)" title="Idle (engine)">idling</a> rule implemented in Midtown Manhattan, some truckers were ticketed while delivering steel beams to the work site, prompting them to strike temporarily until the rule was changed to allow deliveries.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> The steelwork's construction involved bolting steel beams, rather than riveting them, to reduce noise; this work received an official "Quiet City Award" from the city.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19561223-182">[176]</a> During construction, Lambert acted as the director of planning.<a href="#cite_note-Belogolovsky_2024_m970-168">[163]</a> She convinced the builders to carry through Mies's original design, including minor details such as the <a href="/wiki/Bond_(brick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond (brick)">brick bonding</a>, which was hidden from view.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20130407-88">[86]</a> The superstructure was <a href="/wiki/Topped_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Topped out">topped out</a> during December 1956,<a href="#cite_note-nyht19561223-182">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> The building's bronze and glass facade was installed starting in September 1956 and was completed in April 1957.<a href="#cite_note-nyht19570419-187">[181]</a> According to Kahn's diary, the architects discussed "violent changes" to the building's cost and design in July 1957, though these changes were not implemented.<a href="#cite_note-:0-180">[174]</a> The Seagram Company moved into its offices in December 1957,<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._15-188">[182]</a> and the Department of Buildings granted a temporary certificate of occupancy the next year.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7-189">[183]</a> The Seagram Building officially opened on May 22, 1958, with the Seagram Company leasing the office space that it did not occupy.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._15-188">[182]</a> The Department of Buildings granted a permanent occupancy certificate in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7-189">[183]</a> Including the $5 million land purchases, the project was estimated to cost $43 million, or about $50 per square foot ($540/m2).<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_pp._76-77-190">[184]</a> The construction cost per square foot was about twice that of similar buildings in the city.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._6-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_pp._76-77-190">[184]</a> Seagram vice president Arthur S. Margolin said in a 1989 interview that the building had cost approximately $40 million.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._10-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seagram_ownership">Seagram ownership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Seagram ownership">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_1950s_and_1960s">Late 1950s and 1960s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Late 1950s and 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four-seasons-ny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Four-seasons-ny.jpg/220px-Four-seasons-ny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Four-seasons-ny.jpg/330px-Four-seasons-ny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Four-seasons-ny.jpg/440px-Four-seasons-ny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>52nd Street entrance to the Four Seasons, which occupied the first floor shortly after the building's opening</figcaption></figure> By July 1958, ninety percent of the Seagram Building's space was rented.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._76-136">[133]</a> Tenants were willing to pay $7 to $8.30 per square foot ($75.3 to $89.3/m2) for space on the upper floors, compared to an average of about $5 to $5.25 per square foot ($53.8 to $56.5/m2) for ordinary new buildings.<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._76-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._355-137">[134]</a> In the building's first year of operation, the office space was expected to earn about a 13 percent <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._7-189">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._77-191">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cushman_%26_Wakefield" title="Cushman & Wakefield">Cushman & Wakefield</a> was hired as the rental agency.<a href="#cite_note-AF_1955-04-29">[29]</a> Among the initial occupants were "a number of industrial and service corporations" involved in manufacturing,<a href="#cite_note-nyht19570617-192">[186]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maruzen_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruzen Petroleum">Maruzen Oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> The building also housed <a href="/wiki/Goodson-Todman_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodson-Todman Productions">Goodson-Todman Productions</a>;<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> the sales headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pencil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Pencil">Eagle Pencil</a>;<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> an industrial designer;<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> a property manager; an art producer;<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> a direct-mail advertising company;<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> and various other commercial tenants.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Restaurant Associates">Restaurant Associates</a> took ground-level space for the Four Seasons and Brasserie restaurants, which opened in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19590716-114">[112]</a> Ultimately, the Seagram Building's luxuriously designed spaces had 115 tenants, which were drawn partly because of Mies's international stature.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_pp._6-7-201">[195]</a> By 1961, there was a waiting list for space in the Seagram Building.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> In its early years, the Seagram Building and its plaza were used for displays and exhibitions. For instance, in 1958, the building held an art show to celebrate the 13th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> A sculptured head from the Mesoamerican <a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmec</a> civilization was displayed in the plaza in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a> displayed a <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a> head in the Seagram Building's plaza in 1968<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> to draw attention to the artifacts on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, which were seen as endangered.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._348-208">[202]</a> Atmospheres and Environment XII, an environmental steel sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a>, was installed at the Seagram Building's plaza in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> Other sculptures or artworks erected in the Seagram Building and plaza included <a href="/wiki/Barnett_Newman" title="Barnett Newman">Barnett Newman</a>'s sculpture <a href="/wiki/Broken_Obelisk" title="Broken Obelisk">Broken Obelisk</a>, displayed in 1967, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a>'s sculpture Milord la Chimarre, displayed in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._348-208">[202]</a> In 1963, the New York City government gave the Seagram Company an award for the building's "notable contribution" to the city and raised the company's property taxes.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19631003-210">[204]</a> The recalculated tax assessment of $21 million was based on the potential value if the building were to be demolished, whereas Seagram fought to keep the assessment at $17 million, based on the rental income it earned.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._351-211">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._8;_NPS_pp._17-18-212">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_pp._350-351-213">[207]</a> The higher tax assessment was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> a decision the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">Regional Plan Association</a> criticized as potentially destroying "the hope of great commercial architecture in New York State".<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._18-216">[210]</a> Architectural writer <a href="/wiki/Ada_Louise_Huxtable" title="Ada Louise Huxtable">Ada Louise Huxtable</a> called the tax a beginning of the city's "architectural annihilation", saying the higher tax assessment was a "special method of taxing architectural excellence".<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._18-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> There was still high demand for office space in Midtown Manhattan, despite a myriad of new development in the area. For example, when real estate investment firm Realty Equities moved its headquarters to the Seagram Building in 1968, another company immediately offered to sublet Realty's space at a much higher price.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s">1970s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> The Seagram Company eventually found its own headquarters' rent to be too high, giving up half of its 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) in the building and moving approximately 600 of its 983 employees elsewhere in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-AF197204-219">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> In a letter to mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a>, Seagram officials attributed the relocation in part because of the high tax assessment on the Seagram Building.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._351-211">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF197204-219">[213]</a> In 1971, building management conducted what city officials believed was the first voluntary fire drill at a New York City office building.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> During the 1970s, Seagram received several offers for the building from potential buyers, and the company contemplated selling it and leasing back its own space.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19761108-139">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagram_Building,_New_York_City._LOC_gsc.5a31150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Seagram_Building%2C_New_York_City._LOC_gsc.5a31150.jpg/220px-Seagram_Building%2C_New_York_City._LOC_gsc.5a31150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Seagram_Building%2C_New_York_City._LOC_gsc.5a31150.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Colorized view of the building from the Library of Congress's collection</figcaption></figure> Seagram had decided to retain ownership of the building by 1976, saying that the building brought publicity to the company.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19761108-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_pp._351-352-224">[218]</a> The same year, Bronfman's son and Seagram's president <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bronfman_Sr." title="Edgar Bronfman Sr.">Edgar Bronfman Sr.</a> asked the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a> (LPC) to grant city-landmark status to the building.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19761108-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._351-211">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR197612-225">[219]</a> The move surprised mayor <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Abraham Beame</a>, since the city's landlords typically attempted to prevent their buildings from being listed as landmarks.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19761108-139">[135]</a> The LPC ultimately did not hold a hearing for the Seagram Building. LPC rules specified that individual New York City landmarks be at least 30 years old at the time of their designation; the building had been completed only 18 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._18-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._352-226">[220]</a> Bronfman proposed that the LPC allow designations of buildings less than 30 years old if their owners supported landmark status, but no action was taken on the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._352-226">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt19790601-227">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TIAA_ownership">TIAA ownership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: TIAA ownership">edit</a>]</div> In February 1979, Seagram offered the tower for sale at $75 million. In the absence of official landmark status, the company mandated that the new owner preserve the exterior and public spaces in their original condition.<a href="#cite_note-:1-228">[222]</a> This was enforced by what was known as an Article 26 restriction, which protected the exterior, public interiors, and any other interior space within 16 feet (4.9 m) of the facade.<a href="#cite_note-Belogolovsky_2024_m970-168">[163]</a> The new owner was obligated to keep the building for at least fifteen years, and would have to take over the high land-assessment taxes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-228">[222]</a> Seagram sold the building to the <a href="/wiki/Teachers_Insurance_and_Annuity_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America">Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association</a> (TIAA) for $85.5 million in June 1979, leasing some space back from them.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._352-226">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt19790601-227">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> This fee included $70.5 million for the structure and $15 million for the underlying land.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2-230">[224]</a> As part of the sale, the building retained the "Seagram" name, although it was only identified on signage by its address.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19790601-227">[221]</a> For decades after the sale, Lambert continued to be involved with the Seagram Building's operation.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20130407-88">[86]</a> The TIAA, like the Seagram Company, supported landmark status for the building. In early 1988, just over thirty years after the Seagram Building had been completed, the TIAA filed documentation with the LPC requesting that the Seagram Building's exterior, lobby, and plaza be considered for landmark status.<a href="#cite_note-newsday19891004-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT2-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydn19880513-231">[225]</a> The Four Seasons' operators also separately endorsed landmark designation for their restaurant's interior in the Seagram Building.<a href="#cite_note-nydn19880513-231">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> On October 3, 1989, the LPC designated the Seagram Building's exterior, the lobby, and the Four Seasons Restaurant as landmarks. The Four Seasons was only the second restaurant interior in the city to be designated a landmark, after <a href="/wiki/Gage_and_Tollner" title="Gage and Tollner">Gage and Tollner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19891004-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsday19891004-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate" title="New York City Board of Estimate">New York City Board of Estimate</a> ratified all three designations in January 1990.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> While the TIAA had strongly supported the exterior and lobby landmark designations, it sued the LPC in 1990 to have the designation for the Four Seasons removed. The TIAA argued that the restaurant was personal property and that the designation would force the restaurant to continue operating even if the owners wished to close it.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> The state's Court of Appeals upheld the designation in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> The Brasserie, not covered in any of the landmark designations, was renovated in 1999 after being damaged by a fire in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19990829-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR_2000-03:-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RFR_ownership">RFR ownership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: RFR ownership">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s_and_2010s">2000s and 2010s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2000s and 2010s">edit</a>]</div> Real estate investor <a href="/wiki/Aby_Rosen" title="Aby Rosen">Aby Rosen</a> entered a contract in October 2000 to purchase a majority ownership stake in the building for $375 million,<a href="#cite_note-NYT1-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-cny20001023-236">[230]</a> completing his purchase that December.<a href="#cite_note-Commercial_Real_Estate_Direct_2000-237">[231]</a> At the time, 99.5 percent of the building's space was occupied, but only six original tenants remained.<a href="#cite_note-Commercial_Real_Estate_Direct_2000-237">[231]</a> The following year, the Seagram Company moved its headquarters out of the building.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._18-216">[210]</a> Rosen's RFR Holding retained ownership of the Seagram Building.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> Meanwhile, French media conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi">Vivendi</a>, which acquired the Seagram Company in 2000, started selling off the building's art in 2003 to raise money.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> RFR received the LPC's permission in 2005 to transfer unused development rights at the Seagram Building site to a neighboring building. In exchange, the Seagram Building's owners would be required to keep the facade in near-original condition.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> The Seagram Building was nominated for inclusion on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> (NRHP) on January 12, 2006,<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> and was added to the NRHP on February 24, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-nris_2006-1">[1]</a> RFR obtained full ownership of the Seagram Building in 2013, when it purchased a 14 percent stake from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Lis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Lis (page does not exist)">Harry Lis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Real_Deal_New_York_2013-244">[238]</a> In 2015, RFR decided to terminate Four Seasons' and the Brasserie's leases ahead of schedule, and the restaurants were closed.<a href="#cite_note-Morabito_2015-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Real_Deal_New_York_2015-245">[239]</a> RFR proposed changes to the Four Seasons' interior, including removing the glass wall between the Grill Room and Pool Room, as well as converting the wine cellar to restrooms.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> The LPC rejected RFR's proposal to change the interior of The Four Seasons Restaurant, except for a carpet replacement, which the commission allowed.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annabelle_Selldorf" title="Annabelle Selldorf">Annabelle Selldorf</a> restored the physical structure while <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Georgis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Georgis (page does not exist)">William Georgis</a> oversaw the interior design.<a href="#cite_note-Wallpaper_Magazine_2017-111">[109]</a> The Grill and the Pool were opened within the former Four Seasons space in mid-2017.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> That year, architect Peter Marino designed the Lobster Club within the former Brasserie space in the basement.<a href="#cite_note-Firshein_2018-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viladas_2017-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keh_2017-125">[122]</a> In addition, the facade was restored in 2016, and RFR spent $400,000 to install waterproofing on the fountains and $250,000 to renovate the plaza benches. RFR was also planning to change the underground garage, which did not have landmark status.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> Initially, RFR did not seek the LPC's permission to change the landmark-designated Four Seasons interior, only requesting permission in late 2017 after the renovations were completed.<a href="#cite_note-Tuder_2017-250">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> The LPC retroactively approved the renovations nearly two years later, with some modifications.<a href="#cite_note-Plitt_2019-252">[246]</a> To conform to the plans that the LPC had approved, the Pool's lounge room was closed in December 2019 for a one-month renovation.<a href="#cite_note-Warerkar_20202-253">[247]</a> The next month, the Grill took over the Pool because of higher demand for cuisine in the Grill.<a href="#cite_note-Warerkar_2020-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020s_to_present">2020s to present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2020s to present">edit</a>]</div> Rosen announced in mid-2020 that he would renovate much of the garage into the Seagram Playground, a communal workers' space and gym, over the following one and a half years.<a href="#cite_note-wsj20200620-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Real_Deal_New_York_2020-254">[248]</a> The communal space was announced as a way to attract tenants in light of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">COVID-19 pandemic in New York City</a>, as well as the departure of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a>, a major tenant.<a href="#cite_note-Karmin_2020-255">[249]</a> The Seagram Playground was completed in August 2022 for $25 million;<a href="#cite_note-Facility_Executive_2022-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2022-08-10-98">[96]</a> at the time, 80 percent of the space in the building was occupied.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2022-08-10-98">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Curbed" title="Curbed">Curbed</a> wrote that the Seagram Playground was one of several large investments that Rosen had made in "prime midtown real estate at a time when it hasn't exactly bounced back" from the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-Read_2022-256">[250]</a> The building was almost fully occupied by the end of 2022, after firms such as <a href="/wiki/Blue_Owl_Capital" title="Blue Owl Capital">Blue Owl Capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Dubilier_%26_Rice" title="Clayton, Dubilier & Rice">Clayton, Dubilier & Rice</a> signed or renewed their leases.<a href="#cite_note-Real_Estate_Weekly_2022-257">[251]</a> Rosen and his partner Michael Fuchs sought to refinance the Seagram Building by early 2023, as a $783 million <a href="/wiki/Commercial_mortgage-backed_security" title="Commercial mortgage-backed security">commercial mortgage-backed security</a> loan on the building was expected to mature at the end of the year;<a href="#cite_note-Coen_2023-258">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cifuentes_2023-259">[253]</a> the loan was extended that May.<a href="#cite_note-Bockmann_2023_p664-260">[254]</a> Rosen refinanced the building for $1.1 billion in December 2023<a href="#cite_note-Hallum_2023_t550-261">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Real_Deal_2023_b462-262">[256]</a> and renewed leases for more than 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of space during that year.<a href="#cite_note-The_Real_Deal_2024_x055-263">[257]</a> In February 2025, Rosen refinanced the building again, obtaining a $1.2 million <a href="/wiki/Commercial_mortgage-backed_security" title="Commercial mortgage-backed security">commercial mortgage-backed security</a> loan.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Av_May_2022_37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Park_Av_May_2022_37.jpg/220px-Park_Av_May_2022_37.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Park_Av_May_2022_37.jpg/330px-Park_Av_May_2022_37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Park_Av_May_2022_37.jpg/440px-Park_Av_May_2022_37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The building as seen from the ground on 53rd Street</figcaption></figure> When the Seagram Building was completed, Lewis Mumford described the structure as a "<a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a>" of buildings<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._8-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mumford_p._19-267">[261]</a> and wrote that "it has the aesthetic impact that only a unified work of art carried through without paltry compromises can have".<a href="#cite_note-Mumford_p._20-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._8-266">[260]</a> In 1957, Thomas W. Ennis of The New York Times wrote the building was "one of the most notable of Manhattan's post-war buildings" and characterized its design as the high point of Mies's career.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._16-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt19571110-76">[74]</a> Similarly, Progressive Architecture described the Seagram Building as "probably the most heralded new building in the U.S." in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> According to Architectural Forum in 1958, "Seagram challenges accepted skyscraper practice all the way down the line."<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._8-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._67-269">[263]</a> At a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Cultura" title="Istituto Italiano di Cultura">Italian Cultural Institute</a> the following year, architect <a href="/wiki/Gino_Pollini" title="Gino Pollini">Gino Pollini</a> said the Seagram Building was "a masterpiece of functional and esthetic architecture".<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> Critical acclaim for the Seagram Building continued. Eight years after the building opened, Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that it was "dignified, sumptuous, severe, sophisticated, cool, consummately elegant architecture".<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a> described the lobby in 1975 as one of "The Ten Best Lobbies in New York".<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_(Interior)_p._7;_NPS_p._15-272">[266]</a> In 1981, architectural writer <a href="/wiki/G._E._Kidder_Smith" title="G. E. Kidder Smith">G. E. Kidder Smith</a> found the building and its features to be "in toto incomparable".<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._8;_NPS_p._19-273">[267]</a> According to Jerold Kayden, who wrote about the building in 2000, the Seagram Building "remains the city's quintessential International Style masterpiece of '<a href="/wiki/Towers_in_the_park" title="Towers in the park">tower in the park</a>' architecture".<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._19-274">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kayden_p._144-275">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Scofidio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo Scofidio">Ricardo Scofidio</a> of Diller Scofidio + Renfro said the construction of the Seagram Building "was the first time you really realized that architecture brought something to the city that didn't exist".<a href="#cite_note-nyt20130407-88">[86]</a> In 2001, architecture critic <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Muschamp" title="Herbert Muschamp">Herbert Muschamp</a> referred to it as "the Building of Two Millenniums," writing that it encompassed "everything essential in Western architecture".<a href="#cite_note-Beam_247–248-276">[270]</a> While the public and architectural critics generally appreciated the Seagram Building, there were also comments about the design's drawbacks. Stern stated that there were negative remarks about the plaza's "austerity" and the exterior's lack of purity.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a> Stern cited architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a>, who believed the rear "spine" took away from the purity of the slab, though Kahn also said the hidden wind bracing made the building appear like "a beautiful bronze lady in hidden corsets".<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> While Mumford largely praised the design, he found the plaza's pools and fountains to be a "gross defect" in what was otherwise a "masterpiece".<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._346-61">[59]</a> Italian architecture writers <a href="/wiki/Manfredo_Tafuri" title="Manfredo Tafuri">Manfredo Tafuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Dal_Co" title="Francesco Dal Co">Francesco Dal Co</a>, in their 1976 book Modern Architecture, wrote that the Seagram Building stood "aloof from the city" and saw the juxtaposition as a symbol of absence.<a href="#cite_note-Tafuri_Co_1976_p.-278">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._347-279">[273]</a> Architect <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> dismissed the building as "a whisky bottle on a playing card."<a href="#cite_note-Beam_247–248-276">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_recognition">Architectural recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Architectural recognition">edit</a>]</div> The Fifth Avenue Association called the Seagram Building the best edifice constructed on Park Avenue between 1956 and 1957.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> The city government gave the Seagram Company an award in 1963 for the building's positive impact on the city's beauty.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19631003-210">[204]</a> The Board of Trade awarded its 1965 architecture prize to the building, citing its plaza, form, and material.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._17-281">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Art_Society" title="Municipal Art Society">Municipal Art Society</a> (MAS) gave a bronze plaque to the building, recognizing it as a "modern landmark".<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._17-281">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> Philip Johnson received the city's Bronze Medallion for the Seagram Building's design in 1979. Simultaneously, the AIA's New York division gave the Seagram Company a special citation recognizing the company's "most elegant contribution to the art of architecture and the care with which it is maintained".<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> A 1977 poll of American-architecture experts ranked the Seagram Building as the fifth-best structure in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-p1465598542-285">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> while a 1982 poll of <a href="/wiki/Architecture:_the_AIA_journal" title="Architecture: the AIA journal">Architecture: the AIA journal</a> readers ranked the Seagram Building as the second-best.<a href="#cite_note-p172714490-287">[281]</a> The AIA further recognized the Seagram Building in 1984 with a <a href="/wiki/Twenty-five_Year_Award" title="Twenty-five Year Award">Twenty-five Year Award</a> for its "ability to stand to the test of time".<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> In a survey of 170 AIA fellows the next year, the building was ranked second on a list of the "most successful examples of architectural design".<a href="#cite_note-p294325413-289">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_influence">Design influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Design influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:270_Park_Avenue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Union Carbide Building, a glass tower at 270 Park Avenue. The Union Carbide Building's design was inspired by the design of the Seagram Building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/270_Park_Avenue.JPG/220px-270_Park_Avenue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/270_Park_Avenue.JPG/330px-270_Park_Avenue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/270_Park_Avenue.JPG/440px-270_Park_Avenue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The former Union Carbide Building at <a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%E2%80%932021)" title="270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)">270 Park Avenue</a>, which was inspired by the design of the Seagram Building</figcaption></figure> The Seagram Building's plaza was popular immediately when the building opened, being frequented by both office workers and tourists.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19580726-44">[44]</a> In 1971, the plaza was the setting of a planning study by sociologist <a href="/wiki/William_H._Whyte" title="William H. Whyte">William H. Whyte</a>, whose film Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, produced with the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Art_Society_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Art Society of New York">Municipal Art Society of New York</a> (MAS), records the daily patterns of people socializing around the plaza.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._348-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berg_2011-290">[284]</a> Whyte praised the plaza as allowing a sense of choice, in that patrons could lie down or sit on the ledges or steps, despite their relatively plain design.<a href="#cite_note-Berg_2011-290">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whyte_1974-291">[285]</a> The plaza's presence helped influence the <a href="/wiki/1961_Zoning_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Zoning Resolution">1961 Zoning Resolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt19761108-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._11-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._344-52">[50]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> ordinance that allowed New York City developers to increase their edifices' maximum floor areas in exchange for adding open space in front of their buildings. This was in sharp contrast to the "wedding cake" model of the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which had required setbacks at regular intervals.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._8;_NPS_p._17-292">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kayden_p._10-293">[287]</a> Even before the 1961 zoning codes had been implemented, some New York City buildings followed the Seagram's model of a slab behind a plaza, such as the Time–Life Building at <a href="/wiki/1271_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1271 Avenue of the Americas">1271 Avenue of the Americas</a>, the former Union Carbide Building at <a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%E2%80%932021)" title="270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)">270 Park Avenue</a>, and the One Chase Manhattan Plaza building at <a href="/wiki/28_Liberty_Street" title="28 Liberty Street">28 Liberty Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._17-281">[275]</a> Twenty acres (8.1 ha) of plazas were built in New York City in the decade after the zoning-code revision.<a href="#cite_note-Mertins_p._344-52">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goldberger" title="Paul Goldberger">Paul Goldberger</a> wrote in The New York Times in 1976 that the Seagram Building was one of "New York's most copied buildings", its design having been copied in several structures internationally.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19761108-139">[135]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/William_Jordy" title="William Jordy">William H. Jordy</a>, these structures included 270 Park Avenue and the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Steel_Building" title="Inland Steel Building">Inland Steel Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._8-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jordy_1976_p.-294">[288]</a> Mies reused the building's design for towers in Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Toronto,<a href="#cite_note-Relph_1987_p._193-295">[289]</a> and a replica of the Seagram Building was constructed at the <a href="/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New York-New York Hotel and Casino">New York-New York Hotel and Casino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada" title="Paradise, Nevada">Paradise, Nevada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1997-01-15-296">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune_1997-297">[291]</a> According to writer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Relph" title="Edward Relph">E. C. Relph</a>, the design was "widely plagiarised in various colours and shapes by other architects", though Relph considered some of the other towers to be "devoid of interesting copies".<a href="#cite_note-Relph_1987_p._193-295">[289]</a> In mid-2005, the <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper_Museum" title="Skyscraper Museum">Skyscraper Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> asked 100 architects, builders, critics, engineers, historians, and scholars, among others, to choose their 10 favorites among 25 of the city's towers. The Seagram Building came in second place behind the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a>, with 76 respondents placing it on their ballots.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._19-274">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/32px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/48px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/64px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1969" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:NRHP" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:NRHP">NRHP portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Designated_Landmarks_in_Manhattan_from_14th_to_59th_Streets" title="List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets">List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_from_14th_to_59th_Streets" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets">National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> state the slab is 100 feet (30 m) from Park Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL_p._5-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt19580726-44">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/SkyscraperPage" title="SkyscraperPage">SkyscraperPage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a> cite a height of 515 feet (157 m)<a href="#cite_note-SkyscraperPage.com-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emporis-48">[47]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Forum" title="Architectural Forum">Architectural Forum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> give a height of 520 feet (160 m).<a href="#cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._68-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._4-49">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Sources disagree on whether the rooms had a combined maximum capacity of 400<a href="#cite_note-NPS_pp._5-6-113">[111]</a> or 485.<a href="#cite_note-Architectural_Record_2016-115">[113]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> The total floor space on each story was slightly higher. The second through fourth stories had 31,955 sq ft (2,968.7 m2) each; the fifth through tenth stories, 22,225 sq ft (2,064.8 m2); and the eleventh and higher stories, 14,933 sq ft (1,387.3 m2).<a href="#cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._345-42">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-USGDP-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_152-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonWilliamson2023" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/">"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> United States <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the MeasuringWorth series. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> According to architectural writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._M._Stern" title="Robert A. M. Stern">Robert A. M. Stern</a>, the architects considered by Lambert included "<a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Howe_(architect)" title="George Howe (architect)">George Howe</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lescaze" title="William Lescaze">William Lescaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Yamasaki" title="Minoru Yamasaki">Minoru Yamasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mies_Van_De_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies Van De Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._344-171">[166]</a> Lambert recalled in 2024 that she had also come up of a list of architects who "could but shouldn't", including <a href="/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidmore, Owings & Merrill">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</a>, who she thought were "not inventive".<a href="#cite_note-Belogolovsky_2024_m970-168">[163]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris_2006-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nris_2006_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_2006_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_2006_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2006-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places 2006 Weekly Lists"</a> (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. 2006. p. 78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325200236/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2006-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+2006+Weekly+Lists&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=National+Register+of+Historic+Places%2C+National+Park+Service&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fsubjects%2Fnationalregister%2Fupload%2Fweekly-list-2006-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultural_Resource_Information_System-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Resource_Information_System_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Resource_Information_System_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cris.parks.ny.gov/">"Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)"</a>. 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Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Four+Seasons+Is+Designated+A+Landmark&rft.date=1989-10-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F10%2F04%2Fnyregion%2Ffour-seasons-is-designated-a-landmark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsday19891004-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newsday19891004_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsday19891004_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsday19891004_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsday19891004_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsday19891004_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelvin1989" class="citation news cs1">Selvin, Barbara W. (October 4, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80635880/lofty-landmark-status/">"Lofty Landmark Status Seagram Building And Four Seasons make historic docket"</a>. Newsday. pp. 47, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80635938/seagram-landmark/">50</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/278218861">278218861</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712134433/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80635880/lofty-landmark-status/">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Lofty+Landmark+Status+Seagram+Building+And+Four+Seasons+make+historic+docket&rft.pages=47%2C+50&rft.date=1989-10-04&rft.aulast=Selvin&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F80635880%2Flofty-landmark-status%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreiner1989b">Breiner 1989b</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreiner1989a">Breiner 1989a</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreinerUrbanelli1989">Breiner & Urbanelli 1989</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-ZoLa-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZoLa_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZoLa_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZoLa_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZoLa_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1307/1#17.95/40.758457/-73.971507">"375 Park Avenue, 10022"</a>. New York City Department of City Planning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127231656/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1307/1#17.95/40.758457/-73.971507">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2020. 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NYCurious"</a>. amNewYork. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708215731/https://www.amny.com/news/nyc-zip-codes-1-28558957/">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amNewYork&rft.atitle=Why+do+some+buildings+have+their+own+ZIP+codes%3F+NYCurious&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amny.com%2Fnews%2Fnyc-zip-codes-1-28558957%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt19541125-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19541125_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19541125_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaarinen1954" class="citation news cs1">Saarinen, Aline B. (November 25, 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/11/25/96509602.pdf">"Pioneer to Design Skyscraper Here; Park Avenue Project Awarded to Van Der Rohe, Leader in Contemporary Architecture"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pioneer+to+Design+Skyscraper+Here%3B+Park+Avenue+Project+Awarded+to+Van+Der+Rohe%2C+Leader+in+Contemporary+Architecture&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1954-11-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Saarinen&rft.aufirst=Aline+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1954%2F11%2F25%2F96509602.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mumford_p._21-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mumford_p._21_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mumford_p._21_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mumford_p._21_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMumford1959">Mumford 1959</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mertins_p._352-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mertins_p._352_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mertins_p._352_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMertins2014">Mertins 2014</a>, p. 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_pp._4-5-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_pp._4-5_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_pp._4-5_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiggins_&_Quasebarth2006">Higgins & Quasebarth 2006</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-NeighborhoodMap-16"><a href="#cite_ref-NeighborhoodMap_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.mta.info/document/2641">"Lexington Avenue—53rd Street Neighborhood Map"</a>. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214184918/https://new.mta.info/document/2641">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexington+Avenue%E2%80%9453rd+Street+Neighborhood+Map&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Transportation+Authority&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.mta.info%2Fdocument%2F2641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_pp._1-2-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_pp._1-2_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_pp._1-2_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreiner1989b">Breiner 1989b</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/14/archives/grand-central-zone-boasts-many-connected-buildings-pedestrians-may.html">"Grand Central Zone Boasts Many Connected Buildings"</a>. The New York Times. September 14, 1930. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422193931/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/14/archives/grand-central-zone-boasts-many-connected-buildings-pedestrians-may.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2020. 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New York: Rizzoli. pp. 353–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-0511-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-0511-5"><bdi>0-8478-0511-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9829395">9829395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+1900%3A+Metropolitan+Architecture+and+Urbanism%2C+1890%E2%80%931915&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E354&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9829395&rft.isbn=0-8478-0511-5&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+M.&rft.au=Gilmartin%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Massengale%2C+John+Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyork1900metro0000ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlichting2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_C._Schlichting" title="Kurt C. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420002305/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/14/realestate/is-it-time-to-redevelop-park-avenue-again.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+It+Time+to+Redevelop+Park+Avenue+Again%3F&rft.date=1989-05-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F05%2F14%2Frealestate%2Fis-it-time-to-redevelop-park-avenue-again.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p132975788-22"><a href="#cite_ref-p132975788_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn1964" class="citation news cs1">Penn, Stanley W. (February 16, 1964). "Glass Buildings: Is Fashion Over?". The Wall Street Journal. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/132975788">132975788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Glass+Buildings%3A+Is+Fashion+Over%3F&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1964-02-16&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Stanley+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._342-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._342_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._342_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._342_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._342_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._342_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._342_23-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995">Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyht19550330-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyht19550330_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyht19550330_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyht19550330_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Seagram's Plans Glass Skyscraper: 38-Story Tower Set for Park Av". 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ArchDaily. May 10, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526040116/https://www.archdaily.com/59412/ad-classics-seagram-building-mies-van-der-rohe">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AD+Classics%3A+Seagram+Building+%2F+Mies+van+der+Rohe&rft.pub=ArchDaily&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archdaily.com%2F59412%2Fad-classics-seagram-building-mies-van-der-rohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteWillenskyLeadon2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norval_White" title="Norval White">White, Norval</a>; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). <a href="/wiki/AIA_Guide_to_New_York_City" title="AIA Guide to New York City">AIA Guide to New York City</a> (5th ed.). 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Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Forum&rft.atitle=Seagram%27s+Plans+Plaza+Tower+in+New+York&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1954-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusmodernist.org%2FAF%2FAF-1955-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAA_p._15-30"><a href="#cite_ref-AAA_p._15_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArts_and_Architecture1960">Arts and Architecture 1960</a>, PDF p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archdaily.com/396263/why-green-architecture-hardly-ever-deserves-the-name">"Why Green Architecture Hardly Ever Deserves the Name"</a>. ArchDaily. 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Vol. 30. August 28, 1954. pp. 15–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919200338/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1954/08/28">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Talk+of+the+Town%3A+Repeat+Performance&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1954-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1954%2F08%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj19540713-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj19540713_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj19540713_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Seagram-Distillers Plans $15 Million New York Building". 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Retrieved March 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Park+Ave.+To+Get+New+Skyscraper%3B+Seagrams+Plans+a+Gleaming+34-story+Headquarters+%E2%80%93+Voisin+to+Lose+Home&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1954-07-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1954%2F07%2F13%2F84125750.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/07/21/84127736.pdf">"Seagram Plan Filed: Sketches Submitted for Big Building on Park Avenue"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. July 21, 1954. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Seagram+Plan+Filed%3A+Sketches+Submitted+for+Big+Building+on+Park+Avenue&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1954-07-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1954%2F07%2F21%2F84127736.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usmodernist.org/AF/AF-1954-08.pdf">"Seagram plans a monument"</a> (PDF). 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Vol. 71, no. 9. March 3, 1958. pp. 52, 53, 55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201094514/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601580303,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Monument+in+Bronze&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=52%2C+53%2C+55&rft.date=1958-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2F0%2C9263%2C7601580303%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyht19541125-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyht19541125_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyht19541125_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTait1954" class="citation news cs1">Tait, Jack (November 25, 1954). 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The Architect's Newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225204036/https://www.archpaper.com/2024/02/65-years-seagram-building-phyllis-lambert-mies-van-der-rohe-commission">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Architect%27s+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Phyllis+Lambert+talks+about+the+Seagram+Building&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft.aulast=Belogolovsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archpaper.com%2F2024%2F02%2F65-years-seagram-building-phyllis-lambert-mies-van-der-rohe-commission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGueft1955" class="citation magazine cs1">Gueft, Olga (January 1955). "The Race to Design". Interiors. 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University of Chicago Press. pp. 329–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75602-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75602-8"><bdi>978-0-226-75602-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 10, 2024. <q>The question I asked everybody about the Seagram project when I met them was "Who do you think ought to do the building?" So Mies was the only person who was really generous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mies+van+der+Rohe%3A+A+Critical+Biography%2C+New+and+Revised+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-75602-8&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft.au=Windhorst%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCO05VeT5_Q0C%26q%3Dseagram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._344-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._344_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._344_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._344_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._12;_Stern_(1995)_p._344_171-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMertins2014">Mertins 2014</a>, p. 340; <a href="#CITEREFHiggins_&_Quasebarth2006">Higgins & Quasebarth 2006</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995">Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mertins_p._341-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mertins_p._341_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mertins_p._341_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mertins_p._341_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mertins_p._341_173-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mertins_p._341_173-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mertins_p._341_173-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mertins_p._341_173-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMertins2014">Mertins 2014</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern_(1995)_pp._344-345-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_pp._344-345_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_pp._344-345_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995">Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995</a>, pp. 344–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_p._10-175"><a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p._10_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreiner1989b">Breiner 1989b</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/04/07/93800675.pdf">"A New $30,000,000 Building"</a> (PDF). 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New York Herald Tribune. June 3, 1956. p. 1C. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1323861879">1323861879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=New+Tower+on+Park+Ave.+Sets+Record+in+Timing%3A+Big+Seagram+Project+Meets+%27Target+Dates%27+Precise+Scheduling+Is+Unusual+on+Major+Job&rft.pages=1C&rft.date=1956-06-03&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyht19561223-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyht19561223_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyht19561223_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyht19561223_182-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Workers Finish Frame For Seagram Building". 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December 23, 1956. p. 12C. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1324034198">1324034198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Workers+Finish+Frame+For+Seagram+Building&rft.pages=12C&rft.date=1956-12-23&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/06/09/84700150.pdf">"Wiley Modifying No-standing Rule; Provides for Steel Delivery on 52d and 53d Streets for New Park Ave. Building"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. June 9, 1956. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wiley+Modifying+No-standing+Rule%3B+Provides+for+Steel+Delivery+on+52d+and+53d+Streets+for+New+Park+Ave.+Building&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1956-06-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1956%2F06%2F09%2F84700150.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1956" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Milton (June 9, 1956). "Seagram Bldg. 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New York Herald Tribune. p. A1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1327601364">1327601364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Seagram+Bldg.+Allowed+Trucks+Delivering+Steel%3A+Wiley+Changes+Traffic+Test+Rules+In+Drivers%27+Walkout+Over+Tickets&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1956-06-09&rft.issn=1941-0646&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulliganKline1956" class="citation news cs1">Mulligan, Arthur; Kline, Sidney (June 8, 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73619880/">"Wiley Speedup Slows 20 Million Skyscraper"</a>. New York Daily News. p. 327. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021132011/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73619880/wiley-speedup-slows-20-million/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. 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The New York Times. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=About+New+York%3B+Seagram+Building+Will+Be+Topped-Off+This+Week+%E2%80%94+N.Y.U.+Regains+Lost+Doorknobs&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1956-12-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Meyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1956%2F12%2F10%2F105221276.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyht19570419-187"><a href="#cite_ref-nyht19570419_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Complete Facade Of Seagram Bldg". 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April 19, 1957. p. A7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1327613455">1327613455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Complete+Facade+Of+Seagram+Bldg.&rft.pages=A7&rft.date=1957-04-19&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._15-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._15_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p._7;_NPS_p._15_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreiner1989b">Breiner 1989b</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFHiggins_&_Quasebarth2006">Higgins & Quasebarth 2006</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_p._7-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p._7_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p._7_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p._7_189-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreiner1989b">Breiner 1989b</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-AF_(1958)_pp._76-77-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AF_(1958)_pp._76-77_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_(1958)_pp._76-77_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArchitectural_Forum1958">Architectural Forum 1958</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-AF_(1958)_p._77-191"><a href="#cite_ref-AF_(1958)_p._77_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArchitectural_Forum1958">Architectural Forum 1958</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyht19570617-192"><a href="#cite_ref-nyht19570617_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Big Firms Lease Park Ave. Space". New York Herald Tribune. June 17, 1957. p. B1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1327615353">1327615353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Big+Firms+Lease+Park+Ave.+Space&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=1957-06-17&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/06/30/91394801.pdf">"Bethlehem Steel Leases 2 Floors; Takes Space in the Seagram Building on Park Ave"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. June 30, 1958. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bethlehem+Steel+Leases+2+Floors%3B+Takes+Space+in+the+Seagram+Building+on+Park+Ave&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1958-06-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1958%2F06%2F30%2F91394801.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/08/25/79459166.pdf">"Offices Leased by Oil Company; Space Is Taken in Seagram Building by Japanese"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. August 25, 1958. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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February 5, 1958. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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November 4, 1957. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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March 12, 1958. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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August 29, 1957. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Floor+Lease+Taken+in+Seagram+Building&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1957-12-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1957%2F12%2F19%2F85012435.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/01/13/83387379.pdf">"Five Rent Space in 375 Park Ave.: Law Firm and Commercial Enterprises Are Moving to Seagram Building"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. January 13, 1958. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Five+Rent+Space+in+375+Park+Ave.%3A+Law+Firm+and+Commercial+Enterprises+Are+Moving+to+Seagram+Building&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1958-01-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1958%2F01%2F13%2F83387379.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_pp._6-7-201"><a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_pp._6-7_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreiner1989b">Breiner 1989b</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuniff1961" class="citation web cs1">Cuniff, John (November 12, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73695448/">"A New Glitter for Park Avenue"</a>. The News and Observer. p. 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021131925/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73695448/a-new-glitter-for-park-avenue/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+and+Observer&rft.atitle=A+New+Glitter+for+Park+Avenue&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1961-11-12&rft.aulast=Cuniff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F73695448%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1958" class="citation news cs1">Knox, Sanka (October 29, 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/10/29/82215211.pdf">"Global Art Show Opens Here Today; 40 Nations Represented in Tribute to U. N. Planned by Philanthropy Unit"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Global+Art+Show+Opens+Here+Today%3B+40+Nations+Represented+in+Tribute+to+U.+N.+Planned+by+Philanthropy+Unit&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1958-10-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Sanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1958%2F10%2F29%2F82215211.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"40-Nation U. N. Art Exhibit Opens". New York Herald Tribune. October 30, 1958. p. A4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1326251632">1326251632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=40-Nation+U.+N.+Art+Exhibit+Opens&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=1958-10-30&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1965" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, McCandlish (May 19, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/05/19/97202169.pdf">"Out of Mexico's Past to Park Ave.; Olmec Head to Be on View 2 Weeks"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Out+of+Mexico%27s+Past+to+Park+Ave.%3B+Olmec+Head+to+Be+on+View+2+Weeks&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1965-05-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=McCandlish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1965%2F05%2F19%2F97202169.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlueck1968" class="citation news cs1">Glueck, Grace (October 22, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/10/22/76895992.pdf">"5-Ton Head From Easter Island Is Put on a Pedestal"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=5-Ton+Head+From+Easter+Island+Is+Put+on+a+Pedestal&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1968-10-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Glueck&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1968%2F10%2F22%2F76895992.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulloy1995" class="citation book cs1">Mulloy, W.T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHrjAAAAMAAJ">The Easter Island Bulletins of William Mulloy</a>. Easter Island Foundation Series. World Monuments Fund. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1880636046" title="Special:BookSources/978-1880636046"><bdi>978-1880636046</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45480253">45480253</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021131926/https://books.google.com/books?id=yHrjAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Island+Bulletins+of+William+Mulloy&rft.series=Easter+Island+Foundation+Series&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=World+Monuments+Fund&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45480253&rft.isbn=978-1880636046&rft.aulast=Mulloy&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyHrjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._348-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._348_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._348_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._348_208-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995">Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGent1971" class="citation news cs1">Gent, George (January 27, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/27/archives/park-ave-gets-a-nevelson-sculpture.html">"Park Ave. Gets a Nevelson Sculpture"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021131927/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/27/archives/park-ave-gets-a-nevelson-sculpture.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Park+Ave.+Gets+a+Nevelson+Sculpture&rft.date=1971-01-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gent&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F01%2F27%2Farchives%2Fpark-ave-gets-a-nevelson-sculpture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt19631003-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19631003_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19631003_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel1963" class="citation news cs1">Spiegel, Irving (October 3, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/10/03/89964721.pdf">"'Salute to Fall' Honors Seagram; City Beauty Award Given Building Whose Tax Rose"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Salute+to+Fall%27+Honors+Seagram%3B+City+Beauty+Award+Given+Building+Whose+Tax+Rose&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1963-10-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1963%2F10%2F03%2F89964721.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._351-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._351_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._351_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._351_211-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995">Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_p._8;_NPS_pp._17-18-212"><a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p._8;_NPS_pp._17-18_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreiner1989b">Breiner 1989b</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFHiggins_&_Quasebarth2006">Higgins & Quasebarth 2006</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern_(1995)_pp._350-351-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_pp._350-351_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995">Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995</a>, pp. 350–351. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/11/archives/seagram-building-denied-tax-credit-by-appeals-court.html">"Seagram Building Denied Tax Credit By Appeals Court"</a>. The New York Times. June 11, 1964. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021131927/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/11/archives/seagram-building-denied-tax-credit-by-appeals-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Seagram+Building+Denied+Tax+Credit+By+Appeals+Court&rft.date=1964-06-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F06%2F11%2Farchives%2Fseagram-building-denied-tax-credit-by-appeals-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/13/archives/a-blow-to-beauty-seen-in-tax-ruling-on-seagram-tower.html">"A Blow to Beauty Seen in Tax Ruling On Seagram Tower"</a>. The New York Times. June 13, 1964. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803103248/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/13/archives/a-blow-to-beauty-seen-in-tax-ruling-on-seagram-tower.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Blow+to+Beauty+Seen+in+Tax+Ruling+On+Seagram+Tower&rft.date=1964-06-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F06%2F13%2Farchives%2Fa-blow-to-beauty-seen-in-tax-ruling-on-seagram-tower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_p._18-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._18_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._18_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._18_216-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_p._18_216-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiggins_&_Quasebarth2006">Higgins & Quasebarth 2006</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxtable1963" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ada_Louise_Huxtable" title="Ada Louise Huxtable">Huxtable, Ada Louise</a> (May 26, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/05/26/356808602.pdf">"Another Chapter in 'How to Kill a City'"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Another+Chapter+in+%27How+to+Kill+a+City%27&rft.pages=107&rft.date=1963-05-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Huxtable&rft.aufirst=Ada+Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1963%2F05%2F26%2F356808602.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Expansion Bottleneck: New York City Office-Tower Building Boom Fails to Satisfy Companies' Soaring Needs". The Wall Street Journal. March 7, 1968. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/133317144">133317144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Expansion+Bottleneck%3A+New+York+City+Office-Tower+Building+Boom+Fails+to+Satisfy+Companies%27+Soaring+Needs&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1968-03-07&rft.issn=0099-9660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AF197204-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AF197204_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF197204_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usmodernist.org/AF/AF-1972-04.pdf">"The Rent Was Too High"</a> (PDF). Architectural Forum. Vol. 136, no. 4. April 1972. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711173420/https://usmodernist.org/AF/AF-1972-04.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Rent+Was+Too+High&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1972-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusmodernist.org%2FAF%2FAF-1972-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Seagram Building Rent Is Found Too Steep By a Tenant—Seagram: Firm Will Move 600 of Its 983 Employes From New York's Swank Park Avenue Tower". The Wall Street Journal. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021131946/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/16/archives/2500-walk-to-the-street-in-the-first-fire-drill-in-a-skyscraper.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. 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New York Daily News. p. 234. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021131946/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73629233/scraper-fire-drill-downs-them-fast/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. 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Architectural Record. Vol. 160, no. 12. December 1976. p. 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719150631/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1976-12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Record&rft.atitle=News+in+Brief&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1976-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusmodernist.org%2FAR%2FAR-1976-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern_(1995)_p._352-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._352_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._352_226-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_(1995)_p._352_226-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995">Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995</a>, p. 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt19790601-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19790601_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19790601_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt19790601_227-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1979" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Robert McG. 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Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Seagram+Tower+Offered+for+Sale+At+%2475+Million&rft.date=1979-02-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Robert+McG.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F02%2F26%2Farchives%2Fseagram-tower-offered-for-sale-at-75-million-conditions-would.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73629366/seagram-building-goes-for-855m/">"Seagram Building goes for $85.5M"</a>. New York Daily News. 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Dunlap">Dunlap, David W.</a> (April 21, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/21/nyregion/seagram-landmark-move-is-backed.html">"Seagram Landmark Move Is Backed"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831124137/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/21/nyregion/seagram-landmark-move-is-backed.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2020. 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New York Daily News. p. 68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021132017/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73695160/modern-masterpiece/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Modern+Masterpiece&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1988-05-13&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F73695160%2Fmodern-masterpiece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap1988" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Dunlap" title="David W. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720180739/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/26/nyregion/approval-given-to-four-seasons-as-a-landmark.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Approval+Given+To+Four+Seasons+As+a+Landmark&rft.date=1990-01-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Buder&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F01%2F26%2Fnyregion%2Fapproval-given-to-four-seasons-as-a-landmark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap1990" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Dunlap" title="David W. Dunlap">Dunlap, David W.</a> (February 4, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/04/nyregion/building-owner-fights-landmark-at-4-seasons.html">"Building Owner Fights Landmark at 4 Seasons"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525191453/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/04/nyregion/building-owner-fights-landmark-at-4-seasons.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2015. 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Bloomberg. Retrieved March 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Classic+Documentary+on+Public+Space+Now+Available+Online&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2011-10-03%2Fclassic-documentary-on-public-space-now-available-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whyte_1974-291"><a href="#cite_ref-Whyte_1974_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte1974" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Whyte" title="William H. Whyte">Whyte, William H.</a> (July 15, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hukCAAAAMBAJ">"The Best Street Life in the World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>. p. 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021131955/https://books.google.com/books?id=hukCAAAAMBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=The+Best+Street+Life+in+the+World&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1974-07-15&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhukCAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCL_p._8;_NPS_p._17-292"><a href="#cite_ref-NYCL_p._8;_NPS_p._17_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreiner1989b">Breiner 1989b</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFHiggins_&_Quasebarth2006">Higgins & Quasebarth 2006</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kayden_p._10-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Kayden_p._10_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaydenThe_New_York_City_Department_of_City_PlanningThe_Municipal_Art_Society_of_New_York2000">Kayden, The New York City Department of City Planning & The Municipal Art Society of New York 2000</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordy_1976_p.-294"><a href="#cite_ref-Jordy_1976_p._294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordy1976" class="citation book cs1">Jordy, William (1976). American Buildings and Their Architects: the Impact of European Modernism in the Mid-twentieth Century. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Anchor Press/Doubleday</a>. pp. 159, 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385057042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385057042"><bdi>978-0385057042</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15986676">15986676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Buildings+and+Their+Architects%3A+the+Impact+of+European+Modernism+in+the+Mid-twentieth+Century&rft.pages=159%2C+276&rft.pub=Anchor+Press%2FDoubleday&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15986676&rft.isbn=978-0385057042&rft.aulast=Jordy&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Relph_1987_p._193-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Relph_1987_p._193_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relph_1987_p._193_295-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRelph1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Relph" title="Edward Relph">Relph, E.C.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWLtWKEnq3EC&pg=PA193">The Modern Urban Landscape: 1880 to the Present</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801835605" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801835605"><bdi>978-0801835605</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15630880">15630880</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021131936/https://books.google.com/books?id=cWLtWKEnq3EC&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Urban+Landscape%3A+1880+to+the+Present&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15630880&rft.isbn=978-0801835605&rft.aulast=Relph&rft.aufirst=E.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWLtWKEnq3EC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1997-01-15-296"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1997-01-15_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberger1997" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goldberger" title="Paul Goldberger">Goldberger, Paul</a> (January 15, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/15/nyregion/new-york-new-york-it-s-a-las-vegas-town.html">"New York-New York, It's a Las Vegas Town"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609231254/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/15/nyregion/new-york-new-york-it-s-a-las-vegas-town.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York-New+York%2C+It%27s+a+Las+Vegas+Town&rft.date=1997-01-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Goldberger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F01%2F15%2Fnyregion%2Fnew-york-new-york-it-s-a-las-vegas-town.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chicago_Tribune_1997-297"><a href="#cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_1997_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-01-03-9701040154-story.html">"New York Looms Large in Las Vegas"</a>. Chicago Tribune. January 3, 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1085-6706">1085-6706</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322165733/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-01-03-9701040154-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=New+York+Looms+Large+in+Las+Vegas&rft.date=1997-01-03&rft.issn=1085-6706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1997-01-03-9701040154-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Dunlap" title="David W. Dunlap">Dunlap, David W.</a> (September 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/01/nyregion/in-city-of-skyscrapers-which-is-the-mightiest-of-the-high.html">"In a City of Skyscrapers, Which Is the Mightiest of the High? Experts Say It's No Contest"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305165641/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/01/nyregion/in-city-of-skyscrapers-which-is-the-mightiest-of-the-high.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+a+City+of+Skyscrapers%2C+Which+Is+the+Mightiest+of+the+High%3F+Experts+Say+It%27s+No+Contest&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F01%2Fnyregion%2Fin-city-of-skyscrapers-which-is-the-mightiest-of-the-high.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1958" class="citation magazine cs1">Anderson, John (December 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_interiors_1958-12_118_5/page/n75/mode/2up">"Seagram Building: Interiors in Keeping With a Masterpiece"</a>. Interiors. Vol. 118, no. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interiors&rft.atitle=Seagram+Building%3A+Interiors+in+Keeping+With+a+Masterpiece&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1958-12&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_interiors_1958-12_118_5%2Fpage%2Fn75%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Beam" title="Alex Beam">Beam, Alex</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-8kEAAAQBAJ">Broken Glass: Mies van der Rohe, Edith Farnsworth, and the Fight Over a Modernist Masterpiece</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399592713" title="Special:BookSources/978-0399592713"><bdi>978-0399592713</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104860779">1104860779</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531153238/https://books.google.com/books?id=J-8kEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken+Glass%3A+Mies+van+der+Rohe%2C+Edith+Farnsworth%2C+and+the+Fight+Over+a+Modernist+Masterpiece&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104860779&rft.isbn=978-0399592713&rft.aulast=Beam&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-8kEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInteriors1960" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_interiors_1960-12_120_5/page/9/mode/2up">"The Brasserie, in the Seagram Building, New York"</a>. Interiors. Vol. 120, no. 5. December 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interiors&rft.atitle=The+Brasserie%2C+in+the+Seagram+Building%2C+New+York&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1960-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_interiors_1960-12_120_5%2Fpage%2F9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreiner1989a" class="citation report cs1">Breiner, David M. (October 3, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1665.pdf">Seagram Building, First Floor Interior</a> (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224414/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1665.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Seagram+Building%2C+First+Floor+Interior&rft.pub=New+York+City+Landmarks+Preservation+Commission&rft.date=1989-10-03&rft.aulast=Breiner&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Flp%2F1665.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreiner1989b" class="citation report cs1">Breiner, David M. (October 3, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1664.pdf">Seagram Building, Including the Plaza</a> (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226204449/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1664.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Seagram+Building%2C+Including+the+Plaza&rft.pub=New+York+City+Landmarks+Preservation+Commission&rft.date=1989-10-03&rft.aulast=Breiner&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Flp%2F1664.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreinerUrbanelli1989" class="citation report cs1">Breiner, David M.; Urbanelli, Elisa (October 3, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1666.pdf">Four Seasons Restaurant</a> (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606022126/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1666.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Four+Seasons+Restaurant&rft.pub=New+York+City+Landmarks+Preservation+Commission&rft.date=1989-10-03&rft.aulast=Breiner&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Urbanelli%2C+Elisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Flp%2F1666.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins_&_Quasebarth2006" class="citation report cs1">Higgins & Quasebarth (February 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/06000056.pdf">The Seagram Building</a> (PDF) (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829012530/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/06000056.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Seagram+Building&rft.pub=National+Register+of+Historic+Places%2C+National+Park+Service&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft.au=Higgins+%26+Quasebarth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2FNARAprodstorage%2Flz%2Felectronic-records%2Frg-079%2FNPS_NY%2F06000056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaydenThe_New_York_City_Department_of_City_PlanningThe_Municipal_Art_Society_of_New_York2000" class="citation book cs1">Kayden, Jerold S.; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning" title="New York City Department of City Planning">The New York City Department of City Planning</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Municipal_Art_Society_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="The Municipal Art Society of New York">The Municipal Art Society of New York</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpeNSAfYASoC&pg=PA9">Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471362579" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471362579"><bdi>978-0471362579</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43657162">43657162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Privately+Owned+Public+Space%3A+The+New+York+City+Experience&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43657162&rft.isbn=978-0471362579&rft.aulast=Kayden&rft.aufirst=Jerold+S.&rft.au=The+New+York+City+Department+of+City+Planning&rft.au=The+Municipal+Art+Society+of+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpeNSAfYASoC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Lambert" title="Phyllis Lambert">Lambert, Phyllis</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300167672/building-seagram">Building Seagram</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300167672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300167672"><bdi>978-0300167672</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813392773">813392773</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806223639/https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300167672/building-seagram">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Seagram&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813392773&rft.isbn=978-0300167672&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300167672%2Fbuilding-seagram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuna2003" class="citation book cs1">Luna, Ian (2003). New New York: Architecture of a City. Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-2621-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-2621-6"><bdi>978-0-8478-2621-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/972013228">972013228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+New+York%3A+Architecture+of+a+City&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F972013228&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-2621-6&rft.aulast=Luna&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Bruce (2005). Building New York: The Rise and Rise of the Greatest City on Earth. Universe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789313621" title="Special:BookSources/978-0789313621"><bdi>978-0789313621</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61915976">61915976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+New+York%3A+The+Rise+and+Rise+of+the+Greatest+City+on+Earth&rft.pub=Universe&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61915976&rft.isbn=978-0789313621&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMertins2014" class="citation book cs1">Mertins, Detlef (2014). Mies. Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714839622" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714839622"><bdi>978-0714839622</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872051711">872051711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mies&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872051711&rft.isbn=978-0714839622&rft.aulast=Mertins&rft.aufirst=Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford1959" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Mumford, Lewis</a> (January 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usmodernist.org/AJ/AJ-1959-01.pdf">"The Lesson of the Master"</a> (PDF). Journal of the AIA. Vol. 31. pp. 19–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503040547/https://usmodernist.org/AJ/AJ-1959-01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+AIA&rft.atitle=The+Lesson+of+the+Master&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1959-01&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusmodernist.org%2FAJ%2FAJ-1959-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Scott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnXEA76XkrwC&pg=PA31">Contemporary Curtain Wall Architecture</a>. Princeton Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568987972" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568987972"><bdi>978-1568987972</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769114565">769114565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Curtain+Wall+Architecture&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769114565&rft.isbn=978-1568987972&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnXEA76XkrwC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArts_and_Architecture1960" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsandarchitecture.com/issues/pdf01/1960_01.pdf">"The Seagram Building"</a> (PDF). Arts and Architecture. Vol. 17. January 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526061402/http://www.artsandarchitecture.com/issues/pdf01/1960_01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+and+Architecture&rft.atitle=The+Seagram+Building&rft.volume=17&rft.date=1960-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsandarchitecture.com%2Fissues%2Fpdf01%2F1960_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchitectural_Forum1958" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usmodernist.org/AF/AF-1958-07.pdf">"Seagram's Bronze Tower"</a> (PDF). Architectural Forum. Vol. 109, no. 7. July 1958. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721144522/https://usmodernist.org/AF/AF-1958-07.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Forum&rft.atitle=Seagram%27s+Bronze+Tower&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1958-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusmodernist.org%2FAF%2FAF-1958-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternStuart2006" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Jewel; Stuart, John A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elyjacqueskahnar0000ster">Ely Jacques Kahn, Architect: Beaux-arts to Modernism in New York</a>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73114-9"><bdi>978-0-393-73114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ely+Jacques+Kahn%2C+Architect%3A+Beaux-arts+to+Modernism+in+New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-73114-9&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Jewel&rft.au=Stuart%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felyjacqueskahnar0000ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._M._Stern" title="Robert A. M. Stern">Stern, Robert A. M.</a>; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyork1960archi0000ster">New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial</a>. Monacelli Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1885254024" title="Special:BookSources/1885254024"><bdi>1885254024</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32159240">32159240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+1960%3A+Architecture+and+Urbanism+Between+the+Second+World+War+and+the+Bicentennial&rft.pub=Monacelli+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32159240&rft.isbn=1885254024&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+M.&rft.au=Mellins%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Fishman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyork1960archi0000ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stoller" title="Ezra Stoller">Stoller, Ezra</a> (1999). The Seagram Building. Princeton Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568982014" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568982014"><bdi>978-1568982014</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41540284">41540284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seagram+Building&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41540284&rft.isbn=978-1568982014&rft.aulast=Stoller&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe, Tom</a> (1981). <a href="/wiki/From_Bauhaus_to_Our_House" title="From Bauhaus to Our House">From Bauhaus to Our House</a>. Farrar Straus Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374158927" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374158927"><bdi>978-0374158927</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7734777">7734777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bauhaus+to+Our+House&rft.pub=Farrar+Straus+Giroux&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7734777&rft.isbn=978-0374158927&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeagram+Building" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seagram_Building" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Seagram Building">Seagram Building</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seagram375park.com/">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Midtown_North,_Manhattan" title="Template:Midtown North, Manhattan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Midtown_North,_Manhattan" title="Template talk:Midtown North, Manhattan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Midtown_North,_Manhattan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Midtown North, Manhattan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Midtown_(42nd–59th_Streets)203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown (42nd–59th Streets)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buildings203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buildings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West of 5th Av</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Worldwide_Plaza" title="One Worldwide Plaza">1 Worldwide Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Columbus_Circle" title="2 Columbus Circle">2 Columbus Cir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Columbus_Circle" title="5 Columbus Circle">5 Columbus Cir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_West_54th_Street" title="5 West 54th Street">5 W 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_West_54th_Street" title="7 West 54th Street">7 W 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_West_56th_Street" title="10 West 56th Street">10 W 56th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_West_54th_Street" title="11 West 54th Street">11 W 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_West_56th_Street" title="12 West 56th Street">12 W 56th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_and_15_West_54th_Street" title="13 and 15 West 54th Street">13–15 W 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_West_44th_Street" title="30 West 44th Street">30 W 44th St (Penn Club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_West_56th_Street" title="30 West 56th Street">30 W 56th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46_West_55th_Street" title="46 West 55th Street">46 W 55th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53W53" title="53W53">53W53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/111_West_57th_Street" title="111 West 57th Street">111 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Performing_Arts" title="High School of Performing Arts">120 W 46th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/125_West_55th_Street" title="125 West 55th Street">125 W 55th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/130_West_57th_Street" title="130 West 57th Street">130 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/140_West_57th_Street" title="140 West 57th Street">140 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/165_West_57th_Street" title="165 West 57th Street">165 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Central_Park_South" title="200 Central Park South">200 Central Park S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/218_West_57th_Street" title="218 West 57th Street">218 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/220_Central_Park_South" title="220 Central Park South">220 Central Park S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/224_West_57th_Street" title="224 West 57th Street">224 W 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/240_Central_Park_South" title="240 Central Park South">240 Central Park S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Fifth_Avenue" title="500 Fifth Avenue">500 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/520_Fifth_Avenue" title="520 Fifth Avenue">520 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/608_Fifth_Avenue" title="608 Fifth Avenue">608 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/660_Fifth_Avenue" title="660 Fifth Avenue">660 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/712_Fifth_Avenue" title="712 Fifth Avenue">712 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/740_Eighth_Avenue" title="740 Eighth Avenue">740 8th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/745_Seventh_Avenue" title="745 Seventh Avenue">745 7th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/750_Seventh_Avenue" title="750 Seventh Avenue">750 7th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/810_Seventh_Avenue" title="810 Seventh Avenue">810 7th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/888_Seventh_Avenue" title="888 Seventh Avenue">888 7th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1166_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1166 Avenue of the Americas">1166 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1301_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1301 Avenue of the Americas">1301 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1345_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1345 Avenue of the Americas">1345 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1717_Broadway" title="1717 Broadway">1717 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Broadway" title="1740 Broadway">1740 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Building_(42nd_Street)" title="Aeolian Building (42nd Street)">Aeolian Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Court" title="Alwyn Court">Alwyn Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas_Tower" title="Americas Tower">Americas Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARO_(building)" title="ARO (building)">ARO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axa_Equitable_Center" title="Axa Equitable Center">Axa Equitable Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America_Tower_(Manhattan)" title="Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)">Bank of America Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman_Building" title="Bergdorf Goodman Building">Bergdorf Goodman Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Briarcliffe" title="The Briarcliffe">The Briarcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brill_Building" title="Brill Building">Brill Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Baptist_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Calvary Baptist Church (Manhattan)">Calvary Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall_Tower" title="Carnegie Hall Tower">Carnegie Hall Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Place" title="Central Park Place">Central Park Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Tower" title="Central Park Tower">Central Park Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Building" title="CBS Building">CBS Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_the_Virgin_(Manhattan)" title="Church of St. Mary the Virgin (Manhattan)">Church of St. Mary the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Building_(Manhattan)" title="Crown Building (Manhattan)">Crown Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coty_Building" title="Coty Building">Coty Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Center" title="Deutsche Bank Center">Deutsche Bank Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michelangelo" title="The Michelangelo">Executive Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Presbyterian_Church" title="Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church">Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Studios_(Manhattan)" title="Gainsborough Studios (Manhattan)">Gainsborough Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_House" title="Hampshire House">Hampshire House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(Manhattan)" title="Hearst Tower (Manhattan)">Hearst Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturers_Trust_Company_Building" title="Manufacturers Trust Company Building">Manufacturers Trust Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hellinger_Theatre" title="Mark Hellinger Theatre">Mark Hellinger Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Church" title="Times Square Church">Times Square Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Tower_(Manhattan)" title="Metropolitan Tower (Manhattan)">Metropolitan Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="House of the New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Yacht_Club_Building" title="New York Yacht Club Building">New York Yacht Club Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One57" title="One57">One57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Osborne" title="The Osborne">The Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Plaza" title="Paramount Plaza">Paramount Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_House_(New_York_City)" title="Park House (New York City)">Park House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Center" title="Philippine Center">Philippine Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Tower" title="Random House Tower">Random House Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Apartments" title="Rockefeller Apartments">Rockefeller Apts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodin_Studios" title="Rodin Studios">Rodin Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Malachy_Roman_Catholic_Church" title="St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church">St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Saint Thomas Church (Manhattan)">St. Thomas Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Tower_Building" title="Salmon Tower Building">Salmon Tower Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solow_Building" title="Solow Building">Solow Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_49" title="Tower 49">Tower 49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Fifth" title="Tower Fifth">Tower Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Parc" title="Trump Parc">Trump Parc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._Grace_Building" title="W. R. Grace Building">W. R. Grace Bldg</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="1 Rockefeller Plaza">1 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="10 Rockefeller Plaza">10 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="30 Rockefeller Plaza">30 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="50 Rockefeller Plaza">50 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75_Rockefeller_Plaza" title="75 Rockefeller Plaza">75 Rockefeller Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1211_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1211 Avenue of the Americas">1211 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1221_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1221 Avenue of the Americas">1221 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1251_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1251 Avenue of the Americas">1251 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1271_Avenue_of_the_Americas" title="1271 Avenue of the Americas">1271 6th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Building" title="British Empire Building">British Empire Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Building_(Rockefeller_Center)" title="International Building (Rockefeller Center)">International Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Maison_Francaise_(Rockefeller_Center)" title="La Maison Francaise (Rockefeller Center)">La Maison Francaise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Astor_Plaza" title="One Astor Plaza">1 Astor Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Times_Square" title="One Times Square">1 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Times_Square" title="3 Times Square">3 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Times_Square" title="4 Times Square">4 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_Times_Square" title="Eleven Times Square">11 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Times_Square" title="20 Times Square">20 Times Sq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/229_West_43rd_Street" title="229 West 43rd Street">229 W 43rd St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Hotel" title="Times Square Hotel">255 W 43rd St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1500_Broadway" title="1500 Broadway">1500 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1501_Broadway" title="1501 Broadway">1501 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1540_Broadway" title="1540 Broadway">1540 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1552_Broadway" title="1552 Broadway">1552 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Broadway" title="1585 Broadway">1585 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSX_Broadway" title="TSX Broadway">TSX Broadway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East of 5th Av</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Vanderbilt" title="One Vanderbilt">One Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_East_57th_Street" title="3 East 57th Street">3 E 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Building" title="Hale Building">7 E 44th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_East_53rd_Street" title="12 East 53rd Street">12 E 53rd St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_East_50th_Street" title="18 East 50th Street">18 E 50th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_East_54th_Street" title="19 East 54th Street">19 E 54th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene_(building)" title="Selene (building)">100 E 53rd St (Selene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/138_East_50th_Street" title="138 East 50th Street">138 E 50th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/175_Park_Avenue" title="175 Park Avenue">175 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/252_East_57th_Street" title="252 East 57th Street">252 E 57th St</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/245_Park_Avenue" title="245 Park Avenue">245 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="270 Park Avenue (2021–present)">270 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/277_Park_Avenue" title="277 Park Avenue">277 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/299_Park_Avenue" title="299 Park Avenue">299 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/345_Park_Avenue" title="345 Park Avenue">345 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/383_Madison_Avenue" title="383 Madison Avenue">383 Madison Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/399_Park_Avenue" title="399 Park Avenue">399 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/400_Madison_Avenue" title="400 Madison Avenue">400 Madison Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/425_Park_Avenue" title="425 Park Avenue">425 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/432_Park_Avenue" title="432 Park Avenue">432 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/450_Lexington_Avenue" title="450 Lexington Avenue">450 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/450_Park_Avenue" title="450 Park Avenue">450 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/488_Madison_Avenue" title="488 Madison Avenue">488 Madison Av (Look Bldg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Park_Avenue" title="500 Park Avenue">500 Park Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525_Lexington_Avenue" title="525 Lexington Avenue">525 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/550_Madison_Avenue" title="550 Madison Avenue">550 Madison Av (Sony Bldg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/569_Lexington_Avenue" title="569 Lexington Avenue">569 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/590_Madison_Avenue" title="590 Madison Avenue">590 Madison Av (IBM Bldg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/599_Lexington_Avenue" title="599 Lexington Avenue">599 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/647_Fifth_Avenue" title="647 Fifth Avenue">647 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/689_Fifth_Avenue" title="689 Fifth Avenue">689 5th Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/731_Lexington_Avenue" title="731 Lexington Avenue">731 Lexington Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/919_Third_Avenue" title="919 Third Avenue">919 3rd Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue" title="Apple Fifth Avenue">Apple Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s_flagship_store" title="Bloomingdale's flagship store">Bloomingdale's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartier_Building" title="Cartier Building">Cartier Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Studio_Building" title="CBS Studio Building">CBS Studio Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_(Manhattan)" title="Central Synagogue (Manhattan)">Central Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons_Building" title="Charles Scribner's Sons Building">Charles Scribner's Sons Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden_in_New_York" title="Church of Sweden in New York">Church of Sweden in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Center" title="Citigroup Center">Citigroup Ctr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CitySpire" title="CitySpire">CitySpire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuMont_Building" title="DuMont Building">DuMont Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist_(New_York_City)" title="Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist (New York City)">Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_F._French_Building" title="Fred F. French Building">Fred F. French Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Building" title="Fuller Building">Fuller Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Building" title="General Electric Building">General Electric Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Building_(Manhattan)" title="General Motors Building (Manhattan)">General Motors Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graybar_Building" title="Graybar Building">Graybar Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmsley_Building" title="Helmsley Building">Helmsley Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_House" title="Lever House">Lever House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_Building" title="Lipstick Building">Lipstick Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVMH_Tower" title="LVMH Tower">LVMH Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">MetLife Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulightor_Building" title="Modulightor Building">Modulightor Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Moore_House" title="William H. Moore House">William H. Moore House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Tower" title="Olympic Tower">Olympic Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Plaza" title="Park Avenue Plaza">Park Avenue Plz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Tower" title="Park Avenue Tower">Park Avenue Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritz_Tower" title="Ritz Tower">Ritz Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_store" title="Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store">Saks Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Agnes_Church_(New_York_City)" title="St. Agnes Church (New York City)">St. Agnes Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Manhattan)" title="St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)">St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(New_York_City)" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral (New York City)">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seagram Bldg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_58" title="Sutton 58">Sutton 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co._flagship_store" title="Tiffany & Co. flagship store">Tiffany & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower" title="Trump Tower">Trump Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villard_Houses" title="Villard Houses">Villard Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_and_Helen_Ziegler_House" title="William and Helen Ziegler House">William and Helen Ziegler House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Palace" title="Grand Central Palace">Grand Central Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Marguery" title="Hotel Marguery">Hotel Marguery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._O._H._P._Belmont_House" title="Mrs. O. H. P. Belmont House">Mrs. O. H. P. Belmont House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Studio_Building" title="Sherwood Studio Building">Sherwood Studio Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Collegiate_Reformed_Protestant_Dutch_Church" title="St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church">St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Building_(Midtown_Manhattan)" title="Studebaker Building (Midtown Manhattan)">Studebaker Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Emanu-El_(New_York,_1868)" title="Temple Emanu-El (New York, 1868)">Temple Emanu-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%E2%80%932021)" title="270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)">Union Carbide Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Triple_Palace" title="Vanderbilt Triple Palace">Vanderbilt Triple Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_K._Vanderbilt_House" title="William K. Vanderbilt House">William K. Vanderbilt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Presbyterian_Church" title="West Presbyterian Church">West Presbyterian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Theaters203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Theaters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Broadway_theaters" title="List of Broadway theaters">Broadway theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Ambassador Theatre (New York City)">Ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilson_Theatre" title="August Wilson Theatre">August Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belasco_Theatre" title="Belasco Theatre">Belasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs_Theatre" title="Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre">Bernard B. Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booth_Theatre" title="Booth Theatre">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadhurst_Theatre" title="Broadhurst Theatre">Broadhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Theatre_(53rd_Street)" title="Broadway Theatre (53rd Street)">Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore_Theatre" title="Ethel Barrymore Theatre">Ethel Barrymore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theatre" title="Eugene O'Neill Theatre">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Schoenfeld_Theatre" title="Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre">Gerald Schoenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershwin_Theatre" title="Gershwin Theatre">Gershwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayes_Theater" title="Hayes Theater">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Theatre" title="Hudson Theatre">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Theatre" title="Imperial Theatre">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones_Theatre" title="James Earl Jones Theatre">James Earl Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Golden_Theatre" title="John Golden Theatre">John Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne_Theatre" title="Lena Horne Theatre">Lena Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longacre_Theatre" title="Longacre Theatre">Longacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunt-Fontanne_Theatre" title="Lunt-Fontanne Theatre">Lunt-Fontanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre_(Broadway)" title="Lyceum Theatre (Broadway)">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Theatre_(New_York_City,_1998)" title="Lyric Theatre (New York City, 1998)">Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_Theatre_(Broadway)" title="Majestic Theatre (Broadway)">Majestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_Theatre" title="Marquis Theatre">Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minskoff_Theatre" title="Minskoff Theatre">Minskoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Box_Theatre" title="Music Box Theatre">Music Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Simon_Theatre" title="Neil Simon Theatre">Neil Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Palace Theatre (New York City)">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_Theatre" title="Richard Rodgers Theatre">Richard Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Theatre" title="St. James Theatre">St. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Friedman_Theatre" title="Samuel J. Friedman Theatre">Samuel J. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubert_Theatre_(Broadway)" title="Shubert Theatre (Broadway)">Shubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim_Theatre" title="Stephen Sondheim Theatre">Stephen Sondheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Haimes_Theatre" title="Todd Haimes Theatre">Todd Haimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kerr_Theatre" title="Walter Kerr Theatre">Walter Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre" title="Winter Garden Theatre">Winter Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse" title="55th Street Playhouse">55th Street Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Theater" title="Ed Sullivan Theater">Ed Sullivan Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_ImaginAsian" title="The ImaginAsian">The ImaginAsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Victory_Theater" title="New Victory Theater">New Victory Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">New York City Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Theater_(Manhattan)" title="Paris Theater (Manhattan)">Paris Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Hall" title="Sony Hall">Sony Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theater_Center" title="The Theater Center">The Theater Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Town_Hall_(New_York_City)" title="The Town Hall (New York City)">The Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Theatre" title="York Theatre">York Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed/demolished</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/44th_Street_Theatre" title="44th Street Theatre">44th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_Street_Theatre" title="48th Street Theatre">48th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theatre_(42nd_Street)" title="Apollo Theatre (42nd Street)">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Center Theatre (New York City)">Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Capitol Theatre (New York City)">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Carroll_Theatre" title="Earl Carroll Theatre">Earl Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Theatre" title="Edison Theatre">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Embassy Theatre (New York City)">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Theatre" title="Fulton Theatre">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Cohan%27s_Theatre" title="George M. Cohan's Theatre">George M. Cohan's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loew%27s_State_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Loew's State Theatre (New York City)">Loew's State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Theatre_(New_York_City,_1998)" title="Lyric Theatre (New York City, 1998)">Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Theatre" title="New Century Theatre">New Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Olympia Theatre (New York City)">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxy_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Roxy Theatre (New York City)">Roxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Theatre_(Manhattan)" title="Strand Theatre (Manhattan)">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Theater" title="Times Square Theater">Times Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_(Hammerstein%27s)" title="Victoria Theatre (Hammerstein's)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1927)" title="Ziegfeld Theatre (1927)">Ziegfeld (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1969)" title="Ziegfeld Theatre (1969)">Ziegfeld (1969)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hotels203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hotels</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Hotel" title="Algonquin Hotel">Algonquin Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allerton_Hotel_for_Women" title="Allerton Hotel for Women">Allerton Hotel for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benjamin_Royal_Sonesta_New_York" title="The Benjamin Royal Sonesta New York">The Benjamin Royal Sonesta New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_Hotel_%26_Residences" title="Cassa Hotel & Residences">Cassa Hotel & Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chatwal_New_York" title="The Chatwal New York">The Chatwal New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Hotel" title="Webster Hotel">Club Quarters, Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowne_Plaza_Times_Square_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan">Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel_New_York" title="Four Seasons Hotel New York">Four Seasons Hotel New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Edison" title="Hotel Edison">Hotel Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Elys%C3%A9e" title="Hotel Elysée">Hotel Elysée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Gerard" title="Hotel Gerard">Hotel Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyatt_Grand_Central_New_York" title="Hyatt Grand Central New York">Hyatt Grand Central New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterContinental_New_York_Barclay_Hotel" title="InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel">InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Marriott_Essex_House" title="JW Marriott Essex House">JW Marriott Essex House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Iroquois_New_York" title="The Iroquois New York">The Iroquois New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Lexington Hotel (New York City)">Lexington Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardy_Hotel" title="Lombardy Hotel">Lombardy Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotte_New_York_Palace_Hotel" title="Lotte New York Palace Hotel">Lotte New York Palace Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Luxor Hotel (New York City)">Luxor Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Hotel" title="Mansfield Hotel">Mansfield Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michelangelo" title="The Michelangelo">The Michelangelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Times_Square_New_York" title="Millennium Times Square New York">Millennium Times Square New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Hilton_Midtown" title="New York Hilton Midtown">New York Hilton Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Marriott_Marquis" title="New York Marriott Marquis">New York Marriott Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Hotel" title="Paramount Hotel">Paramount Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Central_Hotel" title="Park Central Hotel">Park Central Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Lane_Hotel_(Manhattan)" title="Park Lane Hotel (Manhattan)">Park Lane Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peninsula_New_York" title="The Peninsula New York">The Peninsula New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel" title="Plaza Hotel">Plaza Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quin" title="The Quin">The Quin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_St._Moritz" title="Hotel St. Moritz">The Ritz-Carlton New York, Central Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Smith_Hotel" title="Roger Smith Hotel">Roger Smith Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Row_NYC_Hotel" title="Row NYC Hotel">Row NYC Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalton_Hotel" title="Royalton Hotel">Royalton Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Regis_New_York" title="St. Regis New York">St. Regis New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraton_New_York_Times_Square_Hotel" title="Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel">Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofitel_New_York_Hotel" title="Sofitel New York Hotel">Sofitel New York Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Central_Park_New_York_Hotel" title="Thompson Central Park New York Hotel">Thompson Central Park New York Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York" title="Waldorf Astoria New York">Waldorf Astoria New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_New_York_Hotel" title="Warwick New York Hotel">Warwick New York Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/569_Lexington_Avenue" title="569 Lexington Avenue">DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Metropolitan New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Carter" title="Hotel Carter">Hotel Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Claridge" title="Hotel Claridge">Hotel Claridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Manhattan" title="Hotel Manhattan">Hotel Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Metropole_(New_York_City)" title="Hotel Metropole (New York City)">Hotel Metropole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Biltmore_Hotel" title="New York Biltmore Hotel">New York Biltmore Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525_Lexington_Avenue" title="525 Lexington Avenue">New York Marriott East Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omni_Berkshire_Place" title="Omni Berkshire Place">Omni Berkshire Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabst_Hotel" title="Pabst Hotel">Pabst Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritz-Carlton_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Ritz-Carlton Hotel (New York City)">Ritz-Carlton Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Hotel_(Manhattan)" title="Roosevelt Hotel (Manhattan)">Roosevelt Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy-Plaza_Hotel" title="Savoy-Plaza Hotel">Savoy-Plaza Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square_Hotel" title="Times Square Hotel">Times Square Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weylin_Hotel" title="Weylin Hotel">Weylin Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Hotel_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Hotel (Manhattan)">Windsor Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_points_of_interest203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other points of interest</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants/ nightlife</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21_Club" title="21 Club">21 Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54_Below" title="54 Below">54 Below</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_(restaurant)" title="Alto (restaurant)">Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthos_(restaurant)" title="Anthos (restaurant)">Anthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureole_(restaurant)" title="Aureole (restaurant)">Aureole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burger_Heaven" title="Burger Heaven">Burger Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Bernardin" title="Le Bernardin">Le Bernardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_Chambord" title="Cafe Chambord">Cafe Chambord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Apartment" title="Campbell Apartment">Campbell Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Caravelle_(New_York_City)" title="La Caravelle (New York City)">La Caravelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_Russe" title="Caviar Russe">Caviar Russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Pezzo_Restaurant" title="Del Pezzo Restaurant">Del Pezzo Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen%27s_Stardust_Diner" title="Ellen's Stardust Diner">Ellen's Stardust Diner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Twenty_Five" title="Four Twenty Five">Four Twenty Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kreuther" title="Gabriel Kreuther">Gabriel Kreuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher%27s_Steakhouse" title="Gallagher's Steakhouse">Gallagher's Steakhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Oyster_Bar_%26_Restaurant" title="Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant">Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grenouille_(restaurant)" title="La Grenouille (restaurant)">La Grenouille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Jazz_Club" title="Iridium Jazz Club">Iridium Jazz Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Jardinier" title="Le Jardinier">Le Jardinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Cole_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cole Bar">King Cole Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumazushi" title="Kurumazushi">Kurumazushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter_(nightclub)" title="Latin Quarter (nightclub)">Latin Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lespinasse_(restaurant)" title="Lespinasse (restaurant)">Lespinasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marea_(restaurant)" title="Marea (restaurant)">Marea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro_(restaurant)" title="Naro (restaurant)">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Restaurant" title="Four Seasons Restaurant">The Pool and the Grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(restaurant)" title="Oceana (restaurant)">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Soupman" title="The Original Soupman">The Original Soupman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Clarke%27s" title="P. J. Clarke's">P. J. Clarke's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy%27s" title="Patsy's">Patsy's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pavillon_(Daniel_Boulud_restaurant)" title="Le Pavillon (Daniel Boulud restaurant)">Le Pavillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Burger" title="Prime Burger">Prime Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quilted_Giraffe" title="The Quilted Giraffe">The Quilted Giraffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Room" title="Rainbow Room">Rainbow Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_Aquavit" title="Restaurant Aquavit">Restaurant Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumpelmayer%27s_(New_York_City)" title="Rumpelmayer's (New York City)">Rumpelmayer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Tea_Room" title="Russian Tea Room">Russian Tea Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardi%27s" title="Sardi's">Sardi's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuki_(restaurant)" title="Satsuki (restaurant)">Satsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shun_Lee_Palace" title="Shun Lee Palace">Shun Lee Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_Deli" title="Stage Deli">Stage Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="The Campbell">The Campbell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums/ cultural centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Cultural_Forum_New_York" title="Austrian Cultural Forum New York">Austrian Cultural Forum New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_Scout_Museum_and_Archives" title="Girl Scout Museum and Archives">Girl Scout Museum and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Mossman_Lock_Museum" title="John M. Mossman Lock Museum">John M. Mossman Lock Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Cultural_Center_New_York" title="Korean Cultural Center New York">Korean Cultural Center New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_New_York" title="Madame Tussauds New York">Madame Tussauds New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_and_Design" title="Museum of Arts and Design">Museum of Arts and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Broadway" title="Museum of Broadway">Museum of Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Transit_Museum" title="New York Transit Museum">New York Transit Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media#New_York" title="Paley Center for Media">Paley Center for Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Museum" title="Rose Museum">Rose Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyscape" title="Spyscape">Spyscape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stores</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argosy_Book_Store" title="Argosy Book Store">Argosy Book Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotham_Book_Mart" title="Gotham Book Mart">Gotham Book Mart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubhouses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Fine_Arts_Society" title="American Fine Arts Society">American Fine Arts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brook" title="The Brook">The Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_Association" title="Century Association">Century Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Club_of_New_York" title="Cornell Club of New York">Cornell Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Club_of_New_York_City" title="Harvard Club of New York City">Harvard Club of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club" title="New York Athletic Club">New York Athletic Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Friars_Club" title="New York Friars Club">New York Friars Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Yacht_Club" title="New York Yacht Club">New York Yacht Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Club_of_New_York" title="Penn Club of New York">Penn Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racquet_and_Tennis_Club" title="Racquet and Tennis Club">Racquet and Tennis Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Club_of_New_York" title="University Club of New York">University Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Republican_Club" title="Women's National Republican Club">Women's National Republican Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Club_of_New_York_City" title="The Yale Club of New York City">Yale Club of New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubhouses (former)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Club_of_New_York" title="Princeton Club of New York">Princeton Club of New York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Green spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Aldrich_Rockefeller_Sculpture_Garden" title="Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden">Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza_(Manhattan)" title="Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)">Grand Army Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenacre_Park" title="Greenacre Park">Greenacre Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paley_Park" title="Paley Park">Paley Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Educational institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/53rd_Street_Library" title="53rd Street Library">53rd Street Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre_School" title="Circle in the Square Theatre School">Circle in the Square Theatre School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUNY_School_of_Labor_and_Urban_Studies" title="CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies">CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Performing_Arts" title="High School of Performing Arts">High School of Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis_High_School_for_International_Careers" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Choir_School" title="Saint Thomas Choir School">Saint Thomas Choir School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Optometry" title="State University of New York College of Optometry">SUNY College of Optometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_St._Etienne" title="Galerie St. Etienne">Galerie St. Etienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehs_Galleries" title="Rehs Galleries">Rehs Galleries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Transportation203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Transportation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">Subway</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue/53rd_Street_station" title="Fifth Avenue/53rd Street station">Fifth Avenue/53rd Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue%E2%80%9359th_Street_station" title="Fifth Avenue–59th Street station">Fifth Avenue–59th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_station_(IND_lines)" title="Seventh Avenue station (IND lines)">Seventh Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street%E2%80%93Bryant_Park/Fifth_Avenue_station" title="42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue station">42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street%E2%80%93Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal_station" title="42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal station">42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th%E2%80%9350th_Streets%E2%80%93Rockefeller_Center_station" title="47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center station">47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_Street_station_(BMT_Broadway_Line)" title="49th Street station (BMT Broadway Line)">49th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_Street_station_(IND_lines)" title="50th Street station (IND lines)">50th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_Street_station_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" title="50th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">50th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Street%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_station" title="57th Street–Seventh Avenue station">57th Street–Seventh Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Street_station_(IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line)" title="57th Street station (IND Sixth Avenue Line)">57th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59th_Street%E2%80%93Columbus_Circle_station" title="59th Street–Columbus Circle station">59th Street–Columbus Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central%E2%80%9342nd_Street_station" title="Grand Central–42nd Street station">Grand Central–42nd Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue/51st_Street_station" title="Lexington Avenue/51st Street station">Lexington Avenue/51st Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue/59th_Street_station" title="Lexington Avenue/59th Street station">Lexington Avenue/59th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square%E2%80%9342nd_Street_station" title="Times Square–42nd Street station">Times Square–42nd Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railroad stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Madison" title="Grand Central Madison">Grand Central Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and intersections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue" title="Third Avenue">Third Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Avenue" title="Sixth Avenue">Sixth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%C2%BD_Avenue" title="6½ Avenue">Six and a Half Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)" title="Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)">Seventh Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Avenue_(Manhattan)" title="Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)">Eighth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="42nd Street (Manhattan)">42nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="47th Street (Manhattan)">47th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="50th Street (Manhattan)">50th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Street_(Manhattan)" title="51st Street (Manhattan)">51st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="52nd Street (Manhattan)">52nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="53rd Street (Manhattan)">53rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="54th Street (Manhattan)">54th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="55th Street (Manhattan)">55th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="57th Street (Manhattan)">57th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="59th Street (Manhattan)">59th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Circle" title="Columbus Circle">Columbus Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffy_Square" title="Duffy Square">Duffy Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza_(Manhattan)" title="Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)">Grand Army Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott_Way" title="George Abbott Way">George Abbott Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue" title="Lexington Avenue">Lexington Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Viaduct" title="Park Avenue Viaduct">Park Avenue Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_Square,_Manhattan" title="Pershing Square, Manhattan">Pershing Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubert_Alley" title="Shubert Alley">Shubert Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanderbilt Avenue (Manhattan)">Vanderbilt Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaires%27_Row" title="Billionaires' Row">Billionaires' Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brazil,_Manhattan" title="Little Brazil, Manhattan">Little Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown_South" title="Midtown South">Midtown South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Strip" title="Minnesota Strip">Minnesota Strip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_5" title="Manhattan Community Board 5">Manhattan Community Board 5</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Structures_on_Park_Avenue_in_Manhattan183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Park_Avenue" title="Template:Park Avenue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Park_Avenue" title="Template talk:Park Avenue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Park_Avenue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Park Avenue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structures_on_Park_Avenue_in_Manhattan183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Structures on <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Below <a href="/wiki/32nd_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="32nd Street (Manhattan)">32nd Street</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/770_Broadway" title="770 Broadway">770 Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryl_Roth_Theatre" title="Daryl Roth Theatre">Daryl Roth Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44_Union_Square" title="44 Union Square">44 Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Building_(Manhattan)" title="Everett Building (Manhattan)">200 South (Everett)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_New_York_Union_Square" title="W New York Union Square">201 South (W New York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/225_Park_Avenue_South" title="225 Park Avenue South">225 South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Missions_House" title="Church Missions House">281 South (Church Missions House)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fotografiska_New_York" title="Fotografiska New York">Fotografiska New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Charities_Building" title="United Charities Building">287 South (United Charities Building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/300_Park_Avenue_South" title="300 Park Avenue South">300 South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Life_Insurance_Company_Tower" title="Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower">316 South (Met Life South Building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Life_North_Building" title="Metropolitan Life North Building">324 South (Met Life North Building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Giraffe" title="Hotel Giraffe">365 South (Hotel Giraffe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Life_Building" title="New York Life Building">370 South (New York Life Building)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">32nd–<a href="/wiki/59th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="59th Street (Manhattan)">59th Streets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Park_Avenue" title="2 Park Avenue">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Park_Avenue" title="3 Park Avenue">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Park_Avenue" title="4 Park Avenue">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robb_House_(New_York_City)" title="Robb House (New York City)">41 (Robb House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_L._T._Douglas_House" title="Adelaide L. T. Douglas House">57 (Douglas House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia_House_%E2%80%93_The_Nordic_Center_in_America" title="Scandinavia House – The Nordic Center in America">58 (Scandinavia House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Saviour_Roman_Catholic_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Our Saviour Roman Catholic Church (Manhattan)">59 (Our Saviour Roman Catholic Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League_Club" title="Union League Club">Union League Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Park_Avenue" title="101 Park Avenue">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_Square_Building" title="Pershing Square Building">125 (Pershing Square Building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/175_Park_Avenue" title="175 Park Avenue">175</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">200 (MetLife Building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmsley_Building" title="Helmsley Building">230 (Helmsley Building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/245_Park_Avenue" title="245 Park Avenue">245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="270 Park Avenue (2021–present)">270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/277_Park_Avenue" title="277 Park Avenue">277</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/299_Park_Avenue" title="299 Park Avenue">299</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York" title="Waldorf Astoria New York">301 (Waldorf Astoria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Manhattan)" title="St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)">St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/345_Park_Avenue" title="345 Park Avenue">345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/350_Park_Avenue" title="350 Park Avenue">350</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Plaza" title="Park Avenue Plaza">Park Avenue Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racquet_and_Tennis_Club" title="Racquet and Tennis Club">370 (Racquet and Tennis Club)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">375 (Seagram Building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_House" title="Lever House">390 (Lever House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/399_Park_Avenue" title="399 Park Avenue">399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Tower" title="Park Avenue Tower">Park Avenue Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/425_Park_Avenue" title="425 Park Avenue">425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/432_Park_Avenue" title="432 Park Avenue">432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/450_Park_Avenue" title="450 Park Avenue">450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritz_Tower" title="Ritz Tower">465 (Ritz Tower)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Park_Avenue" title="500 Park Avenue">500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 59th Street</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Park_Avenue" title="Trump Park Avenue">502 (Trump Park Avenue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/520_Park_Avenue" title="520 Park Avenue">520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/535_Park_Avenue" title="535 Park Avenue">535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/550_Park_Avenue" title="550 Park Avenue">550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Presbyterian_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Central Presbyterian Church (Manhattan)">593 (Central Presbyterian Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/620_Park_Avenue" title="620 Park Avenue">620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/625_Park_Avenue" title="625 Park Avenue">625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Armory" title="Park Avenue Armory">643 (Park Avenue Armory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/655_Park_Avenue" title="655 Park Avenue">655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pratt_House" title="Harold Pratt House">Harold Pratt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Houses" title="Park Avenue Houses">Park Avenue Houses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percy_R._Pyne_House" title="Percy R. Pyne House">680 (Percy R. Pyne House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_D._Filley_House" title="Oliver D. Filley House">684 (Oliver D. Filley House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sloane_House" title="William Sloane House">686 (William Sloane House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Davison_House" title="Henry P. Davison House">690 (Henry P. Davison House)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/720_Park_Avenue" title="720 Park Avenue">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/730_Park_Avenue" title="730 Park Avenue">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/737_Park_Avenue" title="737 Park Avenue">737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/740_Park_Avenue" title="740 Park Avenue">740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/903_Park_Avenue" title="903 Park Avenue">903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/970_Park_Avenue" title="970 Park Avenue">970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Ignatius_Loyola_(New_York_City)" title="Church of St. Ignatius Loyola (New York City)">980 (Church of St. Ignatius Loyola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1000_Park_Avenue" title="1000 Park Avenue">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_G._Morris_House" title="Lewis G. Morris House">Lewis G. Morris House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Christian_Church" title="Park Avenue Christian Church">1010 (Park Avenue Christian Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Presbyterian_Church_(New_York_City)" title="Brick Presbyterian Church (New York City)">Brick Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Baker_Jr._Houses" title="George F. Baker Jr. Houses">George F. Baker Jr. Houses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">Subway stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_Street_station_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" title="18th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">18th Street</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Street_station_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" title="23rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">23rd Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Street_station_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" title="28th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">28th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_Street_station_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)" title="33rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)">33rd Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central%E2%80%9342nd_Street_station" title="Grand Central–42nd Street station">Grand Central–42nd Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railroad stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Madison" title="Grand Central Madison">Grand Central Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59th_Street_station_(New_York_Central_Railroad)" title="59th Street station (New York Central Railroad)">59th Street</a> (unused)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/72nd_Street_station_(New_York_Central_Railroad)" title="72nd Street station (New York Central Railroad)">72nd Street</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/86th_Street_station_(New_York_Central_Railroad)" title="86th Street station (New York Central Railroad)">86th Street</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/110th_Street_station_(New_York_Central_Railroad)" title="110th Street station (New York Central Railroad)">110th Street</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem%E2%80%93125th_Street_station" title="Harlem–125th Street station">Harlem–125th Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges and tunnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Lexington Avenue Line">Subway tunnel (14th–42nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Tunnel_(roadway)" title="Park Avenue Tunnel (roadway)">Road tunnel (30th–42nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_Viaduct" title="Park Avenue Viaduct">Road viaduct (40th–46th)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_main_line" title="Park Avenue main line">Railroad tunnel and viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_River_Lift_Bridge" title="Harlem River Lift Bridge">Railroad bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former/unbuilt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Belmont Hotel (New York City)">Belmont Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_Airlines_Terminal" title="42nd Street Airlines Terminal">42nd Street Airlines Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Tower" title="Grand Central Tower">175 (Grand Central Tower)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Hill_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Murray Hill Hotel (New York City)">112 South (Murray Hill Hotel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Marguery" title="Hotel Marguery">270 (Hotel Marguery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_(1960%E2%80%932021)" title="270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)">270 (Union Carbide Building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Auto_Showroom" title="Hoffman Auto Showroom">430 (Hoffman Auto Showroom)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe970" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Template:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Template talk:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe970" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berlin years (1907–1938)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Wolf" title="Villa Wolf">Villa Wolf</a> (1925–1926; destroyed, 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weissenhof_Estate" title="Weissenhof Estate">Weissenhof Estate</a> (four homes) (1927–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Pavilion" title="Barcelona Pavilion">Barcelona Pavilion</a> (1928–1929; reconstructed, 1986) (with <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haus_Lange_and_Haus_Esters" title="Haus Lange and Haus Esters">Haus Lange and Haus Esters</a> (1928–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Tugendhat" title="Villa Tugendhat">Villa Tugendhat</a> (1928–1930) (with <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemke_House" title="Lemke House">Lemke House</a> (1933)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona_(4728498040).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Pavilion in Barcelona"><img alt="German Pavilion in Barcelona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Barcelona_%284728498040%29.jpg/100px-Barcelona_%284728498040%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Barcelona_%284728498040%29.jpg/150px-Barcelona_%284728498040%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Barcelona_%284728498040%29.jpg/200px-Barcelona_%284728498040%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>German Pavilion in Barcelona</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tugendhat_living_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Villa Tugendhat in Brno"><img alt="Interior of Villa Tugendhat in Brno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tugendhat_living_room.jpg/100px-Tugendhat_living_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tugendhat_living_room.jpg/150px-Tugendhat_living_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tugendhat_living_room.jpg/200px-Tugendhat_living_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Interior of Villa Tugendhat in Brno</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (1939–1959)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_Apartments" title="Promontory Apartments">Promontory Apartments</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnsworth_House" title="Farnsworth House">Farnsworth House</a> (1945–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_Memorial_Chapel" title="Carr Memorial Chapel">Carr Memorial Chapel</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/860%E2%80%93880_Lake_Shore_Drive_Apartments" title="860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments">Lake Shore Drive Apartments</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Crown_Hall" title="S. R. Crown Hall">Crown Hall</a> (1950–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/900-910_North_Lake_Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="900-910 North Lake Shore">900-910 North Lake Shore</a> (completion, 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Pavilion_Apartments" title="Lafayette Pavilion Apartments">Lafayette Pavilion Apartments</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seagram Building</a> (1955–1958) (with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>)</li> <li>Cullinan Hall and the Brown Pavilion, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Houston">Museum of Fine Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> (1958; 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Park,_Detroit" title="Lafayette Park, Detroit">Lafayette Park</a> (co-authorship) (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion_and_Colonnade_Apartments" title="Pavilion and Colonnade Apartments">Pavilion and Colonnade Apartments</a> (1958–1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worldwide (1960–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_Van_Der_Rohe_and_Felix_Candela%27s_Industrial_Buildings" title="Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe and Felix Candela's Industrial Buildings">Bacardi Office Building</a> (Mexico) (1958–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Charles_Center" title="One Charles Center">One Charles Center</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_McKinley_Dirksen_United_States_Courthouse" title="Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse">Dirksen Federal Building</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highfield_House_Condominium" title="Highfield House Condominium">Highfield House Condominium</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Towers_Apartments_East" title="Lafayette Towers Apartments East">Lafayette Towers Apartments East</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Towers_Apartments_West" title="Lafayette Towers Apartments West">Lafayette Towers Apartments West</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmount_Square" title="Westmount Square">Westmount Square</a> (Canada) (1964–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Nationalgalerie" title="Neue Nationalgalerie">New National Gallery</a> (Germany) (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_King_Mellon_Hall" title="Richard King Mellon Hall">Richard King Mellon Hall</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Centre" title="Toronto-Dominion Centre">Toronto-Dominion Centre</a> (1964–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuns%27_Island_gas_station" title="Nuns' Island gas station">Nuns' Island gas station</a> (Canada) (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial_Library" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/330_North_Wabash" title="330 North Wabash">IBM Plaza</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluczynski_Federal_Building" title="Kluczynski Federal Building">Kluczynski Federal Building</a> (1960–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Furniture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weissenhof_chair" title="Weissenhof chair">Weissenhof chair</a> (1927) (with <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_chair" title="Barcelona chair">Barcelona chair</a> (1929) (with <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno_chair" title="Brno chair">Brno chair</a> (1929–1930) (with <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugendhat_chair" title="Tugendhat chair">Tugendhat chair</a> (1929–1930) (with <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_devil_is_in_the_details" title="The devil is in the details">God is in the detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Less is more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a> (collaborator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Sir_David_Webster" title="Portrait of Sir David Webster">Portrait of Sir David Webster</a> (1971 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in New York"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in New York"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_NY.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_USA_NY.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_NY.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_USA_NY.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_NY.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_of_USA_NY.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_NY.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Albany_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany County, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Allegany_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Allegany County, New York">Allegany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Bronx" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Broome_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Broome County, New York">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cattaraugus_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cattaraugus County, New York">Cattaraugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cayuga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cayuga County, New York">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chautauqua_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chautauqua County, New York">Chautauqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chemung_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chemung County, New York">Chemung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chenango_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chenango County, New York">Chenango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clinton_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clinton County, New York">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Columbia_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, New York">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cortland_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cortland County, New York">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware County, New York">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Erie_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, New York">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Essex_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New York">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, New York">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fulton_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fulton County, New York">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Genesee_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Genesee County, New York">Genesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greene_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, New York">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hamilton_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hamilton County, New York">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Herkimer_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Herkimer County, New York">Herkimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, New York">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brooklyn" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn">Kings (Brooklyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lewis_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis County, New York">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Livingston_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Livingston County, New York">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, New York">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Monroe_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montgomery_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, New York">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nassau_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan">New York (Manhattan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Niagara_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Niagara County, New York">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oneida_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oneida County, New York">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ontario_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ontario County, New York">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orange_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, New York">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orleans_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans County, New York">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oswego_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oswego County, New York">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Otsego_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Otsego County, New York">Otsego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Putnam_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Queens,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens, New York">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rensselaer_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Staten_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Staten Island">Richmond (Staten Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockland_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Saratoga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Saratoga County, New York">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schenectady_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Schenectady County, New York">Schenectady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schoharie_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Schoharie County, New York">Schoharie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schuyler_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Schuyler County, New York">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Seneca_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Seneca County, New York">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Lawrence County, New York">St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Steuben_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Steuben County, New York">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New York">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tioga_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tioga County, New York">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tompkins_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tompkins County, New York">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ulster_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Warren_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Warren County, New York">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, New York">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wayne_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, New York">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Westchester_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_northern_Westchester_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_southern_Westchester_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming County, New York">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Yates_County,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Yates County, New York">Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Albany,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buffalo,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a></li> <li>New York City <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Bronx" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brooklyn" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Queens,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens, New York">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Staten_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Staten Island">Staten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan">Manhattan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_below_14th_Street" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street">Below 14th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_from_14th_to_59th_Streets" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets">14th–59th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_from_59th_to_110th_Streets" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets">59th–110th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_above_110th_Street" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan above 110th Street">Above 110th St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manhattan_on_islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan on islands">Minor islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Peekskill,_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Peekskill, New 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_and_tunnels_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York" title="List of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in New York">Bridges and tunnels</a></li> <li>National Historic Landmarks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_York_City" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_York" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in New York">Outside New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black; font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737484#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata878" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737484#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/231159954">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7715090-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2016909805&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20000291">Structurae</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&oldid=1275888830">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seagram_Building&oldid=1275888830</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1950s architecture in the United States">1950s architecture in the United States</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFMuschamp1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeasley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeebles1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenn1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlitt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogrebin2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRead2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRelph1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuhling2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaarinen1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamtami2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlichting2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulzeWindhorst2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScully1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelvin1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpiegel1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternStuart2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTafuriDal_Co1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTait1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTuder2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViladas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarerkar2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWells2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhyte1974\"] 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